180 results on '"Community members"'
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152. Resisting and challenging stigma in Uganda: the role of support groups of people living with HIV
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Stangl, Anne L, Grossman, Cynthia I, Sidibé, Michel, Goosby, Eric P, Katz, Ingrid T, Ryu, Annemarie E, Onuegbu, Afiachukwu G, Psaros, Christina, Weiser, Sheri D, Bangsberg, David R, Tsai, Alexander C, Lloyd, Jennifer K, Brady, Laura M, Holland, Claire E, Baral, Stefan, Mburu, Gitau, Ram, Mala, Skovdal, Morten, Bitira, David, Hodgson, Ian, Mwai, Grace W, Stegling, Christine, Seeley, Janet, Jain, Aparna, Nuankaew, Ratana, Mongkholwiboolphol, Nungruthai, Banpabuth, Arunee, Tuvinun, Rachada, Ayuthaya, Pakprim Oranop na, Richter, Kerry, Li, Li, Lin, Chunqing, Guan, Jihui, Wu, Zunyou, Varas-Díaz, Nelson, Neilands, Torsten B, Cintrón-Bou, Francheska, Marzán-Rodríguez, Melissa, Santos-Figueroa, Axel, Santiago-Negrón, Salvador, Marques, Domingo, Rodríguez-Madera, Sheilla, Nyblade, Laura, Benkirane, Manal, Lohiniva, Anna-Leena, McLean, Roger, Turan, Janet M, Kwena, Zachary, Thomas, Wendell, Gruskin, Sofia, Safreed-Harmon, Kelly, Ezer, Tamar, Gathumbi, Anne, Cohen, Jonathan, Kameri-Mbote, Patricia, Ekstrand, Maria L, Ramakrishna, Jayashree, Bharat, Shalini, Heylen, Elsa, Berkley-Patton, Jannette Y, Moore, Erin, Berman, Marcie, Simon, Stephen D, Thompson, Carole Bowe, Schleicher, Thomas, Hawes, Starlyn M, Christensen, John L, Miller, Lynn Carol, Appleby, Paul Robert, Corsbie-Massay, Charisse, Godoy, Carlos Gustavo, Marsella, Stacy C, Read, Stephen J, Risher, Kathryn, Adams, Darrin, Sithole, Bhekie, Ketende, Sosthenes, Kennedy, Caitlin, Mnisi, Zandile, Mabusa, Xolile, Baral, Stefan D, Lim, Travis, Zelaya, Carla, Latkin, Carl, Quan, Vu Minh, Frangakis, Constantine, Ha, Tran Viet, Le Minh, Nguyen, Go, Vivian, Stangl, Anne L, and Grossman, Cynthia I
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Pediatric AIDS ,and promotion of well-being ,poverty ,Review Article ,Substance Misuse ,7.1 Individual care needs ,systematic review ,health facilities ,HIV intervention ,Medicine ,Uganda ,adherence ,implementation ,intervention ,Hiv stigma ,Pediatric ,evaluation ,public health ,injection drug users ,shame ,Health Services ,church members ,community members ,Thailand ,Supplement 2 ,HIV testing ,Global action to reduce HIV stigma and discrimination ,AIDS ,Mental Health ,Infectious Diseases ,Editorial ,combination HIV prevention ,social determinants of health ,African American church ,Public Health and Health Services ,HIV/AIDS ,Infection ,disclosure ,persons who inject drugs ,Research Article ,income inequality ,medicine.medical_specialty ,China ,serious games ,HIV stigma ,programme evaluation ,stigma drivers ,structural HIV prevention ,Clinical Sciences ,India ,Foreword ,reduction ,human rights ,Basic Behavioral and Social Science ,discrimination reduction ,socioeconomic status ,SOLVE ,Clinical Research ,Behavioral and Social Science ,key populations ,faith organizations ,men who have sex with men (MSM) ,MSM ,people living with HIV ,Psychiatry ,interventions ,sexual risk-taking ,HIV-related stigma ,Other Medical and Health Sciences ,business.industry ,healthcare workers ,Prevention ,Puerto Rico ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,HIV ,PLHIV ,sexual stigma ,social support ,Prevention of disease and conditions ,multi-level model ,stigma reduction ,stigma-reduction programmes ,monitoring ,Good Health and Well Being ,Action (philosophy) ,stigma ,GINI coefficient ,Africa ,3.1 Primary prevention interventions to modify behaviours or promote wellbeing ,faith-based settings ,Management of diseases and conditions ,Reduced Inequalities ,measurement ,business ,Drug Abuse (NIDA only) ,Mind and Body ,discrimination - Abstract
There is no question that the stigma and discrimination associated with HIV and AIDS can be reduced through intervention. The inclusion of stigma and discrimination reduction as a critical component of achieving an AIDS-free generation in recent UNAIDS, UN and PEPFAR political initiatives is promising. Yet national governments need evidence on effective interventions at the individual, community and societal levels in order to strategically incorporate stigma and discrimination reduction into national AIDS plans. Currently, the heterogeneity of stigma and discrimination reduction approaches and measurement makes it challenging to compare and contrast evaluated interventions. Moving forward, it is critical for the research community to: (1) clearly link intervention activities to the domains of stigma to be shifted; (2) assess the stigma domains in a consistent manner; and (3) link stigma and discrimination reduction with HIV prevention, care and treatment outcomes (e.g., uptake, adherence and retention of ART). These steps would further advance the scientific evidence base of stigma and discrimination reduction and allow for the identification of effective interventions that could be scaled up by national governments., Introduction Adherence to HIV antiretroviral therapy (ART) is a critical determinant of HIV-1 RNA viral suppression and health outcomes. It is generally accepted that HIV-related stigma is correlated with factors that may undermine ART adherence, but its relationship with ART adherence itself is not well established. We therefore undertook this review to systematically assess the relationship between HIV-related stigma and ART adherence. Methods We searched nine electronic databases for published and unpublished literature, with no language restrictions. First we screened the titles and abstracts for studies that potentially contained data on ART adherence. Then we reviewed the full text of these studies to identify articles that reported data on the relationship between ART adherence and either HIV-related stigma or serostatus disclosure. We used the method of meta-synthesis to summarize the findings from the qualitative studies. Results Our search protocol yielded 14,854 initial records. After eliminating duplicates and screening the titles and abstracts, we retrieved the full text of 960 journal articles, dissertations and unpublished conference abstracts for review. We included 75 studies conducted among 26,715 HIV-positive persons living in 32 countries worldwide, with less representation of work from Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Among the 34 qualitative studies, our meta-synthesis identified five distinct third-order labels through an inductive process that we categorized as themes and organized in a conceptual model spanning intrapersonal, interpersonal and structural levels. HIV-related stigma undermined ART adherence by compromising general psychological processes, such as adaptive coping and social support. We also identified psychological processes specific to HIV-positive persons driven by predominant stigmatizing attitudes and which undermined adherence, such as internalized stigma and concealment. Adaptive coping and social support were critical determinants of participants’ ability to overcome the structural and economic barriers associated with poverty in order to successfully adhere to ART. Among the 41 quantitative studies, 24 of 33 cross-sectional studies (71%) reported a positive finding between HIV stigma and ART non-adherence, while 6 of 7 longitudinal studies (86%) reported a null finding (Pearson's χ 2=7.7; p=0.005). Conclusions We found that HIV-related stigma compromised participants’ abilities to successfully adhere to ART. Interventions to reduce stigma should target multiple levels of influence (intrapersonal, interpersonal and structural) in order to have maximum effectiveness on improving ART adherence., Introduction HIV-related stigma and discrimination continue to hamper efforts to prevent new infections and engage people in HIV treatment, care and support programmes. The identification of effective interventions to reduce stigma and discrimination that can be integrated into national responses is crucial to the success of the global AIDS response. Methods We conducted a systematic review of studies and reports that assessed the effectiveness of interventions to reduce HIV stigma and discrimination between 1 January 2002 and 1 March 2013. Databases searched for peer-reviewed articles included PubMed, Scopus, EBSCO Host –CINAHL Plus, Psycinfo, Ovid, Sociofile and Popline. Reports were obtained from the www.HIVAIDSClearinghouse.eu, USAID Development Experience Clearinghouse, UNESCO HIV and AIDS Education Clearinghouse, Google, WHO and UNAIDS. Ancestry searches for articles included in the systematic review were also conducted. Studies of any design that sought to reduce stigma as a primary or secondary objective and included pre- and post-intervention measures of stigma were included. Results Of 2368 peer-reviewed articles and reports identified, 48 were included in our review representing 14 different target populations in 28 countries. The majority of interventions utilized two or more strategies to reduce stigma and discrimination, and ten included structural or biomedical components. However, most interventions targeted a single socio-ecological level and a single domain of stigma. Outcome measures lacked uniformity and validity, making both interpretation and comparison of study results difficult. While the majority of studies were effective at reducing the aspects of stigma they measured, none assessed the influence of stigma or discrimination reduction on HIV-related health outcomes. Conclusions Our review revealed considerable progress in the stigma-reduction field. However, critical challenges and gaps remain which are impeding the identification of effective stigma-reduction strategies that can be implemented by national governments on a larger scale. The development, validation, and consistent use of globally relevant scales of stigma and discrimination are a critical next step for advancing the field of research in this area. Studies comparing the effectiveness of different stigma-reduction strategies and studies assessing the influence of stigma reduction on key behavioural and biomedical outcomes are also needed to maximize biomedical prevention efforts., Introduction Global scale up of antiretroviral therapy is changing the context of HIV-related stigma. However, stigma remains an ongoing concern in many countries. Groups of people living with HIV can contribute to the reduction of stigma. However, the pathways through which they do so are not well understood. Methods This paper utilizes data from a qualitative study exploring the impact of networked groups of people living with HIV in Jinja and Mbale districts of Uganda. Participants were people living with HIV (n=40), members of their households (n=10) and their health service providers (n=15). Data were collected via interviews and focus group discussions in 2010, and analyzed inductively to extract key themes related to the approaches and outcomes of the groups’ anti-stigma activities. Results Study participants reported that HIV stigma in their communities had declined as a result of the collective activities of groups of people living with HIV. However, they believed that stigma remained an ongoing challenge. Gender, family relationships, social and economic factors emerged as important drivers of stigma. Challenging stigma collectively transcended individual experiences and united people living with HIV in a process of social renegotiation to achieve change. Groups of people living with HIV provided peer support and improved the confidence of their members, which ultimately reduced self-stigma and improved their ability to deal with external stigma when it was encountered. Conclusions Antiretroviral therapy and group-based approaches in the delivery of HIV services are opening up new avenues for the collective participation of people living with HIV to challenge HIV stigma and act as agents of social change. Interventions for reducing HIV stigma should be expanded beyond those that aim to increase the resilience and coping mechanisms of individuals, to those that build the capacity of groups to collectively cope with and challenge HIV stigma. Such interventions should be gender sensitive and should respond to contextual social, economic and structural factors that drive stigma., Introduction HIV stigma and discrimination are major issues affecting people living with HIV in their everyday lives. In Thailand, a project was implemented to address HIV stigma and discrimination within communities with four activities: (1) monthly banking days; (2) HIV campaigns; (3) information, education and communication (IEC) materials and (4) “Funfairs.” This study evaluates the effect of project interventions on reducing community-level HIV stigma. Methods A repeated cross-sectional design was developed to measure changes in HIV knowledge and HIV-related stigma domains among community members exposed to the project. Two cross-sectional surveys were implemented at baseline (respondent n=560) and endline (respondent n=560). T-tests were employed to assess changes on three stigma domains: fear of HIV infection through daily activity, shame associated with having HIV and blame towards people with HIV. Baseline scales were confirmed at endline, and each scale was regressed on demographic characteristics, HIV knowledge and exposure to intervention activities. Results No differences were observed in respondent characteristics at baseline and endline. Significant changes were observed in HIV transmission knowledge, fear of HIV infection and shame associated with having HIV from baseline to endline. Respondents exposed to three specific activities (monthly campaign, Funfair and IEC materials) were less likely to exhibit stigma along the dimensions of fear (3.8 points lower on average compared to respondents exposed to none or only one intervention; 95% CI: −7.3 to −0.3) and shame (4.1 points lower; 95% CI: −7.7 to −0.6), net of demographic controls and baseline levels of stigma. Personally knowing someone with HIV was associated with low fear and shame, and females were less likely to possess attitudes of shame compared to males. Conclusions The multivariate linear models suggest that a combination of three interventions was critical in shifting community-level stigma – monthly campaign, Funfair and IEC materials. This is especially important given Thailand's new national AIDS strategy to reduce HIV-related stigma and discrimination by half by 2016. Knowing which interventions to invest in for HIV stigma reduction is crucial for country-wide expansion and scale-up of intervention activities., Introduction Globally, HIV-related stigma is prevalent in healthcare settings and is a major barrier to HIV prevention and treatment adherence. Some intervention studies have showed encouraging outcomes, but a gap continues to exist between what is known and what is actually delivered in medical settings to reduce HIV-related stigma. Methods This article describes the process of implementing a stigma reduction intervention trial that involved 1760 service providers in 40 hospitals in China. Guided by Diffusion of Innovation theory, the intervention identified and trained about 15–20% providers as popular opinion leaders (POLs) to disseminate stigma reduction messages in each intervention hospital. The intervention also engaged governmental support in the provision of universal precaution supplies to all participating hospitals in the trial. The frequency of message diffusion and reception, perceived improvement in universal precaution practices and reduction in the level of stigma in hospitals were measured at 6- and 12-month follow-up assessments. Results Within the intervention hospitals, POL providers reported more frequent discussions with their co-workers regarding universal precaution principles, equal treatment of patients, provider-patient relationships and reducing HIV-related stigma. Service providers in the intervention hospitals reported more desirable intervention outcomes than providers in the control hospitals. Our evaluation revealed that the POL model is compatible with the target population, and that the unique intervention entry point of enhancing universal precaution and occupational safety was the key to improved acceptance by service providers. The involvement of health authorities in supporting occupational safety was an important element for sustainability. Conclusions This report focuses on explaining the elements of our intervention rather than its outcomes. Lessons learned from the intervention implementation will enrich the development of future programs that integrate this or other intervention models into routine medical practice, with the aim of reducing HIV-related stigma and improving HIV testing, treatment and care in medical settings., Introduction Stigma associated with HIV has been documented as a barrier for accessing quality health-related services. When the stigma manifests in the healthcare setting, people living with HIV receive substandard services or even be denied care altogether. Although the consequences of HIV stigma have been documented extensively, efforts to reduce these negative attitudes have been scarce. Interventions to reduce HIV stigma should be implemented as part of the formal training of future healthcare professionals. The interventions that have been tested with healthcare professionals and published have several limitations that must be surpassed (i.e., lack of comparison groups in research designs and longitudinal follow-up data). Furthermore, Latino healthcare professionals have been absent from these intervention efforts even though the epidemic has affected this population disproportionately. Methods In this article, we describe an intervention developed to reduce HIV stigma among medical students in Puerto Rico. A total of 507 medical students were randomly introduced into our intervention and control conditions. Results The results show statistically significant differences between the intervention and control groups; intervention group participants had lower HIV stigma levels than control participants after the intervention. In addition, differences in HIV stigma levels between the groups were sustained for a 12-month period. Conclusions The results of our study demonstrate the efficacy of the modes of intervention developed by us and serve as a new training tool for future healthcare professionals with regard to stigma reduction., Introduction Within healthcare settings, HIV-related stigma is a recognized barrier to access of HIV prevention and treatment services and yet, few efforts have been made to scale-up stigma reduction programs in service delivery. This is in part due to the lack of a brief, simple, standardized tool for measuring stigma among all levels of health facility staff that works across diverse HIV prevalence, language and healthcare settings. In response, an international consortium led by the Health Policy Project, has developed and field tested a stigma measurement tool for use with health facility staff. Methods Experts participated in a content-development workshop to review an item pool of existing measures, identify gaps and prioritize questions. The resulting questionnaire was field tested in six diverse sites (China, Dominica, Egypt, Kenya, Puerto Rico and St. Christopher & Nevis). Respondents included clinical and non-clinical staff. Questionnaires were self- or interviewer-administered. Analysis of item performance across sites examined both psychometric properties and contextual issues. Results The key outcome of the process was a substantially reduced questionnaire. Eighteen core questions measure three programmatically actionable drivers of stigma within health facilities (worry about HIV transmission, attitudes towards people living with HIV (PLHIV), and health facility environment, including policies), and enacted stigma. The questionnaire also includes one short scale for attitudes towards PLHIV (5-item scale, α = 0.78). Conclusions Stigma-reduction programmes in healthcare facilities are urgently needed to improve the quality of care provided, uphold the human right to healthcare, increase access to health services, and maximize investments in HIV prevention and treatment. This brief, standardized tool will facilitate inclusion of stigma measurement in research studies and in routine facility data collection, allowing for the monitoring of stigma within healthcare facilities and evaluation of stigma-reduction programmes. There is potential for wide use of the tool either as a stand-alone survey or integrated within other studies of health facility staff., Introduction In Kenya, human rights violations have a marked impact on the health of people living with HIV. Integrating legal literacy and legal services into healthcare appears to be an effective strategy to empower vulnerable groups and address underlying determinants of health. Methods We carried out an evaluation to collect evidence about the impact of legal empowerment programmes on health and human rights. The evaluation focused on Open Society Foundation-supported legal integration activities at four sites: the Academic Model of Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH) facility, where the Legal Aid Centre of Eldoret (LACE) operates, in Eldoret; Kenyatta National Hospital's Gender-based Violence Recovery Centre, which hosts the COVAW legal integration program; and Christian Health Association of Kenya (CHAK) facilities in Mombasa and Naivasha. In consultation with the organizations implementing the programs, we designed a conceptual logic model grounded in human rights principles, identified relevant indicators and then coded structure, process and outcome indicators for the rights-related principles they reflect. The evaluation included a resource assessment questionnaire, a review of program records and routine data, and semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions with clients and service providers. Data were collected in May–August 2010 and April–June 2011. Results Clients showed a notable increase in practical knowledge and awareness about how to access legal aid and claim their rights, as well as an enhanced ability to communicate with healthcare providers and to improve their access to healthcare and justice. In turn, providers became more adept at identifying human rights violations and other legal difficulties, which enabled them to give clients basic information about their rights, refer them to legal aid and assist them in accessing needed support. Methodological challenges in evaluating such activities point to the need to strengthen rights-oriented evaluation methods. Conclusions Legal empowerment programmes have the potential to promote accountability, reduce stigma and discrimination and contribute to altering unjust structures and systems. Given their apparent value as a health and human rights intervention, particularly for marginalized populations, further rigorous evaluations are called for to support the scale-up of such programmes., Introduction HIV stigma inflicts hardship and suffering on people living with HIV (PLHIV) and interferes with both prevention and treatment efforts. Health professionals are often named by PLHIV as an important source of stigma. This study was designed to examine rates and drivers of stigma and discrimination among doctors, nurses and ward staff in different urban healthcare settings in high HIV prevalence states in India. Methods This cross-sectional study enrolled 305 doctors, 369 nurses and 346 ward staff in both governmental and non-governmental healthcare settings in Mumbai and Bengaluru, India. The approximately one-hour long interviews focused on knowledge related to HIV transmission, personal and professional experiences with PLHIV, instrumental and symbolic stigma, endorsement of coercive policies, and intent to discriminate in professional and personal situations that involve high and low risk of fluid exposure. Results High levels of stigma were reported by all groups. This included a willingness to prohibit female PLHIV from having children (55 to 80%), endorsement of mandatory testing for female sex workers (94 to 97%) and surgery patients (90 to 99%), and stating that people who acquired HIV through sex or drugs “got what they deserved” (50 to 83%). In addition, 89% of doctors, 88% of nurses and 73% of ward staff stated that they would discriminate against PLHIV in professional situations that involved high likelihood of fluid exposure, and 57% doctors, 40% nurses and 71% ward staff stated that they would do so in low-risk situations as well. Significant and modifiable drivers of stigma and discrimination included having less frequent contact with PLHIV, and a greater number of transmission misconceptions, blame, instrumental and symbolic stigma. Participants in all three groups reported high rates of endorsement of coercive measures and intent to discriminate against PLHIV. Stigma and discrimination were associated with multiple modifiable drivers, which are consistent with previous research, and which need to be targeted in future interventions. Conclusions Stigma reduction intervention programmes targeting healthcare providers in urban India need to address fear of transmission, improve universal precaution skills, and involve PLHIV at all stages of the intervention to reduce symbolic stigma and ensure that relevant patient interaction skills are taught., Introduction The African American church is a highly influential institution with the potential to greatly increase the reach of HIV prevention interventions and address HIV-related stigma in US African American communities. However, there are few studies on HIV-related stigma and African American church populations. This study explored HIV-related stigma among church and community members participating in an HIV education and testing intervention pilot study in African American churches, named Taking It to the Pews. Methods Four African American churches located in Kansas City, MO and KS, were randomized to either intervention or comparison groups. Churches assigned to the intervention group received religiously tailored HIV education, testing and compassion messages/activities (e.g., sermons, brochures/church bulletins, testimonials) via the Taking It to the Pews HIV Tool Kit. Comparison churches received non-religiously tailored HIV information. HIV-related stigma was assessed with 543 church members and with community members served through church outreach services (e.g., food/clothing pantries, social services) in the four churches. Participants completed surveys at baseline, 6 months and 12 months to assess their HIV-related stigma beliefs, exposure to intervention components and satisfaction with the study. Results At baseline, HIV-related stigma beliefs were similar across experimental groups and were quite low. Mean HIV-related stigma scores were not significantly different between experimental groups at 6 months (p=0.92) or at 12 months (p=0.70). However, mean HIV-related stigma scores within both groups showed decreasing trends at six months, which approached significance. Analysis of previously studied HIV-related stigma factors (e.g., age, gender, income, HIV knowledge, religiosity) did not yield changes in the null findings. Intervention group participants were highly exposed to several intervention components (sermons, HIV resource tables, posters, brochures/church bulletins). Overall, participants were highly satisfied with the intervention pilot study. Conclusions African American churches may be well positioned to increase the reach of HIV prevention interventions to church and community members and could serve an important role in addressing HIV-related stigma in their church communities. Future research is needed on measuring HIV-related stigma beliefs and on testing intensive, scalable, religiously tailored HIV interventions to impact HIV-related stigma in African American churches., Introduction Men who have sex with men (MSM) often face socially sanctioned disapproval of sexual deviance from the heterosexual “normal.” Such sexual stigma can be internalized producing a painful affective state (i.e., shame). Although shame (e.g., addiction) can predict risk-taking (e.g., alcohol abuse), sexual shame's link to sexual risk-taking is unclear. Socially Optimized Learning in Virtual Environments (SOLVE) was designed to reduce MSM's sexual shame, but whether it does so, and if that reduction predicts HIV risk reduction, is unclear. To test if at baseline, MSM's reported past unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) is related to shame; MSM's exposure to SOLVE compared to a wait-list control (WLC) condition reduces MSM's shame; and shame-reduction mediates the link between WLC condition and UAI risk reduction. Methods HIV-negative, self-identified African American, Latino or White MSM, aged 18–24 years, who had had UAI with a non-primary/casual partner in the past three months were recruited for a national online study. Eligible MSM were computer randomized to either WLC or a web-delivered SOLVE. Retained MSM completed baseline measures (e.g., UAI in the past three months; current level of shame) and, in the SOLVE group, viewed at least one level of the game. At the end of the first session, shame was measured again. MSM completed follow-up UAI measures three months later. All data from 921 retained MSM (WLC condition, 484; SOLVE condition, 437) were analyzed, with missing data multiply imputed. Results At baseline, MSM reporting more risky sexual behaviour reported more shame (r s=0.21; p, Introduction Same-sex practices and orientation are both stigmatized and criminalized in many countries across sub-Saharan Africa. This study aimed to assess the relationship of fear of seeking healthcare and disclosure of same-sex practices among a sample of men who have sex with men (MSM) in Swaziland with demographic, socio-economic and behavioural determinants. Methods Three hundred and twenty-three men who reported having had anal sex with a man in the past year were recruited using respondent-driven sampling and administered a structured survey instrument. Asymptotically unbiased estimates of prevalence of stigma and human rights abuses generated using the RDSII estimator are reported with bootstrapped confidence intervals (CIs). Weighted simple and multiple logistic regressions of fear of seeking healthcare and disclosure of same-sex practices to a healthcare provider with demographic, social and behavioural variables are reported. Results Stigma was common, including 61.7% (95% CI=54.0–69.0%) reporting fear of seeking healthcare, 44.1% (95% CI=36.2–51.3%) any enacted stigma and 73.9% (95% CI=67.7–80.1%) any perceived social stigma (family, friends). Ever disclosing sexual practices with other men to healthcare providers was low (25.6%, 95% CI=19.2–32.1%). In multiple logistic regression, fear of seeking healthcare was significantly associated with: having experienced legal discrimination as a result of sexual orientation or practice (aOR=1.9, 95% CI=1.1–3.4), having felt like you wanted to end your life (aOR=2.0, 95% CI=1.2–3.4), having been raped (aOR=11.0, 95% CI=1.4–84.4), finding it very difficult to insist on condom use when a male partner does not want to use a condom (aOR=2.1, 95% CI=1.0–4.1) and having a non-Swazi nationality at birth (aOR=0.18, 95% CI=0.05–0.68). In multiple logistic regression, disclosure of same-sex practices to a healthcare provider was significantly associated with: having completed secondary education or more (aOR=5.1, 95% CI=2.5–10.3), having used a condom with last casual male sexual partner (aOR=2.4, 95% CI=1.0–5.7) and having felt like you wanted to end your life (aOR=2.1, 95% CI=1.2–3.8). Conclusions MSM in Swaziland report high levels of stigma and discrimination. The observed associations can inform structural interventions to increase healthcare seeking and disclosure of sexual practices to healthcare workers, facilitating enhanced behavioural and biomedical HIV-prevention approaches among MSM in Swaziland., Introduction HIV infection may be affected by multiple complex socioeconomic status (SES) factors, especially individual socioeconomic disadvantage and community-level inequality. At the same time, stigma towards HIV and marginalized groups has exacerbated persistent concentrated epidemics among key populations, such as persons who inject drugs (PWID) in Vietnam. Stigma researchers argue that stigma fundamentally depends on the existence of economic power differences in a community. In rapidly growing economies like Vietnam, the increasing gap in income and education levels, as well as an individual's absolute income and education, may create social conditions that facilitate stigma related to injecting drug use and HIV. Methods A cross-sectional baseline survey assessing different types of stigma and key socioeconomic characteristics was administered to 1674 PWID and 1349 community members living in physical proximity throughout the 32 communes in Thai Nguyen province, Vietnam. We created four stigma scales, including HIV-related and drug-related stigma reported by both PWID and community members. We then used ecologic Spearman's correlation, ordinary least-squares regression and multi-level generalized estimating equations to examine community-level inequality associations, individual-level SES associations and multi-level SES associations with different types of stigma, respectively. Results There was little urban–rural difference in stigma among communes. Higher income inequality was marginally associated with drug-related stigma reported by community members (p=0.087), and higher education inequality was significantly associated with higher HIV-related stigma reported by both PWID and community members (p
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153. Juggling Knowledge, Juggling Power: The Role of the Professional Indigenous Activist in San Pablo, Ecuador
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Lloyd, Janet, author
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- 2003
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154. Empowerment of Socio-economic Associations : A Regional Initiative in LRA Affected Areas
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Maier, Elisabeth, Rees Smith, Emilie, and Shakya, Daksha
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INVESTMENT ,INFRASTRUCTURE ,FAMILIES ,BENEFICIARY PARTICIPATION ,JOB OPPORTUNITIES ,TRANSACTION COSTS ,TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ,PHYSICAL ASSETS ,COLLECTIVE ACTIONS ,ASSOCIATIONS ,PILOT PROJECTS ,NEEDS ASSESSMENTS ,SAFETY NETS ,COMMUNITY LEADERS ,COMMUNITY MEMBERS ,HOUSEHOLD WELFARE ,WOMEN ,COOPERATIVE ,COLLATERAL ,TECHNICAL SUPPORT ,DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ,GUARANTEE ,GROUPS ,BANK ,COMMUNITY STRUCTURES ,CONSULTATION ,SOCIAL SERVICES ,LOANS ,TECHNOLOGIES ,BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT ,LESSONS LEARNT ,FARMERS ,INTERESTS ,GENDER DISCRIMINATION ,ORGANIZATIONS ,MINI MARKETS ,ECONOMIC SUPPORT ,STUDENTS ,BORROWER ,NEW BUSINESS ,FINANCE ,CREDIT ASSOCIATIONS ,EDUCATIONAL LEVEL ,COMMUNITY LEADERSHIP ,VULNERABLE WOMEN ,WELFARE ,LESSONS LEARNED ,COOPERATION ,LABOR MARKET ,SAFETY NET ,HOUSEHOLD ,SOCIAL COHESION ,MONITORING & EVALUATION ,LOCAL COMMUNITIES ,GRANT ,INTERNATIONAL COOPERATIVE ALLIANCE ,ASSESSMENTS ,HUMAN RIGHTS ,DISABLED ,PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION ,FINANCIAL SERVICES ,VULNERABLE GROUPS ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,ACCESS TO FINANCE ,FEES ,PHYSICAL CAPITAL ,EMPOWERMENT ,DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE ,ENTREPRENEURS ,ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ,EXCLUSION ,EQUITY INVESTMENT ,CAPITAL ,START-UP ,MICRO-ENTREPRENEURS ,GREATER ACCESS ,SECURITY ,VULNERABLE PEOPLE ,ACCESS TO INFORMATION ,ENTERPRISE ,MICRO CREDIT ,GROUP RULES ,VILLAGES ,KEY ACTORS ,VILLAGE ,INFORMATION ASYMMETRY ,FAMILY ,COMMUNITY ,EDUCATION SYSTEM ,ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES ,INEQUALITIES ,SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ,REVENUE ,HOUSEHOLDS ,EMPLOYEES ,DIVERSIFICATION ,EQUITY ,CAPITAL ASSETS ,BANKS ,CONFIDENCE BUILDING ,AGRICULTURAL SECTOR ,AGRICULTURAL COOPERATIVE ,TRAINING ,MICRO- FINANCE ,UNION ,PARTICIPATION ,BORROWING ,SOCIAL EXCLUSION ,COMMUNITY ACTIVITIES ,LOAN ,CREDIT ,CREDIT FACILITIES ,COMMUNITY PROJECTS ,INTERNATIONAL BANK ,PEOPLE ,MICROFINANCE ,BENEFITS ,ACCESS TO CAPITAL ,LIMITED ACCESS ,COOPERATIVES ,DEVELOPMENT BANK ,NEEDS ASSESSMENT ,MICRO- CREDIT ,INTEREST ,ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA ,NEW MARKETS ,AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES ,SAVINGS MECHANISM ,COMMUNITY DYNAMICS ,ECONOMIES OF SCALE ,SOCIAL CAPITAL ,START-UP CAPITAL ,SAVINGS ,REVENUES ,CAPACITY BUILDING ,DISCRIMINATION ,TRANSACTION COST ,GROUP LEADERSHIP ,GROUP LENDING ,COMMUNITY LIFE ,REFUGEES ,URBAN AREAS ,GENDER ,AGRICULTURAL COOPERATIVES ,SOCIAL NETWORKS ,HUSBANDS ,COMMUNITIES ,ADVISORY SERVICES - Abstract
The lord’s resistance army (LRA) has inflicted enormous suffering on millions of civilians in several countries of the Great Lakes and Central African regions since it began operating in the 1990s in Northern Uganda. In March 2008, after months of intensive efforts by regional and international stakeholders to bring the conflict to an end, representatives of the Government of Uganda and the LRA finalized the final peace agreement. The military operations have significantly reduced the strength and operational capacity of the LRA over the past three years. Despite the relative success of the joint military operations, the group continues to pose a serious security threat to civilians due to the limited capacity of the national security forces in the affected countries. The LRA’s indiscriminate attacks on civilians constitute serious violations of international humanitarian and human rights laws and have caused a serious humanitarian crisis in the affected countries. The main purpose of this paper is to outline the context and rationale for interventions in LRA affected areas, to briefly describe the pilot with its regional dimension, and to present lessons learned as well as recommendations for strengthening design and implementation of support to socio-economic associations in LRA affected areas.
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155. Integrated Intervention Tool : Integration Strategies for Urban Poor Areas and Disadvantaged Communities
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World Bank
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COLLABORATIVE PROJECTS ,LEARNING ACTIVITIES ,POOR HOUSING ,IDEAS ,PARTICIPATION OF LOCAL COMMUNITIES ,CITIES ,DECISION-MAKING ,RURAL DEVELOPMENT ,DESCRIPTION ,INTEREST GROUPS ,TRAINING PROGRAMS ,PROGRAMS ,BEST PRACTICE ,SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE ,BENEFICIARIES ,COMMUNITY MEMBERS ,INCOME ,OUTCOME INDICATORS ,NGO ,TOWNS ,CRIME ,INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ,PROJECT MANAGEMENT ,SHELTERS ,AUDITING ,CONSULTATION ,INHABITANTS ,PROCUREMENT ,SOCIAL SERVICES ,BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT ,IMPACT ASSESSMENT ,INTEGRATION ,INTERVENTION ,INTERVENTIONS ,PA ,PROCUREMENT PROCEDURES ,PROGRAMMING ,SOCIAL INCLUSION ,TRANSPARENCY ,GHETTOS ,SERVICE DELIVERY ,DECISIONMAKING ,DEMOCRACY ,URBAN COMMUNITIES ,MEDIA ,PARTICIPATORY APPROACH ,PARTICIPATORY PROCESSES ,RURAL AREAS ,COMMUNITY BUILDING ,LESSONS LEARNED ,LABOR MARKET ,DECISION MAKING ,HOUSE PRICES ,LOCAL AUTHORITY ,CONTROL GROUPS ,LOCAL COMMUNITIES ,HOUSING CONDITIONS ,COMMUNITY MONITORING ,NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS ,PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION ,EVALUATION ACTIVITIES ,COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT ,SPATIAL PLANNING ,URBAN POPULATION ,INFORMATION CAMPAIGNS ,PARTICIPATORY METHODS ,COLLABORATION ,IMPACT EVALUATION ,AUDITS ,OUTPUT INDICATORS ,FACILITATORS ,COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY ,PROJECT PREPARATION ,NEIGHBORHOODS ,COMMUNITY FACILITATORS ,URBAN POLICY ,LOCAL GOVERNMENTS ,NEIGHBORHOOD ,INSIGHTS ,BEST PRACTICES ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,HOUSEHOLDS ,PARTICIPATORY PROCESS ,VARIETY ,HUMAN RESOURCES ,SOCIAL EXCLUSION ,COMMUNITY ACTIVITIES ,INNOVATIONS ,LEARNING ,LOGIC ,REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT ,DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES ,HOUSING CENSUS ,COMPLEXITY ,HOUSING ,M&E ARRANGEMENTS ,ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA ,INFORMATION EXCHANGE ,QUALITATIVE RESEARCH ,CAPACITY BUILDING ,IDEA ,COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT ,PARTICIPATORY DEVELOPMENT ,URBAN AREAS ,SLUMS ,URBAN DEVELOPMENT ,COMMUNITIES ,GOOD PRACTICE ,INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS ,LOCAL GROUPS - Abstract
For the 2014-2020 programming period, the Government of Romania (GoR) is considering a new approach presented by the European Commission (EC) - community-led local development (CLLD). Through CLLD, empowered communities have the opportunity to directly shape and own the process of local development, during all stages of EU - funded interventions, from concept design through implementation. If Romania ultimately pursues CLLD, the critical task facing the government is to design an optimal implementation framework for the new approach - this is precisely the focus and scope of the current integrated intervention tool (IIT). The preparation of this IIT entailed a number of steps, including extensive field work to define relevant subtypes of urban marginalized communities and to review past experiences with urban integration in Romania. This summary covers multiple sections, in line with the key chapters of the main IIT report. It first reviews CLLD's main features and best practice principles at the EU level. It focuses on Romania, making some recommendations for where CLLD can apply and what it will require in terms of coordinating different sources of funding. It also covers the main six stages of operationalizing CLLD in Romania, as follows: launch: preparations through capacity building and information campaigns; call for expressions of interest regarding the potential submission of local integration strategies (LISs); mobilization of the community for the establishment of local action groups (LAG) and development of LIS by each LAG; selection of strategies to be financed; implementation of LISs approved for financing, including selection and implementation of individual projects under these strategies; and phase-out activities and evaluation.
- Published
- 2013
156. Strengthening Inclusive Ownership through Capacity Development : Operational Lessons from Case Studies
- Author
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Balbo Di Vinadio, Tommaso, Sinha, Priyanka, and Sachdeva, Paramjit
- Subjects
FOCUS GROUPS ,INFORMATION ,SOCIAL ACCOUNTABILITY ,COMMUNICATION ,DECISION-MAKING ,PROCESS ,INTEREST GROUPS ,RELEVANCE ,PRACTICE ,DECISIONS ,STAKEHOLDER PARTICIPATION ,COMMON INTEREST ,PARTICIPATORY PLANNING ,BENEFICIARIES ,COMMUNITY MEMBERS ,CIVIL SOCIETY ,STAKEHOLDERS ,STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT ,DECISION-MAKING PROCESS ,VILLAGE MEETINGS ,AWARENESS RAISING ,OVERSIGHT ,LOCAL CAPACITY ,STAKEHOLDER ,CHANGE MANAGEMENT ,PARTICIPATION MECHANISMS ,PREPARATION ,INCENTIVES ,DISCUSSION TOPIC ,SERVICE PROVIDERS ,CONSULTATION ,ACCESS ,INTEGRATION ,COMMUNITY SCORECARD ,CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATION ,TRANSPARENCY ,PARTNERS ,SERVICE DELIVERY ,INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE ,CBO ,INTERFACE MEETINGS ,DECISIONMAKING ,TEAMWORK ,PARTICIPATORY TECHNIQUES ,COMMUNITY SCORE CARD ,COMMUNITY ACTION ,INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY ,CHANGE AGENTS ,INFORMAL INTERVIEWS ,BUSINESS ASSOCIATIONS ,PARTICIPATORY PROCESSES ,CITIZEN EXPECTATIONS ,OPENNESS ,CONSULTATIONS ,CHANGE PROCESS ,PARTICIPATORY BUDGET ,WORKSHOP ,FOCUS GROUP ,SOCIAL ACCOUNTABILITY INITIATIVE ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,DECISION-MAKING PROCESSES ,INNOVATION STRATEGY ,WEALTH RANKING ,DISCOVERY ,DISCUSSION ,PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION ,MOBILIZATION ,CONSENSUS ,PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION ,DATA ,INNOVATION ,PARTICIPATORY BUDGETING ,QUANTITATIVE DATA ,ACTION LEARNING ,COLLABORATION ,ACCOUNTABILITY RELATIONSHIP ,PARTNERSHIPS ,RELATIONSHIPS ,BELIEFS ,CITIZENSHIP ,FACILITATORS ,INTERVIEWS ,CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT ,OPERATIONAL KNOWLEDGE ,ACCESS TO INFORMATION ,LOCAL GOVERNMENT ,CIVIL SERVANTS ,VILLAGES ,VILLAGE ,BUILDING CONSENSUS ,DECENTRALIZATION ,BEST PRACTICES ,SKILLS ,PUBLIC PARTICIPATION ,COMMUNITY ORGANIZATIONS ,PARTICIPATORY PROCESS ,AWARENESS ,GRANTS ,CONCEPTS ,COMMUNITY DRIVEN DEVELOPMENT ,VARIETY ,PARTICIPATION ,LEARNING ,CITIZEN ENGAGEMENT ,REGIONAL COORDINATION ,MARGINALIZED GROUPS ,GOVERNMENT SERVICE PROVIDERS ,LOGIC ,LOCAL AUTHORITIES ,KNOWLEDGE ,SOCIAL FORCES ,VOICELESS ,EXTERNAL INFORMATION ,PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN ,COMMUNITY MOBILIZATION ,PROCESSES ,CERTIFICATION ,BUDGET PROCESS ,UNDERSTANDING ,WORKSHOPS ,DOCUMENTS ,CORRUPTION ,PROJECT DESIGN ,SURVEY ,CAPACITY BUILDING ,DISCRIMINATION ,OUTREACH ,PUBLIC ACCOUNTABILITY ,PRACTITIONERS ,BUSINESS COMMUNITY ,INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY ,COMMUNITIES ,FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSIONS ,ACCOUNTABILITY - Abstract
Ownership of development goals and priorities by local stakeholders is widely viewed as a critical factor impacting development effectiveness and achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The 2008 Accra Agenda for Action identifies the concept as one of inclusive ownership, involving parliaments, local authorities and civil society organizations (CSOs), as well as governments. The importance and challenges of building such broad-based ownership across society were a key discussion topic at the Fourth High Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness in November 2011 at Busan. This study aims to generate deeper operational knowledge on what can be done to foster inclusive ownership; its initial findings were presented at Busan. This study involves a retrospective review of a small sample of cases. From these cases it is possible to demonstrate that inclusive ownership, when considered in terms of the operational dimensions examined in the study, can improve as a result of strategic capacity development efforts. It also shows how using an analytic lens such as the CDRF, in particular for the assessment of intermediate results of capacity development, helps to deconstruct the change process in a given case and suggest some operational lessons. Further learning is warranted on how inclusive ownership can be fostered through the design and delivery of capacity development initiatives. Collaboration among and across global communities concerned with ownership and capacity development would enable this work to draw on wider development experiences and generate deeper knowledge on how capacity development can support transformative change.
- Published
- 2012
157. Evaluation of the Community Officer Project in Solomon Islands
- Author
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Dinnen, Sinclair and Haley, Nicole
- Subjects
SUBSTANCE ABUSE ,GENDER RELATIONS ,MARITAL RELATIONSHIP ,APPOINTEES ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,RURAL DEVELOPMENT ,DESCRIPTION ,FAMILIES ,YOUNG PEOPLE ,CRIMES ,COMMUNITY LEADERS ,MIGRANTS ,PREMARITAL SEX ,CIVIL SOCIETY ,COMMUNITY MEMBERS ,URBANIZATION ,POLICE OFFICERS ,CRIME ,FEMALE VICTIMS ,SEXUAL ASSAULTS ,FEMALE ,MOTHER ,DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ,HIGH POPULATION GROWTH ,DISEASES ,INVESTIGATIONS ,ASSETS ,TRIAL ,ABUSES ,DRUG ABUSE ,INTERVENTION ,SETTLEMENT ,INTERVENTIONS ,RATE OF GROWTH ,VIOLENCE ,BULLETIN ,LOCAL INSTITUTIONS ,SERVICE DELIVERY ,POLICE FORCE ,YOUTH LEADERS ,PRIME MINISTER ,SELF-HELP ,POLICY DISCUSSIONS ,COMMUNITY RELATIONS ,POLICE OFFICER ,NATIONAL COUNCIL OF WOMEN ,MEDICAL SERVICES ,OFFENDERS ,PEACE ,YOUNG GIRLS ,MALARIA ,RAPE ,ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES ,RURAL AREAS ,FAMILY VIOLENCE ,ADULTERY ,BATTERED WOMEN ,MARRIAGES ,LITERACY ,SOCIAL COHESION ,LOCAL COMMUNITIES ,WOMEN'S ISSUES ,CLINICS ,COMPENSATION ,VICTIMS ,VILLAGE CHIEFS ,MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ,JOB TRAINING ,MOBILITY ,HUMAN RIGHTS ,MINISTER ,PARLIAMENT ,NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS ,HIGH POPULATION GROWTH RATES ,TEENAGE PREGNANCY ,HUSBAND ,HEALTH PROMOTION ,FAMILY HOME ,COURT ,INVESTIGATION ,CIVIL CONFLICT ,NATIONAL POPULATION ,OLDER MEN ,RURAL POPULATION ,HOME COUNTRIES ,DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE ,FEMALE VICTIMS OF VIOLENCE ,SOCIAL PROBLEMS ,MASCULINITY ,GOVERNMENT SUPPORT ,NEPOTISM ,ETHNIC TENSION ,LIMITED RESOURCES ,WIVES ,CRIMINALS ,YOUNG WOMEN ,CITIZENS ,INVESTIGATORS ,WILL ,SOCIAL SYSTEMS ,LOCAL GOVERNANCE ,WOMAN ,ACCESS TO JUSTICE ,ROBBERY ,DISSEMINATION ,INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ,VILLAGES ,POLICE FORCES ,HEALTH WORKERS ,INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS ,NEIGHBORHOOD ,POLICE ,JUSTICE ,PREGNANCY ,URBAN CENTERS ,YOUTH ,SAFETY ,CITIZEN ,RESPECT ,COURTS ,CRIMINAL ,INTERNATIONAL ASSISTANCE ,RURAL COMMUNITIES ,CONFIDENCE ,INITIATIVE ,CRIME PREVENTION ,HOUSEHOLD INCOME ,ABUSES OF POWER ,GROWTH RATE ,LEGISLATION ,LEGAL STATUS ,OFFENSES ,COMPLAINTS ,PREFERENTIAL ,INEQUITIES ,HOME ,ABUSE ,COLLAPSE ,HOUSING CENSUS ,OPPOSITE SEX ,WIFE ,MARGINALIZATION ,SINGLE WOMEN ,HOUSING ,INCEST ,HUMAN SECURITY ,SMALL COUNTRIES ,HIV ,NATIONAL SECURITY ,LAWS ,TRANSPORTATION ,PREGNANT WOMAN ,NURSE ,POPULATION DENSITY ,PRACTITIONERS ,LEADERSHIP ,GENDER ,NURSES ,HUSBANDS ,ACCOUNTABILITY ,COMMUNITIES ,FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSIONS ,NATIONAL COUNCIL ,HUMAN RESOURCE - Abstract
This evaluation assesses the performance of the Community Officer (CO) project, a trial community policing mechanism initiated by the Royal Solomon Islands Police Force (RSIPF) in late 2009, with assistance from the Participating Police Force (PPF) of the Regional Assistance to Solomon Islands (RAMSI). Current interest in community policing in Solomon Islands is occurring in the larger context of the rebuilding and reform of the RSIPF that has been taking place with the assistance of RAMSI. The Solomon Islands Government (SIG) and RSIPF are committed to introducing a viable form of community policing across the country.
- Published
- 2012
158. JSLU, JSPACA, PKSA : Cash and In-Kind Transfers for At-Risk Youth, the Disabled, and Vulnerable Elderly
- Author
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World Bank
- Subjects
PROVINCE ,NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ,SOCIAL WELFARE ,LEVELS OF EDUCATION ,TAX ,CENTRAL FUNDING ,BUDGET DATA ,GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT ,BUDGET FORMULATION ,TOTAL SPENDING ,CENTRAL GOVERNMENT BUDGET ,INFLATION ,PROGRAMS ,INFORMATION DISSEMINATION ,SELF-CONFIDENCE ,STREET CHILDREN ,CASH PAYMENTS ,COMMUNITY MEMBERS ,BASELINE ESTIMATES ,RACIAL DISCRIMINATION ,PROGRAM OBJECTIVES ,ASSESSMENT PROCESS ,SUB-NATIONAL ,SUB-NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS ,PROGRAM REVIEWS ,POST OFFICE ,TRANCHES ,SERVICE PROVIDERS ,SAVINGS ACCOUNTS ,BASIC SOCIAL SERVICES ,CULTURAL RIGHTS ,SOCIAL SERVICES ,CONFLICTS OF INTEREST ,DRUG ABUSE ,LOCAL GOVERNMENT BUDGETS ,CENTRAL FUNDS ,PENALTIES FOR NONCOMPLIANCE ,INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS ,NUTRITIONAL NEEDS ,DISTRICT BUDGET ,BASIC NEEDS ,BANK ACCOUNTS ,DISTRICT GOVERNMENTS ,SOCIAL WORKERS ,DECONCENTRATION ,BENEFICIARY ,DISTRICT ,EXPENDITURE REPORTING ,BASIC EDUCATION ,RISKY BEHAVIOR ,BUDGET ALLOCATIONS ,SERVICE QUALITY ,MISTRUST ,WAGES ,ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS ,RURAL AREAS ,EFFICIENCY GAINS ,PURCHASING POWER ,SOCIAL AFFAIRS ,FIXED INCOME ,SAFETY NET ,STOCK EXCHANGE ,VULNERABILITY ,ELDERLY ,MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL ,BUDGET ALLOCATION ,DISTRICTS ,DISABILITY ,MORTALITY ,BEHAVIOR CHANGE ,DISBURSEMENT ,DEBT PAYMENTS ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURE REVIEW ,DEVELOPMENT POLICY ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,DEBT ,FINANCIAL ACCOUNTABILITY ,SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS ,INCOME LEVELS ,VICTIMS ,HEALTH PROVIDERS ,NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PRIORITIES ,RENT PAYMENTS ,SOCIAL SECURITY ,CENTRAL BUDGET ,CAPITAL EXPENDITURES ,LEVEL OF EDUCATION ,PROGRAM EXPENDITURE ,VULNERABLE GROUPS ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS ,MALFEASANCE ,FAMILY HEALTH ,MEDICAL EQUIPMENT ,PROGRAM EVALUATION ,OVERHEAD COST ,INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ,MINISTRY OF FINANCE ,FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY ,LOCAL COMMUNITY ,TOTAL EXPENDITURE ,OLD-AGE ,DEVELOPMENT GOALS ,FLOW OF INFORMATION ,MISUNDERSTANDING ,DEVELOPMENT PLANNING ,MEDIUM-TERM DEVELOPMENT ,COST EFFECTIVENESS ,DISTRICT OFFICIALS ,PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION ,LOCAL GOVERNMENT ,ECONOMIC STATUS ,CIVIL SERVANTS ,VILLAGE ,NATIONAL LEVELS ,RIGHTS OF PERSONS ,LOCAL GOVERNMENTS ,PENALTIES ,DISTRICT LEVEL ,CENTRAL GOVERNMENT ,HEALTH CARE ,EDUCATION SYSTEM ,EQUIPMENT ,MARGINAL GROUPS ,NATIONAL STATISTICS ,NUTRITION ,BUDGET PLANNING ,PERSONNEL EXPENSES ,QUALITATIVE INFORMATION ,COST OF LIVING ,SELF ESTEEM ,COMMUNITY ORGANIZATIONS ,RATES OF INFLATION ,PUBLIC FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT ,SOCIAL ASSISTANCE ,SOCIAL PROTECTION ,CONDITIONALITIES ,HUMAN RESOURCES ,PUBLIC OFFICIALS ,RIGHTS OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES ,EXPENDITURES ,CHILD CARE ,BUDGET EXECUTION ,DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ,LEGAL STATUS ,QUALITY OF LIFE ,CONDITIONALITY ,DRUGS ,VICTIMS OF VIOLENCE ,ECONOMIC CLASSIFICATION ,SUBNATIONAL ,ISSUANCE ,TERTIARY LEVEL ,ECONOMIC RIGHTS ,FAMILY SUPPORT ,HOUSING ,PAMPHLET ,POLICY PLANNING ,ECONOMIES OF SCALE ,LAWS ,TRANSPORTATION ,SAVINGS ,SOCIAL INSURANCE ,CASH TRANSFER ,FUND MANAGERS ,HEALTH SERVICES ,QUALITY OF CARE ,CASH TRANSFERS ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURE ,URBAN AREAS ,EFFICIENCY INDICATORS ,FAMILY INCOME ,SOCIAL NETWORKS ,DATA COLLECTION ,DISADVANTAGED CHILDREN ,FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSIONS ,SOCIAL SUPPORT - Abstract
Direct cash transfers for vulnerable elderly and disabled populations have been provided by the Ministry of Social Welfare (Kementerian Sosial, Kemensos) since 2006; a similar cash transfer for at-risk youth was inaugurated in 2009. The Government of Indonesia's (GoI) pro-poor development initiatives, international agreements and domestic laws and regulations, and considerable experience delivering more general social assistance programs led to the creation of cash transfers for these historically neglected and difficult-to-reach groups. These programs Jaminan Sosial Lanjut Usia (JSLU), Jaminan Sosial Paca Berat (JSPACA), and program Kesejahteraan Sosial Anak (PKSA) for the elderly, disabled, and youth respectively transfer cash directly to beneficiaries. They account for increasing shares of the Kemensos overall budget, but subsidies directed to care and rehabilitation facilities as well as direct provision of institutional care still account for a noticeable portion of the Kemensos budget for these groups. Program support operations socialization and outreach; allocation, targeting and prioritization; monitoring and evaluation; and complaints and grievances have very small budgets and depend crucially on cooperation and enthusiasm from local governments and facilitators. A full range of safeguarding activities is spelled out in program guidelines but these have not been institutionalized at the local implementation level. There is variation in the content, methods, frequency, completion rates, and outcomes in all safeguarding activities, and no easy-to-use reporting process that would ensure information from implementation level reaches the central funding and policy agency, Kemensos. The note summarizes quantitative and qualitative evidence in order to build a sound foundation for evaluating the cash transfer programs JSLU, JSPACA, and PKSA provided by Kemensos. The evidence on which the evaluation is based here is composed primarily of first-hand observation of the programs in operation. Where possible information collected from administrative records, including monitoring and evaluation reports, and from Kemensos itself, is summarized. Design features, efficiency and effectiveness of program implementation and operation, and impacts (intended or not) the program produces for beneficiaries are all analyzed in as much detail as possible. Current policy planning within Kemensos assumes expansion of these programs in the coming years, so an evaluation of the programs' features is relevant for Indonesian policymakers and stakeholders.
- Published
- 2012
159. Analysis of the social problems experienced by large families from the standpoint of community members
- Author
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Alifanovienė, Daiva, Striškienė, Ona, and Kepalaitė, Albina
- Subjects
Lietuva (Lithuania) ,Daugiavaikė šeima ,Large family ,Socialinės problemos ,Bendruomenės nariai ,Social problems ,Community members - Abstract
Analizuojant daugiavaikių šeimų socialinės situacijos ypatumus buvo panaudota aprašomoji matematinė statistika (vidurkiai, procentiniai dažniai) ir neparametrinis Kruskal-Wallis kriterijus. Tyrimo duomenys rodo, kad šių šeimų socialinė situacija kebli ne tik dėl materialinių išteklių ribotumo (darbo, pajamų, būsto), bet ir dėl menkų edukacinių, laisvalaikio galimybių. Straipsnyje analizuojama daugiavaikių šeimų socialinė situacija, jos ypatumai dabartiniame socialiniame ekonominiame kontekste. Remiantis bendruomenės narių požiūriu, nagrinėjama šios grupės žmonių socialinė situacija, atskleidžiamas esamų problemų spektras, pateikiami jų ypatumai. In analysing the experiences of the social situations of large families, descriptive mathematical statistics (means, percent age frequencies) and non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis criterion were used. Research data demonstrate that the social situation of these families is difficult not only because of limited material resources (work, income, accommodation) but also due to poor education and the lack of leisure possibilities. The article deals with the social situations of large families and their specifics in the current social-economical context. The social situation of this group of people is analysed, based on the community members’ attitude, the spectrum of existing problems is disclosed and their specifics are presented.
- Published
- 2012
160. Bangladesh : World Bank Country-Level Engagement on Governance and Anticorruption
- Author
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Wescott, Clay and Breeding, Mary
- Subjects
COMPETITIVE BIDDING ,INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS ,DECISION-MAKING ,ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES ,ACCOUNTABILITY MECHANISMS ,PRESIDENCY ,PUBLIC SECTOR PERFORMANCE ,INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT ,DEMOCRATIC ELECTIONS ,EMPLOYMENT ,PRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION ,POLITICAL CONTROL ,PRESIDENTS ,INCOME ,LACK OF TRANSPARENCY ,ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION ,BUDGET SYSTEM ,PUBLIC PROCUREMENT ,PER CAPITA INCOME ,FRAUD ,TRIAL ,ACCOUNTING STANDARDS ,TRANSPARENCY ,SERVICE DELIVERY ,PRIME MINISTER ,GOVERNANCE REFORMS ,AUTHORITARIAN RULE ,BASIC SERVICE ,HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ,DEMOCRATIC ACCOUNTABILITY ,NATIONAL TERRITORY ,BUDGETARY FUNDS ,STATE AGENCIES ,PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS ,TAX COLLECTIONS ,FOREIGN BANKS ,MINISTER ,PROSECUTION ,PARLIAMENT ,FINANCIAL SERVICES ,POLITICAL INSTABILITY ,COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT ,AUDITOR ,COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY ,MINISTRY OF FINANCE ,EXECUTIVE BODIES ,AUDITS ,CITIZEN PARTICIPATION ,ZERO TOLERANCE ,BLOCK GRANTS ,INSOLVENCY ,CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS ,CITIZENS ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURE MANAGEMENT ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,POLITICAL SYSTEM ,HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ,CONSOLIDATION ,GOVERNMENT REVENUES ,JUDICIARY ,LOCAL GOVERNANCE ,LOCAL GOVERNMENT ,GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS ,CIVIL SERVANTS ,ANTICORRUPTION COMMISSION ,PRIVATE BANKING ,REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ,DECENTRALIZATION ,POLICE ,JUSTICE ,JUDICIAL REFORM ,FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS ,PUBLIC RESOURCES ,PUBLIC HEALTH ,CONFIDENCE ,INITIATIVE ,GOOD GOVERNANCE ,PRIVATIZATION ,EXECUTION ,HUMAN CAPACITY ,LOAN ,POOR PERFORMANCE ,PUBLIC FINANCE ,FISCAL SUSTAINABILITY ,MICROFINANCE ,DEVELOPMENT BANK ,EXECUTIVE POWER ,BUDGETARY RESOURCES ,NATIONAL PLANNING ,INSTITUTIONAL REFORMS ,ANTICORRUPTION ,POLITICIANS ,WATER SUPPLY ,TRANSPORT ,LAWS ,PUBLIC INVESTMENT ,MONEY LAUNDERING ,CASH TRANSFERS ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURE ,POLITICAL PARTIES ,LEADERSHIP ,ACCOUNTABILITY ,ANTICORRUPTION EFFORTS ,PUBLIC SERVICE ,TECHNOCRATS ,ALLOCATION OF RESOURCES ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,STATE INSTITUTIONS ,OPERATIONAL RISK ,TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ,GOVERNMENT AGENCY ,BEST PRACTICE ,PUBLIC MANAGEMENT ,CIVIL SOCIETY ,COMMUNITY MEMBERS ,TERRORISM ,STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISES ,NATIONS ,RESOURCE ALLOCATION ,CIVIL WAR ,GOVERNANCE PERFORMANCE ,INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS ,CRIME ,INTEGRITY ,RISK MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ,PUBLIC SECTOR GOVERNANCE ,AUDITING ,ASSETS ,NATIONAL GOVERNANCE ,PUBLIC SECTOR MANAGEMENT ,PROCUREMENT ,POLITICAL COMMITMENT ,PROCUREMENT LAW ,ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS ,RISK MANAGEMENT ,SANCTIONS ,ANTICORRUPTION PLAN ,CONSTITUENCIES ,TELEVISION ,PRIMARY EDUCATION ,CORRUPT ,FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ,BORROWER ,DEMOCRACY ,MULTILATERAL DEVELOPMENT BANKS ,ENACTMENT ,MEDIA ,GOVERNANCE INDICATORS ,WAGES ,POLITICAL CONSENSUS ,BUDGETARY SUPPORT ,HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ,CIVIL SERVICE ,PUBLIC SECTOR ,DEBT ,HUMAN RIGHTS ,EXECUTING AGENCIES ,NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS ,FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT ,CORRUPTION PERCEPTION ,INVESTIGATION ,BUREAUCRATIC PROCEDURES ,DISCLOSURE ,AUTHORITY ,GOVERNMENT EFFORTS ,INVESTMENT CLIMATE ,STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT ,GOVERNANCE ISSUES ,FINANCIAL SECTORS ,IMPROVING GOVERNANCE ,POLITICAL INTERFERENCE ,GOVERNMENT OFFICIAL ,CORRUPTION PERCEPTION INDEX ,ACCOUNTING ,PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION ,INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ,CIVIL UNREST ,CITIZEN ,CORRUPT ACTS ,RULING PARTY ,PUBLIC AFFAIRS ,GOVERNANCE CHALLENGES ,LABOR UNIONS ,COMPLAINTS ,COUNTRY DATA ,COALITIONS ,PRIMARY SCHOOL ,PUBLIC SUBSIDIES ,FINANCE MANAGEMENT ,DEMOCRATIZATION ,GLOBAL INITIATIVES ,GOVERNANCE OBJECTIVES ,BIDDING ,ANTICORRUPTION ISSUES ,ADB ,TAX ADMINISTRATION ,PUBLIC HEARINGS ,TRUST FUNDS ,ADMINISTRATIVE BARRIERS ,ETHICS ,EXPENDITURE ,HUMAN RESOURCE - Abstract
Bangladesh is one of the world's poorest and most densely populated countries, and subject to annual cyclones and flooding. Despite these challenges, it benefits from strong economic growth, good performance on health and education, and poverty reduction, alongside weak governance and pervasive corruption. The reasons include strong macroeconomic policy, pro-poor spending, credible elections, export growth and remittances, improved capacity for managing natural disasters, and a stronger civil society than comparable countries. After over a decade of intense engagement with the Bank on governance, Bangladesh adopted in 2006 a governance-oriented Country Assistance Strategy (CAS) with four main objectives: to improve implementation capacity; to 'tackle corruption' by fully operationalizing the Anti-Corruption Commission; to lay the foundation for comprehensive legal and judicial reform; and to strengthen 'voice, empowerment and participation.' The choice of a wide range of instruments and areas of intervention was appropriate, given the political instability at the time of 2006 CAS preparation. The Bank signaled it was ready to engage in all areas, and could scale up or pull back depending on emerging political and bureaucratic commitment. The 2006 CAS yielded mixed results, and the subsequent Country Partnership Strategy (CPS) has been more selective on GAC issues. At the project level, governance has been a key priority, in line with the South Asia region's heavy emphasis on GAC-in-Projects. Investments in GAC-in-primary education, a local government project, anti-corruption efforts in the power sector, and projects strengthening the investment climate have yielded positive results. Investments in GAC-in-roads projects have had mixed results in terms of effectiveness. GAC activities were mainly adopted prior to the 2007 GAC strategy. Although Bangladesh was a Country Governance and Anticorruption (CGAC) country, the country team chose not to use CGAC funds because the country had already been intensively using GAC approaches well before the GAC strategy was adopted.
- Published
- 2011
161. Moldova : World Bank Country-Level Engagement on Governance and Anticorruption
- Author
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Wescott, Clay and Desai, Raj
- Subjects
INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS ,NATIONAL OFFICES ,EXECUTIVE AGENCIES ,PRESIDENCY ,INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT ,EMPLOYMENT ,INSTITUTIONAL REFORM ,ANTICORRUPTION STRATEGY ,PRESIDENTS ,INCOME ,BRIBE ,LACK OF TRANSPARENCY ,PUBLIC PROCUREMENT ,ECONOMIC CRIMES ,FRAUD ,BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT ,REORGANIZATION ,ACCOUNTING STANDARDS ,FORMAL INSTITUTIONS ,REGULATORY REGIME ,CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATION ,TRANSPARENCY ,SERVICE DELIVERY ,FISCAL INCENTIVES ,PRIME MINISTER ,GOVERNANCE REFORMS ,BASIC SERVICE ,HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ,INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY ,BUDGETARY FUNDS ,CORPORATE GOVERNANCE ,PROPERTY RIGHTS ,ANTICORRUPTION MEASURES ,SOCIAL STABILITY ,PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS ,INTERNAL CONTROLS ,DEGREE OF POLITICIZATION ,CREDIT RISK ,MINISTER ,GOVERNMENT STRUCTURES ,PROSECUTION ,PETTY CORRUPTION ,AUDITOR ,DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE ,STATE ENTERPRISES ,LABOR SHEDDING ,ELECTORAL SYSTEM ,MINISTRY OF FINANCE ,OPERATING PERMITS ,AUDITS ,CITIZENS ,BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,CODES OF CONDUCT ,CONSOLIDATION ,JUDICIARY ,LOCAL GOVERNMENT ,CIVIL SERVANTS ,ANTICORRUPTION COMMISSION ,REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ,LEGISLATURE ,REGIONAL INTEGRATION ,JUDICIAL REFORM ,YOUTH ,INTERNAL AUDIT FUNCTION ,CURRENT PRICES ,CONFIDENCE ,INITIATIVE ,COMMUNITY DRIVEN DEVELOPMENT ,ENTERPRISE RESTRUCTURING ,PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REFORM ,GOOD GOVERNANCE ,UNION ,PRIVATIZATION ,EXECUTION ,LOAN ,POOR PERFORMANCE ,TAX REVENUES ,PUBLIC FINANCE ,FINANCIAL RESOURCES ,PUBLIC SECTOR ACCOUNTABILITY ,ASSET VALUE ,ANTICORRUPTION ,TRANSPORT ,LAWS ,MONEY LAUNDERING ,PUBLIC ACCOUNTABILITY ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURE ,LEADERSHIP ,ACCOUNTABILITY ,ANTICORRUPTION EFFORTS ,DISCLOSURE OF INFORMATION ,TAX RATES ,PUBLIC SERVICE ,INTERNAL AUDIT ,FOREIGN INVESTORS ,CAPITAL BUDGETING ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,STATE INSTITUTIONS ,OPERATIONAL RISK ,ECONOMIC REFORMS ,TRANSACTION COSTS ,PUBLIC SERVICE DELIVERY ,TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ,FINANCIAL SECTOR ,BANKING REFORM ,PUBLIC MANAGEMENT ,CIVIL SOCIETY ,COMMUNITY MEMBERS ,GOVERNMENT DECISION ,TERRORISM ,NATIONS ,RESOURCE ALLOCATION ,GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS ,RULE OF LAW ,FINANCIAL CRISIS ,GOVERNANCE PERFORMANCE ,CRIME ,STATE CONTROL ,CONSTITUTION ,INTEGRITY ,RISK MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ,PUBLIC SECTOR GOVERNANCE ,AUDITING ,INVESTIGATIONS ,PROCUREMENT ,PUBLIC FINANCING ,REPRESENTATIVES ,RISK MANAGEMENT ,SANCTIONS ,TAX COLLECTION ,REHABILITATION ,PRIMARY EDUCATION ,BORROWER ,ADMINISTRATIVE AUTHORITIES ,MULTILATERAL DEVELOPMENT BANKS ,POLITICAL INTERESTS ,PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT SUPPORT ,BUDGET MANAGEMENT ,GOVERNANCE INDICATORS ,POLITICAL UNCERTAINTY ,COLLECTIVE ACTION ,EXTORTION ,REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS ,CORE GOVERNANCE ,CIVIL SERVICE ,ANTICORRUPTION LAWS ,COMMUNIST ,CONSTITUENCY ,PUBLIC SECTOR ,ENTERPRISE SURVEYS ,BANKING SECTOR ,INFORMAL PAYMENTS ,INSTITUTIONAL CONSTRAINTS ,FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT ,CORRUPTION PERCEPTION ,INVESTIGATION ,DISCLOSURE ,AUTHORITY ,COMMUNIST PARTY ,INVESTMENT CLIMATE ,STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT ,IMPROVING GOVERNANCE ,POLITICAL INTERFERENCE ,CORRUPTION PERCEPTION INDEX ,ACCOUNTING ,PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION ,INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ,STATE BUDGET ,REVENUE MOBILIZATION ,CENTRAL GOVERNMENT ,BEST PRACTICES ,DISSOLUTION OF PARLIAMENT ,INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY ,BUSINESS OPERATIONS ,MIGRATION ,SOCIAL PROTECTION ,GOVERNANCE QUALITY ,HUMAN RESOURCES ,BUREAUCRACY ,PUBLIC OFFICIALS ,MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT ,MONOPOLIES ,OPPOSITION PARTIES ,LEGISLATION ,GOVERNANCE CHALLENGES ,INTERNATIONAL BANK ,CIVIL SERVICE REFORMS ,CENTRALIZATION ,COMPLAINTS ,PUBLIC POLICIES ,COUNTRY DATA ,PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT ,EXTERNAL ACCOUNTABILITY ,GLOBAL INITIATIVES ,POLITICAL CHANGE ,LEGAL FRAMEWORK ,REAL SECTOR ,ANTICORRUPTION ISSUES ,TAX ADMINISTRATION ,GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS ,ETHICS ,HUMAN RESOURCE - Abstract
Moldova has suffered over the last two decades from rising poverty, territorial secession, armed conflict, and the spillover effects of a regional financial crisis, with declining population size and life expectancy, and an economy approximately one-half of what it was in 1990. The return of the Moldovan Communist Party (PCRM), which won two major elections after 2001, contributed to increasing centralization of governmental authority along with a reform agenda that emphasized greater state control over the economy, fiscal support to state enterprises and collective farms, land consolidation, economic protectionism, and the tolerance of monopolies in industry and energy. At the same time, the government has increased social expenditures, and taken major steps to improve public financial management. Bank engagement was moderately effective at the country and project levels, and substantially effective at the sector level. There was progress in several aspects of public financial management (PFM). Regulatory streamlining has reduced costs to business, although resistance to civil service reform has left much work to be done. The Bank has also helped achieve progress on Governance and Anticorruption (GAC) issues in primary education, roads, and private sector development. Education progress is highly uneven across regions, for example, overweight trucks continue to tear up roads, and private investment is not enough to make a dent in high unemployment. A graduated approach to country systems and road sector technical audits help address GAC issues at the project level. The overall impact of GAC strategy implementation was moderate. The GAC committees set up at the regional and sectoral Bank department levels are particularly useful mechanisms for disseminating practices from the GAC Council. Staff has been proactive in using Country Governance and Anticorruption (CGAC) resources. However, three applications for window one funding were not approved, reducing the ability of this small program to seize opportunities.
- Published
- 2011
162. Local Governance and Community Development Initiatives : Contributions for Community Development Programs in Timor-Leste
- Author
-
Butterworth, David and Dale, Pamela
- Subjects
DECISION-MAKING ,RURAL DEVELOPMENT ,DESCRIPTION ,STATE AUTHORITY ,STATE INSTITUTIONS ,DEMOCRATIC PRINCIPLES ,PRESIDENCY ,COUNCILS ,YOUTH REPRESENTATIVES ,COMMUNITY LEADERS ,PARTICIPATORY PLANNING ,CIVIL SOCIETY ,COMMUNITY MEMBERS ,PAMPHLETS ,DECISION-MAKING PROCESS ,NATIONS ,MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENTS ,MUNICIPALITIES ,HOUSES ,POLITICAL POWER ,TRAININGS ,GOVERNANCE ENVIRONMENT ,FEMALE ,SUBNATIONAL LEVELS ,CONSULTATION ,DEMOCRATIC RIGHTS ,PUBLIC SPENDING ,REVOLUTION ,OCCUPATION ,SETTLEMENT ,SOCIALLY SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ,CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATION ,REHABILITATION ,TRANSPARENCY ,SERVICE DELIVERY ,SKILLED WORKERS ,DECISIONMAKING ,LIVING STANDARDS ,DISTRICT ,DEMOCRACY ,COMMUNITY INFRASTRUCTURE ,EMPLOYMENT GENERATION ,POLITICAL PARTY ,YOUTH DEVELOPMENT ,CIVIC EDUCATION ,DECISION MAKING ,DISTRICT ADMINISTRATOR ,KINGDOMS ,DISTRICTS ,DISTRICT ADMINISTRATION ,MERITOCRACY ,VOTING ,LOCAL LEVELS ,PUBLIC SECTOR ,LOCAL COMMUNITIES ,DECISION-MAKING PROCESSES ,COUNTRYSIDE ,COMMUNITY LEVEL ,DISTRICT-LEVEL ,GOVERNMENT STRUCTURES ,PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION ,CONSENSUS ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT ,DISTRICT HEADQUARTERS ,AUTHORITY ,COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT ,COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION ,LOCAL COMMUNITY ,CITIZEN PARTICIPATION ,BLOCK GRANTS ,CITIZENSHIP ,FACILITATORS ,YOUNG WOMEN ,LOBBYING ,LOCAL KNOWLEDGE ,CITIZENS ,PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION ,COMMUNITY OWNERSHIP ,LOCAL GOVERNANCE ,LOCAL GOVERNMENT ,INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ,COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS ,DISTRICT EDUCATION ,DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATIONS ,STATE BUDGET ,VILLAGES ,KEY ACTORS ,DISTRICT ADMINISTRATIONS ,VILLAGE ,COMMUNITY-DRIVEN DEVELOPMENT ,DECENTRALIZATION ,DISTRICT LEVEL ,YOUTH ,DISTRICT OFFICES ,CITIZEN ,SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ,HOUSEHOLDS ,DISTRICT LEVELS ,RURAL COMMUNITIES ,SUBNATIONAL GOVERNMENTS ,DISTRICT ASSEMBLIES ,NATIONAL POLICY ,GOOD GOVERNANCE ,COMMUNITY CONSULTATION ,HUMAN RESOURCES ,ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN ,EXECUTION ,COMMUNITY MEETINGS ,REFERENDUM ,BUDGET EXECUTION ,FINANCIAL RESOURCES ,TRADITIONAL LEADERS ,COMMUNITY RESOURCES ,DISTRICT ASSEMBLY ,LOCAL AUTHORITIES ,PRIMARY SCHOOL ,SUBNATIONAL ,SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ,LOCAL INDUSTRY ,SUBDISTRICT OFFICIALS ,CORRUPTION ,STATE ADMINISTRATION ,STATE AUTHORITIES ,MINISTRY OF JUSTICE ,GOVERNANCE OBJECTIVES ,NATURAL RESOURCES ,PARTICIPATORY APPROACHES ,FINANCIAL SUPPORT ,SETTLEMENT PATTERNS ,SOCIAL CAPITAL ,DECENTRALIZATION PROCESS ,POSTERS ,COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT ,LEGITIMACY ,PARTICIPATORY DEVELOPMENT ,POLITICAL PARTIES ,GENDER ,DEMOCRATIC STATE ,GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS ,ACCOUNTABILITY ,COMMUNITIES ,COMMUNITY DECISION MAKING ,DATA COLLECTION - Abstract
What happens when the state's vision and expanding reach bring it into contact with traditional value systems and governance structures? In what circumstances can the distribution of resources in a fragile society prevent-or exacerbate-conflict within and between communities? How do state expansion and public spending impact upon societal expectations of the state and state legitimacy? This report examines these questions through the lens of access, claiming, and decision making in government-sponsored community development programs. The findings illustrate the hurdles faced by government and development actors operating in pluralistic societies, and provide input on how local governance and decision making might be incorporated to enrich programming. This report aims to provide the government of Timor-Leste, particularly those responsible for decentralization, community development, and local governance planning, with information to inform their determination of an appropriate mix of models for local development. The relative priority the government will ultimately give to these different models, partly a trade-off between speed and depth, will impact on the way in which development and local governance are understood and taken on board by rural communities. This report finds that the achievement of the dual goals of state legitimacy and sustainable, effective local development hinges in large part on the willingness of state officials (and the donors that support them) to engage productively with communities and locally legitimate customary systems of authority.
- Published
- 2011
163. Costing Adaptations through Local Institutions : Village Survey Results - Yemen
- Author
-
World Bank
- Subjects
ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE VARIABILITY ,GROUNDWATER RESOURCES ,ADAPTATION INITIATIVES ,USE OF WATER ,SUBTROPICAL CLIMATE ,WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ,PRICE OF WATER ,SEAWATER ,TEMPORARY MIGRATION ,ADAPTATION COST ,ADAPTATION OPTION ,VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE VARIABILITY ,BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY ,RAINFALL REGIME ,COPE WITH CLIMATE VARIABILITY ,CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION STRATEGIES ,FUTURE ADAPTATION ,DOMESTIC WATER SUPPLY ,WATER MANAGEMENT ,WEATHER PATTERNS ,COLORS ,CLIMATE CHANGE INFORMATION ,RAINFALL VARIABILITY ,ADAPTATION EFFORTS ,CASH CROPS ,SEA LEVEL RISE ,SURFACE WATER ,FERTILITY ,AWARENESS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ,FLOOD ,HIGH TEMPERATURES ,VULNERABILITY ,RAIN ,ADAPTATION PROCESSES ,LOCAL PREDICTIVE CAPACITY ,ADAPTATION INTERVENTIONS ,POLICY IMPLICATIONS ,ADAPTING ,FINANCIAL CONSTRAINTS ,NATIONAL AUTHORITIES ,SEA LEVEL ,TEMPERATURE VARIABILITY ,DOMESTIC WATER ,GROUNDWATER ,WASTEWATER TREATMENT ,CLIMATE CHANGE ,FLOODING ,RAINWATER ,PESTICIDES ,FORESTS ,FERTILISER ,TEMPERATURES ,CITIZENS ,COSTS OF ADAPTATION OPTIONS ,TEMPERATURE ,DROUGHT ,IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ,CLIMATE EFFECTS ,DESERTIFICATION ,DISSEMINATION ,LOCAL WATER MANAGEMENT ,GENDER DIFFERENCES ,ADAPTATION TO SEA LEVEL RISE ,PRECIPITATION ,CL ,ADAPTIVE CAPACITY ,LIVESTOCK ACTIVITIES ,NATURAL DISASTERS ,SOIL EROSION ,ASSET OWNERSHIP ,DRY CLIMATE ,FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE ,TEMPERATURE CHANGES ,AVAILABILITY OF WATER ,DEPENDENCY RATIO ,COPING CAPACITY ,WATER ABSTRACTION ,CLIMATE MODELING ,ALTITUDE ,LEGAL STATUS ,ADAPTATION RESPONSES ,POLICY FRAMEWORK ,SCARCE WATER ,CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIOS ,CULTIVATED LAND ,IMPLEMENTATION OF ADAPTATION ,CLIMATE CHANGE RESILIENCE ,FLOODS ,WATER SUPPLY ,CLIMATIC CHANGES ,CLIMATE ADAPTATION ,CLIMATE ,COASTAL AREAS ,IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ,UNEP ,POPULATION DENSITY ,ADAPTATION PRACTICES ,COSTS OF ADAPTATION ,RIVERS ,CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION ,CLIMATE CHANGES ,FLOOD RISK ,RIVER BASINS ,AVERAGE ANNUAL RAINFALL ,WASTE WATER ,CLIMATE REGIME ,LOCAL ADAPTATION ,COASTAL ZONES ,ADAPTATION COSTS ,EXTREME WEATHER ,EFFECT OF CLIMATE VARIABILITY ,LAND USE ,POTENTIAL EVAPORATION ,RAINFALL ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION ,NATIONAL GOVERNMENT ,COMMUNITY MEMBERS ,ADAPTATION MEASURES ,WATER AVAILABILITY ,WATER RESOURCE ,FUTURE CLIMATE CHANGE ,CLIMATE EXPOSURE ,ADAPTATION STRATEGY ,DISEASES ,AVAILABLE WATER ,ADAPTATION PROJECT ,EXCESSIVE RAINFALL ,CLIMATE HAZARDS ,IMPLEMENTATION OF ADAPTATION STRATEGIES ,EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS ,TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATIONS ,LARGE FAMILIES ,COPE WITH CLIMATE CHANGE ,SCARCE WATER RESOURCES ,CLIMATE MODELS ,RAINFALL PATTERNS ,CLIMATE RISK ,NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS ,RURAL AREAS ,PROGRESS ,FINANCIAL CAPACITY ,GLOBAL CLIMATE ,LOCAL COMMUNITIES ,CLIMATIC VARIABILITY ,WATER SCARCITY ,LEVEL OF EDUCATION ,GOVERNMENT AGENCIES ,EFFECTIVE ADAPTATION ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS ,FAMILY MEMBERS ,DROUGHT FREQUENCY ,IMPACT OF CLIMATE ,DEMAND FOR WATER ,AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT ,STORM SURGES ,WATER CONSERVATION ,EXTREME TEMPERATURES ,IMPLEMENTATION OF ADAPTATION OPTIONS ,KINSHIP ,SUPPLY OF WATER ,ELECTRICITY ,STORMS ,AVERAGE RAINFALL ,EXPOSURE TO CLIMATE VARIABILITY ,CLIMATE VARIABILITY ,ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE ,RAINFALL FLUCTUATIONS ,CLIMATE IMPACTS ,CLIMATE-RELATED HAZARDS ,IPCC ,FOOD SECURITY ,ADAPTATION ACTIVITIES ,CLIMATIC REGIMES ,LAND DEGRADATION ,ADVERSE CLIMATE ,DISASTERS ,SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ,CLOUD COVER ,LOW RAINFALL ,WARMER CLIMATE ,CLIMATE RESILIENCE ,MIGRATION ,HEAT ,EXPOSURE TO CLIMATE CHANGE ,CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION ,RAINY SEASON ,WATER DISTRIBUTION ,COSTS OF ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE ,RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS ,CASH CROP ,LOCAL AUTHORITIES ,RAINWATER HARVESTING ,WATER QUALITY ,WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS ,ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION ,WIND ,DECISION MAKERS ,SERIES OF MEETINGS ,WATER RESOURCES ,IMPLEMENT ADAPTATION ,URBAN AREAS ,FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSIONS - Abstract
The objectives of the Costing Adaptation through Local Institutions (CALI) study were (a) to identify the costs of adaptation through local institutions, and (b) to investigate which institutions help households adapt to climate variability, which efforts and costs are needed to realize the adaptation options, and how they facilitate adaptation to climate variability. The study was carried out in Ethiopia, Mali, and Yemen. This report discusses the results for Yemen. In Yemen, village surveys were conducted in six villages and two expert workshops were organized to discuss the main framework of the study and to evaluate the draft results. The study assessed household vulnerability, analyzed the strategies households adopt to reduce the impacts of climate hazards, and evaluated the assistance households receive from different institutions. The analysis was based on household surveys, focus group discussions, and institutional stakeholder interviews. Vulnerability profiles, developed on the basis of field survey results, show that household vulnerability differs substantially between and within villages. The results show that the vulnerability and agro ecological potential in Yemen are related to rainfall, which is related to altitude. This study is a reflection of the insights that (a) poor, rural households are facing most of the climate variability- related hazards; (b) adaptation also has socioeconomic aspects; (c) understanding local adaptation processes is important for informing macro-policies; and (d) for prioritizing future adaptation, it is crucial to analyze historical adaptation strategies. The study involves an assessment of the adaptation options rural household pursue. The study also considers the differential access of various vulnerability groups, as well as the drivers for adopting particular strategies or constraints for not adopting other strategies. For this, households and institutional stakeholders were interviewed in six villages in Yemen, focus group discussions were organized, and experts were consulted.
- Published
- 2011
164. Community Development Agreement : Model Regulations and Example Guidelines
- Author
-
Otto, James M.
- Subjects
LOCAL PROCUREMENT ,TRANSPARENCY ,FAMILY UNIT ,NEW COMMUNITIES ,COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT ,COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION ,SOCIETY ,INCLUSION ,DESCRIPTION ,FAMILIES ,COMMUNITY BENEFITS ,MARGINALIZED GROUPS ,COMMUNITY SUPPORT ,CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS ,COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES ,REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT ,COMMUNITY CAPACITY ,DISPUTE RESOLUTION ,CONFLICT ,LESSONS LEARNED ,CIVIL SOCIETY ,COMMUNITY MEMBERS ,SOCIAL SCIENTISTS ,CONSULTATIONS ,CIVIL SOCIETY REPRESENTATIVES ,LOCAL AUTHORITY ,LOCAL COMMUNITIES ,SQUATTER ,CAPACITY BUILDING ,YOUTH ,CONSULTATION ,INHABITANTS ,VALUE SYSTEMS ,CULTURAL VALUES ,COMMUNITY MONITORING ,COMMUNITY SERVICES ,SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ,COMMUNITIES ,INTERVENTION - Abstract
Mines have the potential to impact communities and such impacts can be both positive and negative. Historically, mines have played an important role in impacted communities but that role usually ended with the closure of the mine. More recently, there is a strong interest by governments, communities and mining companies in the sustained development of mine impacted communities. The World Bank Group (WBG) has a role to play in mining-led development at both the national and community level. The purpose of this report is to provide draft model community development agreement regulations suitable for adoption into legislation or which can be modified for use as guidelines. It is not the intent of this report to suggest that every nation should adopt the model legislation, rather the model legislation is simply another tool that governments can consider as part, or not, of their development strategy. In many nations, the promulgation of regulations is easier than introducing a new or amended mining law, and thus, model regulations were drafted rather than model mining law provisions. This report is the product of a phased project approach. Phase one was designed to prepare a draft set of Community Development Agreement (CDA) regulations in consultation with and benefiting from technical experts. Phase two, of which this report is a part, was intended to obtain feedback from a broad spectrum of stakeholders including governments, private sector, non-governmental organizations, civil society and development experts.
- Published
- 2010
165. Mongolia : The Economic Value of the Upper Tuul Ecosystem
- Author
-
World Bank
- Subjects
SPECIES OF BIRDS ,GRASSLAND ,AMPHIBIANS ,ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT ,HORSES ,GROUNDWATER RESOURCES ,CONSUMPTION PATTERNS ,VALUATION METHODS ,CONSERVATION STRATEGY ,GOAT ,SEDIMENT LOADS ,WATERSHED MANAGEMENT ,HABITAT ,WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ,NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS ,DEAD TREES ,MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENTS ,WATER POLLUTION ,TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS ,EVAPORATION ,ELEVATIONS ,WATER DEMAND ,FOREST COVER ,WATER INFRASTRUCTURE ,RESTAURANTS ,BASIC CONSERVATION ,WILLINGNESS TO PAY ,CORE AREAS ,GROUNDWATER TABLES ,GROUNDWATER SUPPLIES ,MINES ,GRASSLANDS ,FARMERS ,GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM ,LAKES ,BIRD AREAS ,WELLS ,CONSERVATION ,WATER MANAGEMENT ,TURTLE ,FOREST RESOURCES ,GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION ,IRRIGATION SYSTEMS ,FIELD STUDY ,REMOTE SENSING ,RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ,ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY ,LIVESTOCK PRODUCTS ,SURFACE WATER ,EXPLOITATION ,BASIN ,RIVER SYSTEMS ,ENVIRONMENTAL ,LAKE ,LAND USES ,SHEEP ,DOWNSTREAM WATER USERS ,SPECIES OF MAMMAL ,HUNTING ,BIODIVERSITY ,SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ,WATER SECTOR ,AGRICULTURAL USES ,SEA LEVEL ,WATER USERS ,HYDROLOGICAL MODEL ,DOMESTIC WATER ,WATER SHORTAGES ,WASTEWATER TREATMENT ,PASTURES ,DOMESTIC WATER USE ,WATER INVESTMENTS ,EURASIAN OTTER ,FRESHWATER LAKES ,FORESTS ,WOLVERINE ,ROADS ,RESOURCE USE ,GRAZING ,ISSUES ,TIMBER PRODUCTS ,COMMERCIAL WATER ,CONSUMER SURPLUS ,BIRD ,GROUNDWATER RECHARGE ,OPPORTUNITY COSTS ,BIODIVERSITY LOSS ,FARMING ,EXTRACTIVE ACTIVITIES ,ECONOMIC VALUE ,WILDLIFE ,HARVEST OF TIMBER ,WASTEWATER ,ECOSYSTEM DEGRADATION ,PERMITS ,URBAN WATER ,CATCHMENT AREA ,ECONOMIC VALUATION ,FENCES ,BASINS ,OWL ,LANDSCAPE ,ECOSYSTEM CHANGE ,WATER SUPPLY ,PONDS ,SPECIES OF INSECT ,VULTURE ,MUSK DEER ,BOTANY ,PRESENT VALUE ,VEGETATION ,RESERVOIRS ,DAIRY CATTLE ,NATURAL ECOSYSTEM ,ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES ,RIVERS ,DOWNSTREAM AREAS ,ENVIRONMENTAL VALUATION ,SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT ,LIVELIHOODS ,ENVIRONMENTAL VALUES ,BROWN BEAR ,CUSTOMARY PRACTICES ,LOSS OF WATER ,LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION ,PROGRAMS ,LYNX ,SPECIES ,ECOSYSTEMS ,TIMBER FOREST ,FOREST LANDSCAPE ,AGRICULTURAL WATER USE ,LAND USE ,NATURE ,RAINFALL ,POPULATION GROWTH ,COMMUNITY MEMBERS ,ECOSYSTEM CONSERVATION ,TOURISM ,WATER AVAILABILITY ,CAT ,NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT ,WATER RESOURCE ,TOURISM INDUSTRY ,REPTILES ,LAND COVER ,SPECIES OF FISH ,HUMAN POPULATION ,SOLID WASTE ,SPECIES OF PLANTS ,MARGINAL COSTS ,ECOLOGY ,RED DEER ,MAMMAL SPECIES ,FARMS ,FISH ,TIMBER ,WATERSHED ,STREAMS ,BUFFER ZONE ,WATER SECTOR DEVELOPMENT ,SILT ,WATER CAPACITY ,WATER SERVICES ,PASTURE ,NATIONAL PARK ,BAT ,LOCAL COMMUNITIES ,WATER CHARGES ,SCIENCES ,DOMINANT SPECIES ,TAIGA ,ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS ,DEMAND FOR WATER ,EROSION ,DOMESTIC USERS ,BEAR ,COMMERCIAL WATER USE ,RIVER BASIN ,ECONOMIC INCENTIVES ,ACTION PLAN ,PROTECTION ,BROADLEAF FORESTS ,DISCHARGE ,CAMELS ,SEA ,TUNDRA ,MOUNTAINS ,LAND DEGRADATION ,ECOLOGICAL CONDITIONS ,MEDICINAL PLANTS ,LAND USE CHANGE ,RIVER WATER ,ECOLOGICAL TERMS ,EXPENDITURES ,CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ,BOREAL FOREST ,NATURAL ENVIRONMENT ,TOURISM ACTIVITIES ,WATER DISTRIBUTION ,SUSTAINABLE USE ,LIVESTOCK ,WATER QUALITY ,NATURAL RESOURCES ,TOURISM DEVELOPMENT ,SOILS ,ECOSYSTEM ,FOREST TYPES ,ELK ,ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS - Abstract
The economic value of the Upper Tuul ecosystem in Mongolia reports on a study carried out under the auspices of the World Bank and the Government of Mongolia. The goal of the study was to improve understanding about the economic value of the Upper Tuul ecosystem for Ulaanbaatar's water supplies and how this might be affected by different land and resource management options in the future. The study also aims to develop and apply ecosystem valuation methods that can be used more widely in the country, to generate information about the contribution of the environment to the Mongolian economy, and to make the case for improved budget allocations for the conservation of the Upper Tuul. Integrating eco-hydrological and economic valuation techniques, the study traces through the biophysical effects and socioeconomic impacts of future land and resource degradation, and ecosystem conservation, in the upper watershed.
- Published
- 2009
166. Scaling up Local and Community Driven Development : A Real World Guide to Its Theory and Practice
- Author
-
Binswanger-Mkhize, Hans P., de Regt, Jacomina P., and Spector, Stephen
- Subjects
COMMUNITY MANAGEMENT ,URBAN SERVICES ,SOCIAL ACCOUNTABILITY ,NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ,RURAL DEVELOPMENT ,DESCRIPTION ,VILLAGE LEVEL ,INFLATION ,INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT ,EMPLOYMENT ,STAKEHOLDER PARTICIPATION ,LAND USE ,COMMUNITY CAPACITY ,PILOT PROJECTS ,ASSISTANCE STRATEGY ,COMMUNITY LEADERS ,CIVIL SOCIETY ,COMMUNITY MEMBERS ,BROAD RANGE OF STAKEHOLDERS ,DEVELOPMENT PROCESS ,RESOURCE ALLOCATION ,LOCAL LANGUAGES ,MUNICIPALITIES ,NGO ,COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT ,CAP ,INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ,LOCALITIES ,DEVELOPMENT AGENDAS ,DEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY ,INHABITANTS ,PROCUREMENT ,LOCAL DEVELOPMENT ,LOCAL GOVERNMENT STRUCTURES ,RURAL PEOPLE ,SOCIAL ACTION ,COMMUNITY STRUCTURE ,COMMUNITY ASSOCIATIONS ,PROCUREMENT PROCEDURES ,SOCIAL INCLUSION ,LOCAL INSTITUTIONS ,DECONCENTRATION ,POLITICAL SUPPORT ,COMMUNITY ACTION ,BROAD RANGE OF ACTIVITIES ,SUSTAINABILITY ,COMMUNITY SUPPORT ,PARTICIPATORY PROCESSES ,RURAL AREAS ,NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS ,FISCAL CONDITIONS ,LESSONS LEARNED ,LABOR MARKET ,DISTRICTS ,SOCIAL COHESION ,DIRECT FINANCING ,ORGANIZATIONAL STRENGTH ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,DEBT ,LOCAL COMMUNITIES ,CLINICS ,SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT ,COMMUNITY LEVEL ,CONTRIBUTIONS ,ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ,NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS ,PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION ,SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT ,AUTONOMY ,AGRICULTURE ,POLITICAL DECENTRALIZATION ,COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT ,COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION ,DEVOLUTION ,DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE ,EMPOWERMENT ,INTEGRATED RURAL DEVELOPMENT ,LOCAL GOVERNMENT ELECTIONS ,CAPITALS ,PUBLIC SERVICE PROVISION ,AUDITS ,ACTION PLAN ,CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS ,FACILITATORS ,MINISTRIES OF FINANCE ,PARTICIPATION OF COMMUNITIES ,CITIZENS ,SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURS ,CENTRAL GOVERNMENTS ,LOCAL PEOPLE ,ROADS ,ACCOUNTING ,FINANCES ,HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ,CONSOLIDATION ,NEIGHBORHOODS ,COMMUNITY OWNERSHIP ,DISTRICT OFFICIALS ,LOCAL GOVERNANCE ,LOCAL GOVERNMENT ,ALLOCATION OF RESPONSIBILITIES ,COMMUNITY SUBPROJECTS ,GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS ,COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS ,VILLAGES ,COMMUNITY WATER SUPPLY ,COMMUNITY-DRIVEN DEVELOPMENT ,POLITICAL OPPOSITION ,LOCAL GOVERNMENTS ,SAFETY ,SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ,NUTRITION ,PRIVATE SECTOR ,PUBLIC PARTICIPATION ,IRRIGATION ASSOCIATIONS ,SOCIAL SAFETY NETS ,TARGETED PROGRAMS ,FINANCIAL REFORM ,PROJECT EVALUATION ,ACCOUNTABILITY SYSTEMS ,NATIONAL POLICY ,COMMUNITY DRIVEN DEVELOPMENT ,FIELD TESTING ,COMMUNITY CONSULTATION ,SOCIAL PROTECTION ,GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS ,HUMAN DEVELOPMENT NETWORK ,COMMUNITY PROJECTS ,MARGINALIZED GROUPS ,MICROFINANCE ,REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT ,SOCIAL FUNDS ,COMMUNITY GROUPS ,HEALTH EXPENDITURES ,HOUSING ,PANCHAYATS ,COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT WORKERS ,PARTICIPATORY APPROACHES ,PARTICIPATORY ASSESSMENT ,SOCIAL CAPITAL ,SAVINGS ,CAPACITY BUILDING ,HEALTH SERVICES ,OUTREACH ,COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT ,COMMUNITY ROLES ,TRUST FUNDS ,URBAN AREAS ,POLICY DIALOGUE ,SLUMS ,TRAINING COURSES - Abstract
Local and Community Driven Development (LCDD) is an approach that gives control of development decisions and resources to community groups and representative local governments. Poor communities receive funds, decide on their use, plan and execute the chosen local projects, and monitor the provision of services that result from it. It improves not just incomes but people's empowerment and governance capacity, the lack of which is a form of poverty as well. LCDD operations have demonstrated effectiveness at delivering results and have received substantial support from the World Bank. Since the start of this decade, our lending for LCDD has averaged around US$2 billion per year. Through its support to local and community-driven programs, the Bank has financed services such as water supply and sanitation, health services, schools that are tailored to community needs and likely to be maintained and sustainable, nutrition programs for mothers and infants, the building of rural access roads, and support for livelihoods and micro enterprise. This eBook brings together the thoughts and experiences of many of the leading proponents and practitioners of LCDD, a phrase that evolved from Community-Driven Development, and most clearly describes the process of empowering communities and their local governments so they drive economic and social development upwards and outwards. This, too many, appears as a new paradigm, though it has actually evolved over the decades, since it emerged from India in the 1950s. While many LCDD projects have taken root, the key challenge now is how such islands of success, that is, the discrete LCDD projects, can be scaled up into sustainable national programs that build skills in decision-making, management, and governance.
- Published
- 2009
167. Participation, Decentralization and Human Rights : A Review of Approaches for Strengthening Voice and Accountability in Local Governance
- Author
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Friis-Hansen, Esbern and Kyed, Helene Maria
- Subjects
SOCIAL ACCOUNTABILITY ,SOCIALISM ,RIGHTS ADVOCACY ,DECISION-MAKING ,ACCOUNTABILITY MECHANISMS ,CITIZEN FEEDBACK ,TRANSPARENT INFORMATION ,NATIONAL LEVEL ,INCOME ,DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION ,UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION ,STAKEHOLDER ,COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT ,INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ,SERVICE PROVIDERS ,STATE FUNDS ,LOCAL DEVELOPMENT ,GOVERNMENT LEVEL ,TRANSPARENCY ,BASIC NEEDS ,SERVICE DELIVERY ,DECISIONMAKING ,LOCAL COUNCILS ,INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY ,NATIONAL LAWS ,PARTICIPATORY APPROACH ,SOCIAL ACCOUNTABILITY MECHANISMS ,POLITICAL INFLUENCE ,SOCIALLY SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT NETWORK ,LEVELS OF GOVERNMENT ,ACTIVE CITIZENS ,CAPITAL CITIES ,CIVIC EDUCATION ,LOCAL GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS ,POLITICAL PARTICIPATION ,DISTRICTS ,ACTIVE PARTICIPATION ,PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS ,DECENTRALIZATION REFORMS ,LOCAL LEVELS ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT ,COMMUNITY INDICATORS ,DECISION-MAKING PROCESSES ,PARLIAMENT ,MAJORITY RULE ,COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT ,DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE ,EMPOWERMENT ,ACCOUNTABILITY RELATIONSHIP ,CITIZEN PARTICIPATION ,INSTITUTIONALIZATION ,POLITICAL REFORMS ,CITIZENSHIP ,CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS ,DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE ,LOBBYING ,LOCAL KNOWLEDGE ,CITIZENS ,DISCRETIONARY POWERS ,HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ,LOCAL OWNERSHIP ,HUMAN RIGHTS ORGANIZATIONS ,INGO ,LOCAL GOVERNANCE ,ACCESS TO INFORMATION ,CHILD LABOR ,CIVIL RIGHTS ,LOCAL GOVERNMENT ,CIVIL SERVANTS ,DECENTRALIZATION ,ORGANIZATIONAL CAPACITY ,LOCAL ACTORS ,COMMUNITY DRIVEN DEVELOPMENT ,GOOD GOVERNANCE ,GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS ,PARTICIPATORY MANAGEMENT ,FINANCIAL RESOURCES ,COMMUNITY MOBILIZATION ,MULTILATERAL DONORS ,GOVERNMENT RESPONSIBILITIES ,POLICY ANALYSIS ,LOCAL GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS ,PARTICIPATORY DEMOCRACY ,STATE AUTHORITIES ,CITIZEN PARTICIPATION IN DEVELOPMENT ,STATE RESOURCES ,PUBLIC ACCOUNTABILITY ,PARTICIPATORY DEVELOPMENT ,POLITICAL PARTIES ,PARTICIPATORY METHODOLOGIES ,ACCOUNTABILITY ,TARGET GROUPS ,ADMINISTRATIVE AUTHORITY ,PUBLIC SERVICE ,POLITICAL STRUCTURES ,STATE INSTITUTIONS ,TRAINING PROGRAMS ,DEVOLUTION OF POWER ,PUBLIC SERVICE DELIVERY ,INTERNATIONAL LEVELS ,PARTICIPATORY PLANNING ,BENEFICIARIES ,CIVIL SOCIETY ,COMMUNITY MEMBERS ,STAKEHOLDERS ,GOVERNMENT DECISION ,DECISION-MAKING PROCESS ,NATIONS ,PARTICIPATORY MONITORING ,LOCAL CAPACITY ,GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS ,INGOS ,POLITICAL POWER ,CONSTITUTION ,DEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY ,DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ,ENABLING ENVIRONMENT ,PARTICIPATORY TOOLS ,SOCIALLY SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ,CONSTITUENCIES ,POLITICAL VOICE ,LOCAL INSTITUTIONS ,CBO ,POLICY ADVOCACY ,DEMOCRACY ,COMMUNITY ACTION ,PARTICIPATORY PROCESSES ,POLITICAL DYNAMICS ,RECONSTRUCTION ,GOVERNMENT ACTION ,NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS ,CONSTITUENCY ,PUBLIC SECTOR ,LOCAL COMMUNITIES ,FIGURES ,INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS STANDARDS ,GOVERNANCE PROGRAMS ,LEGAL INSTITUTIONS ,COMMUNITY LEVEL ,HUMAN RIGHTS ,CONTRIBUTIONS ,INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS ,PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION ,INEQUALITY ,MOBILIZATION ,RAP ,PARTICIPATORY GOVERNANCE ,DEVELOPMENT AGENDA ,SOCIAL POLICY ,COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION ,ADVOCACY ,BROAD PARTICIPATION ,RIGHTS ADVOCATES ,COLLABORATION ,DECISION-MAKERS ,LOCAL COMMUNITY ,CONSTITUTIONS ,HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT ,SOCIAL JUSTICE ,POPULAR PARTICIPATION ,INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES ,LOCAL PEOPLE ,POLITICAL LEADERSHIP ,FOOD SECURITY ,INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ,VILLAGE ,LOCAL GOVERNMENTS ,GOVERNMENT LEVELS ,CITIZEN ,SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ,PUBLIC PARTICIPATION ,NATIONAL POLICY ,SOCIAL EXCLUSION ,PUBLIC POLICY ,ACCOUNTABILITY RELATIONSHIPS ,LEGISLATION ,MARGINALIZED GROUPS ,LOCAL AUTHORITIES ,COALITIONS ,RELIGIOUS COMMUNITY ,GOVERNANCE PROCESSES ,ECONOMIC RIGHTS ,MUNICIPALITY ,DEMOCRATIZATION ,NATIONAL POLICIES ,PARTICIPATORY APPROACHES ,CAPACITY BUILDING ,SOCIAL AUDITS ,DISCRIMINATION ,LEGITIMACY ,INTERVIEWING ,GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS ,EXPENDITURE ,TRAINING COURSES - Abstract
This report examines the theoretical and practical synergies between three intervention models that are currently being employed to improve local governance in developing countries: 1) democratic decentralization or devolution; 2) community participatory approaches, and; 3) rights-based approaches. The aim is to identify the possibilities and challenges of an 'integrative approach' to local governance that combines the strengths of each of the three intervention models. It is assumed that an integrative approach can help enhance efforts to improve the downward accountability of local governments, enhance equity in the distribution of services and in various citizens' access to influence, and increase citizen participation in local governance processes. This is supported by a number of empirical cases from Africa, Latin America, Asia and Bosnia-Herzegovina, which are presented in the report. Each case also highlights a number of context-specific challenges to using an integrative approach, such as available financial resources, national policy environments and local conflicts. The report fills this gap by both identifying theoretical synergies and by drawing on the few empirical cases that exist.
- Published
- 2009
168. Procurement Monitoring and Social Accountability : Curriculum Development Program
- Author
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World Bank
- Subjects
FOCUS GROUPS ,SOCIAL ACCOUNTABILITY ,CITIZEN GROUPS ,GOVERNMENT AUTHORITIES ,DECISION-MAKING ,GENERAL ELECTIONS ,ACCOUNTABILITY MECHANISMS ,BUDGET ADVOCACY ,INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT ,INCOME ,HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT ,CITIZEN ADVISORY ,FORMAL ECONOMY ,STAKEHOLDER ,PUBLIC PROCUREMENT ,JUDICIAL FRAMEWORK ,SERVICE PROVIDERS ,INTERNAL ACCOUNTABILITY ,CONSULTATION ,PUBLIC SPENDING ,GOVERNMENT INFORMATION ,GOVERNMENT LEVEL ,SOCIAL ACCOUNTABILITY INITIATIVES ,TRANSPARENCY ,SERVICE DELIVERY ,DECISIONMAKING ,PRIME MINISTER ,SOCIAL ACCOUNTABILITY MECHANISMS ,SOCIAL ACTIVITIES ,LEVELS OF GOVERNMENT ,BUDGET ALLOCATION ,CONSULTATIONS ,TAX COLLECTIONS ,GRAFT ,LOCAL LEVELS ,PARTICIPATORY BUDGETS ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,SOCIAL ACCOUNTABILITY INITIATIVE ,CITIZEN REPORT CARD ,NEGOTIATIONS ,MINISTER ,CONSENSUS ,CONVENTIONAL ACCOUNTABILITY ,DISCRETION ,CIVIL SOCIETY GROUPS ,PUBLIC AGENCIES ,CITIZEN PARTICIPATION ,CITIZEN OVERSIGHT ,CITIZENSHIP ,CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS ,LOBBYING ,CITIZENS ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,TAXATION ,HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ,LOCAL GOVERNANCE ,ACCESS TO INFORMATION ,BUDGET MEETINGS ,LOCAL GOVERNMENT ,VILLAGES ,GOVERNMENT PERFORMANCE ,REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ,SOCIAL CONTROL ,CIVIC ENGAGEMENT ,POLICE ,FISCAL POLICY ,INDEPENDENT BUDGET ANALYSIS ,YOUTH ,PUBLIC RESOURCES ,PUBLIC HEALTH ,CONFIDENCE ,GOOD GOVERNANCE ,EXECUTION ,TESTIMONIALS ,TARGET GROUP ,CITIZEN ENGAGEMENT ,GOVERNMENT SERVICES ,LEGAL FRAMEWORKS ,ABUSE ,EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS ,POVERTY ALLEVIATION ,URBAN GOVERNANCE ,CORRUPTION ,REGULATORY BODIES ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURE ,RIGHT TO INFORMATION ,POLITICAL PARTIES ,STATE GOVERNMENTS ,LEADERSHIP ,PUBLIC INFORMATION ,PUBLIC SERVICE ,SERVICE DELIVERY CHAIN ,STATE INSTITUTIONS ,PUBLIC SUPPORT ,PUBLIC SERVICE DELIVERY ,BEST PRACTICE ,CORRUPTION IN GOVERNMENT ,PUBLIC MANAGEMENT ,BENEFICIARIES ,CIVIL SOCIETY ,COMMUNITY MEMBERS ,STAKEHOLDERS ,ACCOUNTABILITY IN GOVERNANCE ,GOVERNMENT DECISION ,PUBLIC AWARENESS ,LOCAL CAPACITY ,RULE OF LAW ,SOCIAL MOVEMENTS ,PREPARATION ,BUDGET MONITORING ,POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS ,INTEGRITY ,ENABLING ENVIRONMENT ,AUDITING ,PROCUREMENT ,PUBLIC PROCUREMENT CONTRACTS ,STATE GOVERNMENT ,PRIORITIES ,ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS ,REPRESENTATIVES ,SANCTIONS ,CIVIL SOCIETY MONITORING ,COLLUSION ,CORRUPTION TRENDS ,CORRUPT ,DEMOCRACY ,NATIONAL ELECTIONS ,FINANCIAL AUDITS ,MEDIA ,PRIVATE SECTOR REPRESENTATIVES ,PARTICIPATORY PROCESSES ,BRIBERY ,PARTICIPATORY BUDGET ,PUBLIC SECTOR ,PUBLIC OPINION ,FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ,GOVERNMENT AGENCIES ,MOBILIZATION ,INSTITUTION BUILDING ,CITIZEN MONITORING ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,DISCLOSURE ,GOVERNANCE PROGRAM ,AUTHORITY ,PRIVATE GAIN ,COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION ,PARTICIPATORY POLICY ,ADVOCACY ,PARTICIPATORY BUDGETING ,COLLABORATION ,GOVERNANCE ISSUES ,SOCIAL WORK ,IMPROVING GOVERNANCE ,INTERVIEWS ,CORRUPT PRACTICES ,GOVERNMENT OFFICIAL ,PUBLIC FUNDS ,ACCOUNTING ,PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION ,CRONYISM ,VILLAGE ,LOCAL GOVERNMENTS ,PENALTIES ,BEST PRACTICES ,PUBLIC MONIES ,PUBLIC ACCESS ,CITIZEN ,SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ,PUBLIC PARTICIPATION ,COMMUNITY ORGANIZATIONS ,BUDGET INFORMATION ,HUMAN RESOURCES ,BUREAUCRACY ,PUBLIC AFFAIRS ,PUBLIC OFFICIALS ,PUBLIC POLICY ,PERFORMANCE MONITORING ,LEGISLATION ,PARTICIPATORY MECHANISMS ,LEGAL PROCEDURES ,COMPLAINTS ,SOCIAL GROUPS ,PUBLIC POLICIES ,ANTI-CORRUPTION ,LOCAL AUTHORITIES ,COALITIONS ,ECONOMIC RIGHTS ,CERTIFICATION ,MUNICIPALITY ,LEGAL FRAMEWORK ,LOCAL ORGANIZATIONS ,BIDDING ,FINANCIAL SUPPORT ,CAPACITY BUILDING ,SOCIAL AUDITS ,OUTREACH ,FREEDOM OF INFORMATION LAWS ,PUBLIC HEARINGS ,GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS - Abstract
The devolution of procurement responsibilities to local levels of government is increasingly occurring across South Asia. This trend is significant because increasingly localized decision-making better enables communities to hold government authorities accountable for the effectiveness of public spending, which can lead to various improved development outcomes, such as improvements in quality of service delivery; greater empowerment and understanding by end-users services supplied through public procurement processes; and improved oversight and accountability of service delivery agencies. The objective of this report is to set out an overview of the strategic approach developed by World Bank Institute (WBI) as a component of the Norwegian governance trust fund (NTF) program `procurement and service delivery: establishing effective collaboration between government and beneficiaries on monitoring procurement outcomes`. WBI received funds under the NTF to facilitate the development of context and audience-specific knowledge products by recognized practitioners and civil society organizations in South Asia as part of a broader effort to create a practical curriculum on social accountability in procurement.
- Published
- 2009
169. Preparing community members to enact specific roles in emergency situations: A research agenda
- Author
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Delerue, Hélène, Lejeune, Albert, Curmin, P., Nach, H., Boileau, Serge, Dauphine Recherches en Management (DRM), Université Paris Dauphine-PSL, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université du Québec à Montréal = University of Québec in Montréal (UQAM), Département de management et de technologie (Uquam), and université du canada
- Subjects
[SHS.GESTION]Humanities and Social Sciences/Business administration ,community members ,emergency situations - Published
- 2008
170. The Role of Local Institutions in Adaptation to Climate Change
- Author
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Agrawal, Arun
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CLIMATIC VARIABLES ,HEAT WAVES ,INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS ,ADVERSE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ,CLIMATE CHANGES ,GLOBAL EMISSIONS ,ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS ,SEA-LEVEL RISE ,FOREST GOVERNANCE ,CLIMATIC STRESSES ,ALLOCATION ,UNCERTAINTIES ,ADAPTATION PRACTICE ,ADAPTATION PROJECTS ,CARBON SEQUESTRATION ,LOCAL ADAPTATION ,ADAPTIVE CAPACITY OF COMMUNITIES ,EXTREME EVENTS ,ADAPTATION COSTS ,IMPLICATIONS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ,CIVIL LIBERTIES ,LOWER COSTS ,POLICY MAKERS ,SUCCESS OF ADAPTATION ,VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE ,ADAPTATION ,LAND USE ,LIVESTOCK INSURANCE ,RAINFALL ,COSTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ,EMISSIONS ,GLOBAL MEAN TEMPERATURES ,NATIONAL LEVEL ,CIVIL SOCIETY ,COMMUNITY MEMBERS ,INCOME ,MITIGATION EFFORTS ,ADAPTIVE STRATEGIES ,ADAPTATION MEASURES ,FUTURE CLIMATE CHANGE ,ADAPTATION STRATEGY ,CROP INSURANCE ,TEMPORAL VARIATIONS ,CLIMATE VULNERABILITY ,GREENHOUSE GAS LEVELS ,SOCIAL ACTION ,CLIMATE HAZARDS ,HEAT STRESS ,RAINFALL LEVELS ,SEA-LEVEL ,GREENHOUSE GAS ,LOCAL INSTITUTIONS ,SUCCESSFUL ADAPTATION ,SCIENTIFIC CONSENSUS ,MITIGATION ,WEATHER PATTERNS ,IMPACTS OF CLIMATE RISKS ,INSURANCE INSTRUMENTS ,LOCAL ADAPTIVE CAPACITY ,ADAPTATION STRATEGIES ,CLIMATE RISK ,CLIMATIC RISK ,INTENSE STORMS ,DRY REGIONS ,GLACIERS ,ADAPTATION EFFORTS ,SEA LEVEL RISE ,COLLECTIVE ACTION ,FLOOD ,PROPERTY RIGHTS ,ADAPTATION POLICIES ,DECISION MAKING ,SEA WALLS ,RAIN ,PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS ,CLIMATE CHANGE DAMAGE ,VULNERABILITY INDICATORS ,LOCAL LEVELS ,LOCAL COMMUNITIES ,ADAPTATION INTERVENTIONS ,CLIMATIC VARIABILITY ,VARIABILITY OF RAINFALL ,PET ,CLIMATE SENSITIVITY ,ADAPTING ,CLIMATE CHANGE RISKS ,EFFECTIVE ADAPTATION ,GREENHOUSE ,INEQUALITY ,FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT ,ADAPTATION CHOICES ,CLIMATIC CHANGE ,INSURANCE PRODUCT ,SOCIAL DIMENSIONS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ,STORM SURGES ,FLOODING ,CARBON SINKS ,CONFRONTING CLIMATE CHANGE ,STORMS ,CARBON ,CLIMATE VARIABILITY ,DROUGHT EVENTS ,TEMPORAL VARIABILITY ,INTENSITY OF DROUGHT ,TEMPERATURES ,CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS ,NATIONAL ADAPTATION ,ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE ,LOCAL KNOWLEDGE ,DRY SEASONS ,SOCIAL CHANGE ,CLIMATE IMPACTS ,TEMPERATURE ,DROUGHT ,GOVERNMENT EFFECTIVENESS ,ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE ,IPCC ,LOCAL GOVERNANCE ,ADAPTATION ACTIONS ,FOREST ,ADAPTIVE RESPONSES ,CLIMATE HAZARD ,LAND DEGRADATION ,PRECIPITATION ,ADVERSE CLIMATE ,CLIMATE IMPACT ,DISASTERS ,INSURANCE ,ADAPTIVE CAPACITY ,SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ,TRANSACTIONS COSTS ,ADAPTATION OPTIONS ,TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION ,CLIMATE EVENTS ,CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ,TEMPORAL STRUCTURE ,FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE ,DISASTER RELIEF ,INSURANCE SCHEMES ,MALADAPTATION ,HEAT ,EXPOSURE TO CLIMATE CHANGE ,CLIMATE MODELING ,FLUCTUATIONS IN RAINFALL ,ADAPTATION RESPONSES ,GOVERNANCE INSTITUTIONS ,SOCIAL GROUPS ,MARKET FAILURES ,ATMOSPHERIC SCIENTISTS ,CLIMATE-RELATED RISKS ,FLOODS ,LOCAL ADAPTATIONS ,TOTAL BENEFITS ,INSURANCE PRODUCTS ,POVERTY ALLEVIATION ,POLITICAL RIGHTS ,NATURAL RESOURCES ,RISKS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ,CLIMATE ADAPTATION ,DESTRUCTION OF FORESTS ,FINANCIAL CAPITAL ,CAPACITY BUILDING ,INSURANCE MARKETS ,IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ,INSURANCE SCHEME ,LOWER RAINFALL ,INSURANCE CONTRACTS ,CLIMATE RISK MANAGEMENT ,ECOSYSTEM ,INSTITUTIONAL PERFORMANCE ,ACCOUNTABILITY ,ADAPTATION PRACTICES ,COSTS OF ADAPTATION ,DATA COLLECTION - Abstract
This review focuses on the role of local institutions in adaptation to climate change. It does so under the belief that climate impacts will affect disadvantaged social groups more disproportionately, and that local institutions centrally influence how different social groups gain access to and are able to use assets and resources. It suggests that adaptation to climate change is inevitably local and that institutions influence adaptation and climate vulnerability in three critical ways: a) they structure impacts and vulnerability, b) they mediate between individual and collective responses to climate impacts and thereby shape outcomes of adaptation, and c) they act as the means of delivery of external resources to facilitate adaptation, and thus govern access to such resources. In focusing on local institutions, the review fills two glaring gaps in the existing understanding about institutions and climate change: the lack of middle-range theories of adaptation practices to help frame policy debates, and the absence of comparative empirical studies of adaptation to support policy interventions. To contribute to middle-range theoretical knowledge about climate change the review develops a conceptual framework to understand and classify the adaptation practices of the rural poor, view the institutional structuring of adaptation, and examine the types of external support interventions that local institutions inevitably channel. The review proposes a focus on different forms of mobility, storage, diversification, communal pooling, and market exchange in rural settings as the basic mechanisms through which households address riskiness of livelihoods. Using the familiar typology of public, private, and civil society institutions the review proposes an institutional linkages framework that highlights the role of institutional partnerships in facilitating adaptation and drawing from social network analysis it presents a conceptual toolkit to analyze institutional partnerships and their impacts on resource access of vulnerable social groups. In examining the role of institutions in channeling financial, information and technological, leadership, and policy interventions into rural areas, the review highlights that institutions are critical leverage points through which to determine the direction and magnitude of flows of resources to different social groups.
- Published
- 2008
171. REGULAÇÃO DA PESQUISA CLÍNICA E COMITÊS DE ÉTICA NO PERÚ: CRÔNICA DE MUDANÇAS
- Author
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Muñoz del Carpio Toia, Agueda
- Subjects
investigación clínica en Latinoamérica ,miembros de la comunidad ,comitês de ética ,regulation ,community members ,membros da comunidade ,regulación ,clinical investigation in Latin America ,regulação ,bioética ,ethics committees ,bioethics ,pesquisa clínica na América Latina ,comités de ética - Abstract
Debido al avance progresivo de la investigación clínica, nuevas exigencias y requerimientos se hacen necesarios, tales como: apertura de comités de ética, creación o adaptación de legislaciones, mayor entrenamiento de investigadores, entre otros. El objetivo del presente artículo es hacer una crónica de lo sucedido con Reglamento Peruano de Ensayos Clínicos y analizar si la regulación peruana incluye una efectiva participación de la comunidad en los comités de ética. Due to the progressive advance of clinical investigation, new demands and requirements are made necessary, such as: the formation of ethics committees, the creation or adaptation of legislation, and increased training for researchers, among others. The objective of this article is to report on what occurred with the Peruvian Regulation of Clinical Tests and to analyze if the Peruvian regulation includes an effective participation of the community in ethics committees. Devido ao avanço progressivo da pesquisa clínica, novas exigências e requerimentos se fazem necessários, tais como: criação de comitês de ética, criação ou adaptação de legislações, maior treinamento de pesquisadores, entre outros. O objetivo do presente artigo é fazer uma crônica do sucedido com o Regulamento Peruano de Ensaios Clínicos e analisar se a regulação peruana inclui uma efetiva participação da comunidade nos comitês de ética.
- Published
- 2008
172. Ingreso generado por la recolección de recursos forestales en Pichátaro, Michoacán, México
- Author
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Francisco Arriaga, Fidel, Guerrero García Rojas, Hilda R., Kido Cruz, Antonio, Cortés Zavala, María Teresa, Francisco Arriaga, Fidel, Guerrero García Rojas, Hilda R., Kido Cruz, Antonio, and Cortés Zavala, María Teresa
- Abstract
Non-wood products (NWP) and their contribution to a community’s income have increasingly captured the interest of scholars and researchers. This study is inscribed within this framework, where the economic value and contribution to family income is calculated, from harvesting pine resin, edible mushrooms, medicinal plants and honeycombs, carried out by inhabitants in the indigenous community of Pichátaro, Michoacán, México. The non-wood product that most contributes to the family income is pine resin, extracted from several species. The net present value per hectare from the four NWP studied was $97.58 USD ha-1, the net annual income per harvester varied between $40 and $792 USD, representing a contribution to the annual family income of between 0.93 and 18.56%. Results from this study underline that NWP marketing contributes a reduced amount to the community family income, due to the decrease in forest cover, their low sale price and the low negotiation ability by harvester community members., Los bienes no maderables (BNM) y su aporte al ingreso comunitario han venido captando cada vez más el interés de académicos e investigadores. En este marco se inscribe este estudio en el que se calcula el valor económico y la aportación al ingreso familiar de la recolección de resina de pino, hongos comestibles, plantas medicinales y panales con miel; realizada por los habitantes de la comunidad indígena de Pichátaro, Michoacán, México. El bien no maderable que más aporta al ingreso familiar es la resina de pino, extraída de varias especies. El valor presente neto por hectárea de los cuatro BNM estudiados fue de USD 97.58 ha-1, el ingreso neto anual por recolector varió entre USD 40 y USD 792, significando una contribución al ingreso familiar anual de entre 0.93 y 18.56%. Los resultados de este estudio subrayan que la comercialización de BNM contribuye con un monto reducido al ingreso familiar comunitario, debido a la disminución de la cubierta forestal, su bajo precio de venta y la poca capacidad de negociación de los comuneros recolectores.
- Published
- 2011
173. The pathway of obstructed labour as perceived by communities in south-western Uganda: a grounded theory study.
- Author
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Kabakyenga, Jerome, Östergren, Per-Olof, Emmelin, Maria, Kyomuhendo, Phionah, Odberg Pettersson, Karen, Kabakyenga, Jerome, Östergren, Per-Olof, Emmelin, Maria, Kyomuhendo, Phionah, and Odberg Pettersson, Karen
- Abstract
BACKGROUND: Obstructed labour is still a major cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality in Uganda, where many women give birth at home alone or assisted by non-skilled birth attendants. Little is known of how the community view obstructed labour, and what actions they take in cases where this complication occurs. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to explore community members' understanding of and actions taken in cases of obstructed labour in south-western Uganda. DESIGN: Grounded theory (GT) was used to analyse data from 20 focus group discussions (FGDs), 10 with women and 10 with men, which were conducted in eight rural and two urban communities. RESULTS: A conceptual model based on the community members' understanding of obstructed labour and actions taken in response is presented as a pathway initiated by women's desire to 'protecting own integrity' (core category). The pathway consisted of six other categories closely linked to the core category, namely: (1) 'taking control of own birth process'; (2) 'reaching the limit - failing to give birth' (individual level); (3) 'exhausting traditional options'; (4) 'partner taking charge'; (5) 'facing challenging referral conditions' (community level); and finally (6) 'enduring a non-responsive healthcare system' (healthcare system level). CONCLUSIONS: There is a need to understand and acknowledge women's reluctance to involve others during childbirth. However, the healthcare system should provide acceptable care and a functional referral system closer to the community, thus supporting the community's ability to seek timely care as a response to obstructed labour. Easy access to mobile phones may improve referral systems. Upgrading of infrastructure in the region requires a multi-sectoral approach. Testing of the conceptual model through a quantitative questionnaire is recommended.
- Published
- 2011
174. Parenteral Medication Prescriptions, Dispensing and Administration Habits in Mongolia
- Author
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Bruce Sunderland, Gereltuya Dorj, Richard Parsons, Delia Hendrie, Dorj, Gereltuya, Sunderland, Bruce, Hendrie, Delia, and Parsons, Richard
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Pediatrics ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Science ,Pharmacist ,Inappropriate Prescribing ,Demographic data ,Drug Prescriptions ,Habits ,injection prescribing ,Age groups ,Intradermal Injections ,Intraperitoneal Injections ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,Statistical analyses ,Medicine and Health Sciences ,medicine ,Humans ,Intramuscular Injections ,Medical prescription ,Routes of Administration ,Demography ,Quality of Health Care ,Pharmacology ,Response rate (survey) ,Multidisciplinary ,Pharmaceutics ,business.industry ,Biology and Life Sciences ,Drug administration ,Mongolia ,Middle Aged ,community members ,Health Care ,Multidisciplinary Sciences ,Infectious Diseases ,Subcutaneous Injections ,Family medicine ,People and Places ,Medicine ,Medical Devices and Equipment ,Female ,business ,Research Article ,Biotechnology - Abstract
High levels of injection prescribing were reported in Mongolia. Understanding the factors influencing the injection prescribing is essential to reduce their inappropriate use. The study evaluated the views, experiences and attitudes of community members associated with the prescribing of injections in Mongolia. A structured questionnaire focusing on respondents' characteristics, experiences and views about injections was developed and administered face-to-face to community members in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Standard descriptive statistics were used to summarize demographic data and responses to the questionnaires. Dependent variables were compared using Kruskal-Wallis Tests for independence. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS Version 21.0. Six hundred participants were approached and the response rate was 79% (n = 474). Almost half of the respondents were aged between 31 and 50 (n = 228, 48.1%) and 40.9% of respondents were male (n = 194). Most respondents were from Ulaanbaatar city (n = 407, 85.7%). All respondents had received injections in the past and 268 (56.5%) had received injection in the past year. The most common reason for having an injection in the past year was reported as treatment of a disease (n = 163, 60.8%), or for administration of vitamins (n = 70, 26.1%). Injections were prescribed by a doctor (n = 353, 74.9%), dispensed by a pharmacist (n = 283, 59.7%) and administered by a nurse (n = 277, 54.9%). Only 16% of all respondents had the expectation of receiving injections when they visited a doctor (n = 77). An important perception regarding injections was that they hastened the recovery process (n = 269, 56.8%). When asked their opinion about therapeutic injections, 40% of all respondents agreed that injections were a better medicine (n = 190) than oral medications, with older respondents strongly agreeing (p
- Published
- 2014
175. Strengthening of Surveillance during Monkeypox Outbreak, Republic of the Congo, 2017.
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Doshi RH, Guagliardo SAJ, Dzabatou-Babeaux A, Likouayoulou C, Ndakala N, Moses C, Olson V, McCollum AM, and Petersen BW
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- Animals, Congo epidemiology, Humans, Mpox (monkeypox) diagnosis, Population Surveillance, Disease Outbreaks, Mpox (monkeypox) epidemiology, Mpox (monkeypox) virology, Monkeypox virus
- Abstract
Reports of 10 suspected cases of monkeypox in Likouala Department, Republic of the Congo, triggered an investigation and response in March 2017 that included community education and surveillance strengthening. Increasing numbers of outbreaks suggest that monkeypox virus is becoming a more prevalent human pathogen. Diverse approaches are necessary for disease control and prevention.
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- 2018
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176. The Health Sciences and Technology Academy (HSTA): A Case Study of the Community Impact of a 9th Through 12th Grade After School Pipeline Program
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Morton-McSwain, Catherine
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- After-School, Community Impact, Pipeline Program, High School, Community Members, Stake Holder, Community Engagement, Curriculum and Instruction, Secondary Education
- Abstract
This is a qualitative case study designed to examine the viewpoints community members have about the after-school Health Sciences Technology Academy (HSTA) pipeline program for students in grades nine through twelve. The program is designed to foster success and improve the college going rate of under-represented students or what one colleague described as "kids on the bubble." There is little existing literature that examines community impact from the outside or gives voice to community members. Health Sciences and Technology Academy (HSTA) has been in existence for 19 years in 26 of the 55 counties in West Virginia. It requires a four year commitment to the program which meets weekly during the school year. Students must complete 75 hours of community service over the course of the four years. In addition, students must complete yearly community research projects that address community issues and then present their findings at both local and state symposia. Upon completion students receive a tuition waiver to any state college. The focus of the study was to capture and evaluate the community perceptions of the impact by interviewing 42 participants over the nine month period of this study. Additionally, extant data and documents as well as participant-observer observations and notes were examined, coded and compared for similarities and differences and served as a form of data triangulation. The participants identified four categories of impact that were supported by extant and participant-observer data. Those categories were: Education, Community Service, Family and Community & State. Subtopics under each category defined the categories in detail. For instance, Education subtopics were: college graduation rate, influence on local school systems, enhanced teacher training, and community education. Study implications indicate a recommendation for re-instituting the teacher graduate program and implementation of a community impact evaluation component to the existing community-club evaluations.
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- 2013
177. Inducible clindamycin resistance and nasal carriage rates of Staphylococcus aureus among healthcare workers and community members.
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Mahmoud AM, Albadawy HS, Bolis SM, Bilal NE, Ahmed AO, and Ibrahim ME
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- Humans, Methicillin Resistance, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Nose microbiology, Prevalence, Staphylococcal Infections drug therapy, Staphylococcal Infections epidemiology, Staphylococcal Infections microbiology, Staphylococcus aureus isolation & purification, Sudan epidemiology, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Carrier State epidemiology, Clindamycin pharmacology, Health Personnel statistics & numerical data, Infectious Disease Transmission, Professional-to-Patient prevention & control, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus drug effects, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolation & purification, Staphylococcus aureus drug effects
- Abstract
Background: Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus is becoming an increasing problem among healthcare workers and community individuals., Objectives: To determine the prevalence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) nasal colonization and inducible clindamycin resistance (ICR) of S. aureus among healthcare workers at Soba University Hospital and community members in Khartoum State, Sudan., Methods: Five hundred nasal swabs samples were collected during March 2009 to April 2010. Isolates were identified using conventional laboratory assays and MRSA determined by the disk diffusion method. The D-test was performed for detection of ICR isolates with Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute guidelines., Results: Of the 114 S. aureus isolated, 20.2% represented MRSA. The occurrence of MRSA was significantly higher among healthcare worker than community individuals [32.7% (18/55) vs. 6.9% (5/59)] (p=0.001). Overall the 114 S. aureus isolates tested for ICR by D-test, 29 (25.4%) yielded inducible resistance. Significantly higher (p=0.026) ICR was detected among MRSA (43.5%) than methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) (20.9%)., Conclusion: MRSA nasal carriage among healthcare workers needs infection control practice in hospitals to prevent transmission of MRSA. The occurrence of ICR in S. aureus is of a great concern, D- test should be carried out routinely in our hospitals to avoid therapeutic failure.
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- 2015
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178. The Health Sciences and Technology Academy (HSTA): A Case Study of the Community Impact of a 9th Through 12th Grade After School Pipeline Program
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Morton-McSwain, Catherine and Morton-McSwain, Catherine
179. What Does A Marginalized Community Say About Its Experiences In A Two-Year, Service-Learning Project?
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Smith, Shanequa and Smith, Shanequa
180. Perceptions of malaria and acceptance of rapid diagnostic tests and related treatment practises among community members and health care providers in Greater Garissa, North Eastern Province, Kenya
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Erupe Nahashon, Ramin Asgary, James Mungai, E. Diggle, Abdullahi Abagira, David Soti, Georgia R Gore-Langton, Elizabeth Juma, Katie Eves, Richard Allan, Zoya Grigoryan, and Rebecca Harrison
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Adult ,Male ,Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Adolescent ,Health Personnel ,Ethnic group ,Greater garissa ,Discord ,Somali ,Community members ,Interviews as Topic ,Young Adult ,Nursing ,Residence Characteristics ,Health care ,parasitic diseases ,medicine ,Perceptions ,Animals ,Humans ,RDT ,Diagnostic Tests, Routine ,business.industry ,Research ,Public health ,Middle Aged ,Patient Acceptance of Health Care ,medicine.disease ,Kenya ,Focus group ,language.human_language ,Malaria ,Diagnosis of malaria ,Infectious Diseases ,Family medicine ,Scale (social sciences) ,HCW ,language ,Female ,Parasitology ,business - Abstract
BACKGROUND: Conventional diagnosis of malaria has relied upon either clinical diagnosis or microscopic examination of peripheral blood smears. These methods, if not carried out exactly, easily result in the over- or under-diagnosis of malaria. The reliability and accuracy of malaria RDTs, even in extremely challenging health care settings, have made them a staple in malaria control programmes. Using the setting of a pilot introduction of malaria RDTs in Greater Garissa, North Eastern Province, Kenya, this study aims to identify and understand perceptions regarding malaria diagnosis, with a particular focus on RDTs, and treatment among community members and health care workers (HCWs). METHODS: The study was conducted in five districts of Garissa County. Focus group discussions (FGD) were performed with community members that were recruited from health facilities (HFs) supported by the MENTOR Initiative. In-depth interviews (IDIs) and FGDs with HCWs were also carried out. Interview transcripts were then coded and analysed for major themes. Two researchers reviewed all codes, first separately and then together, discussed the specific categories, and finally characterized, described, and agreed upon major important themes. RESULTS: Thirty-four FGDs were carried out with a range of two to eight participants (median of four). Of 157 community members, 103 (65.6%) were women. The majority of participants were illiterate and the highest level of education was secondary school. Some 76% of participants were of Somali ethnicity. Whilst community members and HCWs demonstrated knowledge of aspects of malaria transmission, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment, gaps and misconceptions were identified. Poor adherence to negative RDT results, unfamiliarity and distrust of RDTs, and an inconsistent RDT supply were the main challenges to become apparent in FGDs and IDIs. CONCLUSION: Gaps in knowledge or incorrect beliefs exist in Greater Garissa and have the potential to act as barriers to complete and correct malaria case management. Addressing these knowledge gaps requires comprehensive education campaigns and a reliable and constant RDT supply. The results of this study highlight education and supply chain as key factors to be addressed in order to make large scale roll out of RDTs as successful and effective as possible.
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- View/download PDF
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