Death receptors constitute a subgroup of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily, which are defined by the presence of a signaling domain with six α-helices in the cytoplasmic region that is termed the death domain (13). These receptors function to maintain homeostasis in the immune system by eliminating autoreactive cells, antigen-reactive T cells following an immune response, and virus-infected or malignant cells. In humans, six death receptors have been identified: Fas (also called CD95 and APO-1), TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1; also called TNFRSF1A and CD120a p55-R), DR3 (also called APO3, Wsl-1, TRAMP. and LARD), DR4 (also called TRAIL-R1 and Apo-2), DR5 (also called TRAIL-R2, KILLER, and TRICK2), and DR6 (17, 19). Binding of a death receptor to its ligand initiates a change in the receptor complex, resulting in signaling through a series of protein-protein interactions that culminate in apoptosis (4, 22). Fas binding to its ligand (FasL) leads to the recruitment of the adapter molecule FADD (Fas-associated death domain) through interactions of the death domains in Fas and FADD. FADD contains another region known as the death effector domain (DED). The FADD DED also possesses six α-helices in a folded region similar to the death domains, but it forms distinct contacts only with other DED-containing proteins, whereas death domain-containing proteins interact chiefly with other death domain-containing adapter proteins. Once FADD is recruited to Fas, its DED binds to the DEDs in the prodomain of caspase-8 or caspase-10 (1, 28). The complex containing Fas, FADD, and caspase-8 or caspase-10 is termed the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC). Recruitment of caspase-8 or caspase-10 into the DISC results in autocatalytic cleavage of the caspase into its active subunits and subsequent cleavage and activation of substrates, including other caspases, ultimately leading to apoptosis (15, 16). FADD also serves as an adapter molecule in other death receptor pathways (3, 5, 9, 10, 12, 24). Hence, death receptors may all work by a common mechanism involving recruitment of DED-containing caspases to form an active signaling complex. Apoptosis affords the host a defense mechanism to eliminate virus-infected cells. This must have proven sufficiently effective, because viruses in turn evolved mechanisms to interfere with host apoptosis pathways. A family of proteins known as the viral FLICE-inhibitory proteins (v-FLIPs) inhibit the signaling pathways in death receptor-induced apoptosis. These include the molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) MC159 protein, the equine herpesvirus 2 (EHV-2) E8 protein, and the bovine herpesvirus E2 protein (2, 25). v-FLIPs block apoptosis induced through the Fas, TNFR1, DR3, DR4, and DR5 pathways. Apoptosis inhibition by the v-FLIPs stems from their two DEDs that can interact with the DEDs of FADD and caspase-8 (2, 11, 25, 27). The MCV MC159 protein is present in a complex with Fas when the receptor is activated (21). The EHV-2 E8 protein can be recruited to the DISC and may prevent activation of caspase-8 by blocking its recruitment to the DISC (25). v-FLIPs also inhibit formation of a cytoplasmic structure termed the death effector filament (18, 23). High-level expression of FADD or the prodomain of caspase-8 in cells results in their oligomerization as death effector filaments that recruit and activate caspases. Coexpression of v-FLIPs with FADD or the prodomain of caspase-8 blocks death effector filament formation and subsequent apoptosis. Despite these correlations, the precise inhibitory mechanism of v-FLIP, especially MC159, in the Fas signaling complex is unknown. The MC159 v-FLIP protein contains a six-amino-acid N-terminal sequence followed by a 74-amino-acid DED, a 14-amino-acid linker region, an 83-amino-acid DED, and a 64-amino-acid carboxy-terminal tail. An RXDL motif, conserved among other DED-containing proteins, is present at the carboxy end of each DED. MC159 DEDs are homologous to other DED-containing proteins, including FADD. Alignment of the MC159 DED sequences onto the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-determined structure of the FADD DED suggests that each MC159 DED consists of six α-helices and contains a highly conserved hydrophobic patch on its surface (6). The role that each of these protein motifs might play in apoptosis inhibition has not yet been defined. Based on prior studies, v-FLIP is thought to prevent apoptosis by binding to FADD and caspase-8 (2, 21, 25, 26). In order to identify functionally important regions of MC159, we constructed a series of mutations in which charged amino acids were changed to alanines. Since charged amino acids are often on the surface of proteins, they are likely to participate in protein-protein interactions. Surprisingly, we found that the majority of the MC159 mutants that lost the ability to block apoptosis induced by Fas, TNF, and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) still bound FADD and caspase-8. The predicted hydrophobic patch 1 and α2 regions were important for FADD and caspase-8 binding. We also found that the conserved RXDL motif within the predicted α6 region is critical for protection from apoptosis and for inhibition of death effector filament formation.