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Broad-leaved weeds constitute a serious problem in the production of winter legumes, but few selective herbicides controlling these weeds have been registered in Europe. Four field experiments were conducted in 2009/10 and repeated in 2010/11 in Greece to study the response of common vetch (Vicia sativa L.), lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.), chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and red pea (Lathyrus cicera L.) to several rates of the herbicides pendimethalin, S-metolachlor, S-metolachlor plus terbuthylazine and flumioxazin applied pre-emergence, as well as imazamox applied post-emergence. Phytotoxicity, crop height, total weight and seed yield were evaluated during the experiments. The results of this study suggest that common vetch, lentil, chickpea and red pea differed in their responses to the herbicides tested. Pendimethalin at 1.30 kg ha-1, S-metolachlor at 0.96 kg ha-1 and flumioxazine at 0.11 kg ha-1 used as pre-emergence applied herbicides provided the least phytotoxicity to legumes. Pendimethalin at 1.98 kg ha-1 and both rates of S-metolachlor plus terbuthylazine provided the greatest common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.) control. Imazamox at 0.03 to 0.04 kg ha-1 could also be used as early post-emergence applied herbicide in common vetch and red pea without any significant detrimental effect.

Sementes de onze lotes de grão-de-bico (Cicer arietinurn L.) foram submetidas ao teste de envelhecimento artificial, utilizando-se a temperatura de 42°C e aproximadamente 100% de umidade relativa por períodos de 0, 24, 48, 72 e 96 horas de exposição, na tentativa de melhor discriminar os lotes quanto ao seu nível de vigor. 0 período de 96 horas foi excessivo para a semente de grão-de-bico; o de 48 horas também se mostrou ineficiente para a espécie. Os tempos de 24 e 72 horas classificaram os lotes no mesmo número de níveis de vigor; entretanto, recomenda-se o maior período, uma vez que os lotes que apresentaram germinação acima de 82% foram mais bem discriminados quando se utilizaram 72 horas de câmara de vigor.Eleven chickpea seed lots were subjected to the artificial aging test at 42°C and 100% relative humidity for periods of 0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. The objective was to determine the exposure time that best discriminate the lots for the germination response after aging. The 96 hours period was too long, and the 48 hours period was inefficient; 24 and 72 hours were both similar in the lots classifying as to the seeds vigor levels. However, the 72 hours period was the best to discriminate lots whose germination values were over than 82%.

Para determinar el efecto de la sustitución parcial de harina de soja y grano de maíz molido por el subproducto garbanzo de descarte en la respuesta productiva de codorniz japonesa (Coturnix coturnix japonica) en engorde se utilizaron 1.125 codornices (1 d de edad; peso inicial de 9,79 ± 0,13 g), asignadas a 25 jaulas (45 codornices/jaula), de acuerdo con un diseño completamente aleatorizado. La prueba duró 29 días. La dieta basal contenía 55% de grano de maíz molido y 35% de harina de soja; los tratamientos consistieron en la sustitución en la dieta del grano de maíz molido y de harina de soja por garbanzo de descarte (0; 15; 30; 45 y 60%). Al final de la prueba se sacrificaron 25 codornices por tratamiento para obtener peso del páncreas, longitud del intestino delgado, peso de la canal y su rendimiento. Las características fisicoquímicas del garbanzo de descarte fueron: 92,44% materia seca; 20,13% proteína cruda; 6,77% fibra cruda; 6,26% extracto etéreo; 3,35% cenizas; 54,73% extracto libre de nitrógeno; 0,76 kg/L–1 densidad y 44,48% grano dañado. El peso corporal final (200,6 g), la ganancia de peso (GP) (190,5 g), el peso de la canal (112 g) y rendimiento en canal (60,84%) no se afectaron (P>0,05) con la inclusión de hasta 45% de garbanzo de descarte. Con 60% de garbanzo de descarte disminuyó (P0,05). El peso del páncreas y la longitud del intestino delgado incrementaron conforme al nivel del garbanzo de descarte. Estos resultados indican que, en dietas de engorde para codorniz japonesa, el garbanzo de descarte puede sustituir parcialmente hasta en 45% a la harina de soja y el grano de maíz molido sin disminuir la respuesta productiva y el rendimiento en la canal. To determinate the effect of partial substitution soybean meal and ground corn grain by cull-chickpeas on productive response of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) in fattening were used 1125 quails unsexed (age 1 d; initial weight 9.79 ± 0.13 g), placed to 25 cages (45 quails/pen) agree with a complete randomize design. The experiment lasted 29 d. The basal diet contained 55% ground corn grain and 35% soybean meal; the treatments consisted in the replaced in the diet for cull-chickpeas (0, 15, 30, 45 or 60%). Upon complete fattening period, 25 quails by treatment were slaughtered, and carcass weight and carcass dressing was obtained. Physicochemical characteristics of cull-chickpeas were: 92.44% dry matter; 20.13% crude protein; 6.77% crude fiber; 6.26% ether extract; 3.35% ashes; 54.73% nitrogen-free extract; 0.76 kg/L–1 density and 44.48% damaged grain. Body weight (200.6 g), weight gain (190.5 g), carcass weight (112 g), and carcass dressing (60.84%), were not affected (P>0.05) by the inclusión of up to 45% cull-chickpeas. With 60% of cull-chickpeas diminished (P0.05). Pancreas weight and small intestine length increased at the level of cull chickpeas. These results suggests that, in fattening diets for Japanese quail, cull-chickpeas can partially replace up to 45% the soybean meal an ground corn without affecting the growth performance or carcass yield. 162-169 fgriosr@gmail.com Bimestral

Para determinar el efecto de la sustitución parcial de harina de soja y grano de maíz molido por el subproducto garbanzo de descarte en la respuesta productiva de codorniz japonesa (Coturnix coturnix japonica) en engorde se utilizaron 1.125 codornices (1 d de edad; peso inicial de 9,79 ± 0,13 g), asignadas a 25 jaulas (45 codornices/jaula), de acuerdo con un diseño completamente aleatorizado. La prueba duró 29 días. La dieta basal contenía 55% de grano de maíz molido y 35% de harina de soja; los tratamientos consistieron en la sustitución en la dieta del grano de maíz molido y de harina de soja por garbanzo de descarte (0; 15; 30; 45 y 60%). Al final de la prueba se sacrificaron 25 codornices por tratamiento para obtener peso del páncreas, longitud del intestino delgado, peso de la canal y su rendimiento. Las características fisicoquímicas del garbanzo de descarte fueron: 92,44% materia seca; 20,13% proteína cruda; 6,77% fibra cruda; 6,26% extracto etéreo; 3,35% cenizas; 54,73% extracto libre de nitrógeno; 0,76 kg/L-1 densidad y 44,48% grano dañado. El peso corporal final (200,6 g), la ganancia de peso (GP) (190,5 g), el peso de la canal (112 g) y rendimiento en canal (60,84%) no se afectaron (P0,05) con la inclusión de hasta 45% de garbanzo de descarte. Con 60% de garbanzo de descarte disminuyó (P0,05) el peso corporal (4,76%), la GP (5,20%), el peso de la canal (6,34%) y el rendimiento de la canal (1,14%). El consumo de alimento por ave (482,3 g) y eficiencia alimenticia (0,386) fueron similares entre tratamientos (P0,05). El peso del páncreas y la longitud del intestino delgado incrementaron conforme al nivel del garbanzo de descarte. Estos resultados indican que, en dietas de engorde para codorniz japonesa, el garbanzo de descarte puede sustituir parcialmente hasta en 45% a la harina de soja y el grano de maíz molido sin disminuir la respuesta productiva y el rendimiento en la canal

International audience; Grain legumes contribute significantly to total world food production. Legumes are the primary source of dietary proteins in many developing countries, where protein hunger and malnutrition are widespread. Grain legumes germplasm constitute similar to 15% of the 7.4 M accessions preserved globally. Nearly, 78% of the CGIAR's, 0.217 M accessions, have been characterized, compared to 34% of national genebank collections. Interestingly, limited data on grain quality are available as the primary focus has been on morpho-agronomic traits. Clearly, more resources should be targeted on biochemical evaluation to identify nutritionally rich and genetically diverse germplasm. The formation of core and mini core collections has provided crop breeders with a systematic yet manageable entry point into global germplasm resources. These subsets have been reported for most legumes and have proved useful in identifying new sources of variation. They may however not eliminate the need to evaluate entire collections, particularly for very rare traits. Molecular characterization and association mapping will further aid to insights into the structure of legume diversity and facilitate greater use of collections. The use of high resolution elevational climate models has greatly improved our capacity to characterize plant habitats and species' adaptive responses to stresses. Evidence suggests that there has been increased use of wild relatives as well as new resources resulting from mutagenesis to enhance the genetic base of legume cultigens.

International audience

A expansão das áreas para o cultivo de grão-de-bico depende da produção de sementes detentoras de qualidade superior. Neste trabalho, foram avaliadas as principais características físicas, fisiológicas e sanitárias em sementes de seis genótipos de grão-de-bico produzidas em Montes Claros, Norte de Minas Gerias. As variáveis analisadas foram o grau de umidade, a pureza física, a massa de mil sementes, a uniformidade, a porcentagem de germinação, a primeira contagem do teste de germinação, o índice de velocidade de germinação e de emergência, a massa seca da parte aérea das plântulas e a ocorrência de microrganismos e de pragas de armazenamento nas sementes. A qualidade física, fisiológica e sanitária das sementes foi afetada pelos diferentes genótipos de grão-de-bico analisados. As variações quanto à qualidade física das sementes entre os genótipos de grão-de-bico não estão relacionadas à qualidade fisiológica e sanitária destas. De maneira geral, as sementes do genótipo CNPH 08-04 apresentaram qualidade física, fisiológica e sanitária superior à qualidade das sementes dos demais genótipos. The expansion of the areas for chickpea culture depends on the production of seeds of superior quality. In this study, it was evaluated the main physical, physiological and sanitary characteristics in seeds of six genotypes of chickpea produced in Montes Claros, North of Minas Gerais. The analyzed variables were the moisture content, the physical purity, the mass of a thousand seeds, the uniformity, the percentage of germination, the first count of the test germination, the rate of speed germination and emergency, the dry mass of the aerial part of the seedling and the occurrence of microorganisms and plagues in seed storage. The physical, physiological and sanitary quality of the seeds was affected by different genotypes of the chickpea analyzed. The variations in relation to the physical quality of the seeds between the genotypes of chickpea are not related to sanitary and physiological quality of them. In general, the seeds of genotype CNPH 08-04 showed physical, physiological and sanitary superior quality in relation to the seeds of other genotypes.

A expansão das áreas para o cultivo de grão-de-bico depende da produção de sementes detentoras de qualidade superior. Neste trabalho, foram avaliadas as principais características físicas, fisiológicas e sanitárias em sementes de seis genótipos de grão-de-bico produzidas em Montes Claros, Norte de Minas Gerias. As variáveis analisadas foram o grau de umidade, a pureza física, a massa de mil sementes, a uniformidade, a porcentagem de germinação, a primeira contagem do teste de germinação, o índice de velocidade de germinação e de emergência, a massa seca da parte aérea das plântulas e a ocorrência de microrganismos e de pragas de armazenamento nas sementes. A qualidade física, fisiológica e sanitária das sementes foi afetada pelos diferentes genótipos de grão-de-bico analisados. As variações quanto à qualidade física das sementes entre os genótipos de grão-de-bico não estão relacionadas à qualidade fisiológica e sanitária destas. De maneira geral, as sementes do genótipo CNPH 08-04 apresentaram qualidade física, fisiológica e sanitária superior à qualidade das sementes dos demais genótipos.

WOS: 000270702200016 In the present study, the cytotoxic effects of different concentrations of lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) ions on Cicer arietinum L. root tip cells were investigated. For this aim, we used the aermination percentage, root length, weight gain, mitotic index (MI), the frequency of micronucleus (MN) and chromosomal aberrations (CAs) as indicators of cytotoxicity, and correlated these data with statistical parameters. Additionally to the cytogenetic analysis, lipid peroxidation and DNA analyses were performed in root tip meristems of C. arietinum treated with Hg and Pb. The seeds were divided into 5 groups as control, Hg and Pb treatment groups. They were treated with 10 and 50 ppm doses of Hg and Pb during 7 consecutive days. The initial and final weights of all the seeds were measured by sensitive balance to determine the effects of Pb and Hg on the weight gain. As a result, there was a significant alteration in germination percentage, root length, weight gain, MI, MN and CAs frequency depending on treatment dose in the seeds exposed to Hg and Pb when compared with the controls. Heavy metal exposure significantly reduced the germination percentage, root lenght and weight gain in all the treatment groups. But, it caused an increase in the MN and CAs formation. Pb and Hg metals caused various types of CAs at a rate which increased systematically with increased levels of Pb and Hg. It was also found that Pb and Hg metals have a mitodepressive action on mitosis, and the MI was decreased depending on the dose of Pb and Hg applied. Besides, 10 and 50 ppm concentrations of Pb and Hg significantly enhanced the lipid peroxidation and caused an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels at both doses. The investigated parameters (except MDA, MN and CAs frequency) were higher in the seeds exposed to Pb than those treated with Hg. In other words, Hg had much more toxic effect on plant tissues than Pb. Moreover, it was observed that the yields of DNA in the seeds treated with Pb and Hg were lower than in the controls. Hence, DNA yields exposed to Pb and Hg were run ahead on agarose gel according to the control group. The results clearly indicate that Hg and Pb have important cytotoxic effects on the root tip cells, and C arietinum seeds are very sensitive and useful as biomarker for monitoring of these effects.

Il presente lavoro di dottorato si è prefisso l'obiettivo di sviluppare per il cece tecniche di citogenomica a flusso attraverso la messa a punto di protocolli idonei per la sincronizzazione del ciclo cellulare e la preparazione di sospensioni cromosomiche. L'istogramma relativo all' intensità di fluorescenza (cariotipo a flusso), ottenuto dopo l'analisi dei cromosomi colorati con fluorocromi specifici per il DNA in grado di emettere radiazioni a determinate lunghezze d'onda, è servito all' individuazione del cariotipo di flusso della specie, con la rilevazione dei picchi e dei corrispondenti cromosomi sortabili. La cariotipizzazione è stata condotto su entrambi i tipi morfologici della specie, desi e kabuli. Sulle specifiche frazioni purificate di singoli tipi cromosomici è stato possibile effettuare il mappaggio fisico di regioni specifiche del genoma. Obiettivo finale del lavoro di dottorato è stato quello di localizzare sequenze specifiche per resistenza ad Fusarium oxysporum su linee desi e kabuli di cece e fornire le metodologie di base, così come è stato possibile fare per altre specie vegetali, per costruire librerie DNA subgenomiche utili per il l'individuazione e il mappaggio fisico di regioni geniche codificanti per caratteri agronomici di rilievo, fondamentali per il miglioramento genetico della specie. My Ph.D. work has been focused on the development of new flow cytogenetic techniques for chromosome manipulation and gene localization in chickpea. Most of the research efforts have been made to set up a proper methodology for celi cycle synchronization and chromosome isolation in suspension best suited for two Italian genotypes. Flow karyotyping from both types desi and kabuli chickpea was achieved using laser excited DNA specific fluorochromes. On DNA histograms, weli defined regions corresponding to single type chromosomes were identified and sorted. Sorted fractions were used for physical mapping of specific sequence linked to Fusarium oxysporum resistance in desi and kabuli chickpea, which was the main goal ofthis Ph.D. Thesis. From my research work I do hope will be possible to provide the basic methodologies to build subgenomic libraries in chickpea, useful for the identification and physical mapping of regions coding for important agronomic traits, fundamental for the genetic improvement ofthe species, as it was possible to do to other plant species. Dottorato di ricerca in Ortoflorofrutticoltura

Bu çalışma, 2006 yılında Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Araştırma ve Uygulama Çiftliğinde yürütülmüştür. Deneme sahasında en fazla yoğunluğu sırasıyla büyük pıtrak (Xanthium strumarium L.), sirken (Chenopodium album L.), tarla sarmaşığı (Convolvulus arvensis L.), yer keleği (Aristolochia bottae), köpek dişi (Cynodon dactylon L. Pers.), kekre (Acroptilon repens L.) ve gökbaş (Centaurea cyanus L.) göstermiş ve bu otlar m2'de ortalama 38 yoğunluk teşkil etmiştir.Araştırmada İspanyol nohut çeşidinde yabancı otlara karşı trifluralin (ekim öncesi), linuron (çıkış öncesi ve sonrası) ve bunların bir, iki ve üç defa çapalama ile kombinasyonu uygulanmıştır. Sonuçta; ekim öncesi trifluralin uygulamasının nohutta önemli derecede fitotoksik etki yaptığı, çıkış sonrası linuron uygulamasının da bitkide az da olsa fitotoksik etkiye neden olduğu fakat nohut bitkisinin bunu zamanla tolere ettiği görülmüştür. Denemede en yüksek verim 115.3 kg/da ile Ekim+Çıkış Öncesi Linuron+3 çapa uygulaması yapılan parsellerden, en düşük verim ise 24.4 kg/da ile Trifluralin+Ekim+Çıkış Öncesi Linuron uygulamasından elde edilmiştir. En iyi mücadele şeklinin ise Ekim+Çıkış Öncesi Linuron+ 1 çapa olduğu bulunmuştur., This study was carried out in the Farm of Investigation and Application of the Agricultural Faculty of Süleyman Demirel University in 2006. On the study field the highest density in order has been as follows: Xanthium strumarium L., Chenopodium album L., Convolvulus arvensis L., Aristolochia bottae, Cynodon dactylon L. Pers., Acroptilon repens L., Centaurea cyanus L. and these weeds have constituted a density on average 38 in a m2 .In the study it has been applied the grubbing combination trifluralin (pre-sowing) , linuron ( pre-emergence and post-emergence ) which has been done once, twice and three times on Spanish chickpea against control of weed. Thus, it has been observed that pre-sowing trifluralin application has caused extremely fitotoxic affect, when looked at post-emergence linuron application it has been detected that this application has caused little affect on the plant , but it has been detected the plant of chickpea has gradually tolerated this. In the test the best yield with 115.3 kg/da has been gained from the parcel to which a sowing, a linuron pre-emergence, 3 grubbing applications has been applied . The least yield with 24.4 has been gained from the application of a trifluralin, a sowing and a linuron pre-emergence. The best combat method has been a sowing, a linuron pre-emergence , and 1 grubbings.

There has been increasing interest in sustainable weed management in low-input farming systems. In an integrated approach, the development of cropping systems such as appropriate spatial arrangement and efficient tillage will help crops themselves to compete with weeds. With this aim, we investigated the strategic use of plant lodging combined with mechanical weed treatment to improve crop competitiveness and reduce the use of herbicides. We studied weed infestation and grain yield of three grain legumes, field bean, chickpea and field pea, grown according to different plant lodgings (narrow, wide and twin rows) and weed suppression methods: untreated, chemical and mechanical control. In the two years of the trial, two different weed infestation levels were observed due to different meteorological conditions. Our results show that the different crops showed different competitive behaviours, especially in weedy conditions. Indeed, in the bean plots, weed infestation was decreased from 70% in wide rows to 30% in narrow rows. Mechanical treatment produced weed levels similar to those in narrow rows (27%). Mechanical treatment gave grain yields of 2.3 t ha −1 , that are comparable with chemically treated plots (2.7 t ha −1 ). For chickpea, mechanical treatment combined with wide rows proved effective in fighting weeds at a similar level to chemical treatment. Moreover, the yield using mechanical treatment, of 1.6 t ha −1 , was only slightly lower than the yield using chemical treatment (2.3 t ha −1 ). For field peas, mechanical and cropping weed control can limit herbicides, but they are unable to control weed infestation on their own. Vicia faba L. / Cicer arietinum L. / Pisum sativum L. / weed control / plant lodging / integrated weed management

1994 tarihinde TAEK-SANAEM’de başlatılan nohut mutasyon ıslahı projesi ile; adaptasyon kabiliyeti yüksek, nadas alanlarının azaltılmasına katkıda bulunabilecek, soğuğa ve kurağa dayanıklı, makineli hasada uygun, verimi ve protein oranı yüksek, iri taneli, hastalıklara özellikle antraknoza ve zararlılara dayanıklı, kaliteli mutant nohut çeşitlerinin geliştirilmesi hedeflenmiştir. Bu proje sonucunda geliştirilen ve 2006 yılında tescil ettirilen TAEK-SAĞEL mutant nohut çeşidinin, farklı lokasyonlarından elde edilen verim, morfolojik ve kalite özellikleri belirlenmiştir. Bunun yanı sıra TAEK-SAĞEL mutant çeşidi ile birlikte üretimde kullanılan Sarı 98, Küsmen, Canıtez, ILC 482, Gökçe, Dwelly, Eser 87, Akçin, Er 99, Uzunlu 99, Kırmızı nohut çeşitleri, Sağel 88, Ak 71114 ve Gökçe’den geliştirilen M4 aşamasındaki 2 mutant hattın moleküler ayrımı için PCR bazlı SSR işaretleyicileri kullanılarak bunlar arasındaki farklılık ve akrabalık seviyesi saptanmıştır. A mutation breeding programme was initiated at the Nuclear Agriculture Section of the Saraykoy Nuclear Research and Training Center in 1994 by which good quaility chickpea mutants with higher adaptation ability, have a contribution to decreasing fallowing land, tolerant to cold and drought, increased machinery harvest type ability, high yielding and protein content, with large seeds, resistant to diseases especially to antracnose and pest, higher yield are aimed to be improved. By the end of the project, improved and officially registrated (2006) TAEK-SAĞEL mutant type was examined in different locations due to its yield, morphology and quality. Besides, for the molecular seperation of chickpea types, which are breed together with TAEK-SAĞEL, Sarı 98, Küsmen, Canıtez, ILC 482, Gökçe, Dwelly, Eser 87, Akçin, Er 99, Uzunlu 99, Kırmızı Nohut, Sağel 88, Ak 71114 and two mutant M4 lines developed from Gökçe were determined in terms of diversity and relationship by PCR-based SSR markers.

TENMAK D.N.. 9940 Nohut Türkiye’de önemli bir baklagil bitkisidir. Türkiye baklagil açısından önemli gen merkezlerinden biridir. Nohut’un en çok bilinen özelliği insan ve hayvan beslenmesinde kullanılan önemli bitkisel protein kaynağı olmasıdır. Bununla beraber, geleneksel besin çeşidimiz olan buğdaya göre nohut 2-3 kat fazla proteine sahiptir. Ayrıca yüksek karbonhidrat içermeleri nedeni ile de önemli enerji kaynağı olarak değer taşır. Bunun yanında bazı vitaminler ve minarelerce de oldukça zengindir. Bitki ıslahında mutasyon çalışmaları mevcut gen havuzunun genişletilmesinde etkin bir yoldur. Yemeklik tane baklagillerde de mutasyon ıslahı çalışmalarının çok başarılı, önemli ve etkin bir ıslah yöntemi olduğu kanıtlanmıştır. Mutasyon ıslahı çalışmalarının, bu potansiyeli dikkate alınarak, 1994 yılında Sarayköy Nükleer Araştırma ve Eğitim Merkezi’nde (SANAEM) nohutta mutasyon ıslahı programı başlatılmıştır. 1994 tarihinde TAEK’de başlatılan nohut mutasyon ıslahı projesi; adaptasyon kabiliyeti yüksek, nadas alanlarının azaltılmasına katkıda bulunabilecek, soğuğa ve kurağa dayanıklı, makineli hasada uygun, verimi, protein oranı yüksek, iri taneli, hastalıklara özellikle antraknoza ve zararlılara dayanıklı, kaliteli mutant nohut çeşitlerinin geliştirilmesi hedeflenmiştir. Bu araştırmada başlangıç materyali olarak ILC 482, AK 71114 ve AKÇİN 91 nohut çeşitleri kullanılmıştır. Denemede kullanılan nohut çeşitlerinin nem oranı %9 ve çimlenme yüzdesi %98’dir. Tohumlar 13 Nisan 1994 tarihinde Kobalt-60 ((60)Co) kaynağında; a) Sera denemesi için 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 500 ve 600 Gy’lik dozlarda, b) Tarla denemesi için 0 (Kontrol), 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350 ve 400 Gy’lik dozlarda ışınlanmıştır [I, 2]. M(1) generasyonunda her doz için 1000 tohum tarlaya ekilmiştir. Olgunlaşma zamanında elde edilen 3500 fertil bitkinin her birinden alınan 20 tohum ile M(2) generasyonu oluşturulmuştur. Bitki gelişme süresince istenen özelliklere sahip mutantlar (erkenci, yüksek verimli, ilk bakla yükseliği yüksek (makinalı haşata uygun), kaliteli ve Ascochyta blight [Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.) Labr.] dayanıklı,) üstün özelik gösteren mutant hatlar seçilmiştir. M(2) generasyonunda istenilen özelliklere göre seçilen 2520 tek bitki ve doz bulklarında M(3) generasyonu oluşturulmuştur. M(3-4) generasyonunda hatların protein oranları belirlenmiştir. M(5-7) generasyonunda çeşitlere ait mutant döl sıraları ana çeşitler ve yaygın olarak ekilen diğer çeşitlerle karşılaştırmalı mikro verim ve verim denemeleri kurulmuş, deneme süresince tarla gözlemleri, kalite özelliklerine (tane iriliği, pişme süresi ve protein oranına) göre I(2) mutant hat seçilmiştir. Mutant hatlar kontrolleri ile birlikte Orta Anadolu bölgesinde iki lokasyonda Sarayköy (SANAEM) ve Haymana (TARM) 2002(M(8)) ve 2003(M(9)) yılında verim denemeleri tesadüf bloklar deneme desenine göre 3 tekerrürlü olarak yürütülmüştür[3], Verim, tane iriliği ve şekli, ilk bakla yüksekliği, Ascochyta blight [Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.) Labr.] dayanıklı, pişme özellikleri ve protein oranları istatistiki olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Bu denemeler sonucunda standartlara göre üstün özellikler göstermesi nedeni ile 2004 yılında TAEK-SAĞEL-150 ve TAEK-SAĞEL-100 mutant hatlarının tescil işlemleri Tarım ve Köyişleri Bakanlığı, Koruma Kontrol Genel Müdürlüğü, Tohumluk Tescil ve Sertifikasyon Merkezi Müdürlüğünce başlatılmıştır. Tarım ve Köyişleri Bakanlığı, Koruma Kontrol Genel Müdürlüğü, Tohumluk Tescil ve Sertifikasyon Merkezi Müdürlüğünce 2 yıl (2004-2005) süre ile 5 farklı lokasyonda yapılan tescil denemeleri sonucunda [Kontrollere göre erkenci (95-100 gün), yüksek verimli (180-220 kg/da), yüksek protein oranına sahip (% 22-25), 100 tane ağırlığı (42-48 gr), pişme süresi (35-40 dak.), Ascochyta blight’a [Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.) Labr.] dayanıklı ve kaliteli olduğu belirlenen TAEK-SAĞEL 150 mutant hattı, TAEK-SAĞEL adı ile 12 Nisan 2006 tarihinde TAEK adına tescil edilmiştir. TAEK SAĞEL Mutant Nohut çeşidi 12 Ağustos 2006 tarihli ve 26257 sayılı Resmi Gazete de yayınlanarak milli çeşit listesinde yerini almış ve Türk Tarımının hizmetine sunulmuştur. Elit tohumluk üretimi ve diğer bölgelere adaptasyon çalışmaları sürdürülmektedir. Chickpea is an important food legume in Turkey. Turkey is one of the most important gene centers in the world for legumes. The most widely known characteristic of chickpea is that it is an important vegetable protein source used in human and animal nutrition. However, the dry grains of chickpea, has 2-3 times more protein than our traditional food of wheat. In addition, cheakpea is also energy source because of its high carbohydrate content. It is very rich in some vitamin and mineral basis. In the plant breeding, mutation induction has become an effective way of supplementing existing germplasm and improving cultivars. Many successful examples of mutation induction have proved that mutation breeding is an effective and important approach to food legume improvement. The induced mutation technique in chickpea has proved successful and good results have been attained. Realizing the potential of induced mutations, a mutation breeding programme was initiated at the Nuclear Agriculture Section of the Sarayköy Nuclear Research and Training Center in 1994. The purpose of the study was to obtain high yielding chickpea mutants with large seeds, good cooking quality and high protein content. Beside this some characters such as higher adaptation ability, tolerant to cold and drought, increased machinery harvest type, higher yield, resistant to diseases especially to antracnose and pest were investigated too. Parents varieties were ILC-482, AK-7II4 and AKÇIN-9I (9 % seed moisture content and germination percentage 98 %) in these experiments. The irradiation doses were 0 (control), 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 500 ve 600 Gy for greenhouse experiments and 0 (control), 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350 ve 400 Gy for field experiments, respectively. One thousand seeds for per treatment were sown in the field for the Mr At maturity, 3500 single plants were harvested and 20 seeds were taken from each M(1) plant and planted in the following season. During plant growth, mutants ofthe desired traits [earliness, yield per plant, first pot height and resistance to Ascochyta blight (Ascochyta rabiei)] were identified an isolated. 2520 desirable M(2) mutants were selected and grown in progeny rows as the M(3) generation. The protein contents of seeds were analyzed for the M(3)-M(4) seeds. In M(5)-M(7) generation, preliminary yield trials had been conducted and based on field observations, quality criteria (grain size, grain type, cooking and protein) analyses, and later 12 mutant lines were selected.

A PCR approach with degenerate primers designed from conserved NBS-LRR (nucleotide binding site - leucine-rich repeat) regions of known disease-resistance (R) genes was used to amplify and clone homologous sequences from 5 faba bean (Vicia faba) lines and 2 chickpea (Cicer arietinum) accessions. Sixty-nine sequenced clones showed homologies to various R genes deposited in the GenBank database. The presence of internal kinase-2 and kinase-3a motifs in all the sequences isolated confirm that these clones correspond to NBS-containing genes. Using an amino-acid sequence identitiy of 70% as a threshold value, the clones were grouped into 10 classes of resistance-gene analogs (RGA01 to RGA10). The number of clones per class varied from 1 to 30. RGA classes 1, 6, 8, and 9 were comprised solely of clones isolated from faba bean, whereas classes 2, 3, 4, 5, and 7 included only chickpea clones. RGA10, showing a within-class identity of 99%, was the only class consisting of both faba bean and chickpea clones. A phylogenetic tree, based on the deduced amino-acid sequences of 12 representative clones from the 10 RGA classes and the NBS domains of 6 known R genes (I2 and Prf from tomato, RPP13 from Arabidopsis, Gro1-4 from potato, N from tobacco, L6 from flax), clearly indicated the separation between TIR (Toll/interleukin-1 receptor homology: Gro1-4, L6, N, RGA05 to RGA10)- and non-TIR (I2, Prf, RPP13, RGA01 to RGA04)-type NBS-LRR sequences. The development of suitable polymorphic markers based on cloned RGA sequences to be used in genetic mapping will facilitate the assessment of their potential linkage relationships with disease-resistance genes in faba bean and chickpea. This work is the first to report on faba bean RGAs.

El presente estudio se ha basado en la amplificación y clonación de secuencias homólogas a genes de resistencia conocidos (genes R) en 5 líneas de habas y 2 de garbanzo. Para ello, se han utilizado como cebadores oligonucleótidos degenerados dise&ntilde ; ; ados a partir de las regiones conservadas (NBS-LRR: nucleotide binding site-leucine rich repeat) de genes de resistencia (R) conocidos. De las seis combinaciones de cebadores empleadas, dos de ellas amplificaron fragmentos del tama&ntilde ; ; o esperado (510-580pb) que fueron seleccionados para clonación. La comparación a través del banco de datos (BLAST) de los 149 clones secuenciados ha permitido identificar 69 RGAs, cuyas secuencias de aminoácidos presentaban gran homología con varios genes de resistencia: I2 y Mi1-1 de tomate, TMV y RPP13 de Arabidopsis thaliana, Gro1-4 de patata, y muchas secuencias (RGAs) de lenteja, guisante, garbanzo etc., recientemente aisladas con métodos similares. El alineamiento múltiple de las secuencias obtenidas y de algunos genes R reveló la presencia de los motivos internos conservados característicos de los genes de resistencia pertenecientes a la clase NBS-LRR, kinasa 2 (LXXLDDVX) y kinasa 3a (GSRI/VIITTR). La presencia de estos motivos, independientes de las secuencias de los cebadores, confirma que estos clones codifican posibles genes de resistencia que contienen secuencias NBS. El análisis filogenético agrupó los clones en 10 clases considerando el 70 % de similaridad como límite y reveló que 23 de las 69 secuencias pertenecía al grupo TIR siendo el resto del tipo non-TIR. El análisis de polimorfismo y diversidad realizado con 12 clones representativos de cada clase, mostró las regiones más conservadas y las más variables dentro de las secuencias. Estas regiones variables nos permitirán dise&ntilde ; ; ar cebadores específicos que pudieran ser útiles para el mapeo. Nuestro trabajo futuro se centrará en identificar posibles asociaciones entre dichos marcadores y los genes o QTLs de resistencia a Orobanche crenata, o los hongos patógenos Ascochyta fabae, Uromyces y Fusarium, ya identificados en poblaciones RILs de habas y garbanzos que segregan para dichos caracteres. El mapeo de los RGAs obtenidos aumentaría la eficiencia de selección para resistencia en los programas de mejora de ambos cultivos.

A PCR approach with degenerate primers designed from conserved NBS-LRR (nucleotide binding site leucin-rich repeat) regions of known disease resistance (R) genes was used to amplify and clone homologous sequences from five faba bean (Vicia faba L.) lines and two chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) accessions. Sixty-nine (44 from faba bean and 25 from chickpea) sequenced clones showed homologies to various R genes deposited on the GenBank database. Using 70% of amino acid sequence identities as a threshold value, these clones were grouped into ten classes of resistance gene analogs (RGA01 to RGA10). The number of clones per class varied from 1 to 30. RGA classes Nos. 1, 6, 8, and 9 were comprised solely by clones isolated from faba bean while classes Nos. 2, 3, 4, 5, and 7 included only chickpea clones. RGA10, showing 99% of within-class identity, was the only class consisting of both faba bean and chickpea clones. A phylogenetic tree based on the deduced amino-acid sequences of 12 representative clones from ten RGA classes and the NBS domains of six R genes (I2 and Prf from tomato, RPP13 from Arabidopsis, Gro1-4 from potato, N from tobacco, L6 from flax) clearly indicated the separation between TIR (Toll/Interleukin-1 receptor homology: Gro1-4, L6, N, RGA05 to RGA10) and non-TIR (I2, Prf, RPP13, RGA01 to RGA04) type NBS-LRR sequences. The development of suitable polymorphic markers based on cloned RGA sequences to be used in genetic mapping will facilitate the assessment of their potential linkage relationships with disease resistance genes in faba bean and chickpea.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:53:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S0101-20612004000100025.pdf: 921459 bytes, checksum: 726a681624ee26c849db725b105ebcc2 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:53:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S0101-20612004000100025.pdf: 921459 bytes, checksum: 726a681624ee26c849db725b105ebcc2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-03-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T18:07:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0101-20612004000100025.pdf: 921459 bytes, checksum: 726a681624ee26c849db725b105ebcc2 (MD5) S0101-20612004000100025.pdf.txt: 32401 bytes, checksum: 0937fdd7d88cbd4a0bc2cbd2568686f9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-03-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:25:25Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S0101-20612004000100025.pdf: 921459 bytes, checksum: 726a681624ee26c849db725b105ebcc2 (MD5) S0101-20612004000100025.pdf.txt: 32401 bytes, checksum: 0937fdd7d88cbd4a0bc2cbd2568686f9 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:25:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0101-20612004000100025.pdf: 921459 bytes, checksum: 726a681624ee26c849db725b105ebcc2 (MD5) S0101-20612004000100025.pdf.txt: 32401 bytes, checksum: 0937fdd7d88cbd4a0bc2cbd2568686f9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-03-01 No presente estudo procedeu-se ao isolamento e caracterização da fração globulina majoritária (11 S) de grão-de-bico, var. IAC-Marrocos. A globulina majoritária extraída foi isolada por cromatografia de filtração em gel e de troca-iônica mostrando apenas uma banda de proteína na eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida. A globulina majoritária, após passagem em coluna de Sephadex, revelou duas bandas protéicas de 55 e 52,5kDa e três bandas menores em gel de poliacrilamida dodecilsulfato de sódio. Na presença de 2-mercaptoetanol 6 polipeptídios na faixa de 18 a 42kDa foram revelados na eletroforese. A globulina isolada foi submetida à ação da tripsina e quimotripsina onde a forma nativa mostrou-se resistente à ação enzimática enquanto o aquecimento (96 e 121°C/15min) não foi suficiente para aumentar a susceptibilidade à hidrólise, significativamente. Adição de NaCl 0,3M levou a um aumento da estabilidade estrutural com menor susceptibilidade à digestão proteolítica, fato em parte perdido com o aquecimento. As hidrólises foram acompanhadas por eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida dodecilsulfato de sódio. The isolation and characterization of the major globulin fraction (11 S) from Chickpea, vc IAC-Marrocos, were evaluated. The major globulin was extracted, isolated by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography showing only one protein band on PAGE. The globulin, after Sephadex elution, revealed two protein bands of 55 and 52.5kDa and three minor bands on SDS-PAGE. In the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol six polypeptides were revealed on SDS-PAGE in the range of 18 to 42kDa. The isolated native globulin shown to be resistant to trypsin and chymotrypsin however heating at 96 and 121ºC/15min was not sufficient to increase the hydrolysis significantly. The proteolytic susceptibility of the enzymes was reduced by 0.3M NaCl addition at the assay. The salt concentration was sufficient to stabilize the native protein structure that was lost after heating as demonstrated on SDS-PAGE. UNESP Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas Departamento de Alimentos e Nutrição Fundação Educacional de Barretos Faculdade de Ciências UNESP Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas Departamento de Alimentos e Nutrição

Corso di laurea in Scienze e Tecnologie alimentari, a.a. 2003/04

Efficacy of seed treatments in controlling seedling diseases of chickpea ('Cicer arietinum' L.), caused by 'Rhizoctonia solani' (Ku?hn), was determined in growthroom and field trials. Treatment and check means were compared by ANOVA and means separation tests, and by the novel method of profile analysis in which efficacy is regressed against disease. For disease measured as stand loss, the model is T/C1 - C2/C1 = a + b(1-C2/C1), where T = treatment, C1 = uninoculated untreated check, and C2 = inoculated untreated check. Stand of checks was varied using 4 cultivars and 4-6 inoculum concentrations. All analyses showed that efficacy of seed treatments declined from excellent to moderate in the order ICIA5504 (azoxystrobin), Crown (carbathiin + thiabendazole), Raxil FL (tebuconazole), and Apron Maxx RTA (fludioxonil + metalaxyl-M). Efficacy profile analysis revealed a direct relationship between efficacy and disease level, which provides methods for expressing and predicting product performance across trials.

Production of grain legumes is severely reduced in salt-affected soils because their ability to form and maintain nitrogen-fixing nodules is impaired by both salinity and sodicity (alkalinity). Genotypes of chickpea, Cicer arietinum, with high nodulation capacity under stress were identified by field screening in a sodic soil in India and subsequently evaluated quantitatively for nitrogen fixation in a glasshouse study in a saline but neutral soil in the UK. In the field, pH 8?9 was the critical upper limit for most genotypes studied but genotypes with high nodulation outperformed all others at pH 9?0–9?2. The threshold limit of soil salinity for shoot growth was at ECe 3 dS m–1, except for the high-nodulation selection for which it was ECe 6. Nodulation was reduced in all genotypes at salinities above 3 dS m–1 but to a lesser extent in the high-nodulation selection, which proved inherently superior under both non-saline and stress conditions. Nitrogen fixation was also much more tolerant of salinity in this selection than in the other genotypes studied. The results show that chickpea genotypes tolerant of salt-affected soil have better nodulation and support higher rates of symbiotic nitrogen fixation than sensitive genotypes

The chickpea seed germination was carried out in 6 days. During the period it was observed a little variation on total nitrogen contents, however the non protein nitrogen was double. A decrease of 19.1 and 20.6% in relation to total nitrogen was observed to the total globulin and albumin fractions, respectively. The gel filtration chromatography on Sepharose CL-6B and SDS-PAGE demonstrated alterations on the distribution patterns of the albumin and total globulin fractions between the initial and the sixth day of germination suggesting the occurrence of protein degradation in the germination process.The assay for acid protease only appeared in the albumin fraction with casein and chickpea total globulin as substrates, whereas the former was more degradated than the latter, however the transformations detected in the protein fractions apppear indicated that others enzymes could be acting during the process. The trypsin inhibitor activity had a little drop after six day of germination indicating a possible increase on the digestibility of the proteins. Variación de las fracciones proteínicas, inhibidor de tripsina y actividad proteolítica durante la germinación de las semillas de garbanzo. La germinación de las semillas de garbanzo fue realizada durante 6 días. En ese período fue observada una pequeña variación en el contenido de nitrógeno total, sin embargo el contenido de nitrógeno no proteico duplicó. Una disminución de 19,1 y 20,6% en relación al nitrógeno total fue observada para las fracciones de globulina total y albúmina, respectivamente. La cromatografia de filtración en gel de Sepharose CL-6B y PAGE-SDS demostraron alteraciones en el perfíl de distribución de las fracciones albúmina y globulina total entre el inicio y final de la germinación, sugiriendo que ocurrió degradación de proteina durante el proceso de germinación. La actividad de la enzima proteasa ácida solamente fue detectada en la fracción albúmina utilizándose caseína y globulina total como substrato de la reacción, siendo la primera mas degradada que la última, entretanto las transformaciones detectadas en las fracciones proteicas parecen indicar que otras enzimas podrían estar actuando durante ese proceso. La actividad del inhibidor de tripsina presentó pequeña alteración despues de 6 días de germinación indicando posiblemente un aumento en la digestibilidad de las proteínas.

Pokus sa 22 genotipova slanutka podrijetlom iz ICARDA-e izveden je u svrhu procjene prinosa i sastavnica prinosa. Ispitivana su svojstva: visina stabljike (cm), broj grana, broj mahuna, broj zrna, masa zrna (g), broj zrna po mahuni, apsolutna masa zrna (g). Na temelju provedenih istraživanja i statističke analize može se zaključiti sljedeće: (1) Prema varijacijskom koeficijentu najviše je variralo svojstvo masa zrna, a manje su varirala svojstva: broj zrna, broj mahuna, visina stabljike, broj grana te apsolutna masa zrna. Najmanju varijabilnost je pokazalo svojstvo broja zrna po mahuni. (2) Skoro potpuno pozitivna korelacija javlja se između svojstava broj mahuna, broj zrna i masa zrna. Svojstvo visina stabljike je sa većinom ostalih svojstava u slaboj korelaciji, dok je svojstvo broj grana sa većinom ostalih svojstava u srednjoj korelaciji. Svojstvo broj mahuna je negativno korelirano sa svojstvom broj zrna po mahuni a to svojstvo je u negativnoj korelaciji sa svojstvom apsolutna masa zrna. (3) Analiza varijance je pokazala da postoje signifikantne razlike u svim ispitivanim svojstvima. (4) Za svojstvo masa zrna po biljci najboljima su se pokazali genotipovi: FLIP05 FLIP06, FLIP 02, FLIP 18, FLIP 12 i FLIP 20 koji su ujedno bili bolji od najboljeg standarda za ovo svojstvo (STAND1). Genotip FLIP02 ima je signifikantno veći prosječni broj zrna po mahuni od svih ispitivanih genotipova osim FLIP13. Za svojstvo apsolutna masa zrna veći broj genotipova se pokazao boljim od najboljeg standarda za ovo svojstvo (STAND2), a među njima kao najbolji su se pokazali FLIP 13 i FLIP 19.

Tijekom 1998. i 1999. vegetacijske godine na pokušalištu Agronomskog fakulteta u Maksimiru provedeno je istraživanje u svrhu procjene prinosa i njegovih sastavnica 22 oplemenjivačkih linija slanutka podrijetlom iz ICARDA-e. Za usporedbu su korištena tri standarda (hrvatski, turski i ICARDA-in). Nisu uočene velike razlike između genotipova u svojstvima masa zrna po biljci broj mahuna i broj zrna po biljci, a isto tako niti jedan od ispitivanih genotipova nije se u ovim svojstvima značajno razlikovao od standarda. Najveći broj zrna po mahuni imao je genotip FLIP 93-58 C, koji je ujedno bio signifikantno bolji od većine ostalih linija u pokusu te od turskog i ICARDA-inog standarda. U svojstvu masa 1000 zrna signifikatno bolji od sva tri standarda bio je genotip FLIP 95-12 C, koji je ujedno imao i značajno veću masu 1000 zrna od većine ostalih genotipova. Uočene su velike razlike između genotipova u svojstvu visina stabljike. Veći broj genotipova također je imao značajno višu stabljiku od hrvatskog i turskog standarda. Također, veći broj genotipova imao je veći ili signifikanto veći broj grana od triju standarda.

Tijekom 1998. godine postavljen je pokus na pokušalištu Zavoda za sjemenarstvo Agronomskog fakulteta u Zagrebu na lokaciji Maksimir - Zagreb. Pokus je postavljen po metodi slučajnog bloknog rasporeda u 3 ponavljanja. U pokus su uvrštene 22 linije slanutka CIYT-SP-98 dobivena iz ICARDA-e. Za usporedbu su korištena tri standarda. Jedan je domaći standard, drugi je turski standard, a treći je ICARDA-in standard. Pokus je izveden u svrhu procjene prinosa i sastavnica prinosa. Ispitivana su svojstva: visina stabljike (cm), broj grana, broj mahuna, broj zrna, masa zrna (g), broj zrna po mahuni, apsolutna masa zrna (g). Analiza varijance i Duncanov test pokazuju da u svim svojstvima postoji opravdana razlika među genotipovima, što znači da se sve linije međusobno u svim svojstvima razlikuju. Najboljim genotipovima, s obzirom na naše proizvodne uvjete (klima, tlo, gnojidba, itd.) pokazali su se genotipovi: FLIP2, FLIP5, FLIP7, FLIP13, FLIP16, FLIP19, FLIP20 i FLIP22 koji su se najbolje prilagodili podneblju, a time su signifikantno bili bolji od drugih genotipova za ova ispitivana svojstva.

A luteovirus isolate infecting chickpea in Morocco was experimentally transmitted by Myzus persicae to Physalis floridana, on which it produced mild symptoms. When tested in western blots against antisera to known legume luteoviruses, this isolate reacted strongly to beet western yellows virus (BWYV) antiserum, moderately to bean leafroll virus antiserum, while no reaction was recorded with the antiserum against subterranean clover red leaf virus. In PCR, a fragment of ca. 950 bp was amplified, comprising the 3' end of the open reading frame (ORF) 3, the complete coat protein gene (ORF 4), and the non-translated region in between these ORFs. The nucleotide sequence of the amplified fragment showed high similarity with BWYV (approximately 96%), and lower (50–60%) with other luteoviruses reported to infect legumes. On the basis of these data, the Moroccan isolate was identified as BWYV. This is the first molecular evidence for the occurrence of BWYV on chickpea in Morocco, and on food legumes in general in North Africa.

Tijekom 1994. godine postavljen je pokus na pokušalištu u Maksimiru. U pokus je uvrštena 21 linija slanutka iz ICARDA-e, Sirija. Prema varijacijskom koeficijentu najviše je variralo svojstvo mase sjemena po biljci. Primjenom analize varijance, utvrđeno je da postoji statistički opravdana rzalika između linija za sva ispitivana svojstva osim za svojstvo prosječnog broja grana po biljci.

Tijekom prikupljačke ekspedicije na području Splitsko-dalmatiske županije uzorkovano je po pet lokalnih populacija slanutka (Cicer arietinum L.) i leće (Lens culinaris Med.). Primke su 1997. godine postavljene u pokus na pokušalištu u Maksimiru u kojem su provedena mjerenja osnovnih morfoloških i agronomskih svojstava kao što su visina biljke (cm), broj grana po biljci, broj mahuna po biljci, broj zrna po biljci, te masa 1000 zrna. Uočena je velika varijabilnost između lokalnih populacija u svim ispitivanim svojstvima.

In the Mediterranean basin, chickpea is a traditionally spring-sowing crop, which is grown on soil with residual moisture from winter. The yield of chickpea is restricted by limited moisture availability and spring sowing which coincıdes with limiting temperature during the reproductive phase of the growth, a particularly sensitive stage of the phenological development. Winter-sown chickpea has almost double-yield compared to the traditional spring- sown crop, provided cultivars posses tolerance to cold and Ascochyta blight. Winter sowing allows the crop to be harvested by machine. Morever, winter-sowing is the more fixed nitrojen than spring-sown. Hovewer, there is weed promlem in the winter sowings and seeds of winter cultivars is small. In this study, characterİstics and procedures of the chickpea growing and breeding for winter-sowing are also evalueted., Akdeniz havzasında nohut geleneksel olarak yazlık ekilen bir bitkidir. Bu koşullarda, ürün kıştan kalan toprak nemi ile meydana gelmektedir. Nohutun verimi, sınırlı toprak neminin alınabi1 ir 1igi ile belirlenmekte ve yazlık ekimlerde generatif dönemin yüksek sıcaklıklara rastlamasıyla olumsuz olarak etkilenmektedir. Soğuğa ve antraknoza dayanıklı çeşitlerle nohutun kışlık ekimi, geleneksel ekim sistemi ile karşılaştırdığında verim iki katına çıkmaktadır. Kışlık ekimler makinalı hasada uygundurlar ve kışlık ekimle toprağa daha fazla azot bağlanmaktadır. Bununla beraber, kışlık ekimlerde yabancı ot promlemi önemli bir sorundur ve kışlık çeşitlerin daneleri de küçüktür. Ayrıca bu çalışmada, kışlık nohut ekiminin karakteristiği ve kışlık nohut geliştirme için uygulanan ıslah prosedürleri değerlendirilmektedir.

CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais Chickpea is the third most cultivated legume in the world. In Brazil, cropping of this legume is recent and definitions of fertilizer management techniques are scarce. In this study, the objective was to evaluate chickpea (BRS Aleppo) production and soil chemical attributes with and without phosphorus fertilization and leaf-applied molybdenum. A randomized block experimental design was used, with four replications. A 2 x 5 factorial arrangement was used to evaluate production, consisting of two molybdenum fertilization management practices (with and without molybdenum) and five application rates of P2 O5 (0, 60, 120, 180, and 240 kg ha-1) in the form of single superphosphate. Soil sampling for evaluation of soil chemical attributes in the crop row and between rows was also considered. Molybdenum fertilization brought about greater stem and aboveground dry matter. Phosphorus fertilization increased stem, leaf, and seed yield, yielding a maximum of 2.83 t ha-1 seed at the rate of 200 kg ha-1 P2 O5 . However, maximum agronomic efficiency (8.30) was observed with the addition of 150 kg ha-1 P. Soil in the crop row attained higher concentrations of P, K, H+Al, and P-rem and reduction in pH, Ca concentration, SB, T, and V compared to between rows. Phosphorus rates reduced soil pH and increased T and the P concentrations, though only in the plant row. Between the rows, no changes were observed in soil chemical attributes, indicating low mobility of P and the acidification capacity of superphosphate in alkaline soils. O grão-de-bico é a terceira leguminosa mais cultivada no mundo. No Brasil cultivos com essa leguminosa são recentes e definições de técnicas de manejo de fertilizantes são escassas. Objetivou-se avaliar a produção de grão-de-bico (BRS Aleppo) e os atributos químicos do solo sob doses de fósforo e molibdênio foliar. O delineamento utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Para avaliação da produção, adotou-se o esquema fatorial 2 x 5, consistindo de dois manejos da adubação, com ou sem molibdênio e cinco doses de P2 O5 (0, 60, 120, 180 e 240 kg ha-1). Para avaliação dos atributos químicos do solo, considerou-se também a amostragem na linha e entre linha de semeadura. A adubação molíbdica propiciou maior massa seca de ramos e da parte aérea. As doses de fósforo aumentaram a massa seca de ramos, folhas e grãos, obtendo-se a produção máxima de 2,83 t ha-1 de grãos na dose 200 kg ha-1 de P2 O5 . Entretanto a máxima eficiência agronômica (8,30) foi observada com a adição de 150 kg ha-1de P. No solo da linha de cultivo obteve-se maiores teores de P, K, H+Al e P-rem, e diminuição do pH, teor de Ca, SB, T e V, em comparação àquele da entre linha. As doses de fósforo reduziram o pH do solo, aumentaram a T e os teores de P, somente na linha de cultivo, indicando a baixa mobilidade do P e a capacidade de acidificação do superfosfato em solos alcalinos.

The chick pea germplasm collection maintained at ICRISAT Center, Patancheru, India, is the largest collection of this crop available in one place. This collection was grown in instalments and described for qualitative and agronomical traits. The importance and distribution of six qualitative traits, namely flower colour, plant colour, growth habit, seed shape, seed surface and seed colour have been discussed.