3,142 results on '"FADs"'
Search Results
152. The good and the fad: how crazes conquer schools.
- Author
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Creasey, Simon
- Subjects
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FADS , *STUDENTS' conduct of life , *FIDGET spinners , *SCHOOL children - Abstract
The article presents analysis on school fads including wearing colourful bows by school girls, fidget spinners and football stickers by citing an example from Parson Street Primary School in Bristol, England. Also includes views of behavioral designer Nir Eyal and clinical psychologist Dr Ben Michaelis on the same.
- Published
- 2017
153. Shaving grace; Pakistani pogonophilia
- Subjects
Beard -- Grooming ,Masculine beauty (Aesthetics) -- Forecasts and trends ,Personal appearance -- Forecasts and trends ,Fads ,Skin ,Beauty salons ,Market trend/market analysis ,Business ,Economics ,Business, international - Abstract
In the north-west, a craze for unconventional beardsHOVERING ABOVE a plush barber's chair in his small hair salon in Peshawar, a city in northern Pakistan, Muhammad Ijaz strokes a beard [...]
- Published
- 2019
154. Gender and Nation in Meiji Japan: Modernity, Loss, and the Doing of History
- Author
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Karlin, Jason G., author and Karlin, Jason G.
- Published
- 2014
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155. ExoMars Flush Air Data System: Entry Simulation and Atmospheric Reconstruction Method
- Author
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Ali Gülhan, Bart Van Hove, Özgür Karatekin, and Thorn Schleutker
- Subjects
Cfd simulation ,Instrumentation ,Supersonic ,Aerospace Engineering ,Atmospheric Entry ,02 engineering and technology ,Hypersonic ,01 natural sciences ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,0203 mechanical engineering ,0103 physical sciences ,Aerospace engineering ,FADS ,020301 aerospace & aeronautics ,Atmospheric Reconstruction ,Angle of attack ,business.industry ,Reconstruction method ,ExoMars ,Space and Planetary Science ,Atmospheric entry ,Schiaparelli ,Über- und Hyperschalltechnologien, KP ,Flush Airdata System ,Environmental science ,business ,Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations ,Flight data - Abstract
Flight data recorded during atmospheric entry with forebody pressure instrumentation, referred to as a flush air data system (FADS), provide valuable measurements for the reconstruction of the trajectory and in situ atmospheric conditions. We present a method to reconstruct the angle of attack; sideslip angle; and atmospheric density, pressure, and temperature in support of the postflight analysis for the ExoMars Entry, Descent, and Landing Demonstrator Module (EDM), named Schiaparelli. Numerical predictions of the forebody surface pressure distribution, required as input to the FADS reconstruction, were developed in a companion paper. Here, we demonstrate the FADS method in a hypersonic wind tunnel at Mach 5 to 7 and study theoretical FADS reconstruction performance along a simulated along a simulated entry trajectory. The main error sources identified are unobserved winds and measurement bias errors; the latter are exacerbated by the limited number of pressure ports on the EDM.
- Published
- 2019
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156. Addressing the influence of groupthink during ideation concerned with new applications of technology in society
- Author
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Stephen Fox
- Subjects
ta520 ,Fads ,Unconscious mind ,Sociology and Political Science ,Lock-in ,020209 energy ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Cognitive effort ,Exploratory research ,Ideation ,Success traps ,Unconscious ,Subconscious ,Human Factors and Ergonomics ,Resistance (psychoanalysis) ,Non-conscious ,02 engineering and technology ,Path dependencies ,Out-group ,Education ,SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being ,0502 economics and business ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,ta516 ,Hype ,Social resistance ,Business and International Management ,ta512 ,Groupthink ,ta515 ,media_common ,05 social sciences ,ta3141 ,Ingroups and outgroups ,Preference ,Engineering ethics ,Psychology ,050203 business & management ,In-group - Abstract
As well as physical technology in society and digital technology in society, there is also technology in society within the non-conscious human mind. In particular, unconscious preference for least cognitive effort and subconscious preference for least social resistance can coincide in groupthink about technology in society, which include fads, hype, lock-ins, path dependencies and success traps. Ideation concerned with new applications of technology in society is often constrained by groupthink. In this paper, an exploratory study addressing the influence of these constraints on ideation is reported. The study involved use of nine science-based techniques across the “preparation-incubation-illumination-verification” model of ideation. Findings indicate that the constraining influence of groupthink can be reduced, but much work may be required to do so. Hence, it can be anticipated that technology in society within the non-conscious human mind will continue to exert influence over new applications of physical and virtual technology in society.
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- 2019
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157. Education made easy.
- Author
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Morgan, P.
- Published
- 2007
158. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the FADS Gene Cluster but not the ELOVL2 Gene are Associated with Serum Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Composition and Development of Allergy (in a Swedish Birth Cohort).
- Author
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Barman, Malin, Sandberg, Ann-Sofie, Nilsson, Staffan, Naluai, Åsa Torinsson, Sandin, Anna, and Wold, Agnes E.
- Abstract
Exposure to polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) influences immune function and may affect the risk of allergy development. Long chain PUFAs are produced from dietary precursors catalyzed by desaturases and elongases encoded by FADS and ELOVL genes. In 211 subjects, we investigated whether polymorphisms in the FADS gene cluster and the ELOVL2 gene were associated with allergy or PUFA composition in serum phospholipids in a Swedish birth-cohort sampled at birth and at 13 years of age; allergy was diagnosed at 13 years of age. Minor allele carriers of rs102275 and rs174448 (FADS gene cluster) had decreased proportions of 20:4 n-6 in cord and adolescent serum and increased proportions of 20:3 n-6 in cord serum as well as a nominally reduced risk of developing atopic eczema, but not respiratory allergy, at 13 years of age. Minor allele carriers of rs17606561 in the ELOVL2 gene had nominally decreased proportions of 20:4 n-6 in cord serum but ELOVL polymorphisms (rs2236212 and rs17606561) were not associated with allergy development. Thus, reduced capacity to desaturase n-6 PUFAs due to FADS polymorphisms was nominally associated with reduced risk for eczema development, which could indicate a pathogenic role for long-chain PUFAs in allergy development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
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159. Genetic and epigenetic transgenerational implications related to omega-3 fatty acids. Part II: maternal FADS2 rs174575 genotype and DNA methylation predict toddler cognitive performance.
- Author
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Cheatham, Carol L., Lupu, Daniel S., and Niculescu, Mihai D.
- Subjects
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COGNITION in children , *GENETIC polymorphisms , *GENETICS , *MEMORY , *MOTHERS , *OMEGA-3 fatty acids , *EPIGENOMICS , *GENOTYPES - Abstract
Maternal transfer of fatty acids is important to fetal brain development. The prenatal environment may differentially affect the substrates supporting declarative memory abilities, as the level of fatty acids transferred across the placenta may be affected by the maternal fatty acid desaturase 2 ( FADS2 ) rs174575 single nucleotide polymorphism. In this study, we hypothesized that toddler and maternal rs174575 genotype and FADS2 promoter methylation would be related to the toddlers’ declarative memory performance. Seventy-one 16-month-old toddlers participated in an imitation paradigm designed to test immediate and long-term declarative memory abilities. FADS2 rs174575 genotype was determined and FADS2 promoter methylation was quantified from blood by bisulfite pyrosequencing for the toddlers and their natural mothers. Toddlers of GG mothers at the FADS2 rs174575 single nucleotide polymorphism did not perform as well on memory assessments as toddlers of CC or CG mothers when controlling for plasma α -linolenic acid and child genotype. Toddler methylation status was related to immediate memory performance, whereas maternal methylation status was related to delayed memory performance. Thus, prenatal experience and maternal FADS2 status have a pervasive, long-lasting influence on the brain development of the offspring, but as the postnatal environment becomes more primary, the offsprings’ own biology begins to have an effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
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160. Fuel performance and carbon footprint of the global purse seine tuna fleet.
- Author
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Parker, Robert W.R., Vázquez-Rowe, Ian, and Tyedmers, Peter H.
- Subjects
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ECOLOGICAL impact , *PURSE seining , *FISHERIES , *PERFORMANCE evaluation , *FOSSIL fuels , *SUPPLY chains - Abstract
Modern commercial fisheries are heavily dependent on the input of fossil fuels throughout their supply chains, particularly diesel inputs to fishing vessels. Fuel use intensity of fisheries varies with regard to target species, gears employed, region of fishing, technologies used, skipper behaviour, and other factors. Those fisheries that consume relatively less fuel not only have a lower carbon footprint, up to the point of landing, but are also in a favourable position to meet future fuel and emissions regulations, and may be more resilient to the effects of volatile fuel prices and limited oil resources. We measured fuel inputs to purse seining vessels targeting primarily skipjack ( Katsuwonus pelamis ) and yellowfin ( Thunnus albacores ) tuna. Data reported represent 28% of worldwide landings of skipjack and yellowfin by purse seiners in 2009. These vessels burned, on average, 368 L of fuel per tonne of wet weight landings. This corresponds to a fuel-related carbon footprint of 1.1 kg CO 2 per landed kg of tuna, lower than that of average marine capture fisheries as well as most forms of land-based animal protein production. Interestingly, the use of FADs in purse seine fisheries for tuna was found to be inversely correlated with efficiency, going against conventional logic that FAD use improves efficiency. This study is the largest snapshot of tuna fuel inputs to date, providing a baseline against which future performance can be measured, and an indicator for consumers concerned about the carbon footprint of their food choices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
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161. Genetic variants of FADS gene cluster, plasma LC-PUFA levels and the association with cognitive function of under-two-year-old Sasaknese Indonesian children.
- Author
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Fahmida, Umi, Htet, Min Kyaw, Adhiyanto, Chris, Kolopaking, Risatianti, Yudisti, Miza Agria, Maududi, Allay, Suryandari, Dwi Anita, Dillon, Drupadi, Afman, Lydia, and Müller, Michael
- Subjects
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FATTY acid desaturase genetics , *UNSATURATED fatty acids , *COGNITIVE ability , *RANDOMIZED controlled trials , *ACQUISITION of data , *INFANT nutrition - Abstract
Background/Aims: Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) are regarded as essential for child cognition. Genetic variation in fatty acid (FA) desaturase enzyme (FADS) has been recognized as an important effect modifier in the relation between LC-PUFA and child cognitive function. This study aimed to identify the distribution of genetic variant (genotype) SNP rs174468 and to assess plasma FA and developmental outcome by the genotype among under-2 year old Sasaknese Indonesian children. Methods: Data was collected at baseline of a randomized trial (NUPICO, clinicaltrials.gov NCT01504633) in East Lombok district, Indonesia. Breastfed, 12-17 month old children were recruited and 240 subjects were included in the study. Child cognition was assessed as Bayley Mental Developmental Index (MDI). Results: From 206 subjects whose blood samples can be collected, only two genotypes were found (90.3% GG homozygotes, 9.7% AG heterozygotes), and minor allele AG was significantly associated with higher level of arachidonic acid (20:4 n-6), n-6 LC-PUFA and FADS1 index. MDI score was associated with a FADS2 index (DHA:EPA ratio) but not genotype (Adjusted R-square= 0.043). Conclusions: FADS2 index was associated with cognitive function. No difference was found between children with GG and AG genotypes who were all breastfed and not low birth weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
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162. Deconstructing management fad adoption: towards a conceptual model.
- Author
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Mathews, Pamela
- Abstract
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose that adoption of new ideas is a more involved cognitive process than has been recognised and this paper seeks to redress the trivialisation of ideas as emerging management ideas (“fads”). The embracing of “fads” for performance improvement and competitive advantage has received considerable attention in the academic literature, resulting in a rather one-sided view. Design/methodology/approach – Cognitive decision-making, evidence-based management and complexity theory are examined to illustrate cognitive process, skills and experiences used when making decisions and several propositions are derived from these ideas. Findings – An conceptual model of “fad” adoption, integrating the ideas and propositions is presented. This model provides a more pragmatic examination of “fad” adoption decisions and encourages an in depth consideration of their introduction. The model offers a more sophisticated, focused tool for examining the adoption of new management ideas and provides a springboard from which more detailed, integrated models can be developed, and hopefully will stimulate discussion. Implications for theory and practice are also considered. Originality/value – Examination of the literature on management “fads” revealed significant material that focused on the negative aspects of “fad” adoption, but an absence of material that examined how manager’s made their adoption decisions. This paper, therefore, provides a valuable contribution to both theory and practice by examining factors which contribute to how and why management decisions to adopt “fads” are made and develops a model to illustrate how these are integrated to contribute to the process of decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
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163. The Scottish Cyclist and the New Woman: Representations of Female Cyclists in Scotland, 1890-1914.
- Author
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Macrae, Eilidh
- Subjects
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CYCLING , *FADS , *WOMEN cyclists , *WOMEN'S health , *LIBERTY - Abstract
In the 1890s British women witnessed a 'cycling craze' that had the potential to enhance the health and physical freedom of many women. This article examines the cycling craze from a Scottish perspective by investigating representations of Scottish female cyclists in a weekly magazine first printed in Glasgow in 1888 entitled The Scottish Cyclist. Despite suggestions that the popularity of cycling faltered after the initial 'cycling-craze' of the mid-1890s, perusal of The Scottish Cyclist suggests that a number of Scottish women continued to cycle beyond the years of this initial craze, thus eventually helping to make the cycling woman a familiar sight in Scottish society. This article argues that whilst by 1914 the cycling woman clad in 'rational dress' was no longer a key symbol of emancipation, still the determination of female cyclists in Scotland had contributed to the physical emancipation of women, giving them access to greater independence, mobility, and physical freedom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
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164. Trends, Fads and ART!
- Author
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Dale, Brian, Menezo, Yves, and Coppola, Gianfranco
- Subjects
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INTRACYTOPLASMIC sperm injection , *PLOIDY , *BIOMARKERS , *GAMETES , *EMBRYOS , *GENOMES - Abstract
Morphological selection techniques of gametes and embryos are of current interest to clinical practice in ART. Although intracytoplasmic morphologically selected sperm injection (IMSI), time lapse imaging morphometry (TLIM) or quantification of chromosome numbers (PGS) are potentially useful in research, they have not been shown to be of statistically predictive value and, thus, have only limited clinical usefulness. We make the point that morphological markers alone cannot predict the success of the early embryo, which depends on the correct orchestration of a myriad of physiological and biochemical activation events that progress independently of the maternal or zygotic genome. Since previous attempts to identify metabolic markers for embryo quality have failed and there is no evidence that the intrinsic nature of gametes and embryos can be improved in the laboratory, embryologists can only minimize environmental or operator induced damage while these cells are manipulated ex vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
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165. The Effect of Selection Bias in Studies of Fads and Fashions.
- Author
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Denrell, Jerker and Kovács, Balázs
- Subjects
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SELECTION bias (Statistics) , *FADS , *FASHION , *STATISTICAL models , *SIMULATION methods & models - Abstract
Most studies of fashion and fads focus on objects and practices that once were popular. We argue that limiting the sample to such trajectories generates a selection bias that obscures the underlying process and generates biased estimates. Through simulations and the analysis of a data set that has previously not been used to analyze the rise and fall of cultural practices, the New York Times text archive, we show that studying a whole range of cultural objects, both popular and less popular, is essential for understanding the drivers of popularity. In particular, we show that estimates of statistical models of the drivers of popularity will be biased if researchers use only trajectories of those practices that once were popular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2015
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166. Urban Fads and Consensual Fictions: Creative, Sustainable, and Competitive City Policies in Buenos Aires.
- Author
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Lederman, Jacob
- Subjects
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URBAN policy , *FADS , *SUSTAINABLE urban development , *URBAN renewal , *SUSTAINABILITY ,ARGENTINE politics & government - Abstract
Scholarship in urban sociology has pointed to the reliance of city governments on ever-more market mechanisms for organizing social and economic policy. This form of governance involves prioritizing cities' cultural and social assets for their value in a global competition of urban 'brands,' each competing for new infusions of human and investment capital. At the same time, however, cities have been at the center of seemingly progressive policy efforts aimed at promoting innovation, sustainability, and creativity. These themes represent a newly dominant planning discourse in cities across the globe. While researchers have thoroughly examined how 'creative classes' and 'creative cities' may exclude everyday, working-class, or poor residents, new urban imaginaries focused on sustainability potentially imply less stratified urban outcomes. Analyzing two high-profile interventions in Buenos Aires, Argentina-a sustainable urban regeneration plan for the historic downtown, and the creation of an arts cluster in the impoverished south of the city-this paper argues that despite divergent narratives, creative and sustainable urban projects suggest similar policy agendas, planning assumptions, and relationships to market mechanisms. Increasingly, global policies, whose design and objectives may appear to contradict market logics, may have outcomes that further them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
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167. Changes in plasma phospholipid fatty acid patterns and their impact on plasma triglyceride levels following fish oil supplementation
- Author
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Cormier, Hubert, Rudkowska, Iwona, Lemieux, Simone, Julien, Pierre, Vohl, Marie-Claude, Couture, Patrick, Cormier, Hubert, Rudkowska, Iwona, Lemieux, Simone, Julien, Pierre, Vohl, Marie-Claude, and Couture, Patrick
- Abstract
The objective of the present study was to test for associations between changes in fatty acids (FAs) and changes in plasma triglyceride (TG) levels after an n-3 FA supplementation and to test whether SNPs from the FADS gene cluster were associ-ated with plasma FA levels or with specific FA patterns. A total of 210 subjects completed a 2-wk run-in period followed by 6-wk supplementation with 5g/d of fish oil. FA profiles of plasma phospholipids (PPLs) were obtained and 19 SNPs from the FADS gene cluster were genotyped. Principal component analysis was conducted and scores were calculated. There was an increase in EPA, DPA and DHA levels in PPLs as well as a decrease in ALA and all n-6 FA levels after the supplementa-tion. Factor analysis suggested 4 post-n-3 FA supplementation patterns. Changes in AA, ALA, DGLA, as well as changes in total n-3 and omega-6 FAs in absolute quantities of FAs were all associated with a change in TG levels whereas the cor-relation remained significant only for AA and DGLA when FAs were expressed as percentage of total FAs. Several SNPs from the FADS gene cluster were associated with post-supplementation FA levels. These results suggest that FAs alone or regrouped in factors could play a role in modulating plasma TG levels after fish oil supplementation. SNPs from the FADSgene cluster interact with both FAs and/or factors to modulate TG levels.
- Published
- 2020
168. Seasonal distribution of tuna and non-tuna species associated with Drifting Fish Aggregating Devices (DFADs) in the Western Indian Ocean using fishery-independent data.
- Author
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Orue Montaner, Blanca, Pennino, Maria Grazia, López, J., Moreno, Gala, Santiago, J., Ramos, L., Murua, Hilario, Orue Montaner, Blanca, Pennino, Maria Grazia, López, J., Moreno, Gala, Santiago, J., Ramos, L., and Murua, Hilario
- Abstract
Man-made floating objects in the surface of tropical oceans, also called drifting fish aggregating devices (DFADs), attract tens of marine species, including tunas and nontuna species. In the Indian Ocean, around 80% of the sets currently made by the EU purse-seine fleet are on DFADs. Due to the importance and value of this fishery, understanding the habitat characteristics and dynamics of pelagic species aggregated under DFADs is key to improve fishery management and fishing practices. This study implements Bayesian hierarchical spatial models to investigate tuna and non-tuna species seasonal distribution based on fisheries-independent data derived from fishers’ echo-sounder buoys, environmental information (Sea Surface Temperature, Chlorophyll, Salinity, Eddie Kinetic Energy, Oxygen concentration, Sea Surface Height, Velocity and Heading) and DFAD variables (DFAD identification, days at sea). Results highlighted group-specific spatial distributions and habitat preferences, finding higher probability of tuna presence in warmer waters, with higher sea surface height and low eddy kinetic energy values. In contrast, highest probabilities of non-tuna species were found in colder and productive waters. Days at sea were relevant for both groups, with higher probabilities at objects with higher soak time. Our results also showed speciesspecific temporal distributions, suggesting that both tuna and non-tuna species may have different habitat preferences depending on the monsoon period. The new findings provided by this study will contribute to the understanding of the ecology and behavior of target and non-target species and their sustainable management.
- Published
- 2020
169. Less is more
- Author
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Wann, Lee-Anne
- Published
- 2015
170. Fish fauna associated with floating objects sampled by experimental and commercial purse nets
- Author
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Enric Massutí, B. Morales-Nin, and Salud Deudero
- Subjects
fads ,fishes ,sampling ,purse seine ,balearic islands ,western mediterranean ,Aquaculture. Fisheries. Angling ,SH1-691 - Abstract
Based on the commercial surrounding nets traditionally used in the Coryphaena hippurus fishery, we designed an experimental purse seine (64 m long and 14 m high, with a purse line and a central codend of 2 mm mesh) for sampling fish fauna associated with flotsam. Taxa, number, biomass and sizes of fishes caught with both types of gear around fish aggregation devices were compared. From 63 hauls with the experimental net, we caught 11370 fishes belonging to 17 families and 26 species. In contrast, 816 fishes belonging to 7 species and 5 families were collected from 39 commercial hauls. Despite differences in number of hauls for each net, the curves of cumulative species richness showed that additional hauls could not increase the number of species collected with the commercial net. The most abundant species from experimental net catches were Trachurus picturatus, which represented over 80% of the specimens caught in spring and summer, Naucrates ductor, which represented about 50% of autumn catches, both in terms of abundance and biomass, and Seriola dumerili, which represented 46% and 21% of the samples taken in summer and autumn respectively. Seriola dumerili was also frequent in commercial net catches, in which T. picturatus did not appear, while Coryphaena hippurus and N. ductor represented more than 85% of both abundance and biomass. Large differences between the two types of net were also obtained in the mean fish weight and length frequency distributions of the catches by season. Fish caught with the experimental net ranged from 6 to 570 mm length, while fish collected from commercial hauls had a size range of 35 to 700 mm. The effectiveness of the experimental net in catching small fishes showed that it can be an optimal sampling method not only in the study of fish fauna associated with flotsam, but also in studies to catch early life stages.
- Published
- 1999
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171. Population dynamics and fishery of dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus) in the western Mediterranean
- Author
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Jordi Lleonart, Beatriz Morales-Nin, Enric Massutí, Salud Deudero, and Olga Reñones
- Subjects
coryphaena hippurus ,fishery ,fads ,vpa ,Aquaculture. Fisheries. Angling ,SH1-691 - Abstract
The dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus) fishery based on the island of Majorca (western Mediterranean) and the population dynamics of the species were studied between 1995 and 1996. Fishing effort, landings and length composition of the catches during the sampling period, as well as the historic catch data series and fleet were analysed. Virtual Population Analysis (VPA), taking as the time unit the week in 1995 and the fortnight in 1996, were also carried out. Dolphinfish is fished from August to December, with main catches in September-October, using anchored fish aggregation devices (FADs) and surrounding net. The mooring areas, placed from 70 to 1200 m depth, are distributed among the boats registered for the year´s fishery. A total of 46 boats took part in this fishery in 1995 and 37 in 1996, with a catch of 128 and 52 metric tons respectively. These wide fluctuations are also shown in the annual catches of the 16year series, which ranged from 2 to more than 120 metric tons, showing a slightly increasing trend (4 tons per year). The comparison of different measures of effort (FADs, days and hours) showed similar values of CPUE, although the number of FADs showed the lowest variation, with normal variances and average values not significantly different between harbours. The length composition of the catches ranged from 20 to 64 cm fork length, which corresponds to juveniles between 2 and 6 months of age. The main results of the VPA, which must be regarded in relative rather than absolute values, showed that the available population and the recruitment in 1995 are greater (around one order of magnitude) than in 1996. For both years, the number of individuals declined in the course of the fishing season, while biomass increased during the first 5 weeks. The fact that the exploited fraction of the dolphinfish population is composed of 0-age class suggests that catch fluctuations might be related to environmental parameters and to the migratory behaviour pattern of the species. These two interrelated factors can produce failures of its annual spawning in the western Mediterranean, and/or of the recruitment of the species to the fishery.
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- 1999
- Full Text
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172. Sicilian dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus) fishery
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A. Potoschi, L. Cannizzaro, A. Milazzo, M. Scalisi, and G. Bono
- Subjects
sicilian fisheries ,fleet structure ,fads ,fishing season ,coryphaena hippurus ,central mediterranean ,Aquaculture. Fisheries. Angling ,SH1-691 - Abstract
In 1996, a census was taken of the Sicilian fisheries that engage in dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus L. 1758) fishing. Two different surveys were conducted; data on fishing boats were obtained from the Naval Registers and frominterviewing boat owners on the wharf. The area sampled was divided into 3 zones and 6 strata. 205 boats were recorded in the eastern zone (Tyrrhenian and Ionian seas), 57 boats located in 4 different strata were recorded in the western zone. Fishing activities in the Ionian area begin in early August and end in December. In all other areas of Sicily, dolphinfish fishing begins in early September and continues until December. A census was also taken of the equipment used by the various boats for this activity in the different areas. The surveys showed that FADs are the most commonly employed method for dolphinfish fishing. The geographical distribution, number and characteristics were recorded for each area surveyed. The catches for the 1996 fishing season distributed for strata and zone are reported.
- Published
- 1999
- Full Text
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173. Fish Attraction Devices (FADs) and experimental designs
- Author
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Michael J. Kingsford
- Subjects
experiments ,fads ,impact ,sampling designs ,Aquaculture. Fisheries. Angling ,SH1-691 - Abstract
There is widespread use of fish attraction devices (FADs) in commercial fisheries and research. Investigations on the utility of FADs to catch fishes, and factors influencing fishes associated with FADs, require careful consideration of experimental designs. The development of appropriate models, from observations and the literature, should be developed before hypotheses can be tested with robust sampling designs. Robust sampling designs may only be possible if investigators have some role in the planning stage of deploying FADs. If the objective of the study is to determine the influence of FADs on assemblages of fishes, then experimenters need to consider that a `FAD-effect´ (=impact) cannot be demonstrated without controls. Some preliminary studies may be required to determine the spatial extent of a FAD-effect before suitable sites can be chosen for controls. Other controls may also be necessary, depending on the method used to estimate numbers of fishes (e.g. controls for disturbance). Recent advances in sampling designs that are applicable to impact studies are discussed. Beyond-BACI (Before After Control Impact) and MBACI (Multiple BACI) designs are recommended because they cater for temporal and spatial variation in the abundance of organisms, which is generally great for pelagic fishes. The utility of orthogonal sampling designs is emphasised as a means of elucidating the influence of multiple factors and, importantly, interactions between them. Further, nested analyses are suggested to deal with multiple temporal and/or spatial time scales in sampling designs. The independence of replicate FADs should also be considered. Problems of independence include: FADs that are connected, thus providing potential routes of movement of associated fishes; temporal dependence where the number of fish at a time influences the number at the next time due to fish becoming residents; and the fact that the proximity of other FADs may influence numbers of fishes. Solutions to these problems are suggested. The recommendations in this paper are relevant to investigations on pelagic fish of all sizes, with and without FADs.
- Published
- 1999
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174. Traditional and experimental floating fish aggregating devices in the Gulf of Castellammare (NW Sicily): results from catches and visual observations
- Author
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G. D'Anna, F. Badalamenti, and S. Riggio
- Subjects
fads ,seriola dumerili ,nw sicily ,Aquaculture. Fisheries. Angling ,SH1-691 - Abstract
Floating fish aggregating devices (FADs) have long been used to attract fish in NW Sicily since antiquity. Recently, a number of changes have been made to the type of material employed to construct FADs, with the aim of increasing their effectiveness. In this paper we compare the catches made at eight experimental floating FADs (polypropylene ropes frayed at the ends) with those obtained at eight traditional FADs in the Gulf of Castellammare. A total of 672 samples were collected during summer and autumn in 1995 and 1996 at the 16 FADs using a surrounding net. Visual observations of fishes associated with the FADs were also conducted to obtain qualitative information about the spatial distribution of species. A total of 1632 specimens weighing 144 kg and belonging to eight species were caught during the survey. Seriola dumerili, Caranx crysos, C. rhonchus and Coryphaena hippurus were the most frequent and abundant species accounting for 96% of the total catch. Average fish abundance and weight, characterised by high variance, were significantly higher at the sites with experimental FADs than at the sites with traditional FADs. S. dumerili was the only species with higher catches around the experimental FADs. Some spatial and temporal variations in fish abundance and size were also detected. Younger individuals of S. dumerili were observed to show high affinity for the experimental FAD tufts.
- Published
- 1999
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175. Fish associated with fish aggregation devices off the Canary Islands (Central-East Atlantic)
- Author
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J. J. Castro, J. A. Santiago, and V. Hernández-García
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fads ,fish assemblages ,floating structures ,artisanal fisheries ,central-east atlantic ,Aquaculture. Fisheries. Angling ,SH1-691 - Abstract
Sixteen fish aggregation devices (FADs) were deployed in 50 to 500 m deep of water in the Canary Islands. Species composition and abundance were determined by visual census carried out by divers on 55 occasions from April to October 1995 and from August 1996 to May 1997. A total of 15 species representing nine families of fish were observed. Pseudocaranx dentex (Bloch and Schneider, 1810), Seriola spp. and Naucrates ductor (Linnaeus, 1758) were the most abundant species. The number of species associated with FADs increased with immersion time, but fish biomass did not increase. The maximum number of fish species registered exactly under the FADs at any one time was five. The average estimated biomass was 9.47 Kg per FAD (SD= 25.2). However, when only baitfish were taken into account, the mean aggregated fish biomass was 3.20 Kg (SD= 4.32). The estimated biomass was higher when Coryphaena spp. was present, increasing to 53.9 Kg per FAD (SD=53.6). A significantly lower fish biomass and number of species was observed in FADs deployed in shallower waters (50-100 m depth).
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- 1999
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176. Fish communities associated with FADs
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S. Deudero, P. Merella, B. Morales-Nin, E. Massutí, and F. Alemany
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fads ,fish assemblages ,seasonality ,juvenile fish ,western mediterranean ,Aquaculture. Fisheries. Angling ,SH1-691 - Abstract
Two groups of six fish aggregating devices (FADs) were deployed at two locations off the eastern coast of Majorca (Western Mediterranean). Samples were obtained fortnightly throughout a two-year period by means of hauls performed with an experimental purse seine. Two control areas were established to check the aggregation efficiency of the FADs. A total of 16 families and 26 species of fishes were recorded beneath FADs. Pelagic fishes, largely Trachurus picturatus, T. mediterraneus, T. trachurus, Naucrates ductor, Seriola dumerili and Coryphaena hippurus, dominated the fauna. The total fish abundance, number of species and length range of the species confirmed that the FAD community was significantly related to season (recruitment period), resulting in a sequential fish colonisation of the FADs during the study period. Some of the species were present only during a particular period, such as Trachurus spp. in spring and summer. Other species, although evident for a longer period, were more occasional in catches (Schedophilus ovalis, Balistes carolinensis and Polyprion americanus), and some others were also present in small quantities. Diversity and equitability of the fish community associated with FADs were higher in summer than in winter. Many species were more abundant around FADs than in open water controls. The species that showed the most distinct recruitment phase beneath the FADs were N. ductor, S. ovalis, Trachurus spp., P. americanus, S. dumerili, C. hippurus and B. carolinensis. FADs can be considered nursery structures for many pelagic and demersal species, thus having an effect on the redistribution of juveniles. In the deployment of artificial structures as aggregators for fishing purposes one should consider the patchiness and seasonal characteristics of these communities as well as the redistribution aspect for fishery management.
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- 1999
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177. Perinatal Dietary Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Brain Development, Role in Neurodevelopmental Disorders
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Maud Martinat, Moïra Rossitto, Mathieu Di Miceli, Sophie Layé, Nutrition et Neurobiologie intégrée (NutriNeuro), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Ecole nationale supérieure de chimie, biologie et physique-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Fondation de France, Conseil Régional Aquitaine, Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, and Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Ecole nationale supérieure de chimie, biologie et physique-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
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sex differences ,Adult ,Male ,placenta ,[SDV.NEU.NB]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC]/Neurobiology ,microglia ,Biological Availability ,lcsh:TX341-641 ,n-3 PUFAs ,Review ,ELOVL ,ASD ,neuroinflammation ,Sex Factors ,Genetic ,Fatty Acids Omega-3 ,Fatty Acids Omega-6 ,Pregnancy ,Fatty Acids, Omega-6 ,Fatty Acids, Omega-3 ,ADHD ,Humans ,Polymorphism ,Child ,Maternal-Fetal Exchange ,FADS ,Polymorphism, Genetic ,neurodevelopment ,Child Preschool ,Infant, Newborn ,Brain ,Infant ,EPA ,Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ,n-6 PUFAs ,Newborn ,schizophrenia ,DHA ,[SDV.BDD.EO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Development Biology/Embryology and Organogenesis ,Neurodevelopmental Disorders ,Child, Preschool ,[SDV.NEU]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC] ,Female ,lcsh:Nutrition. Foods and food supply ,[SDV.AEN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Food and Nutrition - Abstract
International audience; n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are essential fatty acids that are provided by dietary intake. Growing evidence suggests that n-3 and n-6 PUFAs are paramount for brain functions. They constitute crucial elements of cellular membranes, especially in the brain. They are the precursors of several metabolites with different effects on inflammation and neuron outgrowth. Overall, long-chain PUFAs accumulate in the offspring brain during the embryonic and post-natal periods. In this review, we discuss how they accumulate in the developing brain, considering the maternal dietary supply, the polymorphisms of genes involved in their metabolism, and the differences linked to gender. We also report the mechanisms linking their bioavailability in the developing brain, their transfer from the mother to the embryo through the placenta, and their role in brain development. In addition, data on the potential role of altered bioavailability of long-chain n-3 PUFAs in the etiologies of neurodevelopmental diseases, such as autism, attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder, and schizophrenia, are reviewed.
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- 2021
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178. Synthesis and evaluation of water-soluble ABAO-assay substrates for application in FADS
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Schiefer, Astrid
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FADS ,High-throughput assay ,Hochdurchsatz Assay ,Biocatalysis ,Fluorescence ,Biokatalyse ,LogD - Abstract
Aldehyde finden in den unterschiedlichsten Industriezweigen Einsatz. So werden Aldehyde unter anderem in der Lebensmittel-, Geschmacks- und Duftstoffindustrie verwendet sowie beispielsweise in der Produktion von Biotreibstoffen und Arzneimittel. Neben der chemischen Synthese von Aldehyden k��nnen diese auch enzymatisch gewonnen werden. Eine M��glichkeit, die ��ber die letzten Jahre Interesse geweckt hat, ist die Verwendung von Carbons��ure-Reduktasen (CARs). Diese NADPH- und ATP-abh��ngigen Enzyme k��nnen Carbons��uren in die entsprechenden Aldehyde ��berf��hren. Die Vielzahl an m��glichen Substraten sowie der nachhaltige Produktionsweg durch die Verwendung von Enzymen machen den Einsatz von CARs in der Industrie interessant. F��r den industriellen Einsatz ist es jedoch oft unerl��sslich, die Eigenschaften des Enzyms, wie die thermische Stabilit��t, die Substratspezifit��t, die Produktivit��t usw., zu optimieren. Eine Variante, dies zu erreichen, ist die Ver��nderung des Enzymes via gerichtete Evolution.5Um die gro��en Mutanten-Bibliotheken des gerichteten Evolution-Experiments screenen zu k��nnen, sind Screeningmethoden mit einem hohen Durchsatz vorteilhaft. In unserem Fall ist angedacht, das mikrofluidische flurorescence-activated droplet sorting (FADS) System f��r das Screenen nach CARs mit verbesserten Eigenschaften einzusetzen. Bei dieser Methode werden einzelne Zellen, die jeweils eine Enzymvariante exprimieren, in einen Wassertropfen auf einem Mikrochip eingeschlossen. Diese Tropfen dienen als ���Reaktionsgef������� und sorgen f��r eine Verkn��pfung des Genotyps mit dem Ph��notyp. Die Detektion von den optimalen Mutanten basiert auf dem Auftreten eines Fluoreszenzsignals. Ein Assay wird angewendet und sorgt f��r ein Fluoreszenzsignal, sofern das Enzym die gew��nschte Eigenschaft besitzt.7In unserem Fall soll eine Zelle, die eine CAR Variante exprimiert, und eine Carbons��ure als Substrat in den Tropfen eingeschlossen werden. Um die entstehenden Aldehyde nachzuweisen, ist die Verwendung des ABAO-Assays geplant. Dieser erm��glicht die Detektion und Quantifizierung von Aldehyden. Dazu wird neben der Zelle und dem Substrat auch noch das Reagenz 2-Aminobenzamidoxim (ABAO) in den Tropfen eingeschlossen. Dieses reagiert mit dem gebildeten Aldehyd und bildet ein Chinazolin, das fluoresziert. Basierend auf diesem Fluoreszenzsignal erfolgt dann die Sortierung der Tropfen auf dem Mikrochip.Eine wichtiger Aspekt ist es, sicherzustellen, dass keine Komponenten aus dem Tropfen in die ��lphase bzw. in einen anderen Tropfen diffundieren. Da damit gerechnet wird, dass das ��blicherweise eingesetzte ABAO bzw. das Derivat MeO-ABAO nicht hydrophil genug ist, um ausreichend lang im Tropfen zu verbleiben, wurde die Verwendung anderer ABAO-Derivate angedacht. Diese neuen ABAO Substrate sowie das ABAO und MeO-ABAO sind in Scheme 2 zu sehen. Die ��berlegung ist, dass durch Anbringen einer polaren Gruppe, wie einer quart��ren Ammonium- oder einer Phosphonogruppe, eine h��here Hydrophilie und damit l��ngere Verweilzeit im Tropfen erreicht werden kann. In diesem Kontext ist das Thema dieser Arbeit die Optimierung der Synthese des P-MeO-ABAO. Um zu ermitteln, ob auch dieses neue Substrat f��r den Assay geeignet ist, wurden au��erdem logD-Bestimmungen und Fluoreszenzmessungen durchgef��hrt. Zudem werden drei Syntheseans��tze f��r das Ammonium-MeO-ABAO beschrieben. Das finale Ammonium-MeO-ABAO wurde zwar nicht erhalten, jedoch werden die unterschiedlichen Routen diskutiert, um einen Anhaltspunkt f��r zuk��nftige Synthesen zu liefern., Aldehydes are a very versatile compound class that is utilized in various application fields. Besides playing an essential role in the food, flavor, and fragrance industry, aldehydes are also used as building blocks for biofuel or drug production. Apart from synthetic-chemical approaches, aldehydes can also be obtained by enzymatic reactions. Among the enzymes that yield aldehydes as products, the enzyme class of carboxylic acid reductases (CARs) has gained interest over the last few years. The NADPH- and ATP-dependent CARs can convert carboxylic acids to aldehydes. The broad substrate scope and sustainability make the industrial application of CARs attractive. However, the enzyme���s properties like stability, substrate specificity, productivity, etc., need to be optimized for use in the industry. One way how this can be accomplished is by directed evolution. For the screening of the large mutant libraries of the directed evolution experiments, a high-throughput screening method is advantageous. In our case, it is intended to use the microfluidic fluorescence-activated droplet sorting system (FADS) for this task. It is based on encapsulating single cells that express an enzyme variant in aqueous droplets on a microfluidic chip. These droplets are used as ���reaction vessels��� and link the genotype with the phenotype. The detection of the improved enzyme variants by FADS is based on an assay that connects the property of interest with a fluorescence signal. In our case, we would like to encapsulate a carboxylic acid as the substrate with a single cell expressing a CAR mutant. As we would like to screen for aldehyde-producing enzymes, the idea is to use the so-called ABAO-assay. This assay allows the detection and quantification of aldehydes. The co-encapsulated 2-aminobenzamidoxime (ABAO) undergoes a reaction with the produced aldehyde, and a quinazoline is formed, which shows fluorescence emission after excitation by a laser. Based on the fluorescence signal, the droplets are sorted accordingly.One challenge of using the FADS system is ensuring that no encapsulated compounds are transferred into the oil or other droplets. As it is believed that the usually applied ABAO or derivative MeO-ABAO are not hydrophilic enough to remain inside the aqueous droplets for a sufficient time, other ABAO-derivatives were contrived. These new ABAO substrates, the P-MeO-ABAO and the Ammonium-MeO-ABAO.The idea is that higher hydrophilicity - and therefore longer dwelling time inside the droplets- is obtained by adding the polar phosphono and the quaternary ammonium group to the MeO-ABAO framework. In this regard, this diploma thesis deals with optimizing a synthetic route for the P-MeO-ABAO, the compound���s logD determination, and fluorescence measurements to see if the assay is still feasible with this new substrate. Furthermore, three different attempts for synthesizing the Ammonium-MeO-ABAO are described. Although the final Ammonium-MeO-ABAO could not be obtained, the gained insights are discussed to serve as a starting point for further syntheses.
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- 2021
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179. Lipid ratios representing SCD1, FADS1, and FADS2 activities as candidate biomarkers of early growth and adiposity
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Samuel Furse, Philippa Prentice, Laurentya Olga, Marieke H. Schoemaker, Teake Kooistra, Robert Kleemann, Peter Y. Wielinga, Gabriele Gross, E. van Tol, Ieuan A. Hughes, David B. Dunger, Ken K. Ong, Albert Koulman, W van Duyvenvoorde, J.A. van Diepen, Stuart G. Snowden, Ivana Bobeldijk-Pastorova, Olga, Laurentya [0000-0002-3562-0598], Ong, Kenneth [0000-0003-4689-7530], Dunger, David [0000-0002-2566-9304], Koulman, Albert [0000-0001-9998-051X], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
- Subjects
Fatty Acid Desaturases ,Male ,0301 basic medicine ,Apolipoprotein E ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Desaturase ,FADS1 ,FADS2 ,lcsh:Medicine ,Biology ,Diet, High-Fat ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Mice ,03 medical and health sciences ,Delta-5 Fatty Acid Desaturase ,0302 clinical medicine ,Internal medicine ,Lipid ratio ,Lipidomics ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Obesity ,Adiposity ,Infant growth ,lcsh:R5-920 ,FADS ,lcsh:R ,Lipid metabolism ,General Medicine ,Lipid Metabolism ,medicine.disease ,030104 developmental biology ,Endocrinology ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Cohort ,lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins) ,medicine.symptom ,lcsh:Medicine (General) ,Weight gain ,Biomarkers ,Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase ,SCD1 ,Research Paper - Abstract
Background: Altered lipid metabolism in early life has been associated with subsequent weight gain and predicting this could aid in obesity prevention and risk management. Here, a lipidomic approach was used to identify circulating markers for future obesity risk in translational murine models and validate in a human infant cohort.Methods: Lipidomics was performed on the plasma of APOE*3 Leiden, Ldlr-/-.Leiden, and the wild-type C57BL/6J mice to capture candidate biomarkers predicting subsequent obesity parameters after exposure to high-fat diet. The identified candidate biomarkers were mapped onto corresponding lipid metabolism pathways and were investigated in the Cambridge Baby Growth Study. Infants' growth and adiposity were measured at 0-24 months. Capillary dried blood spots were sampled at 3 months for lipid profiling analysis.Findings: From the mouse models, cholesteryl esters were correlated with subsequent weight gain and other obesity parameters after HFD period (Spearman's r >= 0.5, FDR p values
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- 2021
180. Development of Carbonyl-Sensing Assays for the Application in Fluorescence Activated Droplet Sorting
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Hečko, Sebastian
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FADS ,SHC ,High-throughput assay ,Biocatalysis ,Fluorescence ,CAR ,Biokatalyse ,Hochdurchsatzassay - Abstract
Enzyme haben aufgrund ihre unvergleichlichen Selektivität und Versatilität Chemiker seit Beginn an verleitet, ihren katalytischen Nutzen zu erforschen. Sie bieten eine effiziente und umweltfreundliche Alternative zu herkömmlichen organischer Synthesemethodik. Vor allem durch die zunehmende Identifizierung neuer Biokatalysatoren mittels Einsatzes von Bioinformatik und weitrechenden Entwicklungen im Protein-Engineering Bereich, hat ihre Verwendung einen stetig wachsenden Platz in der katalytischen Landschaft eingenommen. Mithilfe von gerichteter Evolution, in welcher zufällige Mutationen in die Struktur von Proteinen eingebaut werden, können Chemiker noch unerforschte Reaktionen realisieren. Die immense Anzahl an Enzymvarianten, die durch randomisierte Mutation erzeugt werden erfordert jedoch ausgefeilte Selektions-Werkzeuge. Neuartige Ultra-Hochdurchsatz-Screening-Systeme ermöglichen die Untersuchung von Bibliotheken mit bis zu 10^7 Enzymvarianten durch Einsatz von mikrofluidischen Geräten und hochempfindlichen Fluoreszenz-Assays. Zu diesen Ansätzen gehört das Fluorescence-Activated Droplet Sorting (FADS), worin einzelne Zellmutanten in pL-großen wässrigen Tröpfchen mit perfluorierten Medien umschlossen werden. Gleichzeitig interagieren miteingeschlossene fluorogene Assay-Komponenten mit dem gewünschten enzymatisch-hergestellten Produkt und ermöglichen so einen empfindlichen Nachweis der gewünschten Reaktionen mittels laserinduzierter Fluoreszenz (LIF). Durch die Verwendung von Tensiden wird die Koaleszenz der Tröpfchen verhindert, und die Messwerte können direkt mit der individuellen enzymatischen Aktivität in Zusammenhang gebracht werden. Es hat sich jedoch gezeigt, dass eine hohe Wasserlöslichkeit der Testkomponenten - korreliert mit logD-Werten - eine Voraussetzung ist, um den Transport der fluoreszierenden Produkte zwischen einzelnen Tröpfchen durch die kontinuierliche Phase zu beeinträchtigen. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, analytische Werkzeuge zu entwickeln, die eine schnelle Evaluierung von Bibliotheken mit gerichteter Evolution unter Verwendung des FADS-Ansatzes für zwei promiskuitive Enzyme, die Carbonsäurereduktase (CAR) und die Squalen-Hopenzyklase (SHC), ermöglichen würden. In beiden Fällen führten die geplanten enzymatischen Umwandlungen zu Carbonylverbindungen. Diese waren entweder inhärent fluoreszent oder wurden durch nachgeschaltete Konjugation mit geeigneten fluorogenen Reportern nachgewiesen. Zu Beginn wurde die SHCs als neues biokatalytisches System in der Forschungsgruppe etabliert Hierzu wurde eine Reihe bekannter Citronellal-Derivate synthetisiert, um die katalytische Promiskuität einiger SHC Mutanten für die enzymatische Prins-Reaktion zu eruieren. Aufbauend auf diesen Ergebnissen wurde versucht die Brønsted-saure katalytische Maschinerie für eine analoge Cyclisierung geeigneter fluorogener Arylnukleophile in einer formalen Friedel-Crafts-Acylierung (FCA) nutzbar zu machen. Aufgrund der Inkompatibilität der Enzyme für diese nicht-natürliche Transformation wurde eine Mutationsstudie mittels gerichteter Evolution beabsichtigt. Die Identifizierung von positiven Mutanten sollte mittels Ultra-Hochdurchsatz-Screenings durch Implementierung eines carbonylselektiven Sensors möglich gemacht werden. Hierbei wurden zwei verschiedene Ansätze unter Verwendung bereits etablierter carbonylspezifischer Assay-Tools auf der Basis von NBD- (7-Nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol) und ABAO- (2-Aminobenzamidoxim) Reagenzien erforscht und so angepasst, dass sie in FADS-Systemen anwendbar gemacht werden können. Dies wurde durch den Einbau hydrophiler Gruppen erreicht, die einen möglichen Austritt über die Tröpfchengrenzfläche minimieren. Die synthetisierten wasserlöslichen Derivate wiesen nachweislich unverändert positive optische und kinetische Eigenschaften auf. Ergänzend zur Entwicklung der chemischen Carbonyl-Assays wurde an der TU Wien ein individuell konfigurierbares FADS-System etabliert. Der Aufbau des Instruments beinhaltete die optische und optomechanische Hardware-Montage, die Installation des mikrofluidischen Durchflussreglers, die Herstellung der mikrofluidischen Chips sowie das Schreiben des auf LabView basierenden Codes, welcher für die Steuerung des Sortierprozesses verantwortlich ist, Enzymes have intrigued chemists to pursue their catalytic utility ever since their first reports. Due to their unparalleled versatility and selectivity, they provide an efficient and environmentally benign alternative to conventional organic synthetic methodology. Especially with the surge in recent identifications of new catalytically active proteins enabled by bioinformatics and developments in protein engineering, their use has increasingly found its place in the catalytic landscape. Herein de novo designed proteins derived by computational methods or directed evolution approaches using randomized structural mutations allow the chemist to delve into uncharted reaction territory. Especially the latter, however, requires sophisticated screening tools which can cope with the immense numbers of variants created by truly randomized approaches. Novel ultra-high-throughput screening (uHTS) systems enable the assessment of libraries of up to 107 samples using microfluidic devices and highly sensitive assays. Among these approaches, fluorescence-activated droplet sorting (FADS) systems entrap aqueous single-cell chemical reactors in pL sized droplets in perfluorinated media. Simultaneously encapsulated assay components interact with the target of choice enabling sensitive detection via laser-induced fluorescence (LIF). With the use of surfactants, coalescence of the droplets is prevented, and the readout can be directly correlated to individual enzymatic activity. However, a substantial water solubility of the assay components – correlated to logD values – was shown to be a prerequisite to impair the transport of fluorescent products between singular droplets through the continuous phase.This thesis aimed to develop analytical toolsets that would enable rapid evaluation of directed evolution libraries for two promiscuous enzymes using the FADS approach, namely the squalene hopene cyclase (SHC) and carboxylic acid reductase (CAR). In both cases, the envisioned enzymatic transformations were to yield carbonyl compounds that were either inherently fluorescent or detected via downstream conjugation with suitable fluorogenic reporters targeting the reactive carbonyl moiety.Initially, based on the recently discovered carbonyl activation mode of the SHC, a set of known citronellal derivatives were used to establish the novel biocatalytic system in the research group and elaborate its catalytic promiscuity for an enzymatic Prins reaction. Building upon these results, we targeted harnessing its Brønsted acidic catalytic machinery for an analogous cyclization of suitable fluorogenic aryl nucleophiles in a formal Friedel-Crafts acylation (FCA). Due to the lack of initial hits for the non-native transformation, we pursued an ultra-high-throughput approach to implement a carbonyl-selective sensor. Herein two distinct approaches were explored using already established carbonyl-specific assay tools based upon NBD (7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole) and ABAO (amino benzamidoxime) reagents and adapted to be applicable in a FADS regime. This was achieved with the incorporation of hydrophilic groups, which minimized leakage across the droplet interface. Both synthesized water-soluble derivatives were proven to exhibit similar positive optical and kinetic profiles.Complementing the development of the chemical carbonyl assays, a novel custom-built FADS system was established at the TU Wien, covering the optical and optomechanical hardware assembly, installation of the microfluidic flow controller, the manufacture of microfluidic chips, and the writing of the LabView code for the final sorting process.
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- 2021
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181. Pränatale Diagnostik bei Verdacht auf fetale Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita
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Busack, Brit
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FADS ,hydrops ,prenatal diagnosis ,AMC ,fetal anomalies ,600 Technik, Medizin, angewandte Wissenschaften::610 Medizin und Gesundheit::610 Medizin und Gesundheit - Abstract
Die fetale Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita (AMC) ist ein heterogener Symptomkomplex, der durch das Auftreten von Fehlstellungen zweier Gelenke in mindestens zwei unterschiedlichen K��rperregionen definiert ist. Das Spektrum der m��glichen zus��tzlichen Auff��lligkeiten im Ultraschall ist vielf��ltig und deren prognostische Bedeutung oft unklar, was die Beratungssituation verkompliziert. Ziel dieser Studie ist es daher, Ultraschallzeichen zu identifizieren, die mit einer ung��nstigen Prognose vergesellschaftet sind. Methodik: In dieser retrospektiven, monozentrischen Studie wurde die prognostische Bedeutung der Ultraschallauff��lligkeiten bei Verdacht auf fetale AMC untersucht. Eingeschlossen wurden insgesamt 41 Schwangerschaften, die sich zwischen 1999 und 2017 in der Pr��nataldiagnostik der Charit�� - Universit��tsmedizin Berlin vorstellten. Als Einschlusskriterien galt eine fetale Hypokinesie oder Akinesie in Verbindung mit Gelenkkontrakturen an mehr als zwei K��rperregionen. Es wurden zun��chst die f��r AMC typischen Sonographiebefunde deskriptiv erhoben und anschlie��end hinsichtlich Schwangerschaftsalter bei Erstmanifestation und in Bezug auf den Schwangerschaftsausgang verglichen. Ergebnisse: Sonographisch auff��llig zeigten sich Kontrakturen am Sprungelenk/Fu�� (63,4%), Knie (53,6%), Ellenbogen (60,9%), Handgelenk (48,7%), sowie Fingerfehlstellungen (36,5%). In 36,5% der F��lle kam es zu einem Hydrops fetalis. Ein Polyhydramnion wurde in 31,7% der F��lle festgestellt, in 24,3% konnte keine Magenf��llung dokumentiert werden. Profilauff��lligkeiten wurden bei 26,8 % diagnostiziert. Daten zum Schwangerschaftsausgang lagen bei 34/41 Schwangerschaften vor: in 14 F��llen wurde eine Schwangerschaftsbeendigung vorgenommen, in zwei F��llen kam es zum IUFT. 18 Kinder wurden lebend geboren, davon verstarben 6 Kinder unmittelbar postpartal. Ein Hydrops fetalis zeigte sich bei 50% der Feten, die unmittelbar nach der Geburt verstarben, bei 52,9% Beendigungen gegen��ber 0% in der Gruppe der ��berlebenden Feten. Kinder, die unmittelbar postpartal verstarben hatten in 23,5% der F��lle eine Skoliose und 5,8% ein Opisthotonus gegen��ber 0% in der Gruppe der Abstrakt 8 ��berlebenden. Eine fehlende Magenf��llung war bei 66,6% der postpartal verstorbenen, 29,4% der pr��partal verstorbenen sowie 8,3% der ��berlebenden Kinder zu sehen. Schlussfolgerung: Zus��tzlich zu den definierenden Ultraschallzeichen konnten Ultraschallzeichen mit prognostischer Bedeutung identifiziert werden. Insbesondere der Hydrops fetalis, aber auch die Skoliose sowie die fehlende Magenf��llung waren mit einem ung��nstigen Ausgang vergesellschaftet und wiesen auf eine neuromuskul��re Genese hin. Dieses Wissen kann zuk��nftig bei Beratungen helfen, die Prognose besser abzusch��tzen., Fetal arthrogryposis multiplex congenita (AMC) describes a heterogenous group of more than 400 specific conditions associated with multiple congenital contractures affecting at least two different body areas. The diverse underlying etiology may result in a varying extent in reduction of fetal movement (akinesia). The sonographic findings can show a high variety what makes the counseling situation even more difficult. The aim of our study was to identify antenatal sonographic findings that correlate with an unfavorable prognosis. Methods: In this retrospective study we analyzed the different sonographic abnormalities in fetuses with arthrogryposis. 41 pregnancies of suspected AMC (akinesia with contractures in at least two body areas) diagnosed between 1999 and 2017 at our tertiary referral center were included. First the sonographic findings in prenatal sonograms, but also pediatric charts and autopsy reports were described and analyzed regarding the pregnancy outcome. Results: Prenatal contractures variably involved ankle (63,4%), knee (53,6%), elbow (60.9%), wrist (48,7%) as well as fingers (36,5%) without distinct patterns. In 36,5% of the fetuses a hydrops was diagnosed. Polyhydramnios was seen in 31,7%, in 24,3% there was no filling of the stomach. Abnormal profile (micro- or retrognathia) was seen in 26,8% of the fetuses. Data concerning the pregnancy outcome were in 34 out of 41 cases verifiable: there were 14 terminations of pregnancy (TOP) and two cases resulted in abortion or intrauterine death. 18 children were liveborn, 6 of them died during the neonatal period due to respiratory insufficiency. Hydrops was present in 50% of those fetuses that died postnatally compared to 0% of the surviving 12 children. Those who suffered neonatal death showed a scoliosis in 23,5% and an opisthotonus in 5,8% in comparison to none in the surviving group. Absent stomach filling was found in 66,6% of the children with neonatal death and in 8,3% of the surviving children. Conclusion: Besides AMC-defining sonographic findings, signs with prognostic significance could be discovered. Hydrops, nuchal edema, scoliosis and absent stomach filling were associated with unfavorable prognosis. This knowledge can help to predict the further course of the disease during a counseling situation with the future parents.
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- 2021
182. An Examination of Knowledge Management as a Management Fashion.
- Author
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Grant, Kenneth
- Subjects
KNOWLEDGE management ,INDUSTRIAL management ,FADS ,INNOVATION adoption ,BIBLIOMETRICS - Abstract
Knowledge Management (KM) emerged as a significant topic of management interest in the mid-1990s. By the early 2000s, KM practices were widespread across organizations and have become a topic of widespread interest to researchers in several disciplines. However, this widespread interest and adoption also raised significant concerns. Researchers identified many failures in KM implementation and some argued that KM was simply the latest in a series of management fads. KM is a management innovation -- a concept offering opportunities to improve organizational performance and competitive position. Innovation adoption is often as a rational phenomenon, following patterns identified by Rogers (2003). However, an alternate view on innovation is proposed by Abrahamson (1991), who suggests that such decisions are often not rational but rather driven by managers' need to be seen to be innovative, following management fads and fashions. This paper examines whether KM is a management fad or fashion. It uses the two-stage framework proposed by Abrahamson (1991) to examine the discourse and the diffusion of specific innovations. An extensive bibliographic review was carried out over a 20-year period, from 1990-2009, to determine patterns in the discourse. Next, using a set of seven Themes developed from this review, the actual patterns of diffusion of KM in five professional services firms were examined. While the bibliometric analysis demonstrated that KM has sustained a high level of interest over the last 10 years and is not seen to present the typical characteristics of a management fad, actual practice in the field differs from what is recommended within the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
183. Fashion.
- Author
-
Pfister, Gertrud
- Subjects
DEFINITIONS ,FASHION ,COLLECTIVE behavior ,CLOTHING & dress ,FADS ,INDIVIDUALITY - Abstract
A definition of the term "fashion" is presented. It refers to a way of self-presentation and communication. It promises individuality, uniqueness, and distinction, and on the other hand, it represents sameness and demonstrates an affiliation to a certain culture, subculture, or group. Fashion has also always served to differentiate and dramatize masculinity and femininity.
- Published
- 2005
184. Management fashion.
- Author
-
Mcgee, John
- Subjects
MANAGEMENT ,FASHION ,AESTHETICS ,CLOTHING & dress ,SENSES ,EMOTIONS ,FADS - Abstract
Fashion can be thought of as vogues, fads, rages and crazes that rise and fall with alacrity but in the process can have direct and substantial effects on everyday life. Theories of fashion focus more narrowly on fashions as aesthetic forms such as clothing or haute couture that gratify our senses and emotional well-being. Abrahamson argues that management fashions are the result of a management fashion-setting process. A management fashion is a relatively transitory collective belief, disseminated by management fashion setters, that a certain management technique leads to rational management progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
185. Mooving Art: Exploring a Collective Surge.
- Author
-
Zottarelli, Lisa, Sunil, T. S., Ellis, Colter, and Liebig, Elizabeth
- Subjects
PUBLIC art ,COLLECTIVE behavior ,COLLECTIVE action ,ART ,SOCIAL psychology - Abstract
The conceptualization of fads as frivolous, inconsequential, and superficial fails to explain the phenomena. Further, many of these common ideas of fads are falsehoods and research has been refuted. Collective surges as having historical roots, social consequences, continuity, and an embeddedness in social organization. The demise of the collective surge is found in the opposition that arises toward that surge. The purpose of this paper is to examine a temporary pubic art fad within the framework of collective surges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2003
186. CRITICAL MANAGEMENT STUDIES Conference Symposia Abstracts.
- Subjects
MANAGEMENT science ,PARADOX ,SOCIAL responsibility of business ,DEMOCRACY ,ORGANIZATIONAL behavior - Abstract
This section presents abstracts of several studies related to critical management. Celia R. Taylor considered various facets of corporate social responsibility. Linda McGuire and colleagues focused on the transference and adoption or adaptation of marketing approaches into public and non-profit management. Joao Vieira Cunha and colleagues broadened the reflection on paradox by examining it from a theoretical and practical viewpoint and by addressing the necessity to build new theoretical frameworks for exploring it; the relevance of dialectics as an integrative approach for the study and analysis of paradox; and paradox in science. Anne-Elizabeth Ross-Smith examined liberal and radical feminist approaches in the field of organization studies as well as their practical implications. Ann L. Cunliffe explored the relationship between democracy and knowledge. Philip H. Mirvis developed a number of propositions about negative and positive individual actions and organizational practices based on the assumption that emotional pain occurs and is inevitable in organizations. Naomi R. Olson and colleagues provided a forum for stepping back from the imperative to find solutions to reflect on some of the origins, influences, and effects of efforts to define and enact sustainability.
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
187. WHY DO LATE ADOPTERS PERFORM POORLY: SYMBOLIC ADOPTION, OR CULTURAL INCONGRUITY?
- Author
-
CEBON, PETER and LOVE, E. GEOFFREY
- Subjects
ADOPTION of ideas ,BEST practices ,CORPORATE culture ,MANAGEMENT ,FADS ,INSTITUTIONAL theory (Sociology) ,INNOVATION adoption ,REENGINEERING (Management) ,BENCHMARKING (Management) ,WORLD class companies - Abstract
This paper contrasts two explanations for the poor performance of late adopters of administrative fads. Institutional theorists hold that late adopters often adopt administrative practices symbolically, and strategically decouple the new practice from their core operations. We develop an alternative model of late adoption that is grounded in institutional theorizing and cognitive representations. This model holds that later adopters are likely to have cultures that are more distant from the cultures normatively required to sustain the new practices. Because of this, decoupling occurs as a consequence of their being unable to implement the practices effectively, rather than as a strategic choice. We compare these two explanations by examining the adoption of best practices programs at manufacturing sites in Australia and New Zealand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2002
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
188. APPLYING THEORIES OF FASHION TO MANAGEMENT CONSULTING: HOW CONSULTANTS TURN CONCEPTS INTO FASHIONS AND SELL THEM TO MANAGERS.
- Author
-
Kieser, Alfred
- Subjects
BUSINESS consultants ,FADS ,MANAGEMENT ,BUSINESS ,CONSULTANTS ,INDUSTRIAL management ,CONSULTING firms ,BUSINESS analysts ,SUPPLY & demand ,AMBIVALENCE - Abstract
The article discusses management consulting and the correlation between the rise of consulting services and the demand for such services. The article discusses management fashion, a management concept which has become fashionable, and how a concept may be in higher demand because it is getting more publicity within the business community. The article describes the four major paradigms of general theories of management fashion: trickle-down, collective selection, marionette, and ambivalence. The article also discusses business consultants and the rhetoric of management fashion.
- Published
- 2001
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
189. Fashions and Fads in Finance: The Political Foundations of Sovereign Wealth Fund Creation.
- Author
-
Chwieroth, Jeffrey M.
- Subjects
- *
SOVEREIGN wealth funds , *FADS , *HISTORY of finance , *TRENDS , *PETROLEUM , *FUEL , *INTERNATIONAL trade , *HISTORY , *ECONOMICS - Abstract
What accounts for the spread of Sovereign Wealth Funds ( SWFs)? Despite the increasing importance of SWFs in the global economy, we lack persuasive systematic answers to that question. Most analysts take for granted that economic imperatives drive the creation of SWFs; governments create them as effective solutions to the challenges generated by reserve accumulation and commodity-export specialization. In this article, I argue that the evidence fails to support this theory. Instead, the spread of SWFs best resembles the diffusion of a fashion or fad. SWFs became fashionable as an appropriate approach for reserve- and resource-rich countries seeking to manage policy uncertainty related to these economic characteristics. As other countries developed the same characteristics, they followed the lead of their peers and also created SWFs. I provide, with the use of a new data set, the first cross-national political-economy statistical analysis of SWF creation. The results suggest peer group emulation has, indeed, been crucial in shaping the decision of many countries to create SWFs-especially in fuel-exporting countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
190. The Cultural Logic of Photo-Based Meme Genres.
- Author
-
Shifman, Limor
- Subjects
- *
MEMES , *DIGITAL photography , *FADS , *INTERNET & culture - Abstract
This article probes the cultural meaning of contemporary meme genres that are based on photographs. The analysis looks into the broad dimensions of truth and temporality, as expressed in three prominent genres: reaction Photoshops, stock character macros, and photo fads. Based on patterns shared by these genres, it is argued that photo-based memes function as both modes of hypersignification, wherein the code itself becomes the focus of attention, and as prospective photography, wherein photos are increasingly perceived as the raw material for future images. Finally, combining the two frames, memes are conceptualized as operative signs – textual categories that are designed as invitations for (creative) action. While these three qualities were also evident, in one way or another, in traditional forms of photography, they have emerged as governing logics in an era marked by an amalgamation of digital photography and participatory culture. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
191. Accumulation and mobilization of lipids in relation to reproduction of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) in the Western Indian Ocean.
- Author
-
Zudaire, Iker, Murua, Hilario, Grande, Maitane, Pernet, Fabrice, and Bodin, Nathalie
- Subjects
- *
BIOACCUMULATION in fishes , *BODY composition of fish , *YELLOWFIN tuna , *LIPIDS in the body , *FISH reproduction - Abstract
Total lipid content and lipid class composition were analyzed in gonads, liver and white muscle of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) throughout ovary development to understand its reproductive allocation strategy and to assess the relation between female condition and reproduction. A total of 112 females were collected onboard purse-seiner in the Western Indian Ocean from January to March 2009, from June to July 2009, and from April to May 2010. Gonads were characterized by highly variable total lipid contents ranging from 5 to 27μgmg-1 of wet weight (ww) with a predominance of neutral lipids, mainly triacylglycerols (TAG) and sterol- and wax-esters. The different lipid classes in gonads described an accumulative pattern through the maturity process from immature to hydration phase. Total lipid content in liver varied from 10 to 21μgmg-1 ww, and serves as fuel for yellowfin tuna reproduction. TAG and phospholipid deposits became depleted as the ovary developed, suggesting a transfer of lipids directly from liver to the oocytes during vitellogenesis. In contrast, muscle total lipid content was low and constant throughout ovarian development (2.5-6μgmg-1 ww). Hence, yellowfin tuna can be defined as an income-capital breeder species for which the cost of reproduction depends mainly on concurrent energy income from feeding and only little on stored lipids. Besides, no significant relationship between gonad lipid composition and fecundity was found in females able to spawn. Finally, the influence of yellowfin tuna aggregation behaviour on reproductive female condition has been investigated: gonad total lipid contents were higher in females caught in free-swimming schools than in females caught under fish aggregating devices (FADs). However, these results did not clarify whether the influence of FADs on associated yellowfin tuna affects their reproductive capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
192. Some fads never die—they only hide behind other names: Facilitated Communication is not and never will be Augmentative and Alternative Communication.
- Author
-
Wombles, Kimberly
- Subjects
MEANS of communication for people with disabilities ,FACILITATED communication ,AUTISTIC children ,AUTISM ,COMMUNICATIVE disorders ,AUTISM spectrum disorders ,DEVELOPMENTAL disabilities - Abstract
Parents of nonspeaking children with autism are vulnerable to treatments that promise them a whole, normal child hidden within the nonspeaking child. Facilitated communication (FC) and the rapid prompting method (RPM) have, despite being debunked, flourished in the last decade, due to the ability of the internet to connect parents with individuals who are being facilitated and display eloquent, even advanced communication skills. In order for the medical, psychological, and education fields to effectively combat the rise in FC and RPM, a revolution in the way parents are informed and educated is essential. Parents need training in proven methods and in how to spot fad treatments that offer no evidence of efficacy. To that end it would be helpful to hear from parents who once bought into the debunked treatment, as well as from professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
193. A group-specific arbitrary tradition in chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes).
- Author
-
Leeuwen, Edwin, Cronin, Katherine, and Haun, Daniel
- Subjects
- *
CHIMPANZEE behavior research , *SOCIAL learning , *LEARNING in animals , *PERCEPTION in animals , *ANIMAL social behavior - Abstract
Social learning in chimpanzees has been studied extensively and it is now widely accepted that chimpanzees have the capacity to learn from conspecifics through a multitude of mechanisms. Very few studies, however, have documented the existence of spontaneously emerged traditions in chimpanzee communities. While the rigour of experimental studies is helpful to investigate social learning mechanisms, documentation of naturally occurring traditions is necessary to understand the relevance of social learning in the real lives of animals. In this study, we report on chimpanzees spontaneously copying a seemingly non-adaptive behaviour ('grass-in-ear behaviour'). The behaviour entailed chimpanzees selecting a stiff, straw-like blade of grass, inserting the grass into one of their own ears, adjusting the position, and then leaving it in their ear during subsequent activities. Using a daily focal follow procedure, over the course of 1 year, we observed 8 (out of 12) group members engaging in this peculiar behaviour. Importantly, in the three neighbouring groups of chimpanzees ( n = 82), this behaviour was only observed once, indicating that ecological factors were not determiners of the prevalence of this behaviour. These observations show that chimpanzees have a tendency to copy each other's behaviour, even when the adaptive value of the behaviour is presumably absent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
194. Distressed Cities and Urban Farming: Are We Making a Mountain Out of a Molehill?
- Author
-
WENDEL, PETER
- Subjects
URBAN agriculture ,CITIES & towns ,FADS ,CULTURAL movements ,ORGANIC farming ,VICTORY gardens ,FARMERS' markets ,SOCIAL movements - Abstract
The article discusses several aspects of urban farming in relation to distressed cities in places such as the U.S., and it mentions various fads and social and cultural movements in America. Victory Gardens and the production of agricultural goods are mentioned, along with organic farming and local food movements across the U.S. Other topics include farmers' markets, environmental movements, and sustainable development in America.
- Published
- 2014
195. Stolen voices: Facilitated communication is an abuse of human rights.
- Author
-
Chan, Jeffrey and Nankervis, Karen
- Subjects
ABUSE of people with disabilities ,HUMAN rights ,FACILITATED communication ,INTELLECTUAL disabilities ,DEVELOPMENTAL disabilities - Abstract
Despite the overwhelming research evidence discrediting the validity of Facilitated Communication (FC), Lilienfeld, Marshall, Todd and Shane (2015) have demonstrated that the use of FC is still prevalent in disability service and educational settings. They have comprehensively examined the persistence of FC, provided reasons for its persistence, and formulated key recommendations to address the insidious spread of FC. We concur with Lilienfeld et al. as depressing as it may be, particularly regarding the continued use of FC by clinicians, educators and researchers. Drawing upon our experience as practitioners in the field of intellectual and developmental disability, we offer the view that it is important to argue against FC from a human rights perspective using the United NationsConvention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities(2006). Put simply, FC is an abuse of human rights. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
196. Relationship between a Common Variant in the Fatty Acid Desaturase (FADS) Cluster and Eicosanoid Generation in Humans.
- Author
-
Hester, Austin G., Murphy, Robert C., Uhlson, Charis J., Ivester, Priscilla, Lee, Tammy C., Sergeant, Susan, Miller, Leslie R., Howard, Timothy D., Mathias, Rasika A., and Chilton, Floyd H.
- Subjects
- *
FADS , *CARBOXYLIC acids , *FATTY acids , *DESATURASES , *C-terminal residues - Abstract
Dramatic shifts in theWesterndiet have led to amarkedincrease in the dietary intake of the n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), linoleic acid (LA). DietaryLAcan then be converted to arachidonic acid (ARA) utilizing three enzymatic steps. Two of these steps are encoded for by the fatty acid desaturase (FADS) cluster (chromosome 11, 11q12.2-q13) and certain genetic variants within the cluster are highly associated withARAlevels.However,nostudy to date has examined whether these variants further influence pro-inflammatory, cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase eicosanoid products. This study examined the impact of a highly influential FADS SNP, rs174537 on leukotriene, HETE, prostaglandin, and thromboxane biosynthesis in stimulated whole blood. Thirty subjects were genotyped at rs174537 (GG, n = 11; GT, n = 13; TT, n = 6), a panel of fatty acidsfromwholeserumwasanalyzed,andprecursor-to-product PUFA ratios were calculated as a marker of the capacity of tissues (particularly the liver) to synthesize long chain PUFAs. Eicosanoids produced by stimulated human blood were measured by LC-MS/MS.Weobservedanassociationbetweenrs174537andthe ratio of ARA/LA, leukotriene B4, and 5-HETE but no effect on levels of cyclooxygenase products. Our results suggest that variation at rs174537 not only impacts the synthesis of ARA but the overall capacity of whole blood to synthesize 5-lipoxygenase products; these genotype-related changes in eicosanoid levels could have important implications in a variety of inflammatory diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
197. The persistence of fad interventions in the face of negative scientific evidence: Facilitated communication for autism as a case example.
- Author
-
Lilienfeld, Scott O., Marshall, Julia, Todd, James T., and Shane, Howard C.
- Subjects
FACILITATED communication ,MEANS of communication for the developmentally disabled ,COMMUNICATIVE disorders ,DEVELOPMENTAL disabilities ,AUTISM spectrum disorders ,AUTISTIC people - Abstract
Communication disorder and mental health professionals may assume that once novel clinical techniques have been refuted by research, they will be promptly abandoned. Using facilitated communication (FC) for autism as a recent case example, we provide evidence to the contrary. Although FC was scientifically discredited by the mid-to-late 1990s, data we review demonstrate that it is still frequently administered in clinical and educational settings. We examine evidence for FC’s (a) continued use as an intervention for autism, (b) persistence in academic and institutional settings, (c) popularity in online and print sources, (d) promotion in the media, and (e) ongoing risk to caregivers accused of sexual abuse. We analyze the sources of these troubling developments, explore their ethical implications, and offer recommendations for addressing the spread of FC and other fad interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
198. The Jim Crow Craze in London's Press and Streets, 1836–39.
- Author
-
Scriven, Tom
- Subjects
- *
BLACKFACE entertainers , *MINSTREL shows , *MINSTREL music , *RACISM & the arts , *POPULAR culture , *FADS , *NINETEENTH century , *HISTORY ,AMERICAN influences on British civilization - Abstract
In 1836, American actor Thomas D. Rice first arrived in Great Britain to tour the creation that had made him famous in the USA, Jim Crow. This blackface depiction of a raggedy, runaway slave, with his infectious songs, eccentric dancing and demotic appeal soon took London by storm. The Jim Crow craze lasted for three years, with Rice finding fame, fortune and success and his imitators becoming ubiquitous in the capital's theatres and on its streets. Although the act and its character have been acknowledged as a precursor to the evolution of British minstrelsy and blackface traditions throughout the Victorian period, the craze itself has not been substantially studied in its British context. This essay will look beyond Rice's act and the performance of Jim Crow in the theatres to look instead at Jim Crow's appropriation in print satire and street performance. It will argue that these requisitions of Jim Crow illustrate how Georgian traditions of carnival and grotesque humour were redeveloped for the early Victorian context. In print, Jim Crow was widely utilized in caustic bodily humour that attacked insincere politicians. On the streets, this same humour was seen as obscene and was repressed and contained, paving the way for the respectable, mainstream Victorian blackface act. However, integral to both appropriations of Jim Crow was the figure of the black buffoon, and the act rapidly provided an archetype for the belittling and persecution of London's black population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
199. Effect of sex hormones on n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis in HepG2 cells and in human primary hepatocytes.
- Author
-
Sibbons, Charlene M., Thomas Brenna, J., Lawrence, Peter, Hoile, Samuel P., Clarke-Harris, Rebecca, Lillycrop, Karen A., and Burdge, Graham C.
- Abstract
Abstract: Female humans and rodents have been shown to have higher 22:6n-3 status and synthesis than males. It is unclear which sex hormone is involved. We investigated the specificity of the effects of physiological concentrations of sex hormones in vitro on the mRNA expression of genes involved in polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) biosynthesis and on the conversion of [d
5 ]-18:3n-3 to longer chain fatty acids. Progesterone, but not 17α-ethynylestradiol or testosterone, increased FADS2, FADS1, ELOVl 5 and ELOVl 2 mRNA expression in HepG2 cells, but only FADS2 in primary human hepatocytes. In HepG2 cells, these changes were accompanied by hypomethylation of specific CpG loci in the FADS2 promoter. Progesterone, not 17α-ethynylestradiol or testosterone, increased conversion of [d5 ]-18:3n-3 to 20:5n-3, 22:5n-3 and 22:6n-3. These findings show that progesterone increases n-3 PUFA biosynthesis by up-regulating the mRNA expression of genes involved in this pathway, possibly via changes in the epigenetic regulation of FADS2. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
200. Transnational Migrations and YouTube Sensations: Korean Americans, Popular Music, and Social Media.
- Author
-
EUN-YOUNG JUNG
- Subjects
- *
TRANSNATIONALISM , *FADS , *KOREAN Americans , *MUSIC & race , *SOCIAL media , *POPULAR music - Abstract
This article addresses the music making of Korean Americans, focusing on their place within the emergent social media environment that has exploded in the last five years and comparing this with the very different environment of the previous decade. Biographical coverage of the careers of three Korean American musicians, two of whom have extensive social media presence, demonstrates how these media, particularly YouTube, represent a fundamental shift in the popular music profession, providing equalizing opportunities that are enabling some to circumvent racial barriers that have long existed and still persist in the major music and entertainment industries in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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