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Copyright of Revista de Toxicología is the property of Asociacion Espanola de Toxicologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Toxicología is the property of Asociacion Espanola de Toxicologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the measures taken by the Brazilian State to become a leading actor in the new global energy policy. Throughout the article we discuss whether the country has lost the opportunity to become a world energy power.

A sociedade é atualmente desafiada a conciliar a crescente demanda de energia com irrefutável necessidade de sustentabilidade. O esgotamento progressivo dos combustíveis fósseis e as emissões de gases de efeito estufa motivam o emprego de fontes de energia de caráter renovável, sustentável e de baixo custo. Nesse contexto, o etanol de segunda geração tem sido apontado com alternativa aos combustíveis derivados do petróleo, uma vez que é obtido a partir de biomassa lignocelulósica. A efetiva aplicação dos materiais lignocelulósicos requer etapas de pré-tratamento que promovem o fracionamento dos seus principais constituintes (celulose, hemicelulose e lignina). A combinação de diferentes tipos de pré-tratamentos é explorada visando aumento da recuperação dos açúcares e a mínima liberação de substancias com potencial ação inibitória ao metabolismo microbiano, que afetam a eficiência e produtividade do processo fermentativo. Esta breve revisão de literatura apresenta as principais tecnologias envolvidas no processamento da biomassa lignocelulósica para produção de etanol.

In this work it is carried out the development, optimization and validation of analytical methodology for determination of ethanol in cachaça samples. The method was based on digital image analysis spot test performed with the analyte of interest, captured by a camera in a system built for this purpose. The principle of the method is measurement of tones obtained after the occurrence of the colorimetric reaction employing the RGB color model, color components which varies in proportion to the analyte concentration. For the determination of ethanol, it was employed the reaction of redox in which chromium (VI) is reduced to chromium (III) or chromium (II) and the ethanol is oxidized to acetaldehyde, generating change in the yellow-orange color to blue-green. By determining the ethanol content, a linear calibration curve in the range from 10 to 70% v/v ethanol was obtained, with a coefficient of determination r2 = 0.9910 and limits of detection and quantification respectively equal to 1.72 % v/v and 5.74% v/v. Comparison of results for the cachaça samples analysis using the developed method and the reference method showed no significant differences between both methods, which were analyzed using the paired t-test, 95% confidence. The analysis of six cachaça samples showed that three of them had ethanol content outside the range permitted by law. Besides the image capture system is versatile and robust and can be used in situ analysis.

Cada material lignocelulósico es un nuevo terreno por explorar, por tanto, la caracterización físico-química de estos materiales es un paso fundamental para el proceso de biotransformación. Se determinó la composición lignocelulósica del bagazo de sorgo dulce, encontrándose valores cercanos a los valores reportados en la literatura. Se estudiaron las tecnologías de pretratamiento, explosión con vapor, hidrólisis ácida suave, deslignificación alcalina, remojo con NH3, pretratamiento con amoniaco AFEX, ozonólisis y peróxido alcalino; encontrándose que la deslignificación alcalina con NaOH es la mejor opción para pretratar este sustrato. Se disminuyó el contenido de lignina en un 52% y se obtuvo una productividad a etanol de 0,87 g/L h, lo cual equivale a un rendimiento de 114 L de etanol/Ton bagazo de sorgo dulce seco pretratado.

Saat ini, bioetanol merupakan salah satu sumber Bahan Bakar Nabati (BBN) yang berpotensi dikembangkan sebagai sumber energi alternatif baru dan terbarukan. Bioetanol dapat diperoleh dari fermentasi limbah pertanian dan kehutanan, dengan sebelumnya melalui perlakuan pendahuluan dan hidrolisis. Proses tersebut dapat dilakukan dengan bantuan mikroba (ragi). Untuk mendapatkan kadar etanol yang tinggi perlu dilakukan pencarian formulasi ragi campuran untuk proses fermentasi. Tulisan ini mempelajari formulasi ragi campuran yang efektif dari fermentasi sabetan kayu sengon untuk menghasilkan kadar etanol yang optimal. Formulasi dilakukan dengan mencampur Aspergillus oryzae, Saccharomyces cerevisae, Rhyzopus oryzae dan campuran bahan lainnya dengan beberapa variasi perlakuan. Ragi komersial Sacharomyces cerevisae digunakan sebagai kontrol pembanding dengan konsentrasi 3 – 9%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ragi campuran dengan konsentrasi 7% paling efektif digunakan pada fermentasi lignoselulosa dengan hasil kadar etanol sebesar 1,569%. Kadar etanol yang dihasilkan lebih tinggi dari kadar etanol yang dihasilkan dari fermentasi dengan ragi komersial sebesar 0,652%.

En el presente estudio se hace uso del software Flow simulation para analizar un inyector tipo Y con el método computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Este tipo de investigación ayuda a comprender el comportamiento de las dos variables principales en la atomización de fluidos, el campo de presión y velocidad. Por la naturaleza milimétrica de las dimensiones del accesorio, hace prácticamente imposible realizar un seguimiento de las variables a escala real. Se hicieron uso de dos fluidos, actuando como combustible atomizado el etanol y como gas de atomización el aire. Primero se realizó el mayado del sólido para poder analizar la influencia de la presión en el flujo másico del etanol, y aparte la influencia de la presión sobre el flujo de aire, de donde se obtuvieron, después de muchas iteraciones, dos gráficas de comportamiento cuasi parabólico. Uniendo finalmente los dos fluidos, se aplicaron líneas de trayectoria a lo largo de la longitud del inyector para poder observar el comportamiento de las variables en todo el eje Z.

Resumo Introdução A evolução dos sistemas adesivos permitiu que os fabricantes desenvolvessem materiais com técnicas cada vez mais simplificadas, porém que, ainda assim, promovessem adequados valores de resistência de união imediata. Sugere-se que alguns tratamentos da superfície dentinária podem favorecer esse processo de adesão. Objetivo Avaliar os efeitos de diferentes tratamentos, em superfície dentinária plana condicionada, sobre a resistência de união à microtração de sistemas adesivos do tipo “condiciona-e-lava” de dois passos. Material e método Noventa e seis terceiros molares humanos foram divididos em 12 grupos (n=8), aleatoriamente, de acordo com o sistema adesivo utilizado (GI: Adper Single Bond 2 - 3M ESPE; GII: Prime & Bond 2.1 - Dentsply; GIII: Excite - Ivoclar Vivadent) e o tipo de tratamento do substrato dentinário condicionado (a: água; b: clorexidina + água; c: etanol; d: clorexidina + etanol). Todos os dentes foram restaurados com resina Charisma na cor A2 (Heraeus - Kulzer, Germany) e submetidos a ensaio mecânico de microtração (EMIC DL-2000). O teste estatístico realizado foi ANOVA a um fator, completado com teste de Tukey. Resultado Os grupos GIIc, GIIIc e GIId apresentaram aumento significativo estatisticamente na resistência de união à microtração imediata. Conclusão Os diferentes tratamentos da dentina condicionada não afetaram de maneira negativa a resistência de união para todos os sistemas adesivos testados e a utilização da técnica com etanol, associado ou não à clorexidina, parece ser uma interessante abordagem quando associada a sistemas adesivos “condiciona-e-lava” de dois passos.

The kinetics of the desorption of ethanol previously absorbed onto carbon molecular sieves (CMS-3A) was studied using the non-isothermal thermogravimetric technique. The dependence of activation energy (Ea,α) for a particular degree of desorption (α) was established. It was confirmed that the non-isothermal desorption of ethanol was a kinetically complex process. A novel mathematical model for the kinetics of non-isothermal desorption for the absorbed ethanol is established. This model is based on the proposed dependence of the specific desorption rate on time/temperature. The correlation dependences of the model parameters β and η on heating rates were established. A general kinetic equation for the non-isothermal desorption of ethanol was developed. It was found that the specific desorption rate at every single heating rate increases, whereas Ea, decreases during the desorption process. / В данной статье описаны проведенные исследования по кинетике десорбции эталона, абсорбированного на углеродном молекулярном сите CMS-3A. Главным источником биоэтанола являются: сахар, кукуруза и лигноцеллюлозные материалы. Выработанный биоэтанол содержит определенное количество воды. Для его очистки используются различные сеперационные методы, которые в настоящий момент еще недостаточно испытаны. Главная проблема очистки биоэтанола заключается в высокой стоимости процедуры и больших затратах энергии – на 50% превышающих производимую биоэтанолом энергию. Селективная адсорбция этанола на цеолите значительно снижает затраты энергии при производстве, но, к сожалению, данный метод требует много времени. В целях улучшения кинетики десорбции могут применятся различные технологии, однако они на сегодняшний день недостаточно испытаны. Одним из самых практичных и наиболее экономичных методов очистки биоэтанола является десорбция этанола на углеродном молекулярном сите, при этом вода остается на поверхности углеродного молекулярного сита. С учетом того, что данный метод недостаточно испытан, необходимо полагаться на знания о кинетике десорбции этанола на цеолитах. Хотя на сегодняшний день опубликовано малое количество научных работ, посвященных исследованиям кинетики десорбции этанола на цеолитах. В данной работе применена неизотермическая термогравиметрическая техника. В ходе исследования была утверждена полная зависимость энергии активации от степени десорбции, а также установлена модель процесса десорбции. Данная модель основана на полной зависимости скорости десорбции от времени и температуры. Благодаря применению данной модели можно повлиять на скорость процесса десорбции и энергию активации с температурой. Математическая модель, описанная в данной работе основана на полной зависимости скорости процесса десорбции и энергии активации от температуры. Данная модель также отражает последовательность этапов процесса десорбции. Настоящая модель кинетики процесса десорбции этанола может значительно улучшить технологию производства биоэтанола и уменьшить производственные затраты. / U ovom radu proučavana je kinetika desorpcije etanola prethodno adsorbovanog na ugljeničnom molekulskom situ CMS-3A. Glavni izvori bioetanola su fermentabilni šećeri, kukuruz i lignocelulozni otpadni materijal. Proizvedeni bioetanol sadrži određenu količinu vode, a da bi se prečistio koriste se razne separacione metode koje još nisu dovoljno ispitane. Glavni problem pri prečišćavanju bioetanola je visoka cena, kao i znatan utrošak energije koji predstavlja više od 50% energije koju bioetanol proizvodi. Selektivna adsorpcija etanola sa zeolita znatno smanjuje utrošak energije pri proizvodnji. Nažalost, ova metoda je veoma spora. Radi poboljšanja kinetike desorpcije koriste se različite tehnike, koje nisu dovoljno ispitane. Jednu od praktičnijih i jeftinijih metoda koja se koristi pri prečišćavanju bioetanola predstavlja desorpcija etanola sa ugljeničnog molekulskog sita, pri čemu voda ostaje zadržana na ugljeničnom molekulskom situ. Međutim, ova metoda nije dovoljno ispitana, a radi poboljšanja proizvodnje (brzine proizvodnje) potrebno je poznavati kinetiku desorpcije etanola sa zeolita . Malo je naučnih radova i literature koji proučavaju kinetiku desorpcije (brzinu desorpcije) etanola sa zeolita Za određivanje kinetike desorpcije u ovom radu je korišćena neizotermna termogravimetrijska tehnika. Ustanovljena je kompleksna zavisnost energije aktivacije od stepena desorpcije, kao i matematički model po kojem se desorpcija odigrava. Ovaj model zasnovan je na kompleksnoj zavisnosti brzine desorpcije od vremena i temperature. Zbog kompleksnosti modela dolazi do promene brzine desorpcije i energije aktivacije sa temperaturom. Matematički model ustanovljen u ovom radu zasniva se na kompleksnoj zavisnosti brzine desorpcije i energije aktivacije od temperature i pokazuje na koji način se desorpcija odigrava u nekoliko stupnjeva. Poznavanje kinetike procesa desorpcije etanola može doprineti boljoj i ekonomičnijoj proizvodnji bioetanola.

Abstract Introduction Self-adhesive resin cements do not require prior preparation of the tooth surface, therefore dentin pretreatments may influence long-term bond strength. Objective To evaluate the influence of 100% ethanol (ET) and 2% chlorhexidine (CL) treatment of intraradicular dentin on the long-term bond strength (BS) of a self-adhesive resin cement (SRC). Material and method 80 bovine roots were restored with fiber posts and SRC (U200 3M/ESPE) and distributed into 4 groups according to dentin treatment: Group 1 – without treatment; Group 2 – 2% CL for 1 minute; Group 3 – 100% ET for 1 minute; Group 4 – 2% CL, followed by 100% ET. The samples were cross-sectioned to obtain two sections (0.7 mm) thick for each root third: coronal, middle and apical. The immediate push-out test was carried out after 48 hours, and the long-term push-out test, after 180 days. Result The three-way ANOVA test for randomized blocks showed no difference between the BS values at 48 hours and 80 days, irrespective of the treatment and the third (p>0.05). The interaction of the treatment/third pairing was significant (p = 0.041) since the treatment with CL promoted lower BS in the coronal third, while treatment with ET promoted better BS in the apical third. Conclusion Treatment with CL and ET, separately or combined, promoted no differences between the BS values of the SRC to root dentin over time.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND Given the increase of people with gastrointestinal disorders, the search for alternative treatments with fewer side effects is vital, as well as the demand for food or plants that can help protect the stomach. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the gastroprotective action of the extracts of wild fruit trees of Myrcianthes pungens (guabiju); Inga vera Willd. (ingá-banana) and Marlierea tomentosa Cambess. (guarapuruna) in in vivo pharmacological models. METHODS The different parts of the fruits were separately subjected to a process of extraction by methanol. Two experimental pharmacological models were conducted in mice; the gastric ulcer model induced by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (indomethacin), and the gastric ulcer model induced by ethanol/HCl, which allowed us to evaluate the gastroprotective activity of the extracts at a dose of 250 mg/kg. Subsequently, the total lesion area (mm2) and relative lesion area (%) were determined. RESULTS The results showed significant gastroprotective activity against the aggressive agents used - ethanol and indomethacin - for all the extracts tested. CONCLUSION It is assumed that the fruits have bioactive compounds such as antioxidant substances that act on the prostaglandin levels, protecting them from the damage caused by ethanol and indomethacin. These results prompt further studies to isolate and identify the active properties.

It was studied the production of biodiesel using palm-kernel oil from the seed of “dende” by alkaline ethylic transesterification. Different molar ratios of oil: alcohol (1:5, 1:6, 1:7) and percentages of KOH catalyst (0.5, 0.75 and 1%) were studied. The experimental results showed that 1:7 oil:alcohol ratio resulted in higher conversion but the increase in catalyst percentages favored secondary reactions, reducing the conversion. The most efficient condition was 1: 7 oil:alcohol ratio with 0.75% KOH. Biodiesel obtained was purified and characterized, resulting in appropriate values to the ANP standard for the tests performed. It has been done a study of phase separation of the emulsion formed after transesterification. It has been found experimentally that an emulsion: water mass ratio of 7: 3 renders the separation process viable. Through various simulations, a route of unitary operations was traced to purify the products and to reuse the residual alcohol from the process.

It was studied the enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane straw in order to obtain fermentable sugars. The biomass passed through physical processes (milling, washing and drying), delignification with H2O2 alkaline and hydrolysis. After characterization of the lignocellulosic biomass in natura and delignified it was observed the removal of 50% of the lignin content. The enzymatic activity of T. reesei cellulase and commercial Cellic® CTec2 was quantified. The reaction pH, enzyme concentration and reaction time were studied, obtaining optimum pH 4.0 and 5.5 for T. reesei and Cellic® CTec2, respectively. The highest yield in terms of enzyme concentration was 10 FPU/g of straw for both enzymes and for the time, both enzymes reduced conversion after 24 hours of hydrolysis, possibly due to microbial contamination. Finally, it has been carried out a material balance for the commercial cellulase, resulting in a yield of the enzymatic hydrolysis of the cellulose content of 23.8%.

Circumferential field-welding joints of oil pipelines are susceptible to defects that may lead to failures when in operation. In this work a circumferential joint of an API 5L X70 line pipe was produced in a laboratory and evaluated by hardness, tensile and impact tests; stress corrosion cracking promoted by exposition to fuel ethanol was evaluated by slow strain rate tensile tests using notched specimens; the micro-structures were characterized by optical microscopy in the different regions of the welded joint and the fractured surfaces were analyzed by SEM. The fracture surface of the welding metal after tensile and impact tests indicated that the presence of welding discontinuities may strongly affect the fracture behavior, leading to embrittlement, especially in the impact tests. Stress corrosion cracking occurred in both evaluated regions (welding metal and heat affected zone) of the welds when subjected to slow strain rate tensile tests in contact with ethanol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food Technology & Biotechnology is the property of Food Technology & Biotechnology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Polytechnic is the property of Journal of Polytechnic and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: to compare the risk factors, the stages of acquisition and the consumption of alcohol and tobacco as the relationship that exists between the risk factors and the consumption of alcohol and tobacco, in high school students of urban complements of the north and south of Nuevo Leon, Mexico Method: comparative, correlational study, cluster sampling and a sample of 374 in the period from 2016 to 2017. POSIT and EASJ were used as instruments and for the analysis the chi-square test, Friedman, Kruskal Wallis H, Spearman correlation and a regression model. Results: 31.6% of adolescents were in the stage of maintenance of alcohol consumption and 63.6% in the stage of precontemplation of tobacco consumption. The school risk factors (H = 15.19, p = .004) and individual risk factors (H = 22.0, p = .001) have more presence in the preparation stage (= 62.74; Mdn = 64.70) and maintenance of alcohol consumption (= 50.45; Mdn = 51.35). In tobacco use, individual risk factors in the preparation phase and family risk factors in maintenance stand out (p<.001). There is a relationship between risk factors and alcohol consumption (rs = .376, p< .001) and tobacco (rs = .345, p < .001). Conclusion: risk factors intervene in traffic through the stages of acquisition of licit drug use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper (Cu) based composites, especially compositions containing refractory metals such as tungsten (W) or molybdenum, exhibit superior physical and mechanical properties over a wide range of temperatures compared to conventional materials. Due to their high hardness, good electrical and thermal conductivities, and excellent arcerosion resistance; Cu-based refractory metal reinforced composites are frequently used as electrical contact materials. Although, it is possible to produce aforementioned composites via ball milling technique, this method also contains several parameters that have to be investigated in detail, such as process control agent, milling speed, ball-topowder weight ratio, milling time, and so on. In this paper; the effect of process control agent, which is one of the most important parameters in ball milling technique, on production of Cu-based W-reinforced composite powder was investigated. For this purpose, two different liquid process control agents, namely ethanol and methanol were separately added to powder mixtures containing elemental Cu and W, and then ball milling experiments were performed using a two stationary planetary-type ball mill. The effects of ethanol and methanol additions on particle size and morphology of Cu25W powder mixture were investigated using laser diffraction analysis (Mastersizer) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was found that average particle size values of both compositions decreased with increasing milling duration. Considering its improved particle size reduction effectiveness as a process control agent, methanol at the amount of 2 wt.% was found to be more effective comparing to the same amount of ethanol in terms of producing Cu25W composite powder. Besides, more homogeneous dispersion of elements was achieved in powder mixture containing methanol after ball milling duration of 25 hours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of SMAD Revista Electronica Salud Mental, Alcohol y Drogas is the property of Universidade de Sao Paulo, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirao Preto and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Trends in Education / Trendy ve Vzdělávání is the property of Palacky University in Olomouc and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background and objective: Ethyl glucuronide (EtG) and ethyl sulfate (EtS), minor metabolites of ethanol, aid to forensic scientist and clinicians to determine recent ethanol uptake when ethanol elimination is occurred. Present study aimed to show (a) kinetics of EtG and EtS in blood and urine after 0.5 g/kg ethanol intake (b) peak concentrations and time of disappearance in Turkish people. Material and methods: Seventeen (10 male, 7 female) healthy volunteers participated in the study. Blood and urine samples were obtained during 48 h after consumption and analyzed in LC-MS/MS. Results and conclusion: Blood peak concentrations of EtG and EtS were 0.13–0.389 mg/L and 0.211–0.5 mg/L, urine peak concentrations were 6.89–30.42 mg/L and 10.5–58.17 mg/L, respectively. There was no EtG and EtS in all samples 24 h later in blood and 48 h later in urine. Correlation was found between EtG and EtS concentrations in blood. Most of obtained data are similar to literature, except EtS dominancy to EtG in urine and blood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim with this work was to evaluate the qualitative parameters and maturation of eleven genotypes of sweet sorghum. Field experiment was carried out in Santa Maria locality, State of the Rio Grande do Sul, South Region, Brazil, in two growing seasons (2012/13 and 2013/14). The experimental design was randomized blocks with three replications and the treatments consisted of eleven genotypes, seven varieties (BRS506, BRS511, Fepagro 17, Fepagro 19, Past 81-04, Past 29-51 and Past 29-49) and four hybrids (CV007, CV147, CV568 and CV198). The qualitative parameters were evaluated: sucrose content (%), reducing sugars (%), purity (%), total soluble solids (°Brix), total recoverable sugar (kg t-1), fiber (%) and ethanol production (l ha-1). It was determined maturity curves to characterize the industrial use period (IUP). The genotypes BRS506, BRS511 and CV198 showed IUP over 30 days. BRS506 and BRS511 are genotypes with better features for ethanol production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arquivos de Ciências da Saúde da UNIPAR is the property of Associacao Paranaense de Ensino e Cultura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Ciências da Administração is the property of Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Departamento de Ciencias da Administracao and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Two experiments analyzed the role of extinction cues (EC) and stimuli associated to them in the reacquisition of conditioned ethanol tolerance. Ethanol-induced ataxia was measured in 80 rat subjects using a tilting plane, in a 5-phase procedure. The first experiment (which used 4 contexts and 40 rats) showed that the presentation of the extinction context by itself diminished the effectiveness of ECs in reducing response reacquisition. The second experiment (conducted in a single context with 40 rats and using 2 stimulus paired for some subjects or explicitly unpaired for others) showed that a secondary cue can reduce reacquisition, regardless of whether it was paired with the EC or not. The results of mixed and factor analyses of variance suggest that ECs affect response recovery through an association with the extinction context; however, a second-order cue associated to an EC appears to be unable to activate this association. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Culinary wine is often used to marinate meat products before cooking to remove unfavorable flavors. However, the effects of ethanol as the main component in culinary wine on the main proteins in meat products are not clear. Therefore, we studied the effects of ethanol treatment on the microstructure, rheological, and gelation properties of chicken myofibrillar protein (CMP) and the reasons for these changes. The viscosity coefficient of CMP solutions firstly decreased; then increased with increasing ethanol and reached the minimum at 0.9% ethanol. The gel strength, water holding capacity, and storage modulus of CMP gels reached the maximum at 0.9% ethanol treatment, and the scanning electron micrographs showed a more compact structure. The presence of ethanol decreased the dielectric constant of solution, resulting the changes of surface hydrophobicity and sulfhydryl groups of CMP solutions and gels. These changes contributed the evolution of the properties we mentioned above. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sugarcane agroindustry in Brazil has been facing a series of challenges imposed by sectoral deregulation. In a more competitive scenario, companies usually perform differently, especially in times of crisis. This article aims to identify the factors of failure regarding the sugarcane agroindustries by adopting the multi-case study approach as a research strategy. Data collection performed through structured interviews with representatives of the sector in the states of Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul and Minas Gerais. As a corollary, it identified that the lack of financial resources, inadequate cash flow, high costs of loans and agricultural production, as well as the control of gasoline prices are the main factors contributing to the recent failure of these companies in the selected states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Fossil-based fuels are limited and will be consumed in the near future, the petroleum crises and price increases, the increase of air pollution caused by the vehicles necessitate the investigation of new and renewable energy sources. The energy source, which is the greatest technical potential, is biodiesel among these sources. In this study, yellow mustard (Sinapis alba L.) seeds which are not commercially produced in our country were used as a feedstock in the biodiesel production. The biodiesel production carried out from yellow mustard seed crude oil obtained from yellow mustard seeds with using a screw press by single-step transesterification method. A commercial diesel fuel and six different fuel blends prepared with 2% biodiesel, 20% biodiesel, 2% biodiesel and 5% ethanol, 2% biodiesel and 10% ethanol, 20% biodiesel and 5% ethanol, and 20% biodiesel and 10% ethanol used in the tests. Some important physical and chemical properties of these fuels have been measured using standard methods. Afterwards, the performance, combustion and exhaust emission characteristics were examined in a single-cylinder, four-stroke, water-cooled, direct-injection diesel engine fueled with the test fuels at different engine speeds. As a result, calorific value, kinematic viscosity, water content, density, acid value and cold flow properties adversely affected by biodiesel addition into the diesel fuel, and the improvement of the flash point value was determined. The kinematic viscosity, density and cold flow properties improved by ethanol addition to the blended fuels, however water content, flash point and calorific value deteriorated. The addition of 2% biodiesel into the diesel fuel improved performance, and increasing the rate of biodiesel and addition to alcohol were negatively affected the performance. The combustion characteristics of the test fuels were similar to those of diesel fuel. Furthermore, it has been found that alcohol additions reduced exhaust gas temperature, smoke opacity, CO, CO2 and NOX emissions and increased O2 emissions. Engine noise emissions were fluctuated depending on the engine speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mead is a traditional alcoholic drink containing 8-18% vol. ethanol obtained fermentation from diluted honey. Honey is mainly composed of carbohydrates, water, and minor components such as minerals, proteins, vitamins, lipids, organic acids, amino acids, phenolic compounds, enzymes and other phytochemicals The honey is an excellent source of carbohydrates for the fermentation process, but it lacks of other nutrients (for example nitrogen) that can slow down the fermentation process. Therefore, there is a need for adding nitrogen sources. Also other nutrients (fruits, spices, etc.) can be add but their addition should not hide the smell and taste of honey. To enhance its character and complexity, a variety of fruits, vegetables, herbs, or spices (ginger, cardamom, cloves, thyme, rosemary, bay leaves, sage, parsley, fennel, cinnamon, nutmeg, lemon or orange peels, among others) may be added too, during, or after fermentation. In this paper, the influence of correction of some parameters on the fermentation and on the mead quality, as well as the possibility of using the Gompretz model for representing the production of ethanol is examined. A numerous of authors has shown that the modified Gompertz equation can be applied to the mathematical modeling of the fermentation kinetics of different substrates. In this paper, for the first time, the applicability of the modified Gompertz equation for the description of the ethanol production kinetics during the process of fermentation of honey in laboratory conditions is analyzed. Optimal kinetic parameters were obtained by fitting experimental data into a modified Gompertz model, using nonlinear regression analysis and evaluating regression coefficients by the least square method. Numerical optimization of parameters and their statistical analysis was done using mathematical tools Solver and Regression from the Microsoft Excel software package. The resulting mathematical model describes the formation of ethanol during fermentation of the medium, envisages the maximum concentration of ethanol, the maximum fermentation speed, and the lag time of ethanol production. The degree of matching of the model curves with the experimental data is quite high, according to the corresponding regression parameters. The obtained mathematical model, with the appropriate kinetic parameters, can be used during the scaling of the honey fermentation process, switching from the laboratory conditions to the semi-industrial and industrial scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To develop a new index to measure the effectiveness of alcohol control policies on selected indicators of alcohol-related injuries. Methods. We used the World Health Organization Global Information System on Alcohol and Health (GISAH) for cross-sectional data from 156 countries for this analysis. Five policy domains were selected: physical availability, drinking context, pricing, advertising, and vehicular. Injury mortality and alcohol-attributable fractions (AAFs) for vehicular deaths were also used for the same countries. We created a new composite indicator, the International Alcohol Policy Injury Index (IAPII), in order to assess the association between policy and deaths due to alcohol-related injury. Results. After we controlled for per-capita alcohol consumption, we found that injury deaths and AAF deaths were inversely associated with four of the five policy domains. The domains were weighted according to effectiveness and used to construct the IAPII, which produced acceptable sensitivity and specificity. Regression results, controlling for consumption, demonstrated that the IAPII was significantly associated with AAF vehicular injury death for males, AAF vehicular injury death for females, and overall injury death at p < 0.01. Conclusions. Our findings support the IAPII as a reliable indicator of the relationship between alcohol policies and injury deaths: the stronger the policy, the less the likelihood of both overall and vehicular injury death. Future work should test the effectiveness of the IAPII in reducing alcohol-related injury morbidity, which accounts for a larger share of the global burden of disease than alcohol-related injury mortality does. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porang (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume) is an alternative food sources from forest. Porang grows under forest canopy and potentially developed to improve food security. Naturally harvested porang contains high oxalate and less glucomannan. This paper observes possible quality improvement of porang flour in term of whiteness and glucomannan content. Porang collected from Nganjuk, East Java was quality tested and mixed with natrium bisulfite then rinse in ethanol repetitively. Results showed that the addition of sodium bisulfite improved the whiteness of porang flour for about 6.59%. Ethanol dehydration proces was able to improve glucomannan content from 12.86% to 38.11%. Fe and Ca content of mixed porang flour showed no significant difference. Porang flour from Nganjuk contained of 1,6-Anhydro- Beta-D-Glucopyranose; 1,2,3,4-Cyclopentanetetrol,(1.alpha., 2.beta., 3.beta., 4.alpha.); cyclopropyl carbinol; aceticacid(CAS)ethylicacid; and hexadecanoic acid.

Latar belakang: Pemberian etanol secara akut dapat menyebabkan gangguan neurologis, diantaranya cortex prefrontalis (CPF) karena etanol bersifat neurotoksik. Salah satu gangguannya berupa penurunan fungsi memori.Tujuan Penelitian: Penelitian ini untuk mengetahui adanya pengaruh pemberian etanol secara akut terhadap memori kerja spasial pada tikus.Metode Penelitian: Penelitian eksperimen dengan desain posttest-only-randomized control ini melibatkan 20 tikus (Rattus norvegicus) yang dibagi menjadi 4 kelompok (K, P1, P2 dan P3) masing-masing 5 ekor. Kelompok P1, P2 dan P3 secara berurutan diberikan etanol 15% intra peritoneal dengan dosis 1, 2 dan 3 g/kgbb/hr selama 20 hari. Kinerja memori diukur dengan maze radial 8 lengan dengan parameter Number of Error yaitu angka kesalahan tipe A dibagi jumlah lengan yang dimasuki.Hasil Penelitian : Setelah pemberian etanol selama 20 hari, memori kerja spasial antar kelompok diuji dengan Kruskal Wallis. Hasil tidak ada perbedaan yang bermakna, yaitu 0,070 (p>0,05).Kesimpulan: Tidak ada hubungan yang bermakna memori kerja spasial pada tikus setelah pemberian etanol secara akut.

RESUMO O aumento mundial da utilização do etanol como combustível puro ou misturado com a gasolina tem causado preocupações quanto aos possíveis impactos que possam ser causados em casos de derramamentos. Um dos pontos críticos debatidos está associado à infiltração e distribuição do etanol na subsuperfície. Um experimento de campo com a liberação de 200 L de uma mistura contendo 85% (v/v) de etanol e 15% (v/v) de gasolina (E85) na zona não saturada a 1,60 m do nível freático foi realizado em Florianópolis com o objetivo de investigar a transferência de etanol para a zona saturada em região com elevados índices pluviométricos e significativa variação do nível d’ água. Amostras de etanol, brometo (usado como traçador), acetado e metano foram coletadas em profundidades de 2 a 6 m durante 3 anos. A ocorrência de chuvas intensas e as frequentes variações do nível d’ água influenciaram diretamente na migração do etanol e brometo da zona vadosa para a zona saturada, acelerando o processo de dissolução destes compostos e ocasionando significativa transferência de massa dissolvida de etanol e brometo para a água subterrânea. Durante 3 anos de monitoramento, a presença de etanol e de seus subprodutos metabólicos (acetato e metano) até 18 m da fonte, e nas profundidades avaliadas, demonstrou a migração vertical e horizontal do álcool, respectivamente. Estes resultados indicam que em locais com elevados índices pluviométricos e variações significativas do nível d’ água, o etanol pode ser drenado para a água subterrânea e atingir regiões afastadas da fonte, por meio do transporte advectivo e dispersivo. Desta forma, em casos de derramamentos subsuperficiais, a possível presença de etanol na pluma de contaminação com os compostos monoaromáticos da gasolina pode ocasionar impactos ambientais na água subterrânea diferentes daqueles observados em regiões de menores índices pluviométricos.

Nos esforços globais para a minimização nas emissões de gases do efeito estufa e redução da pegada de carbono, combustíveis renováveis têm sido extensivamente utilizados em substituição aos combustíveis fósseis nos motores de combustão interna. Particularmente para geração de energia elétrica local, motores diesel são os mais utilizados devido à elevada eficiência térmica e a robustez, se comparado a motores de ignição por centelha. Entretanto, estes sistemas apresentam elevados níveis de emissões de óxido de nitrogênio (NOx) e material particulado, trazendo sérias consequências para o meio ambiente. Assim, esta pesquisa combina simulação computacional e resultados experimentais da conversão de um motor diesel para a operação com etanol, sendo sua utilização na geração de energia elétrica. Como este combustível renovável é largamente produzido no Brasil utilizando a cana-de-açúcar, acaba por possuir seu custo reduzido em especial próximo à produtores e refinarias. Dados experimentais foram utilizados na validação do modelo computacional unidimensional desenvolvido para a conversão, onde resultados foram analisados para a comparação de ambos combustíveis. Análises econômicas para diferentes condições de carga forneceram informações de custos operacionais em locais próximos às fontes de produção de etanol. Os resultados apontam as vantagens no uso do combustível renovável para a geração de energia elétrica, como o custo reduzido e a menor emissão de NOx ao longo de toda a gama de operação.