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Resume Lorsque l'on effectue une enquete, on rassemble des donnees dans un contexte completement different de celui qui existe dans un laboratoire, le contexte de l'enquete echappant souvent a la maitrise de l'enqueteur. Dans une enquete transsectorielle, on ne peut imposer un traitement. On rassemble plutot des donnees sur les divers niveaux des variables, a mesure qu'ils se manifestent dans l'ensemble de la population. L'appareil de mesure doit etre le meme pour toutes les donnees recueillies, mais il se pourrait que ce soit un compromis par rapport a l'ideal que l'on trouve en laboratoire. De meme, il faut parfois adapter les protocoles de mesure. Dans une enquete, enfin, il faut se rappeler que la population cible est limitee et qu'il est en general necessaire de prelever un echantillon, etant donne qu'on ne peut faire porter l'enquete sur toute la population. La plupart des enquetes d'envergure menees au Canada supposent des modeles d'echantillonnage complexes, vu la quantite de donnees a recueillir et la taille de la region geographique a couvrir. Les methodes statistiques traditionnelles mises au point pour etudier des populations infinies ne permettent pas de produire des estimations representatives de la population canadienne. Toute etude analytique des resultats doit prendre en compte la nature complexe du modele et calculer les variances connexes. L'enquete condition physique Canada de 1981 a servi a etablir des donnees normatives de reference relativement a un echantillon de Canadiens et de Canadiennes âges de 7 ans ou plus et a aider ainsi les decideurs, les planificateurs, les educateurs et les promoteurs a elaborer et a offrir des programmes de conditionnement et d'activites physiques dans le contexte plus vaste de la promotion de la sante. Il fallait principalement recueillir de l'information sur les taux de participation, les activites pratiquees habituellement et la depense d'energie. C'est pourquoi le questionnaire etait concu pour etablir la frequence, l'intensite et la duree des activites de loisirs, car ce sont elles qui se pretent le mieux a des strategies de promotion. On s'est en fait inspire du questionnaire «Minnesota LTA qu'on a adapte de facon a ce que les repondants puissent le remplir eux-memes. Pour definir les mesures physiques a inclure dans l'EPCP, on a plutot mis l'accent sur la sante que sur les qualites athletiques. Le protocole de base a ete le Physitest normalise canadien. On a modifie certaines des methodes existantes et ajoute d'autres elements. La Figure 1 resume les exigences de l'enquete et explique brievement comment elles ont influe sur le protocole. Comme 160 examinateurs devaient appliquer le protocole pendant une periode de 6 mois, on a accorde une grande priorite a la normalisation de la procedure. Pour la garantir, on a assujetti les examinateurs a une formation rigoureuse, les superviseurs ont effectue des visites de controle de la qualite, et les examinateurs ont pu obtenir des conseils techniques aupres des bureaux regionaux installes dans des universites. Comme c'etait en prenant les mesures anthropometriques qu'on risquait le plus de commettre des erreurs, on a accorde une attention speciale aux criteres de precision (Tableau I). Les erreurs inherentes a une enquete proviennent de 2 types de sources, a savoir l'echantillonnage et les elements autres que l'echantillonnage, et elles se divisent en 2 categories: les erreurs dues a une variation aleatoire, et les erreurs de biais. La Figure 2 decrit les mesures que l'ECPC a prises pour limiter l'incidence des erreurs de chacune de ces categories. L'enquete condition physique Canada a permis de recueillir une profusion de donnees sur l'activite physique, la motivation, la condition physique et des criteres generaux relatifs a la sante. Dans l'ensemble, 56% des Canadiens et Canadiennes âges de 10 ans ou plus sont actifs pendant leurs loisirs, en moyenne 3 h ou plus par semaine, pendant au moins 9 mois par annee. D'apres un critere propose par Haskell et al. relativement aux avantages que l'activite physique presente pour la sante cardio-vasculaire, on estime que 25% des adultes canadiens sont «raisonnablement actifs pendant leurs loisirs et depensent en moyenne au moins 3 kcal/kg par jour. Les activites les plus populaires, soit celles qu'ont citees au moins 20% des personnes interrogees, sont la marche, le cyclisme, la natation, le jogging ou la course, le jardinage, les exercices a domicile et le patinage sur glace. Le Tableau II resume les donnees normatives employees pour mesurer la sante cardio-vasculaire, la flexibilite, l'endurance musculaire et la force musculaire, et pour evaluer l'adiposite. Ces resultats donnent de la population canadienne une image qui inquiete les specialistes de la sante publique. Cette tendance pose un defi de taille a ceux et celles a qui il incombe de promouvoir l'activite physique et les habitudes de vie saines. On lance actuellement de nombreuses initiatives et leur degre de reussite sera evalue au fil des annees a venir, a la faveur des etapes successives de l'enquete condition physique Canada.

The present study focused on the importance of contaminated sediments in shellfish accumulation of human viruses. Epifaunal (Crassostrea virginica) and infaunal (Mercenaria mercenaria) shellfish, placed on or in cores, were exposed to either resuspended or undisturbed sediments containing bound poliovirus type 1 (LSc 2ab). Consistent bioaccumulation by oysters (four of five trials) was only noted when sediment-bound viruses occurred in the water column. Virus accumulation was observed in a single instance where sediments remained in an undisturbed state. While the incidence of bioaccumulation was higher with resuspended rather than undisturbed contaminated sediment, the actual concentration of accumulated viruses was not significantly different. The accumulation of viruses from oysters residing on uninoculated sediments. When clams were exposed to undisturbed, virus-contaminated sediments, two of five shellfish pools yielded viral isolates. Bioaccumulation of undisturbed sediments by these bivalves was considered marginal when related to the concentration of virus in contaminated sediments; they would only represent a significant threat when suspended in the water column. Arguments were advanced for water-column sampling in the region of the water-sediment interface to provide an accurate determination of the virological quality of shellfish harvesting waters.

Ten pairs of monozygotic twins of both sexes were submitted to a 20-wk endurance-training program, four and five times per week, 40 min per session, at an average of 80% of the maximal heart rate reserve. Testing and training were performed on cycle ergometers. Maximal aerobic power (MAP in ml O2 X min-1 X kg-1) and ventilatory aerobic (VAT) and anaerobic (VANT) thresholds (ml O2 X min-1 X kg-1) were measured before and after the training program, as well as during the 7th and 14th week to adjust training to changes in maximal heart rate. Considering the 20 individuals as a group, training significantly (P less than or equal to 0.01) increased MAP (from 44 +/- 6 to 50 +/- 6), VAT (25 +/- 3 to 30 +/- 4), and VANT (36 +/- 5 to 42 +/- 6). Thus, MAP improved by 12% of the pre-test value, while mean changes in VAT and VANT reached 20% and 17%, respectively. There were, however, considerable interindividual differences in training gains as exemplified by a range of about 0% to 41% for MAP. Differences in the MAP response to training were not distributed randomly among the twin pairs. Thus, intraclass correlations computed with the amount of improvement in MAP (ml O2 X min-1 X kg-1) reached 0.74 (P less than 0.01) indicating that members of the same twin-pair yielded approximately the same response to training. The same coefficient reached 0.43 and 0.24 for VAT and VANT, respectively (P greater than 0.05). These results suggest that there are considerable individual differences in the adaptive capacity to short-term endurance training. Moreover, sensitivity of maximal aerobic power to such training is largely genotype-dependent.

The reproducibility of the assessment of ventilatory thresholds was investigated in two test‐retest experiments, one performed on a cycle ergometer with 21 moderately active male subjects and the other on a treadmill with 20 well‐trained male subjects. The first (VT‐1) and the second (VT‐2) nonlinear increases in ventilation (V E) relative to O2 consumption were determined (a) by three independent evaluators coding separately (OIE), (b) as the mean of three independent evaluators (TIE) and (c) by two dependent evaluators (TDE). One of the evaluators repeated the assessment four months later (SELF). The VT‐1 and VT‐2 were also assessed from the graph of V E /VO2 relative to VO2 . Under the SELF condition VT‐1 and VT‐2 in ml O2 per kg min‐1 proved to be reliable measurements with intraclass correlations of 0.84 and 0.91 respectively. Independent evaluators were individually reliable assessors of VT‐1 and VT‐2, with the exception of VT‐1 in the treadmill group in terms of ml O2 per kg min‐1 with coe...

The documentation of several recent outbreaks of human virus diseases associated with the consumption of shellfish has reiterated the threat posed by these agents to the shellfish industry. This article reviews pertinent outbreaks, identifies principal viral agents involved, and delineates systems which may be at greatest risk. The results of two recent laboratory studies which sought to define environmental factors that contribute to virus accumulation by shellfish are also discussed. First, the accumulation of environmentally significant levels of feces-associated and monodispersed poliovirus by oysters (Crassostrea virginica) and clams (Mercenaria mercenaria) was investigated. The results of this study suggested that virus accumulation by mollusks may not be significant when water column concentrations are below ⋍0.01 plaque-forming units (PFU) per milliliter. The second study focused on the relative contributions of undisturbed sediments versus those in the water column in the accumulation of viruses by epifaunal and infaunal shellfish (C. virginica and M. mercenaria). Viruses were found to be most efficiently accumulated when suspended in the water column.

The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the individual differences and the specificity in the response of maximal aerobic power (MAP) and capacity (MAC) to a 20-week aerobic training program. Twenty-four subjects (25 +/- 4 years), ascertained as sedentary, including 13 women and 11 men, participated in this study. MAP was determined with a progressive maximal ergocycle test, while MAC was computed as the total work output accomplished during a 90-min maximal ergocycle test. A modified bicycle ergometer allowed the exact measurement of the distance and the load for the computation of the work performed during MAC. The aerobic training program enhanced mean MAP/kg and MAC/kg by 33% and 51%, respectively. Although MAP/kg response to training was similar in both sexes, there was a sex difference in the response of MAC/kg, men improving 50% more than women. Individual differences in the response to the standardized training program were considerable with training gains ranging from 5% to 88% for MAP/kg and from 16% to 97% for MAC/kg. Correlations between training increments in MAP/kg with those in MAC/kg were rather low ranging from 0.28 to 0.44. These results indicate that there is a sex difference in the trainability of aerobic capacity, but not of maximal aerobic power, under the same 20-week aerobic training program. Moreover, large individual differences in the response to similar aerobic training are observed in sedentary persons, suggesting that certain genotypes are more sensitive to training than others. Finally, there is a high level of specificity in the response to training of the power and of the capacity of the aerobic energy metabolism.

The efficiency of poliovirus elution from fiber glass cartridge filters (K27), epoxy-fiber glass-asbestos filters (M780), and pleated cartridge filters was assessed by using 3% beef extract (pH 9.0) or 0.1 M glycine (pH 11.5). Poliovirus type I, strain LSc, was seeded into 20- to 25-gallon (ca. 75.6- to 95.6-liter) samples of treated sewage effluent and concentrated by using a filter adsorption-elution technique. Virus elution was accomplished by using either two 600-ml portions of 3% beef extract (pH 9.0), or two 1-liter portions of 0.1 M glycine (pH 11.5). In all experiments, beef extract elution followed by organic flocculation was found to be superior, yielding a mean recovery efficiency of 85%, with recoveries ranging from 68 to 100%. Elution with 0.1 M glycine (pH 11.5) followed by inorganic flocculation resulted in a mean recovery efficiency of 36%. The variable range of recoveries with beef extract could not be significantly improved by varying the type of beef extract or by extending the elution time to 30 min. Second-step reconcentration of 1-liter seeded sewage effluent and renovated wastewater samples indicated that organic flocculation was a more efficient method for virus recovery than inorganic flocculation. Beef extract concentrations of less than 3% were found to be efficient in the recovery of poliovirus from renovated wastewater.

The energy effects accompanying the processing of the feed material to a lead blast furnace are considered in terms of a reversible model. Relative to this model the efficiencies of operating furnaces are found to be in the range 18 to 35 pct. The effects of the effluent gas CO2/CO ratio and temperature and oxygen enrichment of the blast air in the thermodynamic efficiency are quantified. Improvements in efficiency achieved in industrial furnaces as a result of oxygen enrichment of the blast air are substantially greater than those predicted. Mass and enthalpy balances on an industrial lead blast furnace are presented from which it is estimated that approximately 9 pct of the carbon charged to the furnace is lost due to the solution loss reaction in the upper regions of the furnace.

Proteins labeled with 14C-amino acids after infection of Escherichia coli B by T4 phage were examined by electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Four regA mutants (regA1, regA8, regA11, and regA15) failed to make a protein having a molecular weight of about 12,000, whereas mutant regA9 did make such a protein; regA15 produced a new, apparently smaller protein that was presumably a nonsense fragment, whereas regA11 produced a new, apparently larger protein. We conclude that the 12,000-dalton protein was the product of the regA gene. The molecular weight assignment rested primarily on our finding that the regA protein had the same mobility as the T4 gene 33 protein, which we identified by electrophoresis of whole-cell extracts of E. coli B infected with a gene 33 mutant, amE1120. Synthesis of wild-type regA protein occurred from about 3 to 11 min after infection at 37 degrees C in the DNA+ state and extended to about 20 min in the DNA- state. However, synthesis of the altered regA proteins of regA9, regA11, and regA15 occurred at a higher rate and for a much longer period in both the DNA+ and DNA- states; thus, the regA gene is autogenously regulated. At 30 degrees C, both regA9 and regA11 exhibited partial regA function by eventually shutting off the synthesis of many T4 early proteins; the specificity of this shutoff differed between these two mutants. We also obtained evidence that the regA protein is not Stevens's "polypeptide 3." As a technical point, we found that, when quantitating acid-precipitable radioactivity in protein samples containing sodium dodecyl sulfate, it was necessary to use 15 to 20% trichloroacetic acid; use of 5% acid, e.g., resulted in loss of over half of the labeled protein.

To address the problem of amino acid auxotroph scarcities in algae, an explanation was sought specifically for the nonrecoverability of arginine auxotrophs in the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas eugametos. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, in which the auxotroph has been recovered, was taken as a reference. In C. eugametos, unlike previously reported in C. reinhardtii, the use of selective media free of [Formula: see text] appeared not to affect the mutation spectrum. Arginine supported growth as the sole nitrogen source and canavanine sulfate inhibited growth, but both effects were less pronounced in C. eugametos. The concentration ratios (based on intracellular arginine accumulation) in C. eugametos remained less than 23% that of C. reinhardtii. The results indicate that nonrecoverability of arginine auxotrophs in C. eugametos is due to insufficient cellular accessibility to arginine.

Extensively dialyzed cell-free homogenates or washed particulate fractions, of Escherichia coli in the presence of added CTP, Mg2+, serine, and rac-glycerol 3-phosphate, incorporated [32P]phosphatidic acid into phosphatidylglycerol and cardiolipin but not into phosphatidylethanolamine. [14C]Phosphatidic acid could be incorporated by these preparations into phosphatidylethanolamine in the absence of added CTP and Mg2+. CDP-diglyceride did not significantly affect the formation of [14C]phosphatidylethanolamine from [14C]phosphatidic acid. 14C-labeled diglyceride was also readily incorporated into phosphatidylethanolamine in the absence of added cofactors by both homogenate and particulate fraction. Serine stimulated the incorporation somewhat whereas CTP + Mg2+ diminished this conversion slightly because of concurrent [14C]phosphatidic acid and [14C]phosphatidylglycerol formation. CDP-diglyceride did not significantly affect the conversion of 14C-labeled diglyceride to phosphatidylethanolamine. Dialyzed 14C-labeled cytosol fractions of E. coli, obtained from cells grown in medium containing [14C]serine, transferred some of their label to phosphatidylethanolamine in the presence of fresh particulate fraction. This transfer was stimulated by added diglyceride. The results indicate that phosphatidylethanolamine can be synthesized from exogenous diglyceride by a pathway which does not require CDP-diglyceride as an intermediate but which likely makes use of an endogenous cofactor supplying phosphorylethanolamine and (or) phosphorylserine.

A study was conducted which focused on movement of naturally occurring human enteroviruses from a subsurface wastewater disposal system through a shallow aquifer. The potential for significant entrainment of virus particles was evidenced by their recovery at down-gradient distances of 67.05 m and from aquifer depths of 18 m. A significant negative correlation was observed between virus occurrence and the distance from the “septage” (leaching pool) source. Virus occurrence could not be statistically correlated with either total or fecal coliforms, indicating the limitations of current microbial water quality indicators for predicting the virological quality of groundwater.

The lowest triplet state of 3‐ethyl‐5‐(1,3‐dithiolanylidene)‐rhodanine has been studied in solution and in single crystals at liquid helium temperatures. This state is tentatively assigned as a ππ* state. The origin in single crystals is composed of two lines separated by 0.6 cm−1. These lines have been interpreted as the allowed Au and Bu factor‐group states from Zeeman spectra. Optically detected magnetic resonance measurements of the isolated molecule yield values of 0.1289 and 0.02585 cm−1 for the zero‐field parameters |D| and |E|, respectively.

Treated wastewater effluents and groundwater observation wells from three sewage recharge installations located on Long Island were assayed on a monthly basis for indigenous human enteroviruses and coliform bacteria for a period of 1 year. Viruses were detected in groundwater at sites where recharge basins were located less than 35 feet (ca. 10.6 m) above the aquifer. Results from one of the sites indicated the horizontal transfer of viable viruses through the groundwater aquifer.

The accumulation of low levels (0.002 to 0.18 PFU/ml) of both feces-associated and monodispersed poliovirus by oysters (Crassostrea virginica or C. gigas) and clams (Mercenaria mercenaria) was investigated. These levels were chosen to duplicate the conditions present in light to moderately polluted waters. Experiments were performed in both small- and large-scale flowing seawater systems, developed to mimic the natural marine habitats of shellfish. Under these experimental conditions, viral accumulation by physiologically active shellfish was only noted when water column concentrations exceeded approximately 0.01 PFU/ml. Bioaccumulation increased with increasing concentrations of both monodispersed and feces-associated viruses. At virus concentrations below this level, viruses were seldom detected in either clams or oysters. Evidence indicated that the lack of accumulation was not the result of inefficient extraction or detection methods. The modified Cat-Floc-beef extract procedure used in the experiment was found to be capable of detecting as few as 1.5 to 2.0 PFU per shellfish. Evidence is presented to indicate that an uptake-depuration equilibrium was present at virus exposure levels of 0.10 PFU/ml, but not at 0.01 PFU/ml. The results suggested that viral accumulation by shellfish may not be efficient at water column concentrations below congruent to 0.01 PFU/ml.

There are still disagreements concerning the adaptation of cardiac structures in relation to different training stimuli. To eliminate some of the variance due to individual differences in body surface area, we utilized a new approach based on the calculation of the percentages of each individual's normal predicted values (%NPV). We studied 46 strength (S, bodybuilders) and 57 endurance (E, runners) athletes. Left ventricular (LV) mass was 143.8 +/- 21.9 %NPV (mean +/- SD) in E vs. 134.3 +/- 23.4 %NPV in S (P less than 0.05), and LV volume was 131.0 +/- 24.0 %NPV in E vs. 120.0 +/- 25.5 %NPV in S (P less than 0.05). Moreover, the LV wall thickness-to-radius ratio did not differ from normal values in either group. From these data we conclude that 1) cardiac modifications are greater in E than S, 2) the predominant stimulus is a volume overload type in both groups, and 3) concentric LV hypertrophy may not be as prevalent in S as previously suggested.

Fifteen subjects with arteriosclerosis obliterans underwent an individualized physical training program for an average of 5.5 months. Each month the following measurements were obtained: venous occlus

The ability of a glycerin gel containing 0.4 per cent SnF2 to reduce enamel solubility was tested in thirty orthodontic patients, each requiring removal of four premolars. Two teeth were extracted and retained as controls. The gel was then employed in a home-care program for 1 to 7 weeks. The remaining two first premolars were then extracted and employed as experimental teeth. Differences in enamel solubility between the control and experimental teeth in each subject were used to estimate the effectiveness of the gel. Using the gel for 1 week reduced enamel solubility by 12.1 per cent and a highly significant increase in effectiveness was found with the longer periods of treatment. These results suggest that the daily use of such a gel may well be a valuable preventive adjunct in orthodontic treatment. Such a clinical study involving a large number of orthodontic patients has been in existence for approximately one year.

The adsorption rate of a guanidine-resistant strain of poliovirus LSc 2ab was measured in Long Island soils with in situ field cores (10.1 by 75 cm). The test virus was chosen because it exhibited soil adsorption and elution characteristics of a number of non-polioviruses. After the inoculation of cores with seeded sewage effluent at a 1-cm/h infiltration rate, cores were extracted, fractionated, and analyzed for total plaque-forming units per each 5-cm fraction. The results showed that 77% of the viruses were adsorbed in the first 5 cm of soil. An additional 11% were found in the 5- to 10-cm fraction, and a total of 96% of the viruses were adsorbed by 25 cm. The remaining 4% were uniformly distributed over the next 50 cm of soil, with a minimum of 0.23% in each soil section. Few viruses (< 0.22%) were observed in core filtrates. Analysis of the viral distribution pattern in seeded cores, after an application of a single rinse of either sewage effluent or rainwater, indicated that large-scale viral mobilization was absent. However, localized areas of viral movement were noted in both of the rinsed cores, with the rainwater-rinsed cores exhibiting more expensive movement. All mobilized viruses were resorbed at lower core depths.

Exercise hypertension, defined as a blood pressure response to a dynamic exercise stressor which is considered excessive to what is normally observed in a healthy population, is currently the subject of much discussion. This interest appears to be related to the recent concerns that are being expressed in the utilization of hypertensive drugs with respect to their long-term benefits and risks. I would seem that the proper selection of patients for drug therapy will become as important as the treatment itself, not only for clinical purposes but to insure the quality of life of a patient in the pursuit of his/her daily activities. Also, a number of retrospective studies have shown that an exaggerated blood pressure response to exercise in resting normotensive persons could be a useful indicator to assist in detecting those persons who may be on the way to developing sustained hypertension. The literature suggests that this is a tenable hypothesis but one that will require testing by prospective research. In this respect, it has been suggested that if the blood pressure response to a dynamic exercise in borderline or labile hypertensives is normal, it is possible to dismiss the diagnosis of hypertension, at least temporarily. However, if the blood pressure response is exaggerated, then the diagnosis of hypertension should be considered. In Canada, the Canadian Aerobic Fitness Test (CAFT) has been utilized to assist in detecting exercise hypertension.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Systemic arterial hypertension is one of the most wide-spread diseases in the world. It is a chronic disease with a very long asymptomatic phase. At an estimated prevalence in the developed countries of 15 to 20%, it can be assumed that approximately 80% of men and 60% of women with hypertension are either unaware of their condition or are not treated adequately. These figures show that reliable diagnostic measures are needed to provide efficient detection of high blood pressure in a given population. In this regard, exercise testing has proven particularly well-suited. Using standardized ergometry, patients with latent, borderline or manifest hypertension can be identified. Exercise hypertension is defined on the basis of an abnormal blood pressure increase during physical exercise in persons with normal blood pressure at rest. Because of marked interindividual fluctuation in blood pressure, values measured at rest may be of only limited usefulness in the diagnosis of hypertension. In contrast, the blood pressure during dynamic exercise may be particularly informative with respect to probability of future development of manifest hypertension and treatment of high blood pressure. Long-term studies have shown that within five years up to one-third of patients with exercise hypertension develop manifest hypertension at rest. Based on the Canada Fitness Survey data indicating that about 2% of the population demonstrate exercise hypertension, it can be estimated that approximately 200,000 Canadians will develop manifest hypertension within five years. Similar statistics are also applicable for most of the developed countries of the world.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Although ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) is still considered in its investigational stage, the technique has become increasingly popular in recent years. The rationale for its utilization is its ability to continuously monitor blood pressure (BP) response to situational stressors occurring over the course of a 24-hour period which cannot be detected by casual measurements. In addition, ABPM eliminates the so-called white-coat auscultatory BP response. However, the accuracy of ABPM under situations which are at the measurement limits of the technical characteristics and/or capabilities of the ABPM equipment, such as in exercise situations commensurate with daily life activities, has not been fully documented. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of the Spacelabs ABPM monitor against auscultatory (AUS) determinations in four exercise situations: walking, stair climbing, cycling and a progressive step test (modified Canadian Aerobic Fitness Test). Analyses of variance (ANOVA) were computed to determine if significant differences occurred between ABPM and AUS measurements for systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and heart rate (HR) over the resting and four exercise conditions. Results indicate that, particularly at low to moderate levels of exercise intensity, there is no statistically significant difference between ABPM and AUS measurements for SBP and HR. In 20 of the 26 resting and exercise determinations, the difference in SBP was less than 6 mmHg. For HR the variation was no greater than 4 bpm. However, there was no such agreement between ABPM and AUS measurements for DBP. As the intensity of the exercise situations increased, there was a tendency for SBP ABPM measurements to register higher readings than those obtained by AUS. The major drawback in ABPM is its sensitivity to artifacts due to arm movement. It was concluded that ABPM, such as provided by the Spacelabs instrument, can provide reasonably accurate readings of SBP and HR, particularly at low to moderate intensities of exercise while at higher exercise intensities ABPM has a tendency to provide consistently lower SBP values than the AUS measurements. DBP ABPM was totally ineffective under any of the exercise conditions chosen for this study.

Electromagnetic bicycle ergometers are said to produce constant load, independent of revolution. Their system is generally based on the principle of the hyperbolic relationship of braking power and revolution of a rotating disc in a magnetic field. Braking itself is effected by a Pasqualini eddy current brake. Braking energy is thus produced as one rides the bicycle. Mechanical transmission is by means of internally lubricated roller chains running on chain wheels with a flywheel to ease the start and finish. Researchers often use electromagnetic ergometers with only the manufacturer’s original calibrations, as special equiqment required to check the hyperbolic relationship of braking power and revolution of a rotating copper disc in a magnetic field is not available in most exercise physiology laboratories. The matter is judged of importance with research-grade bicycle ergometers especially when data on physiological responses to set power outputs are wanted.

Supported by NOAA Office of Sea Grant, Department of Commerce, Grant No. 04-07-158-44104 .

Reasons given by workers for choosing a particular shift are rarely job related. The most compelling reason for undertaking night or shift work is financial.

Part I of this paper describes a facility which has recently been developed to conduct accelerated life tests on-printed wiring products. Procedures developed for the evaluation of flexible printed circuits are outlined, and a representative set of life test data is reviewed to illustrate the kinds of information obtainable with this facility. In conducting accelerated life tests on fineline flexible printed circuits coated with UV-cured resins, failures have been observed to occur in virtually every part of the circuit structure. In Part II, the various failure modes are described and are categorized according to the principal structural element involved (e.g., cover-coat, substrate, etc.). In many cases environmental domains have been identified, within which there is a clear predominance of a specific failure mode.

A group of 206 subjects (30-55 years) were studied with the objective of quantifying the relationships between fitness indicators (relative body weight (BMI), aerobic power, muscular endurance), health indicators and risk factors, (appraised age, cost of health services consumed, blood pressure (SBP and DBP), blood lipids (CHO and HDL), cigarette smoking). BMI was significantly correlated with the risk indicators in the male sample (.302 less than or equal to r less than or equal to .364) and in the female sample (.217 less than or equal to r less than or equal to .521). All coefficients were in the direction of the established biological assumption as concerns hazards to health. The discriminant analysis revealed that in the total group of men, 77% (p less than or equal to .001) of the subjects could be classified either in high or low BMI (greater than Q75 or less than or equal to Q25) on the basis of the scores in SBP, HDL, HDL/CHO. In the subgroup of women greater than or equal to 40 years, statistically significant classification occurred in 100% of the cases (p less than or equal to .001) on the basis of DBP, CHO, HDL/CHO, NCIG. The results indicate that BMI is a fitness determinant which is valid, convenient and easy to use in the detection of unfavorable health indices and when clinical intervention is justified.

To investigate patterns of expression of the gene encoding the beta-subunit of S-100 protein during development of the rat brain we have used Northern blotting and in situ hybridization histochemistry. During late prenatal development beta-S-100 mRNA was observed first in the germinal zone lining the 4th ventricle. In the postnatal cerebellum this mRNA accumulated primarily in Bergmann glia and astrocytes of the deep white matter. In the hindbrain, expression of S-100 mRNA increased steadily in specific regions during the first postnatal week while levels remained low in more anterior brain regions. By the end of the second postnatal week, a dense punctate signal was distributed throughout the midbrain and hindbrain. Expression in forebrain, first observed at E18, was confined to cells lining the ventricle until the second postnatal week when accumulation of mRNA was observed in specific regions of the hippocampus, neocortex and olfactory bulb. The adult brain pattern of beta-S-100 mRNA distribution is attained during the third postnatal week. These results demonstrate a caudal-rostral gradient in expression of the beta-S-100 gene during rat brain development, as well as pronounced regional differences which may reflect the differentiation of subpopulations of astrocytes.

The purpose of this study was to determine if isometric exercise (handgrip) using a substantial muscle mass and intensity could be substituted for dynamic exercise in the assessment of left ventricular function in myocardial infarct (MI) patients. Forty patients with documented MI were assigned, on the basis of their previous exercise ECG responses, to either an exercise-induced ischaemic group (Group 1) or to a non-exercise ischaemic group (Group 2). Eight apparently healthy males served as controls. Pulmonary capillary pressure (PCP) was measured at rest, during volume loading and during isometric and dynamic exercise. Mean PCP in Group 1 increased progressively from 7.5 +/- 2.9 mmHg at rest, to 11.6 +/- 3.8 mmHg during volume loading, to 18.8 +/- 10.2 mmHg during the isometric exercise and to 25.2 +/- 10.1 mmHg during the dynamic exercises. For Group 2, the respective values were 9.6 +/- 6.3, 13.1 +/- 6.4, 18.7 +/- 13.7 and 18.4 +/- 9.8 and for the controls 8.9 +/- 1.9, 11.3 +/- 1.2, 13.3 +/- 3.3 and 11.8 +/- 3.6 mmHg. The results of this study indicate that isometric exercise of 50% MVC using both hands can adequately replace dynamic exercise in the diagnosis of left ventricular function in post MI patients.

The lytic cycle of Bacillus subtilis phage 41c required the presence of at least 10 mM-calcium. In the absence of this ion, the plaquing efficiency of the virus was reduced to less than 0.1. Likewise, replacement of Ca2+ with other divalent ions (Ba2+, Sr2+, Mg2+, Mn2+) resulted in reduced efficiencies. Adsorption of 41c was Ca2+-dependent, requiring concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 10mM. Although more than 90% of the phage adsorbed at 0.1 mM-Ca2+, successful infection could only be achieved at higher Ca2+ levels. Sub-optimal concentrations of the ion resulted in the loss of 90% of infected centres within 1 min after the initiation of infection, indicating an early post-adsorption ion requirement. Penetration of experiments with 32P-labelled phage DNA indicated than an irreversible inhibition of injection was occurring in the majority of the phage-bacterium complexes. A third level of cation involvement became apparent when phage-bacterium complexes in which penetration had occurred exhibited a greatly reduced burst size. The post-penetration ionic requirement occurred early in the infection process since dilution of infected complexes into Ca2+-free medium at 2.5 min p.i. resulted in reduced phage yields. The requirement was dispensable after 6 min p.i., since infected complexes diluted into Ca2+-free medium at this time exhibited a normal one-step growth curve. Analysis of messenger RNA production by molecular DNA-RNA hybridization techniques indicated that transcriptional events were similar in the presence and absence of Ca2+. At present, the identification of the third ion-dependent stage is unresolved.

The lowest triplet state of 3‐ethyl‐5‐(1,3‐dithiolanylidene)‐rhodanine has been studied in solution and in single crystals at liquid helium temperatures. This state is tentatively assigned as a ππ* state. The origin in single crystals is composed of two lines separated by 0.6 cm−1. These lines have been interpreted as the allowed Au and Bu factor‐group states from Zeeman spectra. Optically detected magnetic resonance measurements of the isolated molecule yield values of 0.1289 and 0.02585 cm−1 for the zero‐field parameters |D| and |E|, respectively.

Studies were conducted to determine the influence of infiltration rate on poliovirus removal during groundwater recharge with tertiary-treated wastewater effluents. Experiments were conducted at a uniquely designed, field-situated test recharge basin facility through which some 62,000 m3 of sewage had been previously applied. Recharge at high infiltration rates (75 to 100 cm/h) resulted in the movement of considerable numbers of seeded poliovirus to the groundwater. Moderately reduced infiltration rates (6 cm/h) affected significantly improved virus removal. Very low infiltration rates (0.5 to 1.0 cm/h), achieved by partial clogging of the test basin, yielded the greatest virus removal efficiencies.

Methods were compared for their ability to recover poliovirus from oysters (Crassostrea gigas) which had been allowed to accumulate virus via normal filtration activities. Clarification procedures included glycine-NaCl and polyelectrolyte extraction methods followed by a variety of acid precipitation concentration methods. Polyelectrolyte flocculation followed by a beef extract-supplemented acid precipitation carried out at pH 3.5 yielded the most efficient recoveries. Direct assay of homogenates was found to be an unreliable method for determining the initial virus concentration in "naturally infected" oysters.

It has been well established that individuals with exercise hypertension are at risk of subsequently developing manifest hypertension at rest. In this regard, there is little data available on psychological aspects which may be related to this transition. Accordingly, this study was undertaken to determine whether persons with exercise hypertension and those with manifest hypertension differ in personality traits. With the aid of a personality inventory (FPI-R), a comparative analysis of personality structure was carried out in 60 patients with coronary artery disease (20 with manifest hypertension, 20 with exercise hypertension and 20 normotensive patients). Three differing personality profiles were found. Hypertensive patients had above average values for inhibition, excitability, suffer from stress, psychosomatic complaints and emotional susceptibility; their values for contentment with life were below the average. Persons with exercise hypertension also had above-average values for excitability while normotensive individuals had higher values for extraversion. With regard to prevention of development of manifest hypertension, it would seem reasonable, in patients with exercise hypertension, to encourage the learning of stress management techniques to suppress excitability.

A variety of surface water systems, including a lake, a creek, and two marine embayments, were analyzed on a monthly basis for indigenous human enteroviruses and coliform bacteria. Findings are discussed in terms of the probable pollution sources to each system and their relationship to data from previous studies.