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This paper aims to investigate the magnitude of minimum blank holder gap to prevent wrinkles and cracks defects of the rectangular cup with T4 material Tin Plate CA. Punch-die domensions are determined based on the standard tool designed. The methods of this research are an analytic, finite element (FE), and experimental approach, respectively. Each method in this study had been mutually compared to other methods. According to the research, minimum blank holder gap is recommended by 120% to 130% of the thickness of the initial material (about 0.24 A· 0.26 mm). By using the value of this gap, the height of wrinkles is very small, and the magnitude of the drawing force is still below the critical limit, so the product does not occur wrinkles and cracks.

O objetivo do artigo é discutir os novos paradigmas da intervenção do estado na economia e a interação entre o público e privado no Estado Moderno. O trabalho será abordado a partir de um caso concreto: o controle de preços da gasolina pela Petróleo Brasileiro S/A (Petrobrás). Será proposto uma leitura crítica dos limites, descritivos e normativos, da complexa interação público-privado, existente na Sociedades de economia mista. Com intertextualidade e interdisciplinaridade será possível compreender a relação da Petrobrás com a intervenção do Estado no domínio econômico e a existência de um novo paradigma institucional apto a concretizar o desenvolvimento socioeconômico previsto na CF/88

a b s t r a c t This study investigated the effects of packaging on physicochemical properties, bioactive components (anthocyanins, ascorbic acid and b-carotene) and shelf life of pomegranate arils (cvs. Arakta, Bahgwa and Ruby) obtained from fruit stored for a long-term (between 10 and 14 weeks). Headspace-volume-to-mass ratio of packaged arils had a significant impact on gas composition inside the packages, O2 concentrations was not below the critical limit (2%). Arils weight loss did not exceed 0.2%, while juice leakage ranged from 0.17 to 4.17 mL 100 g � 1 across all treatments. Physicochemical parameters were not significantly affected by packaging. However, there were significant differences in bioactive component amongst the cultivars, with cv. Bahgwa having the highest level of anthocyanin (112.50 mg L � 1 ) and b-carotene (6.20 mg L � 1 ). Based on visual quality and development of

Crystal structure and basic magnetic properties of the compounds RE(Mn,In)2 (RE = Ho, Tm, Er) were investigated. X-ray powder diffraction revealed the MgZn2-type of structure, space group P63/mmc, a = 5.691(1), c = 9.265(2) A for HoMn1.25In0.75, and a = 5.607(1), c = 9.176(2) A, for TmMn1.26In0.74; MgCu2-type, space group Fd 3 ¯ m; a = 7.556(1) A for ErMn1.85In0.15. The positions of the Mg atoms in the Laves phase structures are occupied by rare-earth atoms, and the positions of the small atoms (Cu or Zn) are occupied by a statistical mixture of Mn and In atoms. The unit cell expands by the In substitution, and crossing the critical limit for the Mn–Mn spacing can allow the formation of Mn moments. This can contribute to the magnetic randomness and presumably glassy behaviour.

Being a member of the EU, today the Czech Republic is not entirely dependent on domestic production of food and farming commodities. Since borders inside the EU are open, particular commodities can flow without any tariff measures. But food self-sufficiency belongs to internal factors of national security and therefore it deserves sufficient attention. The aim of this article is to evaluate, based on an analysis, the self-sufficiency rate of the Czech Republic and Poland in selected commodities of crop production between marketing years 2000/2001-2009/2010, with special attention to the most important and cultivated commodities - basic cereals, oilseeds, corn and potatoes. Based on analyses of self-sufficiency rate it can be concluded, that both countries can be considered as stabilised with restpect to rate of self-sufficency of selected crops - none of the presented groups falls under 80%. For most described commodities the trend of self-sufficiency rate in the Czech Republic and Poland is stabilised or growing. Only production of potatoes is coming close to critical treshhold in CZ, therefore national strategies should be put in place to maintain the self-sufficiency rate above the critical limit. After an analysis of internation trade it can be concluded that the Czech Republic is specialised exporter of not-processed commodities but country significantly falls behind Poland in competitiveness of processing of commodities.

The present study entitled "Georeferenced Status of cobalt in soils ofYavatmal district of Maharashtra" was conducted during 2012-13 at Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Dr. PDKV, Akola with objective to assess the cobaltstatus in soils of Yavatmal district and to study relationship of cobalt with soil properties and preparation of GIS based soil fertility maps of micronutrients. In the Yavatmal district, the cobalt ranged 0.02-1.80 mg kg -1 . Based on critical limit of cobalt (0.25mg kg -1 ) the deficiency was noticed 61.97 percent. The nutrient indices of DTPA-Co were 1.67 respectively. DTPA-cobalt showed negative and significant correlation with soil pH (-0.142**).The calcium carbonate content of soil showed negative and significant correlation with DPTA-cobalt (r=-0.104*). It could be concluded that, in Yavatmal district the soils were found deficient in cobalt (61.97%).

We compared Pb concentration in human milk from 37 mothers living in a neighborhood of tin-ore smelters to that from 45 mothers living in a fishing community. The median breast-milk-Pb (BM-Pb) concentration was significantly (p = 0.0000001) higher (11.3 μg L(-1); ≤0.96-29.4 μg L(-1)) in mothers living in the vicinity of smelters than that of rural mothers (1.9 μg L(-1); ≤0.96-20.0 μg L(-1)). These mothers also showed a statistically significant correlation between length of residence and BM-Pb concentration (Spearman r = 0.6864; p0.0001). The estimated median exposure (for infants6 months) was 3.0 μg kg(-1) b.w. for rural infants compared to 7.5 μg kg(-1) b.w. for infants in the vicinity of metal smelters. Overall, most BM-Pb concentrations (79 %) in the metal smelter area were above the critical limit of 5.0 μg L(-1) set by the WHO.

The regular patterns of initiation and show of acoustic emission memory effect in a composite are experimentally obtained from tests on cloth laminate. The authors illustrate the capacity of cloth laminate as an absolute sensitive stress-to-acoustic emission converter. The designed and tested in-hole sensor enclosing this converter indicates when incremental stress surpasses a pre-assigned critical limit.

Microfracture (MFX) is a cartilage repair technique that depends on cell migration from marrow-rich trabecular bone cavities into the cartilage lesion. This study tested the hypothesis that MFX awls with distinct geometry generate different hole shapes and variable bone marrow access in condyles with Grade III to IV lesions. Lateral and medial condyles from total knee arthroplasty ( N = 24 male and female patients, 66 ± 9 years) were systematically microfractured ex vivo to 2 and 4 mm deep and the bone holes analyzed by micro-computed tomography. Subchondral bone in lesional condyles showed different degrees of sclerosis up to 2 mm deep (“porous,” sclerotic, extremely dense). MFX holes ranged from 1.1 to 2.0 mm in diameter, and retained the awl shape with evidence of slight bone elastic rebound and bone compaction lining the holes that were increased by wider awl diameter and deeper MFX. Marrow access was significantly diminished by sclerosis for all three awls, with an average marrow access varying from 70% (nonlesional bone) to 40% (extremely dense bone). This study revealed that subchondral bone sclerosis can reach a critical limit beyond which MFX creates bone compaction and fissures instead of marrow access.

This chapter provides a synoptic view of the distribution, conservation and importance of the connectivity of coastal wetlands of central Chile. For this, a methodology was developed to identify coastal wetlands present in central Chile (30 °S and 41 °40’S), through the analysis of 13 multispectral images Landsat ETM + for the spring-summer seasons of 2000 and 2001. Furthermore, we analyzed the degree in which the identified wetlands are contained within the Chilean protected area network, and carried out a connectivity analysis using graph theory. This analysis, despite being preliminary, allow us to draw a number of simple conclusions, of great importance for the management and protection of these ecosystems. On one hand, the latitudinal tendencies in distribution and area of these ecosystems suggest that their average number and extension increase in the north-south direction, and that the degree of protection these sites have is relatively acceptable, but that this would greatly increase if the Priority Sites were included in the analysis. On the other hand, the connectivity analysis suggests that those organisms whose movement distances are below 10–20 km, perceive the landscape as highly fragmented and slightly heterogeneous. Finally, the analysis of the contribution of different coastal wetlands to the connectivity of the system allows us to highlight that, in general, most of the wetlands are important for maintaining connectivity of species with movement capacity below the critical limit of 10–20 km.

Stress intensity factor (K) is the measure of severity of stress at the crack tip. When K exceeds the critical limit (i.e., the material fracture toughness), the crack grows. K is valid in brittle materials (LEFM) and to some extent in ductile materials also provided there is small scale yielding (SSY) at the crack tip. The paper reviews the numerical methodology to obtain KI of ductile, Mode I cracked, CT and SENB test specimens in LEFM and SSY regimes with the help of J integral method. The numerical values are successfully compared with the theoretical values.

Polymenorrhea is a hormonal disorder by the age of the corpus luteum shortenedso that the menstrual cycle becomes shorter. IUD (Intra Uterine Device) or is atool made of smooth plastic metal usually copper or copper salts made in variousforms. How it works is as follows when IUD is located in the womb there was achange in indometrium resulting in damage (lysis) of spermatozoa that canfertilize the ovum. This procedure will affect the menstrual cycle of woman whichis called polymenorrhea.This study aimed to determine the effect of the use of IUD on the incidence ofpolymenorrhea in women of childbearing age.This type of research isanalytic, research with cross sectional approach. Results:The results of the study showed that IUD users as many as 18 people (60%),while the womans who do not used IUD or have history of using IUD as many as12 peoples (40%). IUD users who experienced polymenorrhea were 4 peoples(13.3%) It can be concluded that there was no influence between the use of IUDwith the incidence polymenorrhea. The respondents with a significance level usedis 95% then the critical limit of 0.05, while the result p = 0.079.Keywords: IUD, polymenorrhea, Women of childbearing age.

The purpose of this study was to apply in the HACCP(Hazard Analysis Critical control) system of liquefied coffee and sikhe. The establishment of Critical limit during sterilization processing was measured by sterilization temperature and sterilization time for 30 days from April 1∼30, 2012, and it was conducted at P company in Jincheon (Chungcheongbuk-do), korea. As a result, microbial(coliform, bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens and yeast & mold) of sikhe and liquefied coffee were detected before sterilization. In contrat, all microbial was not detected to Sikhe(238mL Can, 500mL and 300mL PP, 1.8L PP) after sterilization (15±1, 35±1 and 45±1 mins at 121±1℃, respectively) and Liquefied coffee was not detected after sterilization(121±1℃, 20±1 mins). The sterilizer condition for deciding the most temperature and time were 121±1℃, 20±1 mins. In conclusion, the sterilization process would be a great alternative to prevention, decreasing and removing of harmful microorganism, such as general bacteria, coliform and pathogenic bacteria etc. Therefore, the critical limit of sterilization temperature and time for quality control and biosafety was established at 121±1℃, 20±1 mins. And it suggests that HACCP plan is necessary for monitoring method, monitoring cycle, solving method, education, training and record management during sterilization processing.

This research aims to audit foodservice sanitation management practices and to assess microbiological quality of foods and their food contact environments in kindergartens. Sanitation auditing was conducted in 10 kindergartens in Seoul, Gyeonggi, and Incheon areas to assess the levels of safety practices. Results revealed that the surveyed kindergartens scored 41.4 out of 100 points, on average. The average scores of each category were 6.4/11 (58.1%) for facilities sanitation, 4.2/12 (35.0%) for equipment sanitation, 2.4/10 (24.0%) for personal hygiene, 5.1/10 (51.0%) for food ingredients management, 6.0/17 (35.3%) for production process, 5.4/10 (54.0%) for environmental sanitation, 2.0/6 (33.3%) for kitchen utensils sanitation, and 2.2/6 (96.7%) for safety management. Microbiological quality of raw, prepared foods, personal sanitation (hands), environmental sanitation, and drinking water were assessed. Total plate counts (TPC) of the following menus exceeded the critical limit: seasoned leek (5 log CFU/g), cucumber (5.0 log CFU/g), panbroiled fish paste (TNTC at 10 4 ), tangpyeongchae (5.3

본 연구는 볶음김치스프 제조공정중 살균공정의 살균온도와 시간에 대한 한계기준 설정을 위한 목적으로 실시하였다. 살균공정의 한계기준 설정은 경기도 이천시 소재의 P사에서 약 30일 (2012년 5월 1일~30일)동안 살균온도, 살균시간, 관능평가, 보관실험 및 보관 중 pH변화를 측정하였다. 분석결과 살균 전, 일반세균, 대장균군과 내열성 세균수(세균아포수)는 $6.00{\times}10^5$ , $7.50{\times}10^2$ 그리고 $2.75{\times}10^2$ 검출되었다. 그러나 $90{\pm}5^{\circ}C$ 에서 $22{\pm}5min$ 동안 살균한 모든 시료에서는 일반세균, 대장균군, 내열성세균수(세균아포수) 모두 검출되지 않았다. 관능평가 결과는 $90{\pm}5^{\circ}C$ 에서 $22{\pm}5min$ 동안 살균했을 때 가장 맛있는 김치으로써 결정되었다. 결론적으로, 볶음 김치의 살균공정은 유해미생물(일반세균, 대장균군, 내열성세균수)를 예방, 감소 또는 제거할 수 있는 좋은 대안이 될 것이다. 따라서 품지 유지와 생물학적 안전성을 위한 살균 온도와 시간의 한계 기준은 $90{\pm}5^{\circ}C$ 에서 $22{\pm}5$ 분으로 설정하였다. 그리고 HACCP 계획은 살균 공정중 모니터링 방법과 모니터링 주기, 문제 해결 방법, 교육, 훈련, 기록 관리 등을 위하여 필요하여 이를 제안하고자 한다. 【The purpose of this study was to application in the HACCP(Hazard Analysis Critical control) system of fried kimchi soup. The establishment of Critical limit during sterilization processing was measured by sterilization temperature, sterilization time, sensory test, storage test and pH change in storage for 30 days (May 1~30, 2012). Before sterilization, general bacteria, coliform and thermophile bacteria were detected to be $6.00{\times}10^5\;CFU/m{\ell}$ , $7.50{\times}10^2\;CFU/m{\ell}$ and $2.75{\times}10^2\;CFU/m{\ell}$ , respectively. In contrast, all microbial was not detected after sterilization( $90{\pm}5^{\circ}C$ , $22{\pm}5$ mins). The sensory test was decided as the most delicious kimchi according to $90{\pm}5^{\circ}C$ , $22{\pm}5min$ . In conclusion, the sterilization process of fried kimchi soup would be a great alternative to prevention, decreasing and removing of harmful microorganism, such as general bacteria, coliform and thermoduric bacteria etc. Therefore, the critical limit of sterilization temperature and time for quality control and biosafety was established at $90{\pm}5^{\circ}C$ , $22{\pm}5$ mins. And it suggested that HACCP plan was necessary for monitoring method, monitoring cycle, problem solving method, education, training and record management during sterilization processing.】

We have investigated the ability of optical oxygen sensors incorporated in a microplate to determine the respiratory activity of cell fractions. Different cell fractions were monitored, in particular to evaluate the long term functionality of isolated mitochondria. It is possible to continuously sense respiratory activity of isolated mitochondria over time. We found that they are functional for three hours but stop respiring at a critical limit of 20% air saturation in the system. Furthermore, inhibition and enhancement of respiratory activity were detected. In conclusion, oxygen sensors are a powerful tool to evaluate the functionality of isolated mitochondria.

Brute force Monte Carlo simulation methods can, in principle, be used to calculate accurately the reliability of complicated structural systems, but the computational burden may be prohibitive. A new Monte Carlo based method for estimating system reliability that aims at reducing the computational cost is therefore proposed. It exploits the regularity of tail probabilities to set up an approximation procedure for the prediction of the far tail failure probabilities based on the estimates of the failure probabilities obtained by Monte Carlo simulation at more moderate levels. In this paper, the usefulness and accuracy of the estimation method is illustrated by application to a particular example of a structure with several thousand potentially critical limit state functions. The effect of varying the correlation of the load components is also investigated.

Die bisherigen Ansatze zur Bemessung einer Betonkonstruktion auf ihre Lebensdauer betrachten das Ende der Einleitungsphase (Depassivierung der Bewehrung) als kritischen Grenzzustand. Wesentlich besser ware es, die eintretende Schadigung, also bei Bewehrungskorrosion den Zeitpunkt der Rissbildung, als Grenzzustand heranzuziehen. Dies ist bisher jedoch nicht moglich, weil die Zeitspanne zwischen dem Ende der Einleitungsphase und der Erstrissbildung unbekannt ist. Die Losung dieses offenen Problems ist von zentraler Bedeutung, da die unbekannte Zeitspanne zwischen wenigen Monaten und Jahrzehnten betragen kann und im letzteren Fall eine aufwendige Bemessung auf Basis des Grenzzustands Depassivierung der Bewehrung obsolet ist. Vor diesem Hintergrund setzt sich der vorliegende Beitrag mit der Schadigungsphase, also mit den Prozessen nach Ende der Einleitungsphase und der Rissbildung infolge der Bewehrungskorrosion, auseinander. Es werden die Ergebnisse einer umfangreichen wissenschaftlichen Untersuchung zusammengefasst. Sie ermoglichten die Entwicklung eines Modells, mit dessen Hilfe fur unterschiedliche Einwirkungen und betontechnische Randbedingungen die Zeitspanne zwischen der Depassivierung (Korrosionsbeginn) und dem Schadenseintritt (Risse, Abplatzungen) berechnet werden kann. Des Weiteren gelang es, durch neuartige Versuche und eine spezielle Versuchskonzeption erstmals ein Materialgesetz fur den sich unter Praxisbedingungen bildenden Rost abzuleiten. Cracking due to reinforcement corrosion. Mechanisms and prediction models Current approaches for service life design of concrete structures define the end of the initiation period (depassivation of the reinforcement) as the critical limit state. It would be a significant improvement to specify the occurring damage as a limit state, i. e. the condition when cracking due to reinforcement corrosion appears. However, this is not yet possible since the time interval between the end of the initiation period and the cracking of cover concrete is unknown. The solution of this unsolved problem is of high importance since the unknown time interval may last between few months and decades. The latter could imply that an elaborate service life design based on the limit state depassivation of the reinforcement is obsolete. Against this background the present paper is dealing with the propagation period, i. e. with the processes after the end of the initiation period and the cracking due to reinforcement corrosion. The results of a comprehensive scientific research project are summarized. They allowed for the development of a model which enables to calculate the time interval between depassivation (start of corrosion) and damage occurrence (cracking, spalling) for different exposures and concrete technical conditions. A further successful outcome, which is based on novel experiments and a special test configuration, is the first constitutive law for rust that is formed under practical conditions within the transition zone between the reinforcing steel and concrete.

The current seismic design specification (AISC 341-05) requires that column splices in moment frames, when not made using complete joint penetration (CJP) welds, be designed to develop the flexural strength of the smaller connected column and the shear demand associated with flexural hinging at the top and bottom of a spliced column at a given story. AISC 341-05 assumes that the beam-to-column connection would reach its critical limit state before the column splice does. Estimating seismic demands on column splices involves both ground motion and structural parameters, i.e., it is a high order nonlinear and complex problem. This study presents a Neural Network (NN) model to estimate the seismic demands on column splices in low-, medium-, and high-rise steel moment frames. Nine input parameters and 6 output parameters were used to construct the NN model. The effect of each input parameter on the output parameters (seismic demands on column splices and frame) was investigated through a sensitivity analysis based on the NN model.

Compressive, indirect tensile, and flexural strengths characteristics of natural rubber latex modified concrete (NRLMC) were studied and reported — Part I. In addition, a comparative investigation between normal concrete (NC) and NRLMC, conducted on fire endurance was also presented — Part II. Normal and modified elements containing latex–water ratios within 0–10% were prepared and cured in accordance with the Japan Industrial Standard. Fire endurance capacity was assessed at five temperature levels; ambient temperature (27 °C), 150, 300, 500, and 800 °C. However, elevated heating (800–1300 °C) was further applied for the purpose of monitoring behavior at the verge of disintegration. Specimens were allowed to cool in the oven prior to compressive strength tests until room temperature is attained. Test results indicate that significant mechanical capabilities could be achieved by the inclusion of an appropriate quantity of latex concentrate and proper selection of befitting curing regime. Interestingly, the superiority of NRLMC over NC is maintained even under fire, up to the critical limit of latex-film capability performance.

We present the field measurements of surface ozone (O3) made across the coast in five locations at three stations Poombuhar (11.14° N, 79.9° E), Tranquebar (11° N, 79.9° E) and TR Pattinam (10.46° N, 79.9° E) along the west coast of the Bay of Bengal, India in December 2000 and 2002 and in April 2001 and 2003. Measurements show a higher concentration of surface O3 up to 4.0-6.9 parts per billion by volume (ppbv) at the coastline as compared to the concentration of surface O3 at a distance 20 km inland. The higher coastline O3 concentration is attributed to the short-lived chlorine species with a lifetime of less than 10 minutes generated from the chemical reaction of sea salt particles. Mean O3 concentration decreases inland with distance from the coastline. Furthermore, the greatest difference between the coastline surface O3 concentration and O3 concentration 20 km inland was 4.8-6.4 ppbv, observed at 10 h in the morning, which is related to the morning peak of chlorine molecule (Cl2) concentration. Measurements of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) show concentrations between 4 and 10 ppbv, which are substantially higher than the critical limit of surface O3 production.

There is registered approximately 18 000 ha of intensive vineyards in this time in Czech Republic. The intensive viticulture production is represented by high amount of working operations which are practised by using of mechanization. Frequency of passages by mechanization in interrow of descent is different by single variants of production processes. Their currently number varies about 20-25 per season. The soil compression is the highest in wheels tracked lines and middle of the interrow. If the compaction reaches over the critical limit, it can be this state escorted by weighty incidence (decrease of decree, increasing by power severity by soil cultivation and other). These contributions deal with analysis of soil compression in different areas in the region of the South Moravia. The used methods were undisturbed sample and penetration resistance with using of penetrometer.

This study was conducted to compare the functional movement patterns of female volleyball players from different countries. 34 the women’s volleyball national team athletes from three different countries participated in the study; Turkey (n=9), Azerbaijan (n=16) and Kyrgyzstan (n=9). Functional movement screen of the athletes were determined by the Functional Movement Screen (FMS) test kit. The Kruskal-Wallis H Test was used for multiple comparisons from nonparametric tests in determining the difference between functional movement patterns of national teams. At the end of the study, it was determined that the FMS total scores of the teams were higher than 14 points which were considered as critical limits and there was no statistically significant difference between the FMS total scores of the teams (p

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as perdas de solo provenientes de trechos de estradas de uso florestal inseridas na região de Itaiópolis, Santa Catarina, que apresenta relevo ondulado a fortemente ondulado em dois tipos de solo: Cambissolo Húmico Distrófico típico e Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo Distrófico típico. A erosividade da chuva foi calculada através de pluviogramas e de dados de pluviosidade da empresa Rigesa - Soluções em Embalagens MeadWestvaco; a erosividade do solo foi calculada em função dos resultados de análises, a declividade e comprimento de rampa foram medidos em campo e os fatores C e P, estipulados através da literatura. A hipótese de similaridade entre os valores reais monitorados pelo período de um ano e os valores estimados pela RUSLE foi evidenciada através de análise estatística, que apresentou alta correlação nos tratamentos avaliados e se manteve dentro do limite crítico proposto pela análise, validando, portanto, essa hipótese. The objective of this work was to evaluate the soil losses from a portion of forest roads located in a region with undulated to heavily undulated relief in two types of soil: Humic Cambissoil, typical Dystrophic and Red-Yellow Argissoil, typical Dystrophic. The rainfall erosivity was calculated using rainfall data through the Rigesa Company, the soil erodibility was calculated based on the results of the analyses, the declivity and the slope length were measured in the field, and Factors C and P were estimated from literature. The similarity hypothesis between the real values monitored over a one year period and the estimated values using the RUSLE were evidenced via statistical analyses that presented high correlations in the evaluated treatments, remaining inside the critical limit considered for the analyses, therefore validating the hypothesis.

This research aims to quantify fracture limits of hollow silicon microneedles due to axial and shear forces, and validate their use on human skin. Needle failure due to axial and shear loads may be due to heterogeneous peak stresses within the bulk material. Analytical determination of physical usage limits of microneedles can be misleading, as beam fracture models do not translate well to the micro-scale. In this research, various sizes of hollow silicon microneedles were fabricated. Their point of failure due to fracture was tested via application of axial and shear forces. Axial fracture of 36 gauge silicon microneedles took place at about 740 gram-force. It was determined that the axial force experienced by microneedles during insertion into human cadaver skin, is much lower than this critical limit, and thus needle failure due to breakage can thus be generally attributed to shear forces. Fracture limits of microneedles due to shear forces were quantified; ranging from about 36 gram-force for 36 gauge needles to about 275 gram-force for 33 gauge needles.

This study investigated the available and utilized friction during non-slip gait in level walking, and determined the limit which human starts to walk carefully to adapt to slippery surface. Sixteen floor–footwear-contaminant conditions with different slipperiness (dynamic coefficient of friction, DCOF, from 0.11 to 1.06) were employed. Fifteen harnessed Chinese male performed ten self-paced walking trials in each condition without slips. The utilized friction (COFu) was obtained from the maximum value of shear to normal ground reaction force ratio during the first 25% stance. ANOVA and Tukey tests showed three subsets with similar COFu, and confirmed the hypothesis that the utilized friction drops gradually when the available friction drops below a certain critical limit. Non-linear regression models were applied to the data to determine the COFu to be 0.20 and the limit of available ground friction which human starts to walk carefully to adapt to slippery surface (DCOFlimit) to be 0.41.

Latitudinal comparisons of the Southern Ocean limpet, Nacella concinna, and clam, Laternula elliptica, acclimated to 0.0 degrees C, were used to assess differences in thermal response to two regimes, 0.0, 5.1 to 10.0 degrees C and 2.5, 7.5 to 12.5 degrees C, raised at 5.0 degrees C per week. At each temperature, tissue energy status was measured through a combination of O(2) consumption, intracellular pH, cCO(2), citrate synthase (CS) activity, organic acids (succinate, acetate, propionate), adenylates (ATP, ADP, AMP, ITP, PLA (phospho-L-arginine)) and heart rate. L. elliptica from Signy (60 degrees S) and Rothera (67 degrees S), which experience a similar thermal regime (-2 to +1 degrees C) had the same lethal (7.5-10.0 degrees C), critical (5.1-7.5 degrees C) and pejus (

Preventive lightning protection (PLP) deals with situations, when risk of injury or damage caused by lightning strike is prevented not by primary or secondary lightning protection, but by the information of preventive measures. This paper represents, how an expert system can be used to help decision making to select appropriate measures in preventive protection. The system is used to approximate the relationship between the collected data and the actual risk level, the time after a risk reaches the critical limit, the speed of change of risk. The paper presents an example with different situations where the described method improves the prevention time.

Summary Critical control points (CCPs) were identified in the risk assessment of octopus (Octopus vulgaris) processing and implemented in the hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) plan. In the hazard analysis worksheet the different hazards were identified at each processing stage, whereas in the HACCP plan each CCP is identified and accompanied with the relevant significant hazard, critical limit, monitoring of the CCP and corrective actions. In this work comparison of ISO 22000 analysis with HACCP is carried out over octopus processing and packaging. ISO 22000 Analysis Worksheet was employed for determination of some prerequisite programmes (PrPs). Comparison between the two systems has been carried out using the hazard analysis worksheet. The PrPs are the main difference between the two systems. The incorporation of PrPs in the ISO 22000 made the system more flexible as a smaller number of CCPs was introduced.

Producing energy to supply the demands of our societies is reaching a critical limit. To tackle this issue, there is a slow renaissance of fission reactors and the push to realise fusion reactors. The safe, reliable and optimal performance of fusion and fission plants is dependent on the choice of suitable materials used as components and fuels. As these materials are degraded by their exposure to high temperatures, irradiation and a corrosive environment, it is necessary to address the issue of long term degradation of materials under service exposure in advanced plants. A higher confidence in life-time assessments of these materials requires an understanding of the related physical phenomena on a range of scales from the atomic level of single defect energetics all the way up to macroscopic effects.

SUMMARYObtaining accurate estimates of the metabolizable energy (ME) intake (MEI; MJ/day) of individual grazing ruminants is an important requirement for effective nutritional management and genetic selection of energy efficient ruminants. Diet digestibility and the daily methane production rate (MPR; MJ/day) of ruminants can be closely linked with their MEI, so published data were examined to determine whether MEI could be accurately estimated from digestibility, MPR and other parameters able to be measured on grazing animals. Four modelling approaches were assessed or developed to estimate MEI: (i) a published fixed proportional relationship between the non-metabolizable losses of MPR and urinary energy (UE; MJ/day); (ii) the proportion of energy digestibility (EngDig); (iii) MPR and the ruminal factors that influence the stoichiometric relationships between MPR and MEI; and (iv) the calculated ME arising from rumen fermentation (MEf; MJ/day). Data to develop the models (n=61) were collected across three publications (Paper) where the Paper effect was treated as a random-effect variable. Each of the models (1–4) was challenged with an independent data set (n=19). The inclusion of MEf (P=0·01) to predict MEI [MEI=0·18 (2·03)+3·42 (0·36)×sqrt(MEf) (d.f.=57; residual log likelihood=173·6)] had the lowest mean square error of prediction (MSEP) when challenged with the independent data set; mean bias of −0·42 MJ/day (P

This paper experimentally investigates the effect of time and pressure on the condition of polishing pads and the material removal rate (MRR) of single crystal silicon. It was found that as the pad deteriorates with time, MRR decreases. Surfaces with a required quality can only be achieved before the texture deterioration reaches a critical limit. At a higher pressure, 25 kPa, deterioration is slower, and the effective life of pads and MRR is enhanced.

Background: Accreditation agencies now require clinical laboratories to list critical limits, formulate notification procedures, document critical results, and notify clinicians. The objective of this study has been to perform a retrospective review of our critical value notification procedure and improve it by reaching a consensus with our clinicians. Methods: The main outcome measures were the number of critical values (CVs) reported in our laboratory and the number and rate of CVs if we had applied the universal critical limit list used by the majority and the supercritical limit list. Results: Fifty-four CVs were reported with 660 theoretical CVs and 120 supercritical CVs. The list CV and notification procedure was improved according to expert opinion. Conclusion: Every laboratory should have at its disposal a procedure to notify critical results. A consensus should be reached with clinicians to establish a specific list of critical limits according to the type of patient and the timeliness of laboratory tests.

The present paper deals with the failure analysis of an input shaft of skip drive gearbox, which had failed after 13 months of service against an expected life of 15 years. Evidences suggest that the input shaft has failed by stress corrosion cracking (SCC). After initiation at the keyway edges, the cracks have propagated progressively along the circumference of the fillet. Once the cross section of the shaft reduced below the critical limit, it has failed by sudden torsional overload. Investigation revealed that use of improper steel with high amount of MnS was responsible for the SCC.

This paper presents the application of probabilistic techniques to the load capacity assessment of a post-tensioned concrete slab bridge which was built in 1959 outside Copenhagen. The bridge failed to demonstrate the required capacity following a deterministic assessment and as such was deemed to require repair or replacement. Following the Danish Roads Directorates stated policy of performing probabilistic assessment, where deemed beneficial, prior to repairing or replacing, the structure was probabilistically assessed according to the newly developed Danish guideline for Reliability Based Classification of the Load Carrying Capacity of Existing Bridges. The paper presents the techniques employed in modelling the critical limit state, as well as the statistical techniques employed in modelling loads, resistance and associated uncertainties. Ultimately, the structure was shown to have sufficient load carrying capacity and as such the scenario of expensive repairs or replacement was avoided, with significant financial benefits to the bridge owner.

When standing on both feet the mean height of the arch at the tangent to the medial plantar imprint is 5 mm at the age of 4 years. The "critical limit" is approx. 2 mm. The height of the medial longitudinal arch increases each year. The increase is greater at the age of three than at six years, and should be at least 1 mm between the third and fourth years of life. Girls have higher arches than boys of the same age. The medial longitudinal arch is lower in children with superextensible knee joints and hypermobile ankle joints. The talocalcaneonavicular joint becomes more mobile as the height of the medial longitudinal arch increases.

While safety of fasting therapy is debated in humans, extended fasting occurs routinely and safely in wild animals. To do so, food deprived animals like breeding penguins anticipate the critical limit of fasting by resuming feeding. To date, however, no molecular indices of the physiological state that links spontaneous refeeding behaviour with fasting limits had been identified. Blood proteomics and physiological data reveal here that fasting-induced body protein depletion is not unsafe “per se”. Indeed, incubating penguins only abandon their chick/egg to refeed when this state is associated with metabolic defects in glucose homeostasis/fatty acid utilization, insulin production and action, and possible renal dysfunctions. Our data illustrate how the field investigation of “exotic” models can be a unique source of information, with possible biomedical interest.

High-temperature and humidity environment has a serious impact on the military vehicle personnel. The effects of high temperature and humidity on the physiological and psychological effects of personnel were analyzed in this paper. According to the physiological temperature limit, working environment and labor intensity of military vehicle, the temperature safety limit and the critical limit value were proposed. On the basis of the research, the temperature change of military vehicle was studied, and the limit temperature was analyzed, which provides the data and basis for the operation time and safety of military vehicles in hot and humid areas.

The Agricultural Marketing Service (AMS) purchases boneless and ground beef for distribution to recipients through federal nutrition assistance programs, including the National School Lunch Program, which represents 93% of the overall volume. Approximately every 2,000 lb (ca. 907 kg) of boneless beef and 10,000 lb (ca. 4,535 kg) of ground beef are designated a "lot" and tested for Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella, standard plate count organisms (SPCs), E. coli, and coliforms. Any lot of beef positive for E. coli O157:H7 or for Salmonella, or any beef with concentrations of organisms exceeding critical limits for SPCs (100,000 CFU g(-1)), E. coli (500 CFU g(-1)), or coliforms (1,000 CFU g(-1)) is rejected for purchase by AMS and must be diverted from federal nutrition assistance programs. From July 2011 through June 2014, 537,478,212 lb (ca. 243,795,996 kg) of boneless beef and 428,130,984 lb (ca. 194,196,932 kg) of ground beef were produced for federal nutrition assistance programs. Of the 230,359 boneless beef samples collected over this period, 82 (0.04%) were positive for E. coli O157:H7, 924 (0.40%) were positive for Salmonella, 222 (0.10%) exceeded the critical limit for SPCs, 69 (0.03%) exceeded the critical limit for E. coli, and 123 (0.05%) exceeded the critical limit for coliforms. Of the 46,527 ground beef samples collected over this period, 30 (0.06%) were positive for E. coli O157:H7, 360 (0.77%) were positive for Salmonella, 20 (0.04%) exceeded the critical limit for SPCs, 22 (0.05%) exceeded the critical limit for E. coli, and 17 (0.04%) exceeded the critical limit for coliforms. Cumulatively, these data suggest beef produced for the AMS National School Lunch Program is done so under an adequate food safety system, as indicated by the low percentage of lots that were pathogen positive or exceeded critical limits for indicator organisms.

In many cases bioavailability and toxicity of cationic metals in soils is determined by the free metal ion (FMI) activity in soil solution. Recently methods were developed that relate biological effects to FMI activity. The use, validation and further development of such approaches require determination of FMI activities in soil. FMI activity determination is, however, prone to methodological and analytical problems. Therefore we tested two different analytical methods: Cu activity measurement with (1) an ion selective electrode (ISE) and (2) a Donnan Membrane Technique (DMT). In addition we used computational methods to predict copper activity: (1) using speciation models WHAM VI and NICA and (2) using transfer functions (TF) which relate metal partitioning to soil properties. Methods were tested on soils contaminated with Cu by a Cu-Ni smelter. Emphasis was given to the organic horizon because of its importance for soil life and because FMI data for this horizon are lacking. Results show good agreement between Cu activities measured with Cu-ISE and DMT for the high Cu concentration range. The use of ISE method was limited to solutions with total Cu concentrations above 10¿6 mol¿L¿1, below this concentration the method gave unreliable results. The DMT technique was limited by the detection limit of the ICP-MS used (10¿8 mol¿L¿1). Deviation between models (WHAM, NICA, and TF) and measurements are within uncertainties due to different analytical techniques and the spatial variation found in soils.

The present study assessed the stock state of Pacific cod Gadus macrocephalus caught off the coast of southern Hokkaido, Japan. Weight-based yield per recruitment (YPR) and spawning-biomass per recruitment (SPR) analyses were used for this assessment. The current fishing mortality (average from 1998 to 2000) was 0.65 and weight at first capture was 0.5 kg bodyweight. Under these fishing pressures, the YPR of Pacific cod in southern Hokkaido was 1.06 kg/recruitment and percentage of SPR (%SPR) was 6.9%. The %SPR was lower than the critical limit at 20%SPR. The main reason that values of both YPR and %SPR were not optimum, would be that the weight at first capture was too small. Raising the weight at first capture was thought to be a better strategy from the biological viewpoint, and reducing fishing mortality to 0.3 would be the next alternative strategy from the fisheries management viewpoint.

This study examined the proportional seasonal winter adjustments of total and mass-specific basal power (watts and watts g-1, respectively), thermal conductance (watts g-1 degrees C-1), non-shivering thermogenesis capacity (ratio of NST/basal power), body temperature ( degrees C), and body mass (g) of mammals. The responses are best summarized for three different body size classes; small mammals (100 g), intermediate-sized mammals (0.1-10 kg), and large mammals (10 kg). The principal adjustments of the small mammals center on energy conservation, especially the Dehnel Effect, the winter reduction in body size of as much as 50%, accompanied by reductions in mass-specific basal power. On average, these reductions reduce the total basal power approximately in direct proportion to the mass reductions. Reductions in mass-specific basal power are matched by concomitant reductions in conductance to maintain the setpoint body temperature during winter. The overall thermoregulatory adjustments in small mammals serve to (a) lower overall winter power consumption, (b) maintain the setpoint body temperature, and (c) lower the lower critical limit of thermoneutrality and hence thermoregulatory costs. In intermediate-size mammals, the seasonal response is centered more on increasing thermogenic capacity by increasing basal power and NST capacity, accompanied by predictable and large reductions in conductance. The Dehnel effect is negligible. Very large mammals undergo the largest reductions in total and mass-specific basal power and conductance. However, there are too few data to resolve whether the reductions in total basal power can be attributed to the Dehnel effect, because the moderate decreases in body mass may also be caused by nutritional stress. Apart from the seasonal changes in basal power, these observations are consistent with the predictions of Heldmaier's seasonal acclimatization model.

Greenhouse and laboratory studies were undertaken to evaluate the suitability of extractants for determining the boron (B) status of arid soils of Rajasthan (India) using mustard (Brassica juncea L.) as a test crop. Mustard is an important oilseed crop of northern India, which is widely grown in Rajasthan. This crop is sensitive to B deficiency. For predicting response of mustard to B application, several extractants have been tried with variable results. Seven extractants, commonly used for estimating the availability of B, were evaluated and B in soil extract and in plant tissue were assayed using the azomethine-H colorimetric method. The suitability of seven extractants for determining available soil B was assessed by correlating the amount of extractable B in untreated soils with Bray's percent yield, plant tissue B concentration and B uptake by mustard. The results indicate that hot 0.01 M CaCl2 and hot water extracted comparatively more B than other extractants. The amount of B extracted by...

A bacteriological survey for 20 large grocery stores (M 1 to M20) in Korea was investigated for one year. The average detection rate of Esherichia coli was (166/763) for 7 kinds of ready-to-eat food through the year, where each grocery store and each type of food showed different detection rates. Eleven grocery stores showed lower detection rates, while 9 grocery stores showed a higher than average rate. Especially, M3 showed a rate that was twice as high as the average and one which was 7 times higher than M14, which had the lowest rate of E. coli detection. The detection rate for each type of food was: (41/109) for Kimbop, (34/109) for vegetable salad, (21/109) for bean-curd, (20/109) for the cooked materials used in making Kimbop, (19/109) for Hoe (sliced raw fish) and Sushi (Japanese vinegared rice delicacies), and (12/109) for cooked pork hock. During the summer, the E. coli detection rate averaged (71/166), which was twice as high as other seasons. Most (89/100) of the food contacting surfaces contained more than the critical limit of aerobic viable cell counts (AVC). The AVC and coliform count (CC) of 218 meat samples (beef, pork, and chicken) ranged between 4.6-7.1 CFU/g and 1.9-6.4 CFU/g, except for 41 meat samples which were found to contain no coliform. There was a definite correlation between the AVC and CC, and the values of CC made a more accurate straight than the AVC, which are variable. From these results, it is suggested that a detection rating of less than 2.1 CFU/g of CC (correspond to 5.0 CFU/g of AVC) is the critical point of freshness, and a rating of more than 6.3 CFU/g of CC (correspond to 7.0 CFU/g of AVC) can be considered an initial spoilage point.

水工用アスファルト混合物の低温ひび割れ抵抗性を評価する研究の一環として, リング状の拘束体の外周にアスファルト混合物を打設, 転圧した供試体を低温環境下に曝してひび割れを発生させ, アスファルト混合物の材料・配合条件, 拘束条件, 温度履歴条件などがひび割れ発生温度に及ぼす影響を把握するとともに, ひび割れ発生時にアスファルト混合物に作用しているひずみや応力, 粘弾性体から弾性体に移行する転移点温度について検討を行った. また, アコースティックエミッションの測定によりアスファルト混合物に微細ひび割れの発生が開始される温度を把握し, 転移点温度や貫通ひび割れ発生温度との関係, 微細ひび割れの発生メカニズムなどを示した.

Experiment was carried out to evaluate the, efficiency of different iron sources including polyolefin resin coated slow release Fe fertilizer (PRCCFe) and its methods of application on the performance of rice var. Swarna during rainy seasons of 2001 and 2002 under calcareous soil at Research Farm, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India. The pots were filled with 10 kg calcareous soil having high CaCO3 (36.32%) and low iron contents (1.45 pp—less than critical limit). The experimental treatments comprised five iron sources (NPK + 100% pyrite, NPK + 100% polyolefin resin coated slow release Fe (PRCSRFe), NPK + 50% pyrite + 50% PRCSRFe, NPK + 75% pyrite + 25% PCRSRFe, and NPK + 25% pyrite + 75% PCRSRFe and two methods of application (uniform and co-situs) including one control (NPK only). These 11 treatment combinations were laid out in Completely Randomized Block Design (CRBD) replicated thrice. The two methods of iron application did not differ significantly ...