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English Language Teaching (ELT) has become an integral part of the Austrian education system and as such comes with its own demands and challenges. This book is intended as a practical guide and reference for pre-service teachers, practicing teachers, language teacher educators as well as academics working in the area of ELT. It addresses a range of topics in ELT with a special focus on Austria. Written collaboratively by practitioners and researchers in the field, it combines theory and practice. Each chapter includes: • questions about chapter content • a section on theoretical perspectives and the Austrian context • practical applications • questions for reflection and • suggestions for further reading Version of record

Cohesin structures the genome through the formation of chromatin loops and by holding together the sister chromatids. The acetylation of cohesin’s SMC3 subunit is a dynamic process that involves the acetyltransferase ESCO1 and deacetylase HDAC8. Here we show that this cohesin acetylation cycle controls the three-dimensional genome in human cells. ESCO1 restricts the length of chromatin loops, and of architectural stripes emanating from CTCF sites. HDAC8 conversely promotes the extension of such loops and stripes. This role in controlling loop length turns out to be distinct from the canonical role of cohesin acetylation that protects against WAPL-mediated DNA release. We reveal that acetylation controls the interaction of cohesin with PDS5A to restrict chromatin loop length. Our data support a model in which this PDS5A-bound state acts as a brake that enables the pausing and restart of loop enlargement. The cohesin acetylation cycle hereby provides punctuation in the process of genome folding.

In low-income countries, the empirical treatment of urinary tract infections (UTIs) without laboratory confirmation is very common, especially in primary health facilities. This scenario often leads to unnecessary and ineffective antibiotic prescriptions, prompting the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance. We conducted this study to examine the antibiogram of uropathogens causing community-acquired urinary tract infections among outpatients attending selected health facilities in Tanzania. Method: This was a cross-sectional health centre-based survey conducted for a period of five months, from July to November 2021, in the Mwanza and Dar es Salaam regions in Tanzania. We enrolled consecutively a total of 1327 patients aged between 2 and 96 years with a median [IQR] age of 28 [22–39] from Dar es Salaam (n = 649) and Mwanza (n = 678). Results: Significant bacteriuria was observed in 364 (27.4% [95%CI: 25.0–29.9]) patients, from whom 412 urinary pathogens were isolated. Gram-negative bacteria contributed to 57.8% (238) of the 412 uropathogens isolated, of which 221 were Enterobacterales, and Escherichia coli was the most frequent. Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus haemolyticus were the most frequently isolated among Gram-positive uropathogens (n = 156). Generally, resistance among Escherichia coli ranged from 0.7% (meropenem) to 86.0% (ampicillin) and from 0.0% (meropenem) to 75.6% (ampicillin) in other Enterobacterales. Moreover, about 45.4% (108) of Enterobacterales and 22.4% (35) of Gram-positive bacteria were multidrug resistant (MDR), p = 0.008. We observed 33 MDR patterns among Gram-negative bacteria, predominantly AMP-CIP-TCY (23/108; 21.3%), and 10 MDR patterns among Gram-positive bacteria, most commonly CIP-GEN-TCY (22/35; 62.9%). Conclusion: the presence of a high number of wide-ranging uropathogens that are multidrug resistant to a variety of antibiotics points to the need to strengthen the laboratory diagnostic systems for the regular surveillance of the antimicrobial resistance of uropathogens to guide and update empirical treatment guidelines.

In Tanzania, the increased demand for animal-derived foods, particularly eggs, meat, and milk, has resulted in the intensification of farming systems with the use of antimicrobials, particularly sulphonamides and tetracyclines. According to the FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius commission, concentrations of antimicrobial residues in food exceeding the acceptable daily intake (ADI) and maximum residual limit (MRL) pose a health risk to consumers. This cross-sectional study determined the concentrations of sulphonamide and tetracycline residues in the liver tissues of commercial broiler chicken sold in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, to find out whether the amounts of residues were within the legally permitted and acceptable limits in food. We conveniently sampled eighty-four liver tissue samples from broiler chicken sold in two out of six large markets in Dar es Salaam. The amounts of tetracycline and sulphonamide residues were determined using an ELISA kit (Shenzhen Lvshiyuan Biotechnology Company, Shenzhen, China). The results showed that all 100% (n = 84) samples contained tetracycline residues and 21.4% (n = 18) samples contained sulphonamide residues, while 21.4% (n = 18) contained both sulphonamide and tetracycline residues. The concentrations of sulphonamide residues were within the maximum residual limit (MRL). However, 90.5% (n = 76) of the samples had tetracycline levels that exceeded the acceptable daily intake (ADI) range 0–3 µg/kg and 13.1% (n = 11) of the samples had tetracycline levels that exceeded the maximum residue limit of 300 µg/kg. The observed presence of antibiotic residues in the poultry tissues poses a health risk to consumers, and may lead to antimicrobial resistance micro-organisms, which may spread to humans and animals via the environment. Vigorous surveillance and observation of the withdrawal periods should be advocated to ensure that the food from animals is safe with regard to the residues of veterinary medicines.

The Rashba effect is fundamental to the physics of two-dimensional electron systems and underlies a variety of spintronic phenomena. It has been proposed that the formation of Rashba-type spin splittings originates microscopically from the existence of orbital angular momentum (OAM) in the Bloch wave functions. Here, we present detailed experimental evidence for this OAM-based origin of the Rashba effect by angle-resolved photoemission (ARPES) and two-photon photoemission (2PPE) experiments for a monolayer AgTe on Ag(111). Using quantitative low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) analysis we determine the structural parameters and the stacking of the honeycomb overlayer with picometer precision. Based on an orbital-symmetry analysis in ARPES and supported by first-principles calculations, we unequivocally relate the presence and absence of Rashba-type spin splittings in different bands of AgTe to the existence of OAM.

Epitaxial MgO films on Ag(100) were studied by photoelectron spectroscopy. From the low-energy part of the spectra we obtain a negative electron affinity of about −0.9 eV. Even though electrons in the lowest conduction band are not confined by a potential barrier at the surface, quantum-well resonances are observed. The dispersion of the conduction band is determined in good agreement with theoretical calculations. Aspects of observing image-potential states predicted by theory on MgO films are discussed.

We conducted environmental surveillance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) bacteria in the Msimbazi river basin in Tanzania to determine the occurrence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing, carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) and quinolone resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. A total of 213 Enterobacteriaceae isolates were recovered from 219 samples. Out of the recovered isolates, 45.5% (n = 97) were Klebsiella pneumoniae and 29.6% (n = 63) were Escherichia coli. K. pneumoniae isolates were more resistant in effluent (27.9%) compared to the E. coli (26.6%). The E. coli had a higher resistance in river water, sediment and crop soil than the K. pneumoniae (35 versus 25%), respectively. Higher resistance in K. pneumoniae was found in nalidixic acid (54.6%) and ciprofloxacin (33.3%) while the E. coli isolates were highly resistant to ciprofloxacin (39.7%) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (38%). Resistance increased from 28.3% in Kisarawe, where the river originates, to 59.9% in Jangwani (the middle section) and 66.7% in Upanga West, where the river enters the Indian Ocean. Out of 160 E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates, 53.2% (n = 85) were resistant to more than three classes of the antibiotic tested, occurrence being higher among ESBL producers, quinolone resistant and carbapenem resistant strains. There is an urgent need to curb environmental contamination with antimicrobial agents in the Msimbazi Basin.

The ageing behavior of ethylene vinyl acetate as encapsulant material in photovoltaic modules has been extensively studied over the years. This study aims to make a step forward in understanding how environmental conditions influence polymer behavior, how different module components interact with each other and finally how (and if) it is possible to correlate changes between material properties and power output. In this work, performances of laminated mini-modules subjected to different artificial ageing tests are compared and the degradation behavior of EVA is investigated. In particular, qualitative analysis of additives, color changes as well as changes in chemical structure and thermal stability of the encapsulant are analyzed.

This study presents aging of backsheet materials that were stored for 17 years in the dark at room temperature. The material properties were measured and compared to the results from right after production. After 17 years of storage the strain at break values decreased significantly for all materials. As chemical aging phenomena were excluded, a disentanglement of the polymer chains in the amorphous phase would explain the observed changes. Especially for PVDF the change in the mechanical behavior is considered as very critical and possibly would lead to cracking during operation.

Compaction behavior of textiles has a major influence on the outcome of various manufacturing processes for fiber reinforced polymer composites. Nevertheless, no standard exists up to date which specifies test methods or test rigs. A recent international benchmark revealed high variation associated with the result data. This work is a very first step toward a reference specimen, allowing for an isolated view on variations attributed to the test rig mechanics. A specimen design is proposed, intended to show compaction characteristics similar to technical textiles in terms of transverse compaction pressure and corresponding displacement. The reference specimen was tested in a round-robin study comprising test rigs at four different European research institutions. While reproducibility of the compaction behavior on each of the test rigs was high, clear variations between the results gained with different test rigs were observed.

Gluten-free (GF) batters usually present several technological challenges that limit the performance during conventional baking and the resulting product quality. Due to the volumetric heating principle and faster heating rates, ohmic heating (OH) may be advantageous compared with conventional baking. Therefore, the potential of using ohmic heating as a novel approach for gluten-free bread baking was explored. In detail, the effect of different OH process parameters (power input, holding time) on the chemical and functional properties (specific volume, crumb firmness and relative elasticity, pore properties, color, starch gelatinization) and digestibility of breads was investigated. Results showed that GF breads could benefit from the uniform rapid heating during processing, as these breads showed superior functional properties (specific volume, 2.86-3.44 cm3/g; relative elasticity, 45.05-56.83%; porosity, 35.17-40.92%) compared with conventional oven-baked GF bread (specific volume, 2.60 cm3/g; relative elasticity, 44.23%; porosity, 37.63%). In order to maximize bread expansion and the OH performance, it was found that the OH process could be improved by applying the electrical energy in three descending power steps: first step with high power input (in this study, 2–6 kW for 15 s), followed by 1 kW for 10 s, and 0.3 kW for 1–30 min. In total, ohmic baking only needed a few minutes to obtain a fully expanded GF bread. The determination of pasting properties and starch digestibility demonstrated that these breads were comparable or even superior to GF breads baked in a conventional baking oven.

Bulky high-density polyethylene (HDPE) specimens containing different stabilization systems are exposed in air for up to 7200 h in the melt state to investigate the HDPE's applicability as phase change material (PCM). Their thermo-oxidative stability is investigated. The maintenance of the storage capacity (heat of fusion) and the HDPE's degradation behavior is monitored via Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Different aging phenomena of the thermo-oxidative exposure are investigated in more detail by means of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and polarized light microscopy (PLM). Only a small loss in the storage capacity upon thermo-oxidative exposure is detected. Therefore, HDPE proves to be a candidate material for polymeric PCM.

Binder applications have found their place in liquid composite molding processes, as they simplify preprocessing steps such as preforming and subsequent handling. Moreover, binders can modify mechanical behavior of finished fiber reinforced plastic parts. Besides the obvious potentials, topics such as the impregnation behavior become more complicated due to binders. The present paper addresses the issue of estimating permeability values of epoxy powder bindered non-crimp fabrics, after considering different test fluids and their behavior under standard laboratory conditions as well as manufacturing-oriented conditions. Test fluid properties, especially surface energy as well as viscosity development with respect to temperature were provided, thereby highlighting a more complete picture of the flow situation during resin transfer molding processes. In contrary to former scientific studies, the influence of test fluids seems to have more influence when investigating Bindered Preforms.

This work shows a new way of single lap shear specimen production for hybrid metal-composite materials, which can be used to characterize process-induced interface property variations. Due to this special procedure, the specimen manufacturing can be done production-related and with a homogenization of the thermal stresses occurring in the joint area of the hybrid at each specimen. The exemption process of the specimen is kept in a minimum invasive way, not affecting the interface in the tested zone. The influence of the metal surface structure specifically created by micro form milling as well as the influence of the curing temperature on the maximum shear strength of the interface, were investigated. Finally, the driving failure mechanisms were identified and described.

TheEncyclopedia of Seventh-day Adventistsproject is directed by and based at the General Conference Office of Archives, Statistics, and Research (ASTR), Silver Spring, Maryland, USA. ESDA is a global church project which aims at completing approximately 8,500 articles with accompanying photographs, media, and original documents. ESDA is a great tool, not only for those seeking to learn more about the church, but also for those looking to witness to others. ESDA Online, the church’s first online reference work, launched on July 1st, 2020. This free online resource will continue indefinitely, to be constantly updated and expanded.

TheEncyclopedia of Seventh-day Adventistsproject is directed by and based at the General Conference Office of Archives, Statistics, and Research (ASTR), Silver Spring, Maryland, USA. ESDA is a global church project which aims at completing approximately 8,500 articles with accompanying photographs, media, and original documents. ESDA is a great tool, not only for those seeking to learn more about the church, but also for those looking to witness to others. ESDA Online, the church’s first online reference work, launched on July 1st, 2020. This free online resource will continue indefinitely, to be constantly updated and expanded.

TheEncyclopedia of Seventh-day Adventistsproject is directed by and based at the General Conference Office of Archives, Statistics, and Research (ASTR), Silver Spring, Maryland, USA. ESDA is a global church project which aims at completing approximately 8,500 articles with accompanying photographs, media, and original documents. ESDA is a great tool, not only for those seeking to learn more about the church, but also for those looking to witness to others. ESDA Online, the church’s first online reference work, launched on July 1st, 2020. This free online resource will continue indefinitely, to be constantly updated and expanded.

TheEncyclopedia of Seventh-day Adventistsproject is directed by and based at the General Conference Office of Archives, Statistics, and Research (ASTR), Silver Spring, Maryland, USA. ESDA is a global church project which aims at completing approximately 8,500 articles with accompanying photographs, media, and original documents. ESDA is a great tool, not only for those seeking to learn more about the church, but also for those looking to witness to others. ESDA Online, the church’s first online reference work, launched on July 1st, 2020. This free online resource will continue indefinitely, to be constantly updated and expanded.

TheEncyclopedia of Seventh-day Adventistsproject is directed by and based at the General Conference Office of Archives, Statistics, and Research (ASTR), Silver Spring, Maryland, USA. ESDA is a global church project which aims at completing approximately 8,500 articles with accompanying photographs, media, and original documents. ESDA is a great tool, not only for those seeking to learn more about the church, but also for those looking to witness to others. ESDA Online, the church’s first online reference work, launched on July 1st, 2020. This free online resource will continue indefinitely, to be constantly updated and expanded.

We determined the phenotypic profile of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli isolated from 698 samples (390 and 308 from poultry and domestic pigs, respectively). In total, 562 Enterobacteria were isolated. About 80.5% of the isolates were E. coli. Occurrence of E. coli was significantly higher among domestic pigs (73.1%) than in poultry (60.5%) (p = 0.000). In both poultry and domestic pigs, E. coli isolates were highly resistant to tetracycline (63.5%), nalidixic acid (53.7%), ampicillin (52.3%), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (50.9%). About 51.6%, 65.3%, and 53.7% of E. coli were MDR, extended-spectrum beta lactamase-producing enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-PE), and quinolone-resistant, respectively. A total of 68% of the extended-spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) producers were also resistant to quinolones. For all tested antibiotics, resistance was significantly higher in ESBL-producing and quinolone-resistant isolates than the non-ESBL producers and non-quinolone-resistant E. coli. Eight isolates were resistant to eight classes of antimicrobials. We compared phenotypic with genotypic results of 20 MDR E. coli isolates, ESBL producers, and quinolone-resistant strains and found 80% harbored blaCTX-M, 15% aac(6)-lb-cr, 10% qnrB, and 5% qepA. None harbored TEM, SHV, qnrA, qnrS, qnrC, or qnrD. The observed pattern and level of resistance render this portfolio of antibiotics ineffective for their intended use.

This cross-sectional study was conducted between January and June 2020, in five large poultry slaughter slabs in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Purposive sampling was used to select broilers and spent layers, from which meat and cloaca swabs were collected to determine the occurrence of multidrug resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli. Identification of isolates was done using API 20E, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed as per CLSI (2018) guidelines. EBSL (CTX-M, TEM, SHV) and plasmid mediated quinolone (qnrA, qnrB, qnrS and aac(6′)-Ib-cr) were screened using PCR. Out of 384 samples, 212 (55.2%) were positive for E. coli, of which 147 (69.3%) were resistant to multiple drugs (MDR). Highest resistance was detected to tetracycline (91.9%), followed by sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (80.5%), ampicillin (70.9%), ciprofloxacin (40.2%) and 25% cefotaxime, gentamycin (10.8%) and imipenem (8.6%) (95% CI, p &lt, 0.01). Out of the E. coli-positive samples, ten (10/212) (4.7%) were ESBL producing E. coli, of which CTX-M was detected in two isolates and quinolones resistant gene (qnrS) in eight, while TEM, SHV, qnrA, qnrB and aac(6′)-lb-cr were not detected. The high level of resistance and multidrug resistance imply these antibiotics are ineffective, add unnecessary cost to poultry farmers and certainly facilitate emergence and spread of resistance.

The main focus of this work is to investigate the degradation behavior of two newly developed encapsulants for photovoltaic applications (thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO) and polyolefin elastomer (POE)), compared to the most widely used Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA) upon exposure to two different artificial ageing tests (with and without ultraviolet (UV) irradiation). Additive composition, optical and thermal properties and chemical structure (investigated by means of Thermal Desorption Gas Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry, UV-Visible-Near Infrared spectroscopy, Differential Scanning Calorimetry, Thermogravimetric Analysis and Fourier Transform-Infrared spectroscopy, respectively) of the analyzed polymers were monitored throughout the exposure to artificial ageing tests. Relevant signs of photo-oxidation were detectable for TPO after the UV test, as well as a depletion of material&rsquo, s stabilizers. Signs of degradation for EVA and POE were detected when the UV dose applied was equal to 200 kW h m&minus, 2. A novel approach is presented to derive information of oxidation induction time/dose from thermogravimetric measurements that correlate well with results obtained by using oxidation indices.

Culinary herbs and spices are an important sector of the food industry worldwide, but are often characterized by high levels of microbial contaminations. Therefore, irradiation is often applied to control the microbial burden. In this study, two spice decontamination technologies were compared: the established gamma irradiation as well as a newly developed low energy electron beam (LEEB) treatment. The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of microbial surface inactivation for both treatments and their influence on quality attributes. Allspice berries, caraway seeds, oregano, and rosemary leaves were used as model matrices. Both treatments were shown to effectively reduce Enterococcus faecium counts below the detection limit (>3.3���5.5 log10). No differences in color, water activity, chlorophyll, and carotenoid contents, as well as 31 terpenoic compounds were determined between LEEB and gamma treatments in comparison to the untreated reference, for storage times of up to 105 days. Untargeted fingerprinting (SPME-GC-HRMS) showed a clustering of LEEB-treated rosemary samples, but no significant differences for the other samples.

International audience; This paper reports the results of an international benchmark exercise on the measurement of fibre bed compaction behaviour. The aim was to identify aspects of the test method critical to obtain reliable results and to arrive at a recommended test procedure for fibre bed compaction measurements. A glass fibre 2/2 twill weave and a biaxial (±45°) glass fibre non-crimp fabric (NCF) were tested in dry and wet conditions. All participants used the same testing procedure but were allowed to use the testing frame, the fixture and sample geometry of their choice. The results showed a large scatter in the maximum compaction stress between participants at the given target thickness, with coefficients of variation ranging from 38 % to 58 %. Statistical analysis of data indicated that wetting of the specimen significantly affected the scatter in results for the woven fabric, but not for the NCF. This is related to the fibre mobility in the architectures in both fabrics. As isolating the effect of other test parameters on the results was not possible, no statistically significant effect of other test parameters could be proven. The high sensitivity of the recorded compaction pressure near the minimum specimen thickness to changes in specimen thickness suggests that small uncertainties in thickness can result in large variations in the maximum value of the compaction stress. Hence, it is suspected that the thickness measurement technique used may have an effect on the scatter.