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This special issue of African Zoology celebrates 100 years of Zoology as a scientific discipline on the Potchefstroom Campus of the North-West University (NWU), previously known as the Potchefstroom University College (1921–1951) and the Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education (1951–2004). This centennial issue consists of ten papers written by several of the zoology staff and postgraduate students along with national and international collaborators. Topics covered in this special edition include: amphibian research, conservation, ecology, ecotoxicology, nematology, as well as parasitology. This collection showcases only a small portion of the current research underway in the Zoology department and highlights some of the research fields within the department

A session of the international conference devoted to the centennial of the Institute of Geography of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow, 4-6 June 2018) was dedicated to the celebration of the 40th anniversary of the official French-Russian cooperation in urban geography. It was set up in the 1970s by the Institute of Geography, USSR Academy of Sciences, the Central Institute for Urban Planning, on the one hand, and the University Paris X Nanterre (Laboratory of Urban Geography), on the other. The cooperation was interrupted in the early 1980s before perestroika but resumed and led to a number of publications in Russia and France. The objective of the paper is to summarize the experience of the long-term cooperation between Russian and French geographers in urban studies and to consider some contemporary problems in this field in two countries.

The Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA, AD950-1250) is the most recent warm period lasting for several hundred years and is regarded as a reference scenario when studying the impact of and adaptation to global and regional warming. In this study, we investigated the characteristics of temperature variations on decadal-centennial scales during the MCA for four regions (Northeast, Northwest, Central-east, and Tibetan Plateau) in China, based on high-resolution temperature reconstructions and related warm-cold records from historical documents. The ensemble empirical mode decomposition method is used to analyze the time series. The results showed that for China as a whole, the longest warm period during the last 2000 years occurred in the 10th–13th centuries, although there were multi-decadal cold intervals in the middle to late 12th century. However, in the beginning and ending decades, warm peaks and phases on the decadal scale of the MCA for different regions were not consistent with each other. On the inter-decadal scale, regional temperature variations were similar from 950 to 1130; moreover, their amplitudes became smaller, and the phases did not agree well from 1130 to 1250. On the multi-decadal to centennial scale, all four regions began to warm in the early 10th century and experienced two cold intervals during the MCA. However, the Northwest and Central-east China were in step with each other while the warm periods in the Northeast China and Tibetan Plateau ended about 40–50 years earlier. On the multi-centennial scale, the mean temperature difference between the MCA and Little Ice Age was significant in Northeast and Central-east China but not in the Northwest China and Tibetan Plateau. Compared to the mean temperature of the 20th century, a comparable warmth in the MCA was found in the Central-east China, but there was a little cooling in Northeast China; meanwhile, there were significantly lower temperatures in Northwest China and Tibetan Plateau.

"The most striking thing about the afterlife of Louis Riel is his metamorphosis from an enemy of Canada into the quintessential Canadian hero. After having been hanged for treason in 1885, the Metis politician, poet, and mystic has emerged as an iconic figure in Canadian culture. One of the pivotal texts in this transformation is the 1967 opera Louis Riel, composed by Harry Somers, with a libretto by Mavor Moore in collaboration with Jacques Languirand. The opera was actually a Canadian Centennial project, designed to celebrate the hundredth anniversary of the very country that twice had clashed militarily with Riel and that was responsible for his death. The desire to articulate a more inclusive vision of Canadian citizenship is evident in the number of cultures and languages included in the text. Of course, it is not possible for a country to convert a former foe into a national hero without effacing its earlier defenders, or at least caricaturing them for their now ostensibly anachronistic worldviews. No less important, as the controversial 2017 remake of the opera has illustrated, some of those individuals and groups that one claims as kin may resist the fraternal embrace. Still, whatever the aims of its creators, Louis Riel remains a testament to the challenges of fashioning a national culture in a multination state."

Resumo O estudo examina o processo de constituição e operacionalização de uma confraria devocional na vila de Cachoeira, província da Bahia, ao longo do período imperial brasileiro. Merecerá destaque o decreto do imperador dom Pedro I que elevou o então centenário Hospital São João de Deus, equipamento do patrimônio régio administrado por dirigentes designados pela Câmara de Vereadores, à condição de Santa Casa de Misericórdia. Além disso, será analisada a política de concessão de privilégios e consignações orçamentárias do governo da província destinada às misericórdias baianas. Conclui-se que a política das finanças públicas do Estado brasileiro, na Bahia, representou um estímulo relevante para a fundação e para a sustentação econômico-financeira da irmandade cachoeirana.

This article records its author's travels to sites in Britain that either provide settings for or are relevant to the stories of the Cambridge Latin Course. A version of this article was delivered as an oral presentation, entitled ‘In the footsteps of Quintus Caecilius: visiting Roman Britain with the Cambridge Latin Course’, at the American Classical League Centennial Institute in New York in June 2019. The article provides an overview of the sites, attempts to situate them in the geography and history of Roman Britain, and considers how such knowledge might be of benefit to teachers and learners.

The centennial of the First World War constituted a major event for many nations. For New Zealand, much of the memorialization focused on the campaign at Gallipoli, which has become an important pa...

This study questions the awareness of planners on the intrinsic qualities of the built environment in shaping of urban form in Turkey throughout a centennial period after foundation of Turkish Republic in 1923. It suggests a morphological framework, to develop such an evaluation, which is based on three basic principles: the historicity of urban forms, the hierarchical nesting of urban form elements, and their reconciliation within a complex interaction with each other in a part-to-whole relationship. It is regarded as an initial attempt to develop a brief discussion about a morphological perspective to be utilized in planning practice. It is asserted that the centennial development of planning practice in Turkey brought to light that the professionals lost their concern on the intrinsic qualities of urban form, on how it is evolved historically, and on how its elements are related to each other. They abandoned themselves to the relative ease of application of insensitive planning with high confidence on the decency and convenience of procedural functioning of planning. It reveals that there is a need for a morphological perspective that would take into account the morphological unity of urban form elements within their interplay in order to develop a responsive planning approach.

Dénes Szabó (1856–1918) was the second professor of obstetrics and gynecology of the Franz Joseph University from Kolozsvár (Cluj). This is a centennial commemoration. Szabó was born in the family of a great geologist professor at Pest. He studied at the University from Budapest and Strasbourg. He took his doctor’s degree in 1879. He spent a year with medical studies in foreign countries. In 1881 he became assistant to Professor Tivadar Kézmárszky, head of the Gynecological Clinic No. I. from Budapest. He was qualified as private lecturer in gynecology in 1888. In this period he published a lot of studies and review articles in the weekly medical papers Orvosi Hetilap and Gyógyászat. The Kolozsvár professor of obstetrics János Maizner in 1892 got retired. As a result of a competition Szabó was appointed professor of both obstetrics and gynecology. Until 1899 he worked in very poor conditions in a suburb building. Then the new 2 floor hospital from Mikó Street was built, where there were separate sections for obstetrics and gynecology. There he could also train midwives during 5 month courses. He became member of the Medical section of Transylvanian Museum Society, from 1894 up to 1912 he was the editor of its review journal (Értesítő...). Most of his studies were published there. The Medical Faculty elected him three times dean, in 1905/6 he was the rector of the university. He published around 65 studies. Some of them discuss deontological problems or deal with medical history. He was one of the editors of two memorial volumes, one dedicated to Professor Purjesz (1906), the other to Professor Lechner (1915). He compiled the first history of the Medical Faculty in 1896. He was also one of the editors of the monographic album of the Kolozsvár University from 1903. Five of its chapters were written by him. He was awarded with the title of Court Counselor. During WWI he did much for the medical care of wounded soldiers, so he got military awards, too. A number of medical and civil associations elected him president. He died because of gastric cancer at a Budapest hospital. According to his final wish he was buried in the Házsongárd Cemetery

With its roots in ancient food molds and table art for Renaissance banquets, butter sculpture in the United States debuted during the centennial and flourished in the first quarter of the twentieth century. As the dairy industry moved from farm to regional cooperative creameries and eventually to national brands, butter sculpture appeared at fairs and expositions. Both amateur and professional sculptors used this unusual medium for busts and portraits, dairy-related subjects, and models of buildings. The ephemeral nature of the medium and the novelty of food as art drew crowds to exhibits advertising butter as the natural, healthy alternative to oleomargarine.

Since its inception in 1919, the Journal of Dental Research has continually published high-quality articles that span the breadth of research topics relevant to dentistry, oral surgery, and medicine. As part of the journal’s centennial celebration, we conducted an electronic search on Scopus to identify and analyze the top 100 most cited articles from 1919 to 2018. Since Scopus does not capture older citations, we conducted an additional analysis by Google Scholar to identify key articles published in the first 50 y of the journal. Based on Scopus, the articles were ranked in descending order per their citation counts. The citation counts of the 100 most cited articles varied from 262 to 1,503. The year in which the largest number of top 100 articles were published was 2004 ( n = 6). Within the top 100, the majority of articles originated from the United States ( n = 52). Research Reports–Biomaterials & Bioengineering was the most frequent category of cited articles ( n = 35). There was no significant association between total citation count and time since publication (correlation coefficient = –0.051, P = 0.656). However, there was a significant negative association of citation density (correlation coefficient = –0.610, P < 0.01) with time since publication. Our analyses demonstrate the broad reach of the journal and the dynamics in citation patterns and research agenda over its 100-y history. There is considerable evidence of the high variance in research output, when measured via citations, across the globe. Moreover, it remains unclear how patients’ priorities and dental health care needs are aligned with the perceived influence of single research pieces identified by our search. Our findings may help to inspire future research in tackling these inequalities and highlight the need for conceptualizing research priorities.

This article examines three key tours of the Stratford Festival from 1967 to 1986. In 1967, the Festival undertook its first and only cross-Canada tour in celebration of the Centennial. In 1973, the Festival staged its most direct production of cultural diplomacy with a Department of External Affairs sponsored tour of Europe. The Festival also went on a substantial tour of the United States in the winter of 1985/1986 with support from External Affairs. During these moments when the company left Stratford to perform elsewhere, the theatre brought with it a performance not only of Shakespeare but also of purported Canadian culture, and was motivated by not only by a cultural agenda but also a commercial one. Drawing on archival records of the Festival’s tours and attempts to gain state funding, this article charts the Festival’s turn away from domestic national touring to international touring and the calculations, done by both the theatre and the state, of the value involved in prioritizing touring outside of Canada over touring the nation. Ultimately, touring Canada was expensive, and was not seen as giving the same return on investment in terms of nationalist prestige, cultural diplomacy, and the attraction of tourists. I argue that through a claim to Canadian national culture, the Stratford Festival attempted to secure state support, with commercial interests for the Festival and town of Stratford at stake., Cet article examine trois tournées majeures effectuées par le Festival de Stratford entre 1967 et 1986. En 1967, le Festival avait entrepris sa première et unique tournée canadienne dans le cadre des célébrations du Centenaire. En 1973, il avait mis en scène sa production la plus directe de diplomatie culturelle en effectuant une tournée en Europe parrainée par le ministère des Affaires étrangères. Le Festival effectua également une importante tournée aux États-Unis durant l’hiver 1985-1986 avec le soutien des Affaires étrangères. Durant ces moments où la compagnie quittait Stratford pour se produire ailleurs, elle emportait avec elle non seulement Shakespeare, mais aussi ce qui était censé être la culture canadienne, et son programme n’avait pas seulement des motivations culturelles, mais aussi commerciales. À partir des documents d’archives des tournées du Festival et des tentatives d’obtenir un financement de l’État, cet article cartographie le trajet du Festival et son éloignement des tournées nationales au profit des tournées internationales, ainsi que les calculs, que faisaient tant le théâtre que l’État, pour évaluer la rentabilité des tournées à l’extérieur du Canada et celles à l’intérieur du pays. En fin de compte, les tournées canadiennes s’avéraient onéreuses et ne paraissaient pas offrir le même retour sur investissement pour ce qui était du prestige national, de la diplomatie culturelle et de l’attrait touristique. J’avance que, tout en se prévalant de la culture canadienne, le Festival de Stratford s’efforçait de s’assurer le soutien de l’État dans le but de valoriser ses intérêts commerciaux ainsi que la ville de Stratford.

Purpose This study aims to represent an early attempt to define the notion of continuity and empirically illustrate its explanatory potential and methodological challenges. Design/methodology/approach This study combines historical and qualitative research techniques to conduct a qualitative analysis of continuity in the Jablkowski Brothers Department Store, a Polish centennial company. The paper highlights the potential synergies between historical and qualitative methods when applied to the analysis of long periods of time. Findings The authors find that using a theoretical framework of continuity provides novel ontological and epistemological insights into the nature of long-lived companies. Based on the findings, the authors present continuity in the context of existing theories and argue that it is a unique concept that deserves more scientific attention and rigorous empirical study. Originality/value This study contributes to the existing literature in three ways. First, it provides a brief, interdisciplinary overview of the concept of continuity. Second, it provides an empirical illustration of continuity analysis in a Polish centennial company with extremely discontinuous history. Finally, it positions continuity within the wider context of existing theories and shows how, through continuity, history can contribute to both the practice and theory of management.

This article examines the centenary celebration of the Battle of Lundy’s Lane, held under the auspices of the Lundy’s Lane Historical Society on 25 July 1914. At this time Canada was attempting to define its place in the world, and was coming to terms with a growing Anglo-American rapprochement. At the prodding of Canadian federal bodies, what had originally been intended as a Canadian celebration was transformed into an international one involving Canadian, and American representatives. In this way the celebration of the anniversary of the Battle of Lundy’s Lane was combined with that of one hundred years of peace between Britain and the United States. The resulting ceremony was filled with conflicting messages about Canada’s history and its relationship with its southern neighbour as participants tried to balance Canada’s attachment to the empire and its growing closeness with the United States, while commemorating the last great battle between them., Cet article examine la fête du centenaire de la bataille de Lundy’s Lane célébrée sous les auspices de la Lundy’s Lane Historical Society le 25 juillet 1914. À cette époque-là le Canada essayait de définir sa place dans le monde et de s’adapter au rapprochement anglo-américain. La société historique avait envisagé une célébration purement canadienne, mais l’intervention d’autorités fédérales canadiennes l’a transformée en un événement international, avec la participation de représentants britanniques, canadiens, et américains. L’anniversaire de la bataille de Lundy’s Lane est devenu ainsi l’occasion de célébrer cent ans de paix entre la Grande Bretagne et les États-Unis. La cérémonie attribuait donc des significations contradictoires à l’histoire du Canada et ses relations avec son voisin du sud : les participants devaient trouver un équilibre entre l’attachement du Canada à l’empire et son rapprochement avec les États-Unis, tout en commémorant la dernière grande bataille qui les avait opposés.

Editor's note: We are pleased to welcome John Rakovan and J. Alex Speer as guest coauthors for this issue's Chips from the Quarry.This year is the Centennial Anniversary of the Mineralogical Societ...

This year marks the centennial anniversary of the May Fourth Movement of 1919, an epoch-making event in modern Chinese history. About a decade ago, this journal edited a special issue for the ninet...

The current issue of Phonetica Pragensia is published at the occasion of the Institute of Phonetics celebrating the 100th anniversary of its official foundation. The aim of this paper is to provide background to the contributions that follow, namely a historical perspective to the tradition of long-term experimental research set up in Prague by the early phonetic pioneers and continued until today. Drawing primarily on archival materials, the article brings a more detailed account of the constitutive years in comparison to the reviews published so far. It reveals the complexity that is involved in the process of establishing and sustaining a new (phonetics) institute, which might be informative to wider audiences as well.

The article is devoted to the study of the creative heritage of Oswald Spengler and his influence on the formation of European identity. The publication of Oswald Spengler’s “The Decline of the West” in 1918 was a cultural event of European scale. Research interest in Spengler’s book, which marks the point of reference of cultural and historical processes in the 20th century, continues unabated in the 21st century. The centennial of the first volume publication was marked by scientific events, a series of academic and educational publications that offer a new context for understanding the philosopher’s ideas.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the development and growth of hop cultivars under high temperature conditions. The work was developed at the Farm of Teaching, Research and Extension the School of Engineering of São Paulo State University (UNESP), Campus of Ilha Solteira in two harvests. The design used was randomized blocks with six treatments (cultivars – Cascade, Millenium, Chinook, Centennial, Magnum and Nugget), and six replications. Plant height, leaf chlorophyll index, number of flowers and flower mass in two crops were evaluated. In the first harvest, the Nugget variety had the greatest growth. The Cascade, Millenium and Chinook varieties did not produce flowers. From those that produced, the cultivar Magnum obtained 132.90 kg ha-1 of flowers. In the second harvest the Cascade and Chinook varieties did not produce flowers. Cultivars Cascade, Millenium, Centennial and Nugget showed the highest growth in height. The Magnum variety produced the greatest amount of flowers (467.33 kg ha-1), followed by the Millenium (290.56 kg ha-1) and Centennial (226.60 kg ha-1) variety. Thus, for the brewing, pharmaceutical or cosmetic industry, the cultivation of the Magnum variety is recommended in the northwest region of São Paulo state, as it produces a greater quantity of flowers. If the purpose is ornamental, the cultivation of the Cascade, Nugget, Centennial and Millenium varieties may be recommended as they show the greatest height development. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el desarrollo y crecimiento de cultivares de lúpulo en condiciones de alta temperatura. El trabajo se desarrolló en la Finca de Docencia, Investigación y Extensión de la Facultad de Ingeniería - UNESP, Campus Ilha Solteira en dos cosechas. El diseño utilizado fue en bloques al azar con seis tratamientos (cultivares - Cascade, Millenium, Chinook, Centennial, Magnum y Nugget), y seis repeticiones. Se evaluó altura de planta, índice de clorofila foliar, número de flores y masa floral en dos cultivos. En la primera cosecha, la variedad Nugget tuvo el mayor crecimiento. Las variedades Cascade, Millenium y Chinook no produjeron flores. De las que produjeron, el cultivar Magnum obtuvo 132,90 kg ha-1 de flores. En la segunda cosecha las variedades Cascade y Chinook no produjeron flores. Los cultivares Cascade, Millenium, Centennial y Nugget mostraron el mayor crecimiento en altura. La variedad Magnum produjo la mayor cantidad de flores (467,33 kg ha-1), seguida de la variedad Millenium (290,56 kg ha-1) y Centennial (226,60 kg ha-1). Así, para la industria cervecera, farmacéutica o cosmética, se recomienda el cultivo de la variedad Magnum en la región noroeste del estado de São Paulo, ya que produce una mayor cantidad de flores. Si el propósito es ornamental, se puede recomendar el cultivo de las variedades Cascade, Nugget, Centennial y Millenium, ya que presentan el mayor desarrollo en altura. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o desenvolvimento e crescimento de cultivares de lúpulo em condições de alta temperatura. O trabalho foi desenvolvido na Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão da Faculdade de Engenharia – UNESP, Câmpus de Ilha Solteira em duas safras. O delineamento utilizado foi em blocos casualizados com seis tratamentos (cultivares – Cascade, Millenium, Chinook, Centennial, Magnum e Nugget), e seis repetições. Foram avaliados altura de plantas, índice de clorofila foliar, número de flores e massa de flores mas duas safras. Na primeira safra a variedade Nugget obteve o maior crescimento. As variedades Cascade, Millenium e Chinook não produziram flores. Das que produziram, a cultivar Magnum obteve 132,90 kg ha-1 de flores. Na segunda safra as variedades Cascade e Chinook não produziram flores. As cultivares Cascade, Millenium, Centennial e Nugget apresentaram o maior crescimento em altura. A variedade Magnum foi a que produziu maior quantidade de flores (467,33 kg ha-1), seguida da variedade Millenium (290,56 kg ha-1) e Centennial (226,60 kg ha-1). Dessa forma, para a indústria cervejeira, farmacêutica ou cosmética recomenda-se o cultivo da variedade Magnum na região noroeste do estado de São Paulo por produzir maior quantidade de flores. Caso a finalidade seja ornamental pode-se recomendar o cultivo das variedades Cascade, Nugget, Centennial e Millenium por apresentarem o maior desenvolvimento em altura.

In 2021, the People’s Republic of China will celebrate the first of what Xi Jinping, president and party leader since 2012–13, has called the ‘two centennial goals’ – the hundredth anniversary of t...

Predmet istraživanja ovog diplomskog rada su igrani filmovi i serije nastali tijekom stote godišnjice Prvog svjetskog rata u zapadnoeuropskim i anglofonskim produkcijama. Analiza je provedena kroz nekoliko kategorija: drugo poglavlje obrađuje seriju 37 Days, točnije prikaz velikih ličnosti koje su sudjelovale u diplomatskim pregovorima između atentata na prijestolonasljednika Franju Ferdinanda u Sarajevu i početka rata. Kroz treće poglavlje fokus je na prikazu bojišnice, načinu ratovanja, a posebice na uvjetima u rovovima te u vojnim bolnicama. Kroz prikaze ovih dviju lokacija opisani su razni faktori života sudionika Prvog svjetskog rata, od prehrane, borbe i svakodnevnog života, pa do odnosa liječnika, medicinskih sestara i vojnika. U posljednjem poglavlju istraživanja više će riječi biti o osjećajnim aspektima rata koji su razrađeni kroz prikaz protagonista i antagonista - junaka i neprijatelja, zatim raznih oblika brutalnosti i besmislenosti rata s posebnim osvrtom na traumu pod nazivom "shell shock", te na kraju suprotstavljenim i kontroverznim interpretacijama armenskog genocida. Cilj ovog rada je stoga ukazati na sličnosti i razlike u prikazu navedenih aspekata Prvog svjetskog rata kroz komparaciju filmova i serija izašlih povodom njegove stote obljetnice. This master's thesis analyses feature films and TV series released during the 100th anniversary of the First World War (WWI) and produced in West European and English-speaking countries. The analysis can be divided into a few categories. Namely, the focus of the second chapter is on a miniseries called 37 days, more specifically on its portrayal of the major historic figures that took part in the diplomatic negotiations which took place between the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and the start of the WWI. The third chapter discusses the portrayal of the battlefield, warfare and, furthermore, the conditions in trenches and military hospitals. Here, various aspects of WWI participants' lives will be described, such as food, combat, everyday life and even the relationship between the medical staff and the soldiers. The last chapter of this research paper will touch more upon the emotional aspects of the war. They can be best examined through depictions of the protagonist and the antagonist, or the hero and the enemy, as well as through different types of brutality and the meaninglessness of war. A special insight will be given into the so called shell shock, a type of post-traumatic stress disorder, and the disparate and often controversial interpretations of the Armenian genocide. Finally, the aim of this thesis is to point out the similarities, as well as the differences, between the different portrayals of the aforementioned aspects of the WWI by comparing the movies and TV series released for its 100th anniversary.

The Iglesia Filipina Independiente (IFI) has developed its own position regarding the interpretation of the Bible. This article charts the evolution of the IFI’s hermeneutical position throughout the three main phases of its historical and theological development, drawing on official and representative statements made by the church and its leadership. It shows how the development of the biblical hermeneutics of the IFI parallels the historical trajectory of the church at large, from its inception under the leadership of Gregorio Aglipay (and Isabelo de los Reyes Sr.), to the centennial celebration of its proclamation in 2002.

In light of several unpublished documents, this article examines the 1961 centennial exhibition organized by the Direccion General de Bellas Artes and held at the Cason del Buen Retiro in Madrid, which was dedicated to Alonso Berruguete. In doing so, it analyzes the political relevance attributed by the Francoist government to the cultural program hosted in that recently restored building as well as the diplomatic efforts made to publicize the Berruguete show in Europe and Latin America, offering an ideological vision of the art of the Castilian sculptor and of its usefulness for the cultural propaganda of the regime.

Understanding how marine food webs are affected by anthropogenic stressors is an important steppingstone toward the improved management of natural resources. Stable isotope analysis of historical and modern samples spanning a century indicated that the niche breadth of an exploited fish community increased after the expansion of New Zealand fisheries. Since the 2000s most species increased their reliance on food webs supported by pelagic production and shifted to a higher trophic level. Overall changes were coincident with ocean warming, climate oscillations, prey abundance and fishing intensity, but their effects were specific to each fish assemblage analyzed. Data derived from historical samples revealed how anthropogenic stressors can drive long-term shifts in the trophic structure of an exploited fish community.

This essay proposes a comparison between two generations, both comprised by young people, some of them quite young, in markedly different contexts: the first one appeared in the 1920-1921 period, during the centennial commemoration of independence; and the second, named Bicentennial Generation, emerged nationwide between the 9 and 15 of November of 2020 with a tragic aftermath, but at the same time achieving significant political success. The former consisting of a seemingly small group of middle-class university students from the countryside manifesting only in Lima, but which developed invisible connections with rural, peasant and revolutionary regions. The latter arises as the driving force of massive, more noticeable, widespread mobilizations, which embraced other generations in their marches and where women played a leading role. These two generations have wondered the same, about building a new country, where they can live happy and well, more democratically, with less discrimination and inequality, more justice and changing almost everything. That is why I wonder: are the new generations always revolutionaries?, Se ensaya una comparación entre dos generaciones, ambas integradas por jóvenes, a veces muy jóvenes, en contextos muy diferentes: la primera de los años 1920-1921, de conmemoración del centenario de la república; y la segunda, llamada Generación del Bicentenario, que se hizo presente en todas las regiones del país, entre el 9 y el 15 de noviembre del 2020, dejando dramáticos saldos, pero con también importantes éxitos políticos. La primera de clase media, universitaria, provinciana, aparentemente pequeña, actuando solo en Lima, pero que desarrolló nexos invisibles con las regiones rurales, campesinas e insurgentes. La segunda aparece como el motor de las movilizaciones multitudinarias, masivas, más visibles, que integraba en sus marchas a otras generaciones, donde las mujeres tuvieron un papel protagónico, y que se preguntaban aparentemente por lo mismo, por cómo construir un nuevo país, donde puedan ser felices, vivir mejor, más democráticamente, con menos prejuicios, menos desigualdad, más justicia y cambiando casi todo. Por eso me pregunto: ¿las nuevas generaciones son siempre insurgentes?