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The purpose of this study is to examine the relationships among social capital, altruism, common bond and identity, and revisit intention using social capital, altruism, and attachment theories. A total of 452 responses were generated from consumers 50 years of age and older (seniors), qualified as having used a social network site (SNS) for tourism-related products and services within the past 12 months. Results show that social capital has significant effects on common bond and identity while social capital has a slightly greater effect on common identity than common bond. Altruism has significant effects on common bond and identity whereas altruism has a greater effect on common bond than common identity. Common bond and identity both have significant effects on revisit intention. Noticeably, revisit intention is highly influenced by common identity. Therefore, this study provides new knowledge and recommendations to SNS administrators addressing why seniors use SNSs for tourism-related purposes.

Tourism price has been extensively used to predict tourism demand. However, there is no agreement on the proper indicators of its components. Use of different price indicators may be the reason for researchers’ apparently inconsistent results. The purpose of this study was to identify proper price indicators for the demand model of Japanese inbound tourism from South Korea. After comparing six models, each with different price indicators, the model with relative price and exchange rate but without transport cost was identified as the best model in which relative price, exchange rate, and per capita income were found to be significant., Highlights • The effect of tourism price variables on inbound tourism demand is examined. • Exchange rates and relative prices separately lead to increase in tourist arrivals. • Both proxy variables for transport cost appear to have no influence on tourism. • Price competitiveness can contribute to stimulating international tourism demand. • Government policy should be developed considering its impact on tourism prices.

Understanding the decision-making process and predicting travel behavior are critical for destination tourism marketers. This study develops and tests a structural equation model using the extended Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to explain Chinese college students’ intention to travel to Japan. Ten hypotheses were proposed regarding the relationships between destination image, travel constraints, and the original TPB constructs. The results of structural analyses reveal that the extended TPB has better predictive power for travel intention to Japan than the original one. Attitude is found to have the greatest impact on intention to travel to Japan. The mediating role of travel constraints shows a significantly negative effect on the relationships between the predictors and travel intention except for the relationship between perceived behavioral control and travel intention. The results of this study can help improve marketing promotions and the development of more effective destination position...

This study investigates non-travelers’ behavior, focusing on the influence of spatial and temporal distances on decisions not to travel and their effects on the gap between travel intention and actual behavior. The results show that intention formed at a greater temporal distance from an event reflects a stronger actualization but that spatial distance acts as impedance to traveling to distant destinations. The longer the time interval between intention formation and the action is, and the greater the spatial distance to a destination is, the higher the probability to change behaviors. The results indicate that in addition to understanding factors that facilitate travelers without an original travel intention, marketing efforts should target non-travelers to induce the intended travel.

Researchers have criticized the traditional contingent valuation method (CVM) due to its potential response bias. To address this bias, several studies have employed improved CVM survey designs. When respondents disguise the truth, non-sampling errors are created that cannot be corrected by these elaborate survey modifications. To reduce this type of non-sampling error, Park and MacLachlan (2008) suggested the exaggeration bias-corrected (EBC) CVM, which assumes a functional mechanism between real and spurious willingness to pay (WTP). The authors verify the effectiveness of the EBC-CVM in non-sampling error reduction, which in turn derives more error-corrected economic value. Few studies have employed the EBC-CVM in a tourism context. The main goals of this study are to introduce EBC-CVM and to test its validity in a tourism study. The results indicate that EBC-CVM contributes to the reduction of non-sampling errors. The implications of the findings are discussed.

This study aims to identify the role of integrated resort customers' value co-creation attitude on their co-creation behavior by applying service-dominant logic in the integrated resort setting. The proposed model is tested using data collected from five integrated resort sites in Croatia. Partial least squares structural equation modeling is used to explore the relative impact of multidimensional value co-creation attitude, including interaction, knowledge sharing, and responsive attitudes, on customers' co-creation behavior (i.e. participation and citizenship behavior) toward integrated resorts. Findings suggest that customers' interaction and responsive attitudes positively influence their future behavioral intention. In addition, customers' participation behavior significantly and positively mediates the relationship between their responsive attitude and citizenship behavior. Given the importance of understanding and managing customers’ experience, findings are also beneficial for academic researchers and integrated resort service providers.

Lu3Al5-xGaxO12:Ce3+,Cr3+ powders were prepared using a sol-gel combustion (SGC) process. To clarify the effects of the preparation method on the phase formation and luminescence properties, Lu3Al3Ga2O12:Ce3+,Cr3+ powders were also prepared at different calcination temperatures using a solid-state reaction (SSR) process for comparison with the SGC process. The photoluminescence spectra of the synthesized powders consisted of strong bands of Ce3+ and weak peaks of Cr3+ within the green and red regions, respectively. A Lu3Al3Ga2O12:Ce3+,Cr3+ single phase can be achieved even at a low temperature of 1100 °C for the SGC process, whereas it is formed at a higher temperature of 1500 °C for the SSR process. The green emission intensities of the Lu3Al3Ga2O12:Ce3+,Cr3+ powders prepared using the SGC process were significantly higher than those prepared using the SSR process. This behavior can be explained using a crystal structure, particle morphology, and uniformity of the dopant distribution. For the Lu3Al5-xGaxO12:Ce3+,Cr3+ powders prepared using the SGC process, increasing the Ga content caused an increase in the lattice constant, resulting in a blue-shift of the green band of Ce3+. The synthesized powders exhibited a persistent luminescence, which resulted from the trapping and de-trapping behaviors between the Ce3+ and Cr3+ ions. The longest persistent luminescence was observed for the Lu3Al3Ga2O12:Ce3+,Cr3+ powders prepared at 1700 °C using the SGC process, lasting approximately 40 min.

Despite the increasing amount of attention paid to virtual reality (VR) tourism and the rising importance of VR tourism, a theoretically integrated model of behavior has not been developed. To fill this void, we build and test a framework based on both innovation diffusion and uses and gratifications theories to explain why people participate in VR tourism. The moderating role of VR tourists’ technology readiness (optimism and innovativeness) between subjective well-being and behavioral intention is also examined. Results demonstrate that authentic experience and subjective well-being are affected by simplicity, benefit, compatibility (attributes of innovation diffusion), informativeness, social interactivity, and playfulness (uses and gratifications attributes). Behavioral intention is more positively influenced by subjective well-being than by authentic experience. The moderating role of technology readiness between subjective well-being and behavioral intention is stronger in individuals with high optimism and innovativeness than their counterparts with low optimism and innovativeness.

The purpose of this study was to compare the influence of two survey modes – telephone random digit dialling (RDD) and stratified sampling of an online panel – on Canadian Problem Gambling Index (CPGI) scores and co-morbidities. An identical gambling survey was administered to 4000 South Koreans selected via random dialling of cell phone numbers and to 4330 South Korean members of an online panel. The online panelists were found to have significantly higher levels of tobacco use, drug or alcohol problems and mental health problems, higher employment status and lower happiness levels. However, even when controlling for these variables, CPGI scores for the online panel were significantly higher than those for the telephone interview. This appears to be due to higher levels of pathology among online panelists combined with potentially more valid self-reports due to enhanced anonymity.

With the increasing use of the Internet as a survey mode, questions of mode effects and how potential effects influence inferences arise. Using a choice experiment combined with mixed logit estimation, willingness-to-pays (WTPs) for attributes are compared between the Internet mode and the more traditional interview survey mode. The results suggest that there are differences in WTP between the two survey models for three of four attributes. Furthermore, WTPs obtained from the interview survey are larger than the WTPs obtained from the Internet survey, suggesting potential social desirability behaviour by the interview respondents. Internet surveys involving sensitive issues may be desirable because of potential social desirability behaviour.

The purpose of the study was to investigate relationships between cultural worldview (CW), cultural experiential dimensions, and satisfaction among international travelers who stayed at Hanok, a traditional house in South Korea. Findings of the study show that respondents' CW and experience were significantly different with respect to the respondents' origin of residence. Americans and Europeans shared a similar CW, whereas Japanese and Chinese expressed a similar view on CW. The strong and significant prediction on satisfaction by all experience dimensions warranted the importance of experiential qualities of tourism products and services in the cultural tourism context.

Although online group-buying is increasing rapidly, little theoretically based research has been conducted on behaviors of online group-buyers of tourism products. Thus, the purpose of this study is to develop and test a theoretical model examining the relationships among value, trust, site attachment, altruism, and loyalty in the context of online group-buying of tourism products. The results indicate that the six hypothesized relationships among value, trust, site attachment, altruism, and loyalty are significant and thus validate the theoretical model. The findings of this study provide theoretical and practical implications for academics and managers of online group-buying sites.

Human crowding at a festival can affect visitor satisfaction differently to spatial crowding. Festival visitors perceive human crowding as a situation in which the festival is full of people. Spatial crowding, on the other hand, is perceived as restricting movement. We hypothesized that human crowding affects visitor satisfaction in a positive way (by increasing positive affect and decreasing negative affect), whereas spatial crowding affects visitor satisfaction in a negative way (by decreasing positive affect and increasing negative affect). We tested these hypotheses using data collected through an on-site survey at the 2012 Seoul Lantern Festival in South Korea: 423 visitors attending the festival completed the survey. The survey results supported the hypotheses. Managerial implications of the findings are also discussed.

Although mega-events impact the host region, as well as, neighbouring regions, geographical distribution of the economic impact of mega-events is mostly neglected in the literature. To address this gap, this study estimated the economic impact of the Expo 2012 Yeosu Korea (BIE International Expo) on the host and neighbouring regions using a regional input–output model. Results indicate that visitors to the Yeosu Expo spent US$388 million in the host region and $105 million in the neighbouring regions. These expenditures generated $658 million in output impact, $162 million in income impact, $361 million in value-added impact, and 19,029 added jobs. Findings suggest that approximately 80% of the impacts are generated in the host region and 20% experienced by the neighbouring regions. The distribution of economic impacts between the host and neighbouring regions should be considered when discussing mega-event impacts.

This case study assesses the asymmetric relationship between the relative importance of service quality attributes and overall customer satisfaction in Korean casino settings, using impact-range performance analysis (IRPA) and impact asymmetry analysis (IAA). Results validated the rigor of IRPA and IAA over importance–performance analysis (IPA) in identifying key determining attributes of customer satisfaction/dissatisfaction among various casino service quality attributes based on three-factor theory. The theoretical and practical implications of this study’s findings are included to enrich both academicians’ and casino industry professionals’ understanding of customers’ perceptions of and attitudes towards casinos, and the development of a marketing strategy.

With the increase in employment of Internet surveys, there is a need to address how this survey mode affects inferences. Internet and interview modes are compared in estimating the preservation value of Dokdo, South Korea. Estimates of willingness to pay in the Internet survey are smaller than those in the interview survey. This may be attributable to the interview respondents being conscious of the presence of the interviewers, given the social importance of Dokdo to Koreans. Internet surveys may be effective in reducing overestimation of the willingness to pay in situations where potential social desirability is present.

Temple stays are emerging global cultural attractions that provide tourists with unique experiences and influence perceptions of value and satisfaction. This study examines the influence of escape, entertainment, esthetic, and educational experiences on perceptions of functional and emotional values as well as tourist satisfaction with temple stays. The results of the study show that escape and entertainment experiences are important predictors of both functional and emotional values. Esthetic experience influences emotional value, whereas educational experience affects functional value. Both functional and emotional values influence tourist satisfaction. Theoretical and practical implications of the study results are discussed.

This study investigated three different types of gamblers (recreational, problem, and pathological gamblers) to determine differences in gambling motivations and recreational activity preferences among casino gamblers. We collected data from 600 gamblers recruited in an actual gambling environment inside a major casino in South Korea. Findings indicate that motivational factors of escape, sightseeing, and winning were significantly different among these three types of gamblers. When looking at motivations to visit the casino, pathological gamblers were more likely to be motivated by winning, whereas recreational gamblers were more likely to be motivated by scenery and culture in the surrounding casino area. Meanwhile, the problem gamblers fell between these two groups, indicating higher preferences for non-gambling activities than the pathological gamblers. As this study builds upon a foundational previous study by Lee et al. (Psychiatry Investig 6(3):141-149, 2009), the results of this new study were compared with those of the previous study to see if new developments within a resort-style casino contribute to changes in motivations and recreational activity preferences.

With mobile commerce (M-commerce), tourists can easily reserve and cancel a flight, hotel and restaurant seats anywhere and anytime with their smartphones. However, several factors of M-commerce stimulate individuals to buy or reserve products and services impulsively, which induces guilt (or regret) and result in cancellation. Cancellation causes loss of revenue, especially, flight cancellation can be more threatening to travel agencies due to perishability of airline seats. Therefore, it is important to investigate differences between cancelled and uncancelled reservations. This study collected secondary data and tried to find out the differences between cancelled and uncancelled flight reservations by using t-test analysis. The results revealed that cancelled flights were reserved a shorter period of time before the departure and were made by individuals who are experienced in flight reservation rather than uncancelled flights.

The enduring legacy of a mega-event can be the unique opportunities it provides for visitors. Thus, focusing on the visitors’ experiences should be a priority for the tourism industry. Festivals and mega-events are typical experiential products that provide high-quality experiences in the field of tourism. This study examines Pine and Gilmore's concept of the experience economy in the context of a mega-event. Specifically, the relationships among Expo experience, quality, satisfaction, and the effect of the Expo 2012 Yeosu Korea are examined. This study empirically tests whether the Expo experience and Expo quality influence visitor satisfaction. It also investigates whether visitor satisfaction influences the effect of the Expo. A self-administered survey was conducted for visitors (N = 377) of the Expo. The results of testing Pine and Gilmore's concept of the experience economy reveal that among four dimensions, esthetic experience followed by entertainment experience were the most important experiences...

The concept of quality is central to research on consumer behavior and marketing. Despite the well-recognized importance of quality in the hospitality literature, little research is designed to explore quality in the event literature, particularly in the area of quality scale development. Besides, prior research lacks a rigid psychometric test in developing and validating scales. The current study aims to develop and validate multidimensional measures for assessing the quality attributes of mega-event Expo with a rigorous method. The testing of validity, reliability, and method biases establishes the validity and reliability of the quality scales of the Expo. The resulting scales include 40 items with a 10-factor structure. Researchers can integrate the validated measures of this study into other concepts in marketing/consumer behavior to examine the unexplored aspect of event visitor behavior. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

This study analyzes visitor book entries as cultural repositories of guest-generated hospitality discourses to understand how guests articulate/narrativize hospitality. Inquiry into visitor book entries offers insight into ways in which tourists render people and place intelligible. Utilizing textual analysis, this study examines discursive entries contained within visitor books displayed at a traditional South Korean hanok guesthouse/commercial home. The findings indicate that tourists' entries could be classified into three emergent categories: Structural Esthetics, Emotions/Affective State, and Inter-personal Engagement. Guests' entries indicated that there was an appreciation for the display of traditional architecture, which facilitated sentiments of relaxation, contentment, tranquility, and homeliness. The hanok is thus regarded as a therapeutic landscape in which positive emotions are nurtured. Guests' entries also showcased evidence of genuine and personalized exchanges with hosts. This study poin...

Although there are numerous studies on volunteering in tourism, little research has been done on volunteer support for mega-events. This study develops a theoretical model investigating the relationship between volunteer motivation and support for the Expo 2012 Yeosu Korea through mediating effects of satisfaction and attitudes toward volunteering and the Expo venue. An onsite survey of 489 volunteers at the Yeosu Expo was conducted. The structural equation model reveals that patriotism and intrinsic motivations significantly influence volunteer satisfaction, which in turn exerts a significant effect on attitudes toward volunteering and the Expo venue. Also, volunteer attitudes toward volunteering significantly influence volunteer attitudes toward the Expo venue, which in turn have a significant effect on support for the Expo. The study suggests that patriotism and intrinsic motivations can leverage support for mega-events through enhancing mediators of satisfaction and attitudes.

Despite the importance of Oriental medicine festivals to Oriental medical tourism, little research has been conducted to understand the behavioral intention of visitors to these festivals. Therefore, this study examines the behavioral intention of visitors to a Korean Oriental medicine festival. This study employs the extended model of goal-directed behavior (EMGB) that incorporates two constructs related to Oriental medicine festivals: the Oriental medicine image of festival site (image) and the perception of Oriental medicine (perception). An on-site survey was conducted with 423 visitors attending the Sancheong Herbal Festival in South Korea. Results reveal that attitude, subjective norm, and positive anticipated emotion influenced visitors' desire to attend the festival, which, in turn, influenced their behavioral intentions. Two constructs of image and perception formed positive and significant relationships with attitude toward attending the festival. Practical implications of the study results are discussed.

Despite the popularity of festivals and events, event managers and the hosting countries are not certain whether a successful event leads to favorable attitudes toward the hosting country. This study based on trust transfer theory considers the impact of attitude toward a mega event on attitude toward the hosting country. The study also examines two dimensions of perceived value related to the Shanghai Expo and their influences on attitude toward the event. The study finds that both emotional and functional dimensions of value offered by the Expo are important for evaluation of the event, although functional value is considered more important than emotional value. Supporting trust transfer theory, the study shows that attitude toward a mega event influences attitude toward the hosting country. The study also finds that both attitude toward a mega event and attitude toward the hosting country have a positive impact on visitors’ intentions to revisit China.

Demand (attendance) forecasts are often based on respondents' intentions to attend an event or purchase a product. People, however, do not always act on their intentions; an intention–behavior gap exists. Limited research to date in the tourism realm has addressed this gap; that is, what proportion of visit intentions is actually realized. In this respect, this study investigates the intention–behavior gap based on a national survey using a quota sampling method ( N = 2015) in the realm of visiting the 2012 Yeosu Expo. Results reveal that approximately 50% of the respondents who had intentions to visit the Expo actually visited the Expo. The stronger the intentions are to visit the Expo, the larger the percentage of respondents who acted on their intentions. Results contribute to potentially obtaining more accurate forecasts of attendance to mega events and how various factors influence the intention–behavior gap.

The current study examines the perceived differences of stress and stress coping strategies between smoking and nonsmoking South Korean casino workers. Casino employees (N = 621) were grouped into two groups (i.e., smokers and nonsmokers). Using logistic regression analysis with cigarette smoking as the dependent variable, investigators observed that nonsmokers were more likely to report stress related to work or job issues and identify their leisure activity as a form of personal development compared with smokers. Casino employees have a higher prevalence of tobacco smoking than the general population and smoking behaviors tend to cluster with alcohol use and gambling. These findings suggest that smoking cession programs might benefit from taking into account how to provide personal development as a type of leisure.

This study examines the effect of a Korean Oriental medicine festival’s quality on tourists’ satisfaction, trust, and support, and explores satisfaction’s influence through the mediating variable of trust on destination development support, which previous festival tourism research underreports. An onsite survey was conducted for tourists (N = 458) to the Oriental Medicine Expo. The structural equation model results reveal that the quality dimensions of program, facility, and convenience influenced satisfaction positively, and satisfaction exerted a positive significant effect on trust in the festival’s location developing as an Oriental medicine tourism destination. Ways that Oriental medicine tourism festivals can leverage health tourism development at regional and country levels are considered.

This study explores the use of sustainable tourism as a tool for the regeneration and “greening” of urban areas. It is based on evidence from the revitalization of the Cheonggyecheon stream district in downtown Seoul, a process that emphasized nature conservation and recreational opportunities. The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of environmental cues on emotion, satisfaction, loyalty, and support for the revitalized Cheonggyecheon stream district by applying a stimulus–organism–response framework. We conducted an on-site survey on visitors to Cheonggyecheon during November 2010. The results indicated that environmental cues from the revitalization arouse positive emotions that lead to visitor satisfaction and loyalty, which, in turn, bring about strong support for the stream and further tourism development. Structure and ambiance affected both positive emotion and satisfaction. Visitors appreciated not only nature, but also man-made facilities (e.g. culture center, artificial waterfall, fo...

By responding to the current emphasis on health and wellness in modern society, the spa industry has experienced a rapid growth in the last two decades. To understand the determinants of revisitation and long-term attitudinal loyalty, this study investigated how visitors perceive the potential value of spa experiences. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of two distinct dimensions of perceived value (functional and wellness values) in spa visitors' decision-making process for future behavior. Based on the framework of “quality-perceived value-satisfaction-behavioral intention”, a field survey was conducted to test the mediating role of functional and wellness values in the case of Jinan Red Ginseng Spa located in South Korea. The findings provide further information to explain the underlying mechanisms for increasing spa visitors' behavioral intention to revisit and recommend.

This study aims to examine not only the impact of corporate social responsibility (CSR) on casino employees' organizational commitment (OC), job satisfaction (JS), and customer orientation (CO), but also the effect of responsible gambling (RG) on CO. In particular, this study examines how employees' expectation of implementing RG strategies influences their attitude toward customers. For this purpose, this study conducted a survey of employees (n = 307) who were working for a casino in Seoul, Korea. The results of this study indicate that economic, legal, and philanthropic CSR had an effect on OC, which, in turn, influenced JS. Additionally, JS and the expectation of RG strategies were found to influence CO. These findings will contribute to understanding the impacts of CSR and RG on casino employees' behavior toward customers and providing practical implications to the casino industry.

Understanding the motivation to visit particular tourist destinations and festivals is important for building effective tourism marketing strategies. This paper explores the effect of existing health and wellness values on the motivation to visit a festival using a field survey at the Goomeri Pumpkin Festival, a typical Australian festival which uses the natural environment, traditions and local produce to provide 21 events during the festival. The study focused on establishing the relationship between health and wellness values and festival attendees' motivation. Qualitative research with random sampling was selected to collect the data. The results revealed high levels of health and wellness values among the participants as well as social interaction, family togetherness, cultural exploration, novelty, natural environment, relaxation, previous food festival experience and food as motivations. Findings of this paper can contribute to festival tourism marketing especially to demonstrate that health-relate...

A structural equation model was constructed to analyze the relationship among strategic experiential modules, emotion and visitor satisfaction. For its research site, this study focused on ‘the Expo 2012 Yeosu Korea’ held in South Korea. The results of the study supported the hypothesis that the event experience is an important factor and influences visitors' level of satisfaction through emotions during the Expo. This study found that Schmitt's five types of experience indirectly affect satisfaction through positive emotional experience. The results of this study demonstrated that satisfaction not only is an issue that may be attributed to the event but also involves psychological and emotional concerns. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This study identifies variables affecting daily attendance at the 2012 Expo Yeosu, Korea, emphasizing the role the newspapers and promotions played during the Expo. A polynomial distributed lag model is estimated to determine the factors influencing daily attendance at the Expo. Results indicate that the variables of Saturday and first and second days of holidays, peak vacation season, media, and promotions have a significant positive effect on the number of visitors to the Expo. Discounted tickets increase the average daily attendance by approximately 27,000 visitors. Newspaper reports have a positive effect on attendance; more importantly, reports show carryover effects. The positive effect on attendance of a newspaper report increases up to the fourth day from the date of publication and then starts to decline. The effect of a newspaper report stops around the eighth day from the date of publication. The findings have practical implications for managing visitors to mega events.

The purpose of this study was to examine the motives of Chinese nationals who attended the Expo 2010 in Shanghai, China, and to understand their perceptions about service quality, satisfaction, and behavioral intentions. The results of this study revealed six motivation factors and three mutually exclusive clusters based on their motives. In particular, the “multipurpose experience seekers” showed more favorable service quality perceptions and higher satisfaction than their counterparts. The three segments based on their motivation also demonstrated significant differences in selected sociodemographic variables, which could be used effectively by the event organizers. Marketing implications and suggestions for attracting visitors to a mega event were presented.

Online group buying has become increasingly prevalent, and people frequently shop on group buying (GB) sites. This study examines the relationships among transaction cost advantage, preview, trust, satisfaction, and repurchase intention within online tourism GB environments. To investigate differences in the constructs between the high and low emotional loyalty (EL) groups, this study draws on the moderating role of EL. The results reveal that transaction cost advantage, preview, and trust significantly and positively affect satisfaction, which, in turn, influences repurchase intention. The high-EL group shows stronger relationships between preview and satisfaction and between satisfaction and repurchase intention than the low-EL group. The low-EL group shows stronger relationships between transaction cost advantage and satisfaction and between trust and satisfaction than the high-EL group. The findings have implications for tourism academics and the tourism industry.

The objective of this study is to examine the dynamic nature of tourist destination image and the influence of tourists’ overall satisfaction on image modification. The empirical data were collected in Seoul, a major tourism destination in South Korea. A total of 520 usable survey data were analyzed using paired t-test and analysis of variance. The results supported the proposed research hypotheses: (1) there were statistically significant differences with respect to all image dimensions between their pretrip and posttrip images at the α = .01 level, and (2) tourists’ satisfaction was statistically related to the extent of destination image modification. Theoretical and practical implications were discussed based on the study findings, and recommendations for future research were presented.

The rise in popularity of Internet gambling has led to new gambling controversies among researchers and policymakers alike. Opponents frequently point to the negative impacts of problem gambling, while advocates tend to view this form of gambling as relatively harmless and convenient entertainment for the vast majority of participants. Interestingly, in making their points, both sides cite empirical arguments about passion for the gambling act-with opponents arguing that Internet gambling enables unhealthy obsessions, and advocates pointing to the apparent intensive interest of large numbers of Internet players. As it turns out, both sides may have a point. In this paper, we examine whether types of passion were related to types of motivation and consequences. The data were collected through a sample from an online gambling website in South Korea. We rely upon Rousseau et al.'s (J Gambl Stud 18(1):45-66, 2002) seminal work on positive and negative aspects of passion, and in the process we develop a framework for understanding positive and negative consequences of this form of gambling. The results reveal that intrinsic gambling motivations (e.g., gambling for excitement) is related to harmonious passion, which in turn results in positive consequences. Meanwhile, extrinsic gambling motivations (e.g., money) is related to obsessive passion, which in turn results in negative consequences.

Mobile tourism shopping is an emerging market, but there is little theoretically based research on the topic. This study investigates the impact of motivations (value, enjoyment, time saving and mobility) on consumer satisfaction by applying contingency and task– technology fit theories in the mobile tourism shopping context. The results show that value and enjoyment have significant effects on satisfaction. Use context is found to have a full mediating role between time saving and satisfaction as well as between mobility and satisfaction. This study offers theoretical and practical contributions to the tourism literature and mobile tourism industry. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Received 16 December 2012; Revised 13 May 2013; Accepted 20 May 2013

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has emerged as a critical philosophy and a strategy that affects both internal (i.e., employee) and external (i.e., customer) attitudes. The importance of CSR extends to the casino industry, especially when it pertains to compulsory and supplementary responsible gambling (RG) strategies. To this end, this study surveys casino employees in South Korea to examine the impact of CSR on casino employees’ organizational trust, job satisfaction, and customer orientation. Results indicate that legal CSR and supplementary RG have a positive effect on organizational trust, whereas compulsory RG strategies have a negative effect on organizational trust. Also, it appears that organizational trust positively influences job satisfaction, which in turn has a positive effect on customer orientation. In building off of these findings, this study provides practical implications for casino managers when implementing CSR and RG strategies.

Past research on the economic impact of convention and exhibition businesses has neglected disaggregated expenditures of these consumer groups. The primary reason for this neglect is that estimating the economic impacts of these businesses is complicated and requires comprehensive surveys of various consumer groups. Thus, this study estimated expenditures based on surveys to different consumers such as convention and exhibition visitors, convention and exhibition organizers, and exhibitors. This study also employed a regional input–output (I–O) model and then matched the types of expenditure patterns with the I–O table. Survey results show that exhibition visitors spent the largest amount (US$153 million), followed by convention attendees (US$48 million), convention organizers (US$47 million), exhibition organizers (US$3.3 million), and exhibitors (US$2.8 million). The results of the I–O model indicate that the Daejeon Convention Center generated US$488 million of output impact, US$102 million of income i...

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the structural relationships among lifestyle of health and sustainability (LOHAS), healthy food choices, trust, and emotional loyalty and the moderating role of age between seniors and non‐seniors in restaurants.Design/methodology/approachPartial least squares (PLS)‐graph software (version 3.0) was used to analyze the measurements and structural models. The authors employed a PLS regression analysis for both the formative and reflective constructs in the empirical test of the research model.FindingsThe study revealed that the senior market segment differs from the non‐senior market segment in the following ways: the magnitude of impact of LOHAS on healthy food choices is much stronger for senior diners than for non‐senior diners and the impact of LOHAS on trust and emotional loyalty is greater for seniors than non‐seniors.Research limitations/implicationsThe results of this study can guide the restaurant industry in its research on the implications of LOHAS for seniors.Practical implicationsRestaurant marketers should develop different strategies for the senior and non‐senior market segments, and they need to focus on target segments rather than attempting to appeal to the market as a whole.Originality/valueThis paper assists researchers and practitioners by shedding light on the differences among LOHAS, healthy food choices, trust, and emotional loyalty between senior and non‐senior diners.

Estimates of the effect of different admission fees on revenues for the Expo 2012 Yeosu mega-event are provided. A national survey was conducted for the Korean population. The results indicate that the revenue-maximizing admission fee is approximately KRW 27,000, with an estimated 14.6 million visitors and KRW 388.3 billion for the best-guess scenario. With an eight million visitor capacity constraint, the admission fee should be KRW 39,000. Implications of admission pricing strategies are provided in the conclusion.

This study revised the theory of planned behavior (TPB) by incorporating the new concepts of gambling passion and responsible gambling strategy (RGS) to predict gamblers' intention to gamble in online sports betting. The data were collected at the end of March in 2012 through an online gambling website. The findings indicated that the inclusion of two types of gambling passion and two types of RGS explains online gambling intention well. Specifically, out of the original antecedent predictors of TPB, attitude toward online gambling was positively related to harmonious passion. Subjective norm had a positive relationship with both harmonious and obsessive passion. The results also showed that perceived behavioral control does not have a significant effect on the two gambling passions but has a direct and significant influence on behavioral intention. Additionally, the compulsory RGS had a negative effect on obsessive passion, whereas supplementary RGS had concurrent positive impacts on harmonious and obsessive passion. Lastly, the two gambling passions were notable predictors of behavioral intention toward online sports betting.

This study examined the effect of environmentally friendly perceptions on the behavioral intention of visitors at the Boryeong Mud Festival in South Korea. The results of the on-site survey (N = 400) reveal that three environmentally friendly perceptions formed positive and significant causal relationships with the constructs in the extended model of goal-directed behavior (EMGB). Attitude, subjective norm, and positive anticipated emotion affected desire, which, in turn, influenced the behavioral intention. Three elements, volitional, non-volitional, and emotional aspects, were proven to be crucial in comprehending the perceptions and behaviors of the nature-based festival attendees. The findings of this study will shed light on a better understanding of the decision-making processes of festival visitors when environmental issues are incorporated.

Tourism is one of the world's largest and fastest-growing industries, and female travelers continue to contribute to the growth of the industry. However, little conceptual research has been conducted on overseas travel behavior and the role of gender in the decision-making process. Thus, this study examined the sophisticated decision-making process of overseas travel and the moderating effect of gender in the decision-making process, using the model of goal-directed behavior (MGB). The results indicate that the MGB is a powerful framework for explaining overseas travel behavior and that gender plays a critical role during the decision-making process. Both theoretical and practical implications are discussed in the discussion section.

Two threads within the contingent valuation literature are potential biases created by the hypothetical nature of the method and defining the population to sample. To our knowledge, this is the first study to combine these threads, namely examining how attempting to control for hypothetical bias interacts with how the population is defined. Results indicate controlling for hypothetical bias makes the two samples, residents of Baengnyeong Island (where the spotted seal is located) and the general South Korea population, more similar than if bias is not corrected. Without correcting for bias, for example, residents' willingness-to-pay for preservation of the seal is 33% higher than the general population; however, after controlling for hypothetical bias this percent decreases to 21%.

Today, Internet use is becoming increasingly prevalent, and people all over the world are shopping online with increasing frequency. While much of the current literature tends to focus on the dependent variable of loyalty on online tourism shopping, this study draws heavily on the moderating role of loyalty. In particular, this study aims to examine the relationships among perceived security, website properties, navigational functionality, trust, and satisfaction, as well as to use a process theory to investigate the differences in these constructs between low- and high-loyalty groups. The results of this study reveal that perceived security, website properties, and navigational functionality significantly and positively affected trust. In addition, loyalty was found to reinforce the relationships among perceived security, website properties, navigational functionality, and trust.

Eu2+ doped CaAl2O4 thin films were prepared on c-, a-, and r-plane sapphire substrates by a sputtering method, and then post-annealed for the recrystallization. Post-annealed films have out-of-plane epitaxial orientations of (010) and (001) CaAl2O4 on c- and a-plane sapphire substrates, respectively, whereas the films on r-plane were composed of two epitaxial phases of (210) CaAl2O4 and (210) CaAl4O7. In-plane relationships between films and substrates were also determined by an X-ray pole figure method, demonstrating that the films were epitaxially recrystallized, but not single crystals. The emission wavelengths were independent of the orientations of epitaxial films, showing a blue emission at 448 nm under 325 nm excitation, but the emission intensity depended on the film structure.