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International audience; Aujourd’hui, environ 10 millions de Français sont atteints d’un handicap invisible. S’il donne le vertige, ce chiffre montre la portée du sujet, nombre de salariés sont en effet concernés et pourtant la reconnaissance juridique n’est pas toujours concrétisée. Parallèlement, médecins, psychologues, managers et salariés témoignent ici que des situations personnelles d’ordre familial (divorce, accompagnement d’un proche malade, etc.) ou personnel (cancer, maladie chronique non reconnue en tant que handicap, etc.) sont tout aussi difficiles et invisibles.Ces deux formes d’invisibilité handicapante sont croissantes dans un contexte de mutations de la société (évolutions des configurations familiales, population vieillissante, aspirations nouvelles des plus jeunes générations, allongement de la durée de vie au travail). Quels sont les enjeux pour les personnes concernées, leurs collègues et, d’une manière plus générale, pour l’entreprise ?Cet ouvrage associe le regard des gestionnaires, juristes, psychologues, sociologues, conseillers handicap, médecins et responsables d’entreprises. La diversité des situations d’invisibilité et des actions concrètes dans le cadre du travail y sont mises en lumière.

International audience; Aujourd’hui, environ 10 millions de Français sont atteints d’un handicap invisible. S’il donne le vertige, ce chiffre montre la portée du sujet, nombre de salariés sont en effet concernés et pourtant la reconnaissance juridique n’est pas toujours concrétisée. Parallèlement, médecins, psychologues, managers et salariés témoignent ici que des situations personnelles d’ordre familial (divorce, accompagnement d’un proche malade, etc.) ou personnel (cancer, maladie chronique non reconnue en tant que handicap, etc.) sont tout aussi difficiles et invisibles.Ces deux formes d’invisibilité handicapante sont croissantes dans un contexte de mutations de la société (évolutions des configurations familiales, population vieillissante, aspirations nouvelles des plus jeunes générations, allongement de la durée de vie au travail). Quels sont les enjeux pour les personnes concernées, leurs collègues et, d’une manière plus générale, pour l’entreprise ?Cet ouvrage associe le regard des gestionnaires, juristes, psychologues, sociologues, conseillers handicap, médecins et responsables d’entreprises. La diversité des situations d’invisibilité et des actions concrètes dans le cadre du travail y sont mises en lumière.

International audience; An experiment carried out in situ during the 2017 French presidential election provides the natural conditions in which to disentangle the motivations of expressive voting and strategic voting as determinants of voters' choice. Under the two-round plurality rule, when voters vote for a single candidate in the first round, they may wish primarily to express which is their favorite candidate, or, rather, to influence the outcome of the second-round outcome by strategic voting. These two motives may coincide or conflict. We show that insincere strategic voting is relatively low in this context since it represents less than 7% of the votes cast. When the expressive and the strategic motives conflict with each other, i.e., where expression requires giving up any influence on the outcome of the election, we show that voters are twice as likely to eschew strategic voting as to vote strategically.

International audience; OBJECTIVES: France is the Western country with the highest number of imported malaria cases. This study evaluates the cost and effectiveness of the potential reimbursement of drugs for malaria chemoprophylaxis (CP). It targets travelers with medical insurance in France who are heading to endemic regions in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), the cost of which is currently fully borne by these travelers. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A decision-tree model was built to assess the cost-effectiveness of three CP reimbursement strategies compared to the current strategy of non-reimbursement from the French National Health Insurance (NHI) perspective. The three strategies targeted either (1) all travelers to SSA (2) travelers of African origin traveling to visit friends and relatives (VFR) and (3) all travelers to West and Central Africa (WCA). Base-case analysis is complemented with deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses (PSA). RESULTS: Reimbursement of CP would lead to a decrease in malaria cases. The base-case incremental cost per additional malaria case (ICER) for strategies 1, 2 and 3 is estimated at euro 34,623, euro 15,136 and euro 23,640, respectively. PSA confirms our results, showing that reimbursement has a very high probability of being cost-effective, especially under strategies 2 and 3. CONCLUSION: Reimbursement of malaria CP by the French NHI could be cost-effective and have a positive effect on malaria prevention in France. Restricting reimbursement to VFRs allows lower ICERs but does not seem feasible in the current French context, while targeting travelers to WCA, who are at higher risk for malaria, could be a reasonably efficient policy.

International audience; We develop a new model of a "featureful" city in which locations are di¤erentiated by two attributes, that is, the distance to employment centers and the accessibility to given amenities. The residential equilibrium involves the spatial separation of households sharing similar incomes. Under Stone-Geary preferences, amenities and commuting are subsumed into a location-quality index. Hence, the assignment of households to locations becomes one-dimensional. Since residential choices are driven by the location-quality index, the income mapping may be fully characterized. Using a rich micro-dataset on the Netherlands, we show that household income sorting is indeed driven by amenities and commuting times.

National audience; The way of financing large investments over a long-term horizon has a strong impact on the company's financial situation and future value. However, financial considerations are generally omitted in supply chain network design models. This work extends previous researches by jointly considering the cash flows arising from logistics and financial decisions. The objective function is to maximize the value of the company, represented by the Adjusted Present Value (APV).

International audience

Does immigration affect wages? No decisive answer has been provided until now. We propose an up-to-date meta-analysis of the literature investigating this question, based on 2,146 es- timates from 64 studies published between 1972 and 2019. We find that, on average, the literature reports a negative and close to zero effect of immigration on native wages. This result holds for both low/medium-skilled and high-skilled native individuals. This average effect, however, hides a large heterogeneity across studies. Variation across estimates can be explained by the presence of structural heterogeneity such as the country of analysis or the use of micro-level data, as well as to heterogeneity in research designs such as the use of difference-in-differences. Finally, we estimate a significant and negative effect of publishing in leading academic journals and propose a discussion on the potential publication bias in the literature.; L'immigration a-t-elle un impact sur les salaires ? Aucune réponse tranchée n'a été jusqu'à présent apportée à cette interrogation. Nous proposons une méta-analyse actualisée de la littérature consacrée à cette dernière, consistant en 2146 estimations issues de 64 articles publiés entre 1972 et 2019. Il apparaît qu'en moyenne, la littérature estime un effet négatif, quoique quantitativement proche de zéro, de l'immigration sur les salaires des travailleurs nationaux. Ce résultat prévaut tant pour les individus faiblement ou moyennement qualifiés que pour ceux hautement qualifiés. Cet effet moyen dissimule cependant une hétérogénéité substantielle entre les différentes études. Cette dernière apparaît de nature structurelle, et renvoie tant au pays analysé qu'à l'utilisation de données microéconomiques ou à la méthodologie empirique mise en place, telle que le recours aux différences en différences. Nous concluons enfin à un effet négatif significatif de la publication dans les revues académiques de référence, et proposons une discussion du biais potentiel de publication dans la littérature.

International audience; Comment les Français ont-ils vécu le premier confinement ? Quelle place le virus a-t-il pris dans leur quotidien ? Quel a été l’impact sur leur santé mentale ? Comment ont-ils perçu la gestion de la crise, du confinement au futur vaccin ? Ont-ils perdu confiance ?Du 16 mars au 11 mai 2020, pour ralentir l’épidémie de Covid-19, les Français sont confinés chez eux. Cette parenthèse sidérante et inédite aurait pu survenir plus tôt, tant cette crise ressemble à d’autres… Pourtant cette cris...

An experiment carried out in situ during the 2017 French presidential election provides the natural conditions in which to disentangle the motivations of expressive voting and strategic voting as determinants of voters' choice. Under the two-round plurality rule, when voters vote for a single candidate in the first round, they may wish primarily to express which is their favorite candidate, or, rather, to influence the outcome of the second-round outcome by strategic voting. These two motives may coincide or conflict. We show that insincere strategic voting is relatively low in this context since it represents less than 7% of the votes cast. When the expressive and the strategic motives conflict with each other, i.e., where expression requires giving up any influence on the outcome of the election, we show that voters are twice as likely to eschew strategic voting as to vote strategically.

We designed a survey that aims at estimating individual willingness-to-pay to reduce noise and air pollution arising from transportation activity near the Pyrenees in Navarre (Spain). Our participants cope with a series of contingent valuation questions and also with an economic experiment with real incentives about the same topic. Our goal is to identify several methodological problems in the valuation process coming from hypothetical bias, correlation effect and sequence effect when series of responses are requested. Our main results are that hypothetical bias is significant, because the willingness-to-pay is greater when the survey is hypothetical compared to when there is real monetary incentive. Likewise, the correlation effect also observes the same behavior since the willingness-to-pay for pollution mitigation is close to the one established for noise reduction. Finally, we have obtained mixed evidence for the sequence effect, being present only in the contingent valuation survey part. This work has been partially supported by the financial support of the Erasmus + Program (2019-I-ES01-KA103-062602), the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (TRA2013-48180-C3-P) and the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities (RED2018-102642-T). Support received from the CAN Foundation in Navarre, Spain (Grant ID 903616 100010434 under the agreement LCF/PR/PR15/51100007).

International audience; This paper provides a theoretical analysis of trade credit within a real options framework. We show that under trade credit the buyer delays the decision to stop production, getting closer to the supply chain optimal stopping decision. Therefore, trade credit may serve as a coordination device. The supplier can optimally choose to offer trade credit for free, since this will guarantee her business for a longer period of time. Optimal trade credit design is analyzed for an integrated supply chain (cooperative solution) and for external procurement (Nash bargaining and Stackelberg solutions). When regulation imposes a limit on trade credit maturity, the wholesale price is reduced, trade credit decreases and internal procurement increases. The model's predictions are in line with recent empirical evidence on the effects of regulation in the retail industry.

In the OCP phosphate supply chain, source ores (SOs) are extracted according to a tactical extraction programme, constrained by geological conditions that constantly limit and modify the variety of available SOs. Then SOs are blended to get merchantable ores (MOs) respecting composition constraints and ordered by internal (phosphoric acid plant) or external (export) customers. The blending process is performed in a dry blending plant, possibly followed by treatments in a washing plant which modifies the SOs weights and compositions. The choice of alternative routings and blends depends on orders book and SOs availability in the dry blending area or present on mine. To improve the performance in meeting a rolling 4-weeks orders book, a quadratic model was created and implemented. It optimises jointly: (i) for each order, the routing and the SOs quantities used in the dry blending plant; (ii) the SOs quantities transferred from the mine; (iii) security stocks to face some unforeseen change in the MO book order, and the slight instability of the SO chemical composition that triggers a SO multiplication to be contained. The performance of the linearised model has led the relevant OCP site to develop and use an extended version of this model.

International audience; We examine whether and to what extent political institutions explain different performances in income redistribution across countries. After reviewing the available data sources, the measures of income redistribution and the traditional demand side explanations of redistribution, we focus our analysis on supply side factors, like political and economic institutions, rent seeking processes and the resources and instruments available for redistribution. We provide robust empirical evidence on the association between these different factors and the observed degree of redistribution. Our analysis supports the view that-for a given demand of redistribution-political and economic institutions contribute to explain differences across countries in the observed degree of redistribution.

International audience; This article aims to better understand how SMEs support their innovation through digital technology. In particular, we explore whether this digital support depends on the firm’s general digital profile and its location. The empirical analysis relies on data collected in 2015 from 711 innovative SMEs located in areas of varying density within the Brittany region (France). It shows that digital support for innovation is far from systematic. Econometric models show that SMEs’ general digital profile positively affects the probability of them supporting their innovations through digital technology. This result indicates an accelerator effect for highly digitized SMEs, from which low-digitized SMEs do not benefit. The models also show a dropout effect for SMEs located in low-density areas, which invest less in digital technology to support their innovations than those located in large urban centers.; L’article vise à mieux comprendre le contexte dans lequel les PME accompagnent leursinnovations par le numérique. La recherche interroge en particulier le rôle du niveaud’appropriation des outils numériques au sein de l’entreprise et de la localisation de la PME sur cetaccompagnement. L’analyse empirique s’appuie sur les données collectées en 2015 auprès de711 PME innovantes et localisées dans des espaces de densité variable au sein de la région Bretagne(France). Il ressort que l’accompagnement des innovations par le numérique est loin d’êtresystématique. La modélisation économétrique montre que le profil numérique général des PMEaffecte positivement la probabilité d’accompagner ses innovations par le numérique. Ceci traduitun effet accélérateur pour les PME numérisées, dont ne bénéficient pas celles qui le sont peu. Lesrésultats montrent aussi un effet de décrochage pour les PME localisées dans les espaces de faibledensité, qui investissent moins dans le numérique pour accompagner leurs innovations que celleslocalisées dans les grands pôles urbains.

International audience; The literature has analyzed the effects of lean management on job satisfaction and health in terms of decoupling or essential effects. However, these studies give a partial understanding of the phenomenon considering these two effects separately, and do not yet explain how and which lean characteristics influence employees’ job satisfaction or health. The purpose of this article is to study these two competing claims. We used a mixed methods strategy to contribute to this stream of research combining both qualitative (a case study) and quantitative (statistical analysis based on the 2016-2017 national French SUMER survey on 26,494 employees) studies. We showed that employees’ job satisfaction and health result from both lean decoupling and essential effects. We contributed to lean literature in clarifying the theoretical definition of lean management considered as a bundle, which involved identifying a distinctive coherent combination of lean characteristics in terms organizational principles, work organization and management tools built around rationalization logic. The first empirical contribution was to shed light on the way lean decoupling could be associated with employees’ job dissatisfaction and health problems. Our second contribution was to identify a negative essential effect of a lean bundle on work health and general health through work intensification. Moreover, we found that the core lean just-in-time principle and both core work organization characteristics – work standardization and quality management – are associated with health and depression problems.; La littérature analyse les effets du lean management sur la satisfaction au travail et la santé en termes de découplage ou d’effets intrinsèques. Cependant, ces études donnent une compréhension partielle du phénomène en considérant ces deux effets séparément tout en n’expliquant pas les processus qui sous-tendent ces effets. Le but de cet article est de prendre en considération ces deux propositions concurrentes dans la littérature et d’en préciser leurs effets. Le choix d’une approche par les méthodes mixtes permet d’articuler une étude qualitative (une étude de cas) avec une étude quantitative (à l’aide d’une analyse statistique basée sur l’enquête nationale SUMER 2016-2017 auprès de 26 494 employés). Nous montrons que des effets sur la satisfaction au travail et la santé résultent à la fois d’un effet de découplage et d’effets intrinsèques du lean. La première contribution de cet article est de prendre en considération le lean comme un ensemble de principes organisationnels, de caractéristiques dans l’organisation du travail, et d’outils de gestion construits autour d’une logique de rationalisation (lean bundle, lean groupé). Cette clarification théorique permet de mettre en lumière la manière dont le découplage entre le lean théorique et son application peut être associé à l’insatisfaction au travail et aux problèmes de santé des salariés. Une deuxième contribution consiste à identifier et préciser un effet intrinsèquement négatif du lean bundle sur la santé des salariés via une intensification du travail. De plus, nous constatons qu’un des principes de base du lean – le « juste-à-temps » –, ainsi que deux caractéristiques d’organisation du travail – la standardisation du travail et le management de la qualité – peuvent être associés à des problèmes de santé et de dépression.

This paper studies a newsvendor problem in which the retailer can set both the selling price and the quantity ordered. The demand is stochastic and price-dependent and the retailer has the possibility to sell his unsold units at the end of the sales season. We present an analytical model of the retailer optimization process and show the conditions that the retailer can find optimal quantity and price simultaneously, then we use numerical methods to reveal the properties of retailer’s behavior. The existing results of price-setting newsvendor do not include buyback and our work brings a new condition on the lost sales rate elasticity for the computation of an optimal solution. Our results show that return policies can improve the profit of retailer and that this effect increases with the volatility of the demand. This observation reveals a crucial point for the supplier to design their contract according to demand uncertainty, allowing them to influence the retailer’s decision on price and order quantity by offering buy-back for unsold products.

International audience

International audience; L’objet de cet article est de comprendre le rôle des effets de réseau locaux et des effets spatiaux dans le développement des plateformes numériques, à travers l’exemple du site de covoiturage iDVROOM. Ce site est une plateforme biface au sens de Rochet et Tirole [2003], mais avec deux spécificités : 1) la plupart des utilisateurs sont sur les deux faces de la plateforme (à la fois conducteurs et passagers) et 2) les utilisateurs interagissent localement, le plus souvent au sein de communautés. Nous analysons l’impact du nombre d’utilisateurs inscrits et de communautés créées sur la croissance de la plateforme. À partir de données couvrant la période 2015-2018, nous montrons que l’activité de covoiturage dans une commune est stimulée à la fois par la création de communautés et par la base d’utilisateurs dans cette commune et dans les communes voisines. Toutefois, les effets de réseau sont modérés par le caractère local des interactions entre utilisateurs de la plateforme.

International audience; This article studies the impact of the quality of mandatory corporate reporting of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions on investors’ valuations in a context of increasing legislative constraints and stakeholders’ growing information requirements. Using a GHG reporting score estimated from disclosures provided by French companies listed on the SBF 120 from 2016 to 2019, we show that the quality of mandatory GHG reporting improved over the study period despite lack of enforcement measures and appears to be higher among firms in polluting sectors. Our results also suggest that while financial markets are sensitive to the quality of GHG information required under French legislation, they tend to calibrate their valuations of this extra-financial information to the type of sector in which firm operates.; Cet article étudie l’impact de la qualité de la communication réglementée des entreprises en matière d’émissions de Gaz à Effet de Serre (GES) sur la valorisation des investisseurs et ceci dans un contexte de renforcement des contraintes législatives et de croissance des exigences informationnelles des parties prenantes. En utilisant un score de communication GES estimé à partir des publications réalisées entre 2016 et 2019 par les entreprises françaises du SBF 120, nous montrons que la qualité des communications GES réglementées s’est améliorée sur la période d’étude malgré l’absence de mesures coercitives et apparaît particulièrement plus élevée chez les entreprises des secteurs polluants. Nos résultats suggèrent également que si les marchés financiers sont sensibles à la qualité des informations GES exigée par le législateur français, ils tendent à valoriser différemment cette information extra-financière en fonction du secteur d’activité de l’entreprise.

National audience; Qu'est-ce que le métier de dirigeant de PME ? Nous proposons ici une étude qualitative, réalisée auprès de quinze dirigeants, pour identifier les contours de ce métier. Cette étude confirme, d'une part, la diversité du profil des dirigeants ainsi que la complexité et la polyvalence de leur métier. Elle met en avant, d'autre part, l'importance perçue par les dirigeants de la dimension RH de leur métier, tout en révélant leur difficulté à l'assurer tant d'un point vue stratégique, managérial qu'instrumental. Cette contribution questionne de ce fait le besoin de compétences des dirigeants en matière de GRH et les stratégies possibles pour les acquérir.

International audience; Objectives: Previous studies have reported mixed results in reducing the prevalence of tobacco use among young people. The present study investigates the influence of a combined emotions (fear and anger) approach to strengthen the persuasive impact of anti-smoking messages aimed at young smokers. Study design: The study adopts a between-subject design experiment. Methods: Participants were exposed to either a fear appeal or a fear and anger appeal message, after which they answered questions about their emotions, perceived message effectiveness, and intention to reduce cigarette consumption and to quit smoking. An original measure of the co-occurrence of emotions felt by the participants (minimum [MIN] score) was used and mediation analyses were conducted to test the relationship between the emotional content of the message and behavioral intentions through the co-occurrence of fear and anger and perceived message effectiveness. Results: The findings show that the co-occurrence of fear and anger felt by individuals and perceived message effectiveness serially mediate the positive influence of a fear and anger appeal message compared to a fear alone appeal on changes in intention behavior (intention to reduce cigarette consumption, indirect effect = 0.152, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.014, 0.340], and intention to quit smoking, indirect effect = 0.236, 95% CI [0.096, 0.413]). Conclusions: The study shows the interest of combining negative emotions in prevention messages and offers guidance for government agencies responsible for tobacco control policies to help them improve the effectiveness of anti-smoking messages. © 2022 The Royal Society for Public Health

International audience

We use a ten-round online mind game to determine whether the effect of honesty nudges depends on timing and content. Reminding individuals about the right thing to do increases honesty. Including information that it is possible to assess an individual’s dishonesty strengthens the effect of the intervention. Both types of intervention are similarly effective when they take place before an individual has made any decision or after individuals have played five rounds of the mind game. Nudging an individual after they have made five decisions allows us to add personalized information based on the individual’s previous response; however, this does not increase honesty. Examining the reaction to nudges based on previous behavior shows that (presumably) honest and dishonest individuals respond by reducing overreporting. The effect of the different nudge content is driven by those previously dishonest.

International audience

International audience; In France, the market on which this chapter focuses, the sales outlets for packaging-free products are multiplying, the range of products sold without packaging is growing, producers are demonstrating a great capacity for innovation and supply chains are being organized. Packaging has become a commercial interface that, like the brand and its advertising, acts as an intermediary between the consumer and the product. The products are acquired for their content, but also because of the container and its brand. The growth of the power of packaging-free consumption has occured in tandem with increasing media coverage of the environmental and health impact of packaging, particularly plastics. Packaging-free consumption is currently primarily the preserve of organic stores, but large and medium-sized stores, which are increasingly interested in the market, account for 40% of sales. Faced with packaging-free products that can be considered new Objets comestibles non identifies , consumers must relearn the rules of consumption.

International audience; In this paper, we examine the relation between corporate social responsibility and corporate financial performance in a bullish market. Previous studies have heterogeneous results, mainly due to differences in the samples and statistical approaches used. To resolve these issues, we use an innovative approach through explainable artificial intelligence (XAI). To reflect the recent expansions of CSR practices, we propose a longitudinal analysis of the US market from 2014-2019. We find that in a bullish market, CSR is negatively related to financial market performance. Through the use of XAI, we show that CSR exclusively improves the financial performance of the most sustainable companies. We also highlight the existence of thresholds that modify the relation between the level of CSR and our financial variables.

International audience; We study how patient-regarding altruism is formed by medical education. We elicit and structurally estimate altruistic preferences using experimental data from a large sample of medical students (N = 733) in Germany at different progress stages in their studies. The estimates reveal substantial heterogeneity in altruistic preferences of medical students. Patient-regarding altruism is highest for freshmen, significantly declines for students in the course of medical studies, and tends to increase again for last year students, who assist in clinical practice. Also, patient-regarding altruism is higher for females and positively associated to general altruism. Altruistic medical students have gained prior practical experience in healthcare, have lower income expectations, and are more likely to choose surgery and pediatrics as their preferred specialty.

International audience; In these times of successive lockdown periods due to the health crisis induced by COVID-19, this paper investigates how the usages of collaborative and communication digital tools (groupware, workflow, instant messaging and web conference) are related to the evolution of teleworkers' subjective well-being (job satisfaction, job stress) and job productivity comparing during and before the first lockdown in spring 2020. Using a sample of 438 employees working for firms located in Luxembourg, this analysis enables, first, to highlight different profiles of teleworkers regarding the evolution of usages of these tools during the lockdown compared to before and the frequency of use during. Second, the analysis highlights that these profiles are linked to the evolution of job satisfaction, job stress and job productivity. Our main results show that (1) the profile that generates an increase in job productivity is the one with a combined mastered daily or weekly use of all of the four studied digital tools but at the expense of job satisfaction. On the contrary, (2) the use of the four digital tools both before and during the lockdown, associated with an increase in the frequency of use, appears to generate too much information flow to deal with and teleworkers may suffer from information overload that increases their stress and reduces their job satisfaction and job productivity. (3) The habit of using the four tools on a daily basis before the lockdown appears to protect teleworkers from most of the adverse effects, except for an increase in their job stress. Our results have theoretical and managerial implications for the future of the digitally transformed home office. Copyright: © 2022 Martin et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

International audience; A key factor that improves agricultural productivity is land fertility. Even though the benefits from using fertilizers are well documented and widely accepted, a low level of adoption and use is observed among farmers in developing countries. According to the literature, several constraints such as lack of access to credit and insurance can explain the low level of fertilizer use among African farmers. In this paper, I investigate whether remittances have the potential to remove these constraints by promoting higher fertilizer use. In order to address this research question, I use the Ugandan Living Standards Measurement Study-Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA) from the World Bank. The article provides a separate analysis between organic and inorganic fertilizer, as inorganic fertilizer is riskier and more expensive than the organic options. In an instrumental variable empirical framework, I find that remittances promote fertilizer use, in particular the organic fertilizer. To unpack the mechanisms behind, the article further shows that remittances (a) induce farmers to invest in livestock and (b) act as a buffer to rainfall variability in the case of inorganic fertilize use. The results indicate that remittances can, at least partially, remove credit and insurance constraints and promote fertilizer among Ugandan farmers.

Background In view of experts’ warnings about the potential negative mental health consequences of the sudden nationwide lockdowns implemented in many countries to limit the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, we sought to study the incidence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after traumatic events related to this unprecedented lockdown in the French general population. Methods This longitudinal study among adults (aged =18) consisted of two surveys: the first during the last days of the lockdown and the second a month later. We estimated PTSD incidence with the PCL-5 and ran multiple Poisson regression models to identify factors associated with PTSD. Results Among the 1736 participants, 30.1% reported at least one traumatic event. PTSD incidence was 17.5% (95% confidence interval CI = 15.7–19.3). It was higher in participants who reported multiple traumatic events, who had high COVID-19-related media use, who had general anxiety disorder (GAD-7) during the lockdown, and who had GAD, depression (PHQ-9), or sleep problems 1 month later. In addition, 43.1% of people with PTSD reported suicidal thoughts. Conclusions These results should help clinicians to target people who are at high risk of developing PTSD after a pandemic-related lockdown and could benefit from preventive measures. Collaboration between the media and mental health professionals could be envisioned to inform the population about care resources. Follow-up recommendations should also be disseminated to general practitioners to facilitate PTSD screening and ensure that they are aware of the appropriate management.

International audience; Visual packaging elements play a crucial role in influencing consumer behavior in stores. Front of pack (FOP) formats frequently present images of the product in motion (i.e., implied motion), especially in food categories. Despite the popularity of implied motion in real-world business, little research has been done to understand its effect on consumer behavior. To fill this gap, the present study adopts an evolutionary lens to investigate the impact of implied motion as a packaging design technique on consumers' attention, product evaluation, purchase intention and choice. We carried out two experiments using realistic milk and orange juice packaging. Specifically, Experiment 1 was conducted in a lab using an eye tracking method to provide an objective measure of attention. The findings show that implied motion significantly increases visual attention and consequently generates more frequent choices. Using an online experimental design and declarative measures, Experiment 2 indicates that implied motion also enhances freshness, which translates into greater tastiness, product attractiveness and, ultimately, purchase intention. The study provides marketers with an inexpensive yet efficient way to enhance in-store marketing performance by incorporating implied motion into the FOP design.

International audience; Recent research on green human resource management suggests that the social exchange process is conducive to employees behaving pro-environmentally. Previous studies have focused exclusively on reciprocal exchange and have largely overlooked the possibility that negotiated exchange also occurs. In this paper, a research model is developed to test whether the effect of green human resource management on employee eco-initiatives through the mediation of supervisory support for the environment is conditioned by felt responsibility for change and negotiated exchanges. Using data from a two-wave study, the findings show that the mediating effect is stronger at high levels of negotiated exchange only for employees displaying low levels of felt responsibility for change. The results also indicate that negotiated exchanges do not intervene in the case of employees exhibiting high levels of felt responsibility for change. This study provides new insights for understanding how social exchange operates in an environmental sustainability context.

International audience; Studies on corporate social responsibility (CSR) in craft enterprises are rare. Existing works insist on the obstacles of very small companies in terms of CSR: lack of interest, skills, time or financial resources etc. Our article extends these works by looking at the links between the skills and digital uses of craft companies on the one hand and their CSR practices on the other hand. We use a survey conducted by the M@rsouin Observatory among 1019 craft companies in Brittany, in the building, production, food and services sectors. Our results show that the craft companies that are the most advanced in terms of skills and digital tools are also those that have the most responsible practices (environmentally and socially). Conversely, companies that are far from digital are less committed to CSR practices.; Les études sur la responsabilité sociétale des entreprises (RSE) dans les entreprises artisanales sont rares. Les travaux existants insistent sur les freins et les retards des très petites entreprises en matière de RSE : manque d’intérêt, de compétences, de temps ou de ressources financières etc. Notre article prolonge ces travaux en s’intéressant aux liens entre les compétences et usages numériques des entreprises artisanales d’une part et leurs pratiques RSE d’autre part. Nous exploitons une enquête réalisée par l’Observatoire M@rsouin auprès de 1019 entreprises artisanales en Bretagne, dans les secteurs du bâtiment, de la production, de ’alimentation et des services. Nos résultats montrent que les entreprises artisanales les plus avancées en termes de compétences et d’outils numériques sont aussi celles qui ont le plus de pratiques responsables (sur le plan environnemental et social). À l’inverse, les entreprises éloignées du numérique sont moins engagées dans des pratiques RSE.

À partir de données recueillies auprès de 18 directeurs, présidents et managers de l’ESS, entre les deux périodes de confinement de la covid 19, cette recherche étudie les choix stratégiques, managériaux, économiques et de gouvernance des entreprises de l’ESS pour mieux comprendre leurs capacités de résilience organisationnelle. En s’appuyant sur les travaux d’Hamel et Välikangas (2003), il s’agit de savoir si cette crise sanitaire annonce une mutation du secteur de l’ESS en interne comme en externe., Based on data collected from 18 directors, presidents and managers of the non-profit organisations (NPOs), between the two periods of lockdown due to the covid 19 health crisis, this research proposes to study the strategic, managerial, economic and governance of NPOs to better understand their organizational resilience capacities. Based on the work of Hamel and Välikangas (2003), the question is whether this health crisis heralds a change in the non-profit sector internally and externally.

International audience; Des perceptions cruciales dans un contexte pandémiqueConfrontés à des situations épidémiques de forte incertitude, les individus mobilisent de nombreuses ressources sociales et cognitives pour en évaluer les éventualités et guider leurs comportements. Ce processus d’évaluation est fondamental, puisqu’à titre individuel, nous ne disposons pas, dans les situations d’émergence, d’éléments robustes, clairs et chiffrés sur nos propres probabilités d’être infecté par un virus, de développer une forme grave nécessitant une hospitalisation, voire de décéder.

The elimination of packaging in packaging-free products sales disrupts usual frameworks. This article studies how retailers and consumers appropriate packaging via a double data collection: netnography of 190 Instagram posts and interviews of professionals (10) and consumers (42). Drawing on literature on packaging functions and on appropriation theory, the results reveal three appropriation strategies: (1) imitation to facilitate recognition, use and protection; (2) adaptation to personalize the container; and (3) creation to reinvent the packaging to one’s image. This research contributes to the literature on the appropriation experience and on packaging-free sales., La suppression de l’emballage, en vrac, bouleverse les cadres habituels. Cet article étudie comment distributeurs et consommateurs se réapproprient cet emballage, via une double collecte : netnographie de 190 posts Instagram, et entretiens de professionnels (10) et de consommateurs (42). S’appuyant sur la littérature sur les fonctions de l’emballage et sur la théorie de l’appropriation, les résultats révèlent trois stratégies d’appropriation : (1) imitation pour faciliter reconnaissance, usage et protection ; (2) adaptation pour personnaliser le contenant ; et (3) création pour réinventer l’emballage à son image. Cette recherche enrichit la littérature sur l’expérience d’appropriation et sur le vrac.

Since the great financial crisis, the Modern Monetary Theory (MMT) rouses interests in political, media and academic area. In the ensuing Keynesian moment, the MMT has emerged from the confidentiality to advocate a permanent fiscal dominance in opposition to the consensus built toward a politically independent monetary policy. MMT has however been widely criticised by mainstream economists but also by the post-keynesian school from which it comes. The most vehement attacks to deny the scientific nature of the theory and to confine it to a political movement belonging to the left wing of the US democrats. More sophisticated critics tackle theorical foundation and empirical evidences of the MMT to contest their recommendations. This paper provides an overview of those critical points of view and contributes to the chorus of criticism by raising a failing political economy., Depuis la grande crise financière, la Théorie Moderne de la Monnaie (TMM) suscite l’intérêt des milieux politique, médiatique et académique. Le « moment » keynésien qui a suivi cette crise a sorti d’une relative confidentialité ce courant de pensée qui défend un retour permanent de la dominance budgétaire à rebours du consensus autour d’une politique monétaire indépendante du pouvoir politique. Toutefois, la TMM fait l’objet de vives attaques de la part d’économistes dits de l’offre, de la synthèse voire même post-keynésiens dont la TMM est pourtant réputée proche. Les points de vue les plus virulents contestent le caractère scientifique de la TMM et la réduisent à un mouvement politique assimilable à l’aile radicale du parti démocrate américain. D’autres critiques plus élaborées s’attellent à démontrer les limites théoriques et empiriques des préconisations de la TMM. Cet article propose une synthèse des critiques adressées à la TMM et apporte une contribution en questionnant l’économie politique de la théorie.

International audience

PurposeSocial franchise chains have social goals rather than – or in addition to – commercial or profit-making goals. But are these social goals, disclosed by social franchisors, aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and, if so, which ones?Design/methodology/approachThe authors examine the disclosure of SDG-related information on websites of 69 social franchise chains operating in Africa.FindingsThe authors' main findings show that social goals disclosed by social franchisors are aligned with certain SDGs that are general in nature and not just sector-dependent, except in the case of education.Practical implicationsThe authors' paper contributes to the practice by providing examples of the types and varieties of social goals social franchisors can pursue. Moreover, entrepreneurs might be encouraged to launch their franchise concept as franchisors who contribute to SDGs at an international, national or regional level or to join franchise chains as franchisees who contribute to SDGs at the local level.Social implicationsThe authors' findings show the potential for social franchise chains in developing countries to target and contribute to achieving SDGs.Originality/valueThe authors' paper adds to the limited literature on SDGs and, more specifically, on the role of the private sector, in particular social franchisors, in targeting and achieving SDGs.

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of policy uncertainty on firm performance and to examine how the different cultural societies deal with the policy-induced uncertainty.Design/methodology/approachThe authors use data of European non-financial firms to extend the growing literature on policy uncertainty, firm performance and national culture. The authors consider financial as well as market proxies to measure firm performance and use Hofstede's cultural dimensions as a proxy for national culture. The authors apply the generalized method of moments (GMM-system) regression technique on a dataset of 702 non-financial European firms, listed during the period 2002–2018.FindingsThe authors find overwhelming evidence that policy uncertainty reduces the performance of the European firms; however, cultural differences among different European countries moderate the impact of policy uncertainty on the financial as well as the market performance of the firms. The results of this study show that European cultures with high power distance, individualism, masculinity and indulgence efficiently deal with the economic policy uncertainty. While the European societies with high uncertainty avoidance fail to cope with policy-induced uncertainty. The results are robust to different regression models, alternate proxies of firm performance and endogeneity issues.Practical implicationsThe authors argue that policy uncertainty increases information asymmetry and decreases firm performance, therefore, the policymakers shall be considerate of the consequences of the policy-induced uncertainty in the society and business arena that would not only adversely affect the firms but also the economy.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first study that investigates the role of national culture on the relationship between policy uncertainty and firm performance in the European context.

Early Access : AUG 2022; International audience; This paper investigates whether the increasing cooperation between municipalities in the 2000s in France favored firm creation and what type of intermunicipal cooperation was more effective. Results first show that a higher share of municipalities involved in cooperation is a significant and positive driver of firm creation. Second, results indicate that to favor firm creation, intermunicipal governments must rely on business tax sharing. Our findings are in line with first and second-generation models of fiscal federalism. Indeed, the lower tax competition is probably key to make fiscal integration conducive to firm creation. And local governments are more likely to provide market-enhancing public goods when they face the relevant fiscal incentives. Finally, we suggest that the two goals of the 1999 law (increased cooperation between urban municipalities and business tax-based sharing) were effective in boosting firm creation in the 2000s.

International audience; Introduire le territoire comme dimension d’analyse permet de questionner les interactions entre espaces de résidence et débuts de carrière. Certaines zones d’emploi se révèlent ainsi favorables aux évolutions salariales des jeunes actifs, qu'ils soient sédentaires ou mobiles.

International audience; This paper investigates whether emerging digital finance can reduce environmental pollution in China based on data from 273 of China's prefecture-level cities spanning the period from 2010 to 2017. The dynamic spatial econometric models (DSDM) find a significant negative association between digital finance and pollutants emissions, and the impacts vary among regions and urban development stages. The impact mechanism test proves that digital finance reduces pollutants emissions through technological innovation, structural adjustment, and capital allocation effects. In addition, we explore the different dimensions of digital finance and find that the depth of use has a more practical effect on reducing emissions. Further analyses based on the threshold model show an inverted N-shaped nexus between digital finance and emissions. The threshold effect also exists in terms of the traditional financial level. Our study proves that emerging digital finance crucially affects its potential benefits to environment and provides an empirical basis for policy-makers to accelerate the digitalization of financial markets, particularly paying attention to its emission-reduction effects.

International audience; This paper empirically analyzes the evolution of the quality of the sites included in the UNESCO World Heritage List (WHL) from 1972 till 2016 and verifies how consideration of quality affects the conclusions of the literature about the politics of the WHL. The quality of a site is proxied by the number of criteria set by UNESCO that the site satisfies. The analysis shows that, under a fixed stock of cultural and natural capital, as a country increases the number of sites in the WHL, their marginal quality decreases, because countries propose sites of decreasing quality over time. Contrary to previous studies focusing just on the number of sites included in the list, considering quality shows that the country's lobbying power does not matter for inclusion in the WHL, while the quality of its administration does. These results are robust to tests of the stability of the UNESCO evaluation criteria over time and to changes of econometric estimators.

International audience; The current publication system in economics has encouraged the inflation of positive results in empirical papers. Registered Reports, also called Pre-Results Reviews, are a new submission format for empirical work that takes pre-registration one step further. In Registered Reports, researchers write their papers before running the study and commit to a detailed data collection process and analysis plan. After a first-stage review, a journal can give an In-Principle-Acceptance guaranteeing that the paper will be published if the authors carry out their data collection and analysis as pre-specified. We here propose a practical guide to Registered Reports for empirical economists. We illustrate the major problems that Registered Reports address (phacking, HARKing, forking, and publication bias), and present practical guidelines on how to write and review Registered Reports (e.g., the data-analysis plan, power analysis, and correction for multiple-hypothesis testing), with R and STATA codes. We provide specific examples for experimental economics, and show how research design can be improved to maximize statistical power. Last, we discuss some tools that authors, editors, and referees can use to evaluate Registered Reports (checklist, study-design table, and quality assessment).

International audience; Tests of labor supply models often rely on wages. However, wage variation alone generally cannot disentangle the classical time separable model and its extensions: reference dependent preferences (income targeting) and time nonseparable preferences (disutility spillovers; timing-specific preferences). We set up a novel laboratory experiment in which individuals choose their working time. We vary, independently, wages, historical income paths, and cumulative past work. We also vary the timing of experimental sessions. Statistical tests and stochastic revealed preference methods cannot reject the classical model in favor of income targeting or disutility spillovers, but the data suggest that labor supply varies by time-of-the-day.