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Human behaviour reflects cognitive abilities. Human cognition is fundamentally linked to the different experiences or characteristics of consciousness/emotions, such as joy, grief, anger, etc., which assists in effective communication with others. Detection and differentiation between thoughts, feelings, and behaviours are paramount in learning to control our emotions and respond more effectively in stressful circumstances. The ability to perceive, analyse, process, interpret, remember, and retrieve information while making judgments to respond correctly is referred to as Cognitive Behavior. After making a significant mark in emotion analysis, deception detection is one of the key areas to connect human behaviour, mainly in the forensic domain. Detection of lies, deception, malicious intent, abnormal behaviour, emotions, stress, etc., have significant roles in advanced stages of behavioral science. Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning (AI/ML) has helped a great deal in pattern recognition, data extraction and analysis, and interpretations. The goal of using AI and ML in behavioral sciences is to infer human behaviour, mainly for mental health or forensic investigations. The presented work provides an extensive review of the research on cognitive behaviour analysis. A parametric study is presented based on different physical characteristics, emotional behaviours, data collection sensing mechanisms, unimodal and multimodal datasets, modelling AI/ML methods, challenges, and future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cognitive impairment is the main factor in the poor prognosis of schizophrenia, but its mechanism remains unclear. The inferior parietal lobule (IPL) is related to various clinical symptoms and cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. We aimed to explore the relationship between IPL-related functions and cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. Methods: 136 schizophrenia patients and 146 demographically matched healthy controls were enrolled for a cross-sectional study. High-spatial-resolution structural and resting-state functional images were acquired to demonstrate the alternations of brain structure and function. At the same time, the digit span and digit symbol coding tasks of the Chinese Wechsler Adult Intelligence Test Revised (WAIS-RC) were utilized in assessing the subjects' cognitive function. Patients were divided into cognitive impairment and normal cognitive groups according to their cognitive score and then compared whether there were differences between the three groups in fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (fALFF). In addition, we did a correlation analysis between cognitive function and the fALFF for the left IPL of patients and healthy controls. Based on the Allen Human Brain Atlas, we obtained genes expressed in the left IPL, which were then intersected with the transcriptome-wide association study results and differentially expressed genes in schizophrenia. Results: Grouping of patients by the backward digit span task and the digit symbol coding task showed differences in fALFF values between healthy controls and cognitive impairment patients (P < 0.05). We found a negative correlation between the backward digit span task score and fALFF of the left IPL in healthy controls (r = − 0.388, P = 0.003), which was not seen in patients (r = 0.203, P = 0.020). In addition, none of the other analyses were statistically significant (P > 0.017). In addition, we found that diacylglycerol kinase ζ (DGKζ) is differentially expressed in the left IPL and associated with schizophrenia. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates that the left IPL plays a vital role in cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. DGKζ may act as an essential regulator in the left IPL of schizophrenia patients with cognitive impairment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we consider stability and latency analysis of a two-user cognitive radio network while considering Age of Information requirements imposed on the data transmissions of the users. We provide two different formulations. In the first formulation, our objective is to maximize the stable throughput of the secondary user subject to Age of Information constraints imposed on the data transmission of the users. While, in the second formulation, we introduce a multi-objective programming approach that investigates the trade-off between the secondary user stable throughput and its Age of Information. Our numerical results characterize the effect of imposing different Age of Information restrictions on the stable throughput region of the network; we show that the stability region, in certain cases, is reduced by only 11 % with strict Age of Information restrictions. Our results also investigate the trade-off between the secondary user throughput and the Age of information. Finally, our results show the potential accuracy of the algorithm adopted in this paper to solve the formulated non-linear optimization problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite significant empirical work in the sport coaching domain, there remains a paucity of evidence to inform practice in high-performance sport coaching. As a result, there are gaps in our understanding regarding coaching expertise at different levels of athlete performance. A significantly underutilized approach in coaching research is Cognitive Task Analysis and it's knowledge elicitation tools. Addressing these concerns, here we utilize applied Cognitive Task Analysis and a semi-structured interview protocol to elicit the cognitive challenges and use of knowledge by a group of N = 7 high-performance endurance sport coaches from a single national governing body. Analysis suggested prominent and ongoing challenges in day-to-day practice which, in turn require significant adaptive skill. In addition, results show how coaches used knowledge flexibly and conditionally to meet the demands of their role. A novel finding being the identification of the use of curriculum knowledge to mentally project the needs of athletes. The findings suggest opportunities for utilizing Cognitive Task Analysis to investigate the cognitive challenges of sport coaching and enhance coach development practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An adequate diagnosis starting the industrial sales process can take the commercial performance of the sellers and the results of the companies to a higher level, since, by clarifying the repertoire of possibilities available with the appropriate tools, decision-making is favored by reducing the dependence on chance. They are set as objectives: to differentiate the environment analysis as a cognitive competence for the construction of possibilities; secondly, to propose the different techniques and methodological tools that allow to know the behavior of the actors, the dynamics and the reality that configure a certain high-risk industrial context and high complexity (B2B). Additionally, an exercise is shown for quality control in economic decision-making, and various tools adapted to sales. A mixed epistemological approach (qualitative and quantitative) was considered according to the type of methods and tools described for the analyzes produced, with depth in the documentary review. The results express that a successful commercial management is not only based on intuition and experience, but these approximations to reality can also be biased or lead to errors. Finally, the analysis of the environment is outlined according to its level, supported by organizational technologies and the respective conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Serum citrate concentrations in mild dementia could be associated with subsequent cognitive decline. • In mild dementia APOE- ε4 carriers, serum isocitrate concentrations could be associated with subsequent cognitive decline. • Downregulation of the first half of the TCA cycle with upregulation in the latter half, might be indirectly reflected in serum metabolites' networks. Abnormalities in the Tri-Carboxylic-Acid (TCA) cycle have been documented in dementia. Through network analysis, TCA cycle metabolites could indirectly reflect known dementia-related abnormalities in biochemical pathways, and key metabolites might be associated with prognosis. This study analyzed TCA cycle metabolites as predictors of cognitive decline in a mild dementia cohort and explored potential interactions with the diagnosis of Lewy Body Dementia (LBD) or Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and APOE-ε4 genotype. We included 145 mild dementia patients (LBD = 59; AD = 86). Serum TCA cycle metabolites were analyzed at baseline, and partial correlation networks were conducted. Cognitive performance was measured annually over 5-years with the Mini-mental State Examination. Longitudinal mixed-effects Tobit models evaluated each baseline metabolite as a predictor of 5-years cognitive decline. APOE-ε4 and diagnosis interactions were explored. Results showed comparable metabolite concentrations in LBD and AD. Multiple testing corrected networks showed larger coefficients for a negative correlation between pyruvate – succinate and positive correlations between fumarate – malate and citrate – Isocitrate in both LBD and AD. In the total sample, adjusted mixed models showed significant associations between baseline citrate concentration and longitudinal MMSE scores. In APOE-ε4 carriers, baseline isocitrate predicted MMSE scores. We conclude that, in mild dementia, serum citrate concentrations could be associated with subsequent cognitive decline, as well as isocitrate concentrations in APOE-ε4 carriers. Downregulation of enzymatic activity in the first half of the TCA cycle (decarboxylating dehydrogenases), with upregulation in the latter half (dehydrogenases only), might be indirectly reflected in serum TCA cycle metabolites' networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Subjective cognitive difficulties (SCDs) are associated with factors commonly reported in older adults and former contact sport athletes, regardless of objective cognitive decline. We investigated the relative contribution of these factors to SCD in former National Football League (NFL)-players with and without a diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Methods: Former NFL players (n = 907) aged ≥ 50 years (mean = 64.7 ± 8.9), with (n = 165) and without (n = 742) a diagnosis of MCI completed health questionnaires. Multivariable regression and dominance analyses determined the relative importance of SCD factors on SCD: 1) depression, 2) anxiety, 3) sleep disturbance, 4) pain interference, 5) ability to participate in social roles and activities, 6) stress-related events, 7) fatigue, 8) concussion history, and 9) education. SCD outcomes included Neuro-QoL Emotional-Behavioral Dyscontrol and the PROMIS Cognitive Function. Fisher's z-transformation compared comorbid contributing factors to SCD across MCI and non-MCI groups. Results: Complete dominance of anxiety was established over most comorbid factors across the MCI and non-MCI groups. Fatigue also exhibited complete dominance over most comorbid factors, though its influence in the MCI group was less robust (general dominance). Average contributions to variance accounted for by comorbid factors to ratings of SCD across MCI and non-MCI groups did not statistically differ (Z-statistics <1.96, ps>.05). Conclusions: Anxiety and fatigue are the most robust factors associated with SCD in former professional football players across various combinations of clinical presentations (different combinations of comorbid factors), regardless of documented cognitive impairment. Self-reported deficits may be less reliable in detecting objective impairment in the presence of these factors, with multidimensional assessment being ideal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Care pathways are tools that can help family physicians navigate the complexities of the cancer diagnostic process. Our objective was to examine the mental models associated with using care pathways for cancer diagnosis of a group of family physicians in Alberta. Methods: We conducted a qualitative study using cognitive task analysis, with interviews in the primary care setting between February and March 2021. Family physicians whose practices were not heavily oriented toward patients with cancer and who did not work closely with specialized cancer clinics were recruited with the support of the Alberta Medical Association and leveraging our familiarity with Alberta's Primary Care Networks. We conducted simulation exercise interviews with 3 pathway examples over Zoom, and we analyzed data using both macrocognition theory and thematic analysis. Results: Eight family physicians participated. Macrocognitive functions (and subthemes) related to mental models were sense-making and learning (confirmation and validation, guidance and support, and sense-giving to patients), care coordination and diagnostic decision-making (shared understanding). Themes related to the use of the pathways were limited use in diagnosis decisions, use in guiding and supporting referral, only relevant and easy-to-process information, and easily accessible. Interpretation: Our findings suggest the importance of designing pathways intentionally for streamlined integration into family physicians' practices, highlighting the need for co-design approaches. Pathways were identified as a tool that, used in combination with other tools, may help gather information and support cancer diagnosis decisions, with the goals of improving patient outcomes and care experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a climate of increasing social and political polarisation, there is much interest in dialogue and bridging differences. This article investigates the dramatisation of dialogic conflict resolution, examining how the psychological science of bridging differences can be utilised to create realistic and emotionally engaging narratives that highlight the transformative impact of dialogue on character development and relational dynamics. Relational conflicts have long been recognised as possible catalysts for character transformation, and complex narratives (Mittell, 2015) are particularly appropriate for a nuanced representation of characters' psychological experiences throughout the process. This study draws upon extensive psychological and communication research on bridging differences compiled by Shigeoka et al. (2020) and UC Berkeley's Greater Good Science Center (2021). It reorganises this research into a horizontal timeline of behaviours, highlighting their practical application during the conflict resolution process. It then makes a cognitive poetics analysis of how these behaviours may be observed in a case study of relational conflict from the complex television series This is Us (NBC, 2016-2022). By observing the impact these behaviours have on the transformation of characters, the study explores how credible dialogic relational conflicts can lead to verisimilar character transformation on screen. In addition, it considers how an artistic interpretation of the science of bridging differences can contribute to our understanding of dialogue in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background An important epidemiological question is understanding how vascular risk factors contribute to cognitive impairment. Using data from the Cardiovascular Health Cognition Study, we investigated how subclinical cardiovascular disease (sCVD) relates to cognitive impairment risk and the extent to which the hypothesized risk is mediated by the incidence of clinically manifested cardiovascular disease (CVD), both overall and within apolipoprotein E-4 (APOE-4) subgroups. Methods We adopted a novel "separable effects" causal mediation framework that assumes that sCVD has separably intervenable atherosclerosis-related components. We then ran several mediation models, adjusting for key covariates. Results We found that sCVD increased overall risk of cognitive impairment (risk ratio [RR] = 1.21, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.03, 1.44); however, there was little or no mediation by incident clinically manifested CVD (indirect effect RR = 1.02, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.03). We also found attenuated effects among APOE-4 carriers (total effect RR = 1.09, 95% CI: 0.81, 1.47; indirect effect RR = 0.99, 95% CI: 0.96, 1.01) and stronger findings among noncarriers (total effect RR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.05, 1.60; indirect effect RR = 1.02, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.05). In secondary analyses restricting cognitive impairment to only incident dementia cases, we found similar effect patterns. Conclusions We found that the effect of sCVD on cognitive impairment does not seem to be mediated by CVD, both overall and within APOE-4 subgroups. Our results were critically assessed via sensitivity analyses, and they were found to be robust. Future work is needed to fully understand the relationship between sCVD, CVD, and cognitive impairment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Cognitive Discourse Analysis: An Introduction" by Thora Tenbrink explores the relationship between language and cognition through the methodology of cognitive discourse analysis (CODA). The book provides a conceptual tool for scholars to analyze language and reveal underlying concepts and thought processes. It is divided into three parts, covering the background and scope of CODA, specific cognitive aspects addressed in CODA, and practical insights on applying CODA in specific areas. The book is accessible to readers with different academic backgrounds and emphasizes interdisciplinary studies. While the book could benefit from more depth and clarity on certain topics, it is a valuable resource for scholars interested in understanding thoughts and concepts through linguistic analysis. [Extracted from the article]

The purpose of this article is to present the application of the universal design model in the broad field of psychological assessment for education, covering the area of creating diagnostic tools as well as designing the process of assessment. A universally designed diagnostic tool enables fair and valid assessments of a wide range of users, including individuals with special educational needs. It also helps prevent bias in test scoring and interpretation and, at the same time, enables fairness in test use. The authors present the synthesis of the guidelines concerning the design of universal diagnostic tools and the diagnostic process itself at four key levels: conceptual, formal, test administration, and interpretative. As an example of a universally designed tool, the Comprehensive Analysis of Cognitive Processes (KAPP) has been mentioned. Discussion includes the benefits and limitations of applying the idea of universal design to psychological assessment with an emphasis on test development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper proposes a cognitive view on sentence stress patterns to discuss focus elements in both broad and narrow focus contexts. The cognitive perspective is based on the hypothesis that prosodic phrases correspond at the cortical level to cognitive binary relations between speech objects of utterances. On this view, cognitive relations are produced by a generic information packaging (IPk) mechanism that pairs constituents with different cognitive functions. At the utterance level, cognitive relations are implemented by prosodic phrases (relations) where different pitch features mark their two functional constituents. Our proposal is to assign sentence stress patterns with corresponding cognitive structural patterns of utterances. One of the two constituents of cognitive and prosodic relations is nuclear and projects its cognitive function to the whole cognitive unit which it belongs to. The paper proposes a nuclear accent analysis by connecting the cognitive functions of constituents with their phonetic/phonological features. The contours analyzed in the paper as hierarchies of cognitive/prosodic relations are selected from those used by Ladd (2008) to exemplify sentence stress patterns in broad focus statements with ascending and descending contours, and in contrastive focus statements. We conclude that, in the new perspective, different cognitive structural patterns can be assigned to contrastive/broad focus statements in different semantic contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, the emphasis of research on culture-loaded terminology in the Chinese Government Work Report lies in developing translation strategies, with limited analysis of the cognitive process that translators undergo during the translation process. However, Conceptual Integration Theory has gained significant attention in recent years for its effectiveness in analyzing cognitive activities. This paper employs the Conceptual Integration Theory as a theoretical framework to analyze culture-loaded terms in the Chinese Government Work Report. This analysis involves the use of the conceptual integration network, including generic space, cross-space mapping, selective projection, blending, and emergent structure, as well as the construction of mental spaces. It has been found: (1) Translators utilized four mental spaces, namely the original terms space, translator space, generic space, and translation space. Through cross-space mapping, the original terms space and translator space projected a shared, abstract structure and organization into the generic space. The elements of the original terms space and translator space were then projected into the translation space within the constraints of the generic space. (2) The simplex network is unsuitable for translating these terms, while the other three conceptual integration networks do. Translating these terms with a mirror network is deemed to be the simplest method, while the two-scope network is the most complex. This paper aims to illustrate the thinking process of translators and offer suggestions for translating these terms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the French electoral campaign, the candidate often uses the war metaphor in order to convey his opinions and convince the French that he is the best person who deserves their votes. This trope has taken on a new analysis with cognitive linguistics, which is interested in human cognition. Thus, in this study, we will adopt the cognitive theory of Georges Lakoff and Mark Johnson (1980/1985) to analyze the war metaphor while going beyond its classic analyses (Aristotle 2002, Le Guern 1973). Nowadays, the importance of artificial intelligence, as a cognitive science will encourage us to develop our studies in linguistics and to opt for new cognitive theories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Introduction to Cognitive Pragmatics" by K.-U. Panther is a book that explores the relationship between pragmatics and cognitive linguistics. The author argues that both fields have common interests, such as studying authentic data and considering participants' mental processes. The book covers various aspects of meaning, including semantics, pragmatics, entailment, presupposition, and implicature. It also discusses the role of inferential reasoning, metaphor, and metonymy in communication. The author emphasizes the importance of cognitive and pragmatic analysis in understanding language-in-use and language-in-context. While some readers may have wanted more in-depth explanations of cognitive theories and an index of metonymic shifting patterns, the book is a comprehensive reference for those interested in interpreting meaning in language. [Extracted from the article]

This study explores the polysemy of the word “bitter” in English and ku in Chinese. It examines the similarities and differences between their semantics and identifies the cognitive mechanisms that motivate their semantic expansion. The study attempts to answer two questions: (1) What are the similarities and differences between Chinese ku and English “bitter” in terms of meaning? (2) What cognitive mechanisms motivate meaning extensions of these two words? To this end, 汉语大词典 (Chinese Dictionary), 英汉大词典 (English-Chinese Dictionary), the British National Corpus (BNC) and BLCU Corpus Center (BCC) were employed. The two dictionaries were utilised to investigate the multiple meanings of the two terms, while the BNC and the BCC were employed to identify metaphors and metonymies in sentences. Theoretically, the study is informed by Lakoff and Johnson’s conceptual metaphor and conceptual metonymy. The results showed that half of the meanings of “bitter” and ku overlapped, but there were still some differences. Their semantic expansion is motivated by both conceptual metonymy and conceptual metaphor. In addition, the words under investigation differ in the emotions expressed. English “bitter” is more negative, while Chinese ku is more positive. The present findings have important implications for education and cross-cultural communication in language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Techniques in the detection of deception are of importance in all cultures due to their relevance to topics such as security, business, and inclusive interpersonal relationships related to sexual violence. This paper examines the cognitive approach to credibility assessment, as well as the theoretical basis of each technique used and its application in a case of sexual violence. Also, we briefly describe the cognitive techniques that have been developed to assess credibility through verbal cues, for example, the amount of central detail in a story. Research shows that verbal cues are associated with lying, allowing for better judgment between truth-tellers and liars. Considering that non-verbal cues associated with deception are weak and unreliable, one logical step for investigators is to enhance the verbal cues in interviews, allowing for the application of the cognitive approach. Currently, few interviewing models allow credibility to be assessed through verbal signals of deception. In addition, we briefly describe the PEACE Model of Investigative Interviewing and discuss a theft investigation in which different cognitive lie detection techniques are applied using the PEACE Model of Investigative interviewing. We hope this paper will benefit law enforcement agencies, professional investigators, and students by these approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long-term persistent symptoms of COVID-19 affect 30–80% of patients who have recovered from the disease and may continue for a long time after the disease has been overcome. The duration of these symptoms over time might have consequences that affect different aspects of health, such as cognitive abilities. The main objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to objectify the persistent COVID-19 cognitive deficits after acute phase of infection and to summarize the existing evidence. Additionally, we aimed to provide a comprehensive overview to further understand and address the consequences of this disease. Our protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021260286). Systematic research was conducted in the Web of Science, MEDLINE, PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases from January 2020 to September 2021. Twenty-five studies were included, six of which were analyzed for the meta-analysis, and consisted of 175 patients who had recovered from COVID-19 and 275 healthy individuals. Analyses of cognitive performance of post-COVID-19 patients and healthy volunteers were compared using a random-effects model. The results showed an overall medium–high effect size (g = −.68, p =.02) with a 95% CI (−1.05 to −.31), with a significantly moderate level of heterogeneity among studies (Z = 3.58, p <.001; I2 = 63%). The results showed that individuals who had recovered from COVID-19 showed significant cognitive deficits compared to controls. Future studies should carefully assess the long-term progression of cognitive impairments in patients with persistent COVID-19 symptoms, as well as the effectiveness of rehabilitation interventions. Nevertheless, there is an urgent need to know the profile to speed up development of prevention plans as well as specific interventions. Since more information is being obtained and more studies are being conducted on the subject, the need to examine this symptomatology multidisciplinary to achieve greater scientific evidence of its incidence and prevalence has become increasingly clear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Safety has been described as a dynamic non-event and as constantly present in professionals' work processes. Investigating management of complex everyday situations may create an opportunity to elucidate safety management. Anaesthesia has been at the frontline of enhancing patient safety – testing and implementing knowledge from other high-reliability industries, such as aviation, in the complex, adaptive system of an operating room. The aim of this study was to explore factors supporting anaesthesia nurses and anaesthesiologists in managing complex everyday situations during intraoperative anaesthesia care processes. Methods: Individual interviews with anaesthesia nurses (n = 9) and anaesthesiologists (n = 6) using cognitive task analysis (CTA) on case scenarios from previous prospective, structured observations. The interviews were analysed using the framework method. Results: During intraoperative anaesthesia care, management of everyday complex situations is sustained through preparedness, support for mindful practices, and monitoring and noticing complex situations and managing them. The prerequisites are created at the organization level. Managers should ensure adequate resources in the form of trained personnel, equipment and time, team and personnel sustainability and early planning of work. Management of complex situations benefits from high-quality teamwork and non-technical skills (NTS), such as communication, leadership and shared situational awareness. Conclusion: Adequate resources, stability in team compositions and safe boundaries for practice with shared baselines for reoccurring tasks where all viewed as important prerequisites for managing complex everyday work. When and how NTS are used in a specific clinical context depends on having the right organizational prerequisites and a deep expertise of the relevant clinical processes. Methods like CTA can reveal the tacit competence of experienced staff, guide contextualized training in specific contexts and inform the design of safe perioperative work practices, ensuring adequate capacity for adaptation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cognitive radio (CR) acts as a significant player in enhancing the spectral efficiency (SE) of wireless telecommunications; simultaneously, the intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) technique is a valid technique for increasing the confidentiality properties of wireless telecommunications systems through the modulation of the amplitude and phase shift of the channel. Therefore, we take into consideration an IRS-assisted multiple-input single-output (MISO) CR system to raise the confidentiality rate, which is composed of a primary network with a primary receiver (PR) and an eavesdropping link, as well as a secondary network with a secondary receiver (SR) and SR transmitter (SR-TX). In particular, we minimize the SR's transmit power under the interference temperature (IT) and confidentiality capacity constraints via the joint optimization of the beamforming vector and artificial noise (AN) constraint matrix at SR-TX together with the phase shift matrix of IRS. Numerical outcomes indicate that various transmit antenna values and the IRS element numbers at SR-TX can greatly reduce transmit power while assuring secure communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the noun and adjective scent lexicon in Old English and provides a Cognitive Linguistic analysis of the conceptualisation of scent. The closely related modality of taste is also taken into consideration, and it is claimed that while both modalities are associated with emotive evaluation, olfaction is distinct from taste in that it lacks any degree of detailed lexical coding. Though the nature of olfactory and gustatory conceptualisation may result from universal properties of sense perception, cultural factors, including the role of medical and religious cultural world views are also taken into consideration. This article puts forward an account of scent in terms of conceptual metaphor, image schemas, and prototype categories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite evidence that it exists, short-term within-individual variability in cognitive performance has largely been ignored as a meaningful component of human cognitive ability. In this article, we build a case for why this within-individual variability should not be viewed as mere measurement error and why it should be construed as a meaningful component of an individual's cognitive abilities. We argue that in a demanding and rapidly changing modern world, between-individual analysis of single-occasion cognitive test scores does not account for the full range of within-individual cognitive performance variation that is implicated in successful typical cognitive performance. We propose that short-term repeated-measures paradigms (e.g., the experience sampling method (ESM)) be used to develop a process account of why individuals with similar cognitive ability scores differ in their actual performance in typical environments. Finally, we outline considerations for researchers when adapting this paradigm for cognitive assessment and present some initial findings from two studies in our lab that piloted the use of ESM to assess within-individual cognitive performance variation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay examines Samuel Taylor Coleridge's Logic and its interpretation of Kant's "science of transcendental analysis" as a theory of the cognitive faculties and their "inherent forms" or "several functional powers". I explain why Coleridge characterises transcendental analysis as an "investigation into the constitution and constituent forms" of the faculties, and consider the reasons behind his schematic division of such inquiry into "transcendental [ ... ] Æsthetic, Logic, and Noetic". I argue that Coleridge's claims about the forms, operations, and contents that derive from different cognitive powers, and the philosophical method that enables us to prove such derivation, are based on Kant's theory of "transcendental reflection". I also explain how Coleridge's facultative conception of transcendental analysis relates to recent scholarship on Kant's accounts of (i) our cognitive capacities and (ii) the purposes of transcendental reflection. My essay does not aim to defend Coleridge's interpretation of Kant, but rather to provide a clearer picture of how this interpretation informs Coleridge's analysis of cognitive activity and mental content in Logic, including his "transcendental noetic", which seeks to explain the possibility of the kind intellectual intuition that Kant explicitly denies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Automation transparency is a means to provide understandability and predictability of autonomous systems by disclosing what the system is currently doing, why it is doing it, and what it will do next. To support human supervision of autonomous collision avoidance systems, insight into the system's internal reasoning is an important prerequisite. However, there is limited knowledge regarding transparency in this domain and its relationship to human supervisory performance. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate how an information processing model and a cognitive task analysis could be used to drive the development of transparency concepts. Also, realistic traffic situations, reflecting the variation in collision type and context that can occur in real-life, were developed to empirically evaluate these concepts. Together, these activities provide the groundwork for exploring the relation between transparency and human performance variables in the autonomous maritime context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autobiographical memories (AMs) are actively reconstructed to ensure self-coherence. The current study examines the content of written AMs of positive and negative life events and investigates its association with health outcomes. In addition, the current study also explores the relationship of event type and gender with affective and cognitive processes. 220 participants wrote about one positive and one negative event and completed questionnaires related to health conditions, perceived health, and psychological well-being. Regression was used to predict health and well-being from affective and cognitive processes in AMs. Results indicated that among men, cognitive processes in AMs of negative events had a significant positive relationship with perceived health, whereas cognitive processes in AMs of positive events had a significant negative relationship with perceived health. Among women, however, the opposite pattern was observed, but was not significant. In terms of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) analysis of affective and cognitive processing words, more affect words were found in positive rather than negative event descriptions. Women used more affect words than men. No significant differences were observed in cognitive processing words. The study has implications for understanding gender differences in expression as well as health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analysis of student learning behavior characteristics is an important means for educators to better understand students and improve the quality and effectiveness of teaching in the field of education. It is necessary to refer to students' cognitive levels for analysis of student learning behavior characteristics. However, existing algorithms only focus on the overall performance and grades of students, ignoring the individual differences in learning cognitive levels among students, which affects the accuracy of the analysis results. Therefore, this paper conducts research on student online learning behavior characteristics based on a multidimensional cognitive model. Firstly, a multidimensional and multilevel model for evaluating students' cognitive levels is constructed, and the process of evaluating students' cognitive levels is sustainable and can be adjusted in real-time as students' cognitive levels change. By considering the differences in evaluation levels and students' cognitive levels, targeted observation and extraction of students' online learning behavior characteristics can be achieved. A new model based on variational autoencoder neural network is proposed to perform decoupled representation of students' implicit preferences. By using a regularization term based on maximum mean difference, the model can learn independent hidden vectors sensitive to dynamic and static factors from students' online learning behavior history data and multidimensional cognitive evaluation history data. The experimental results verify the effectiveness of the constructed model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the role of synesthesia in Baudelaire's poetry, focusing on its rarity and exceptionality compared to other literary works of the 19th century. Through a descriptive qualitative research method, the study examines John Keats' "Ode" as a means to define synesthesia from a cognitive standpoint and demonstrate its significant impact on emotional expression in writing. The data collection technique employed is library research, gathering relevant information about figurative language from various sources. The qualitative analysis employs content analysis to identify and analyze synesthesia metaphors in Keats' odes. The discussion highlights Keats' poetic brilliance and his pursuit of truth and beauty in his works. synesthesia emerges as a prominent feature in his poetry, with the poet employing unique creative techniques and forms of expression. The cognitive analysis of synesthesia metaphors reveals their profound influence on the thematic depth and artistic conception of Keats' odes. The study delves into specific examples, such as visual and auditory synesthesia, synesthesia of taste and hearing, synesthesia of vision, smell, and taste, as well as visual and olfactory synesthesia. This research contributes to the broader understanding of synesthesia in literature, shedding light on its significance in Baudelaire's poetry and its impact on emotional and aesthetic experiences. It invites further exploration of synesthesia as a powerful tool for artistic expression and its implications across different literary works and genres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cognitive impairment is a critical aspect of our aging society. Yet, it receives inadequate intervention due to delayed or missed detection. Dual-task gait analysis is currently considered a solution to improve the early detection of cognitive impairment in clinical settings. Recently, our group proposed a new approach for the gait analysis resorting to inertial sensors placed on the shoes. This pilot study aimed to investigate the potential of this system to capture and differentiate gait performance in the presence of cognitive impairment based on single- and dual-task gait assessments. Methods: We analyzed demographic and medical data, cognitive tests scores, physical tests scores, and gait metrics acquired from 29 older adults with mobility limitations. Gait metrics were extracted using the newly developed gait analysis approach and recorded in single- and dual-task conditions. Participants were stratified into two groups based on their Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) global cognitive scores. Statistical analysis was performed to assess differences between groups, discrimination ability, and association of gait metrics with cognitive performance. Results: The addition of the cognitive task influenced gait performance of both groups, but the effect was higher in the group with cognitive impairment. Multiple dual-task costs, dual-task variability, and dual-task asymmetry metrics presented significant differences between groups. Also, several of these metrics provided acceptable discrimination ability and had a significant association with MoCA scores. The dual-task effect on gait speed explained the highest percentage of the variance in MoCA scores. None of the single-task gait metrics presented significant differences between groups. Conclusions: Our preliminary results show that the newly developed gait analysis solution based on foot-worn inertial sensors is a pertinent tool to evaluate gait metrics affected by the cognitive status of older adults relying on single- and dual-task gait assessments. Further evaluation with a larger and more diverse group is required to establish system feasibility and reliability in clinical practice. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov (identifier: NCT04587895) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Invasion team sports such as soccer require teams and individual players to understand the game and problem solve. One aspect of problem solving that has recently been more prominent in team sport literature is the role of metacognition. The purpose of the current study was to examine how high-level youth soccer players approach and solve problems, with a particular focus on the role of strategic understanding. We were interested in the range and sophistication of cognitive strategy and process used by players when tackling game problems. Also, the ways in which they plan, monitor and evaluate how they approach and solve problems. Eighteen high-level youth soccer players took part in semi-structured interviews which adopted Applied Cognitive Task Analysis (ACTA) protocol. Interview data were analysed using deductive content analysis to distinguish the use of cognitive and metacognitive thinking. Results showed that players displayed a range of cognitive processes when solving problems, but more sophisticated processes were least employed. Furthermore, there was little evidence of a strategic approach to problem solving. Players would benefit from practicing their problem-solving skills. Coaches should pay due attention to 'what' and 'how' players think when problem solving. Coach education might consider how to educate coaches to better equip players to solve stubborn game problems. One possibility is to present coaches with methods that make player thinking overt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Olfactory dysfunction appears prior to cognitive decline, and thus it has been suggested to be an early predictor of Alzheimer's disease. However, it is currently not known whether and how olfactory threshold test could serve as a quick screening tool for cognitive impairment. Objective: To define olfactory threshold test for screening cognitive impairment in two independent cohorts. Methods: The participants are comprised of two cohorts in China, 1,139 inpatients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM, Discovery cohort) and 1,236 community-dwelling elderly (Validation cohort). Olfactory and cognitive functions were evaluated by Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center test and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), respectively. Regression analyses and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were carried out to determine the relation and discriminative performance of the olfactory threshold score (OTS) regarding identification of cognition impairment. Results: Regression analysis showed that olfactory deficit (reducing OTS) was correlated with cognitive impairment (reducing MMSE score) in two cohorts. ROC analysis revealed that the OTS could distinguish cognitive impairment from cognitively normal individuals, with mean area under the curve values of 0.71 (0.67, 0.74) and 0.63 (0.60, 0.66), respectively, but it failed to discriminate dementia from mild cognitive impairment. The cut-off point of 3 showed the highest validity for the screening, with the diagnostic accuracy of 73.3% and 69.5%. Conclusion: Reducing OTS is associated with cognitive impairment in T2DM patients and the community-dwelling elderly. Therefore, olfactory threshold test may be used as a readily accessible screening tool for cognitive impairment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyzed co-citation patterns in 332,498 articles published in Anglophone psychology journals between 1946 and 1990 to estimate (1) when cognitive psychology first emerged as a clearly delineated subdiscipline, (2) how fast it grew, (3) to what extent it replaced other (e.g., behaviorist) approaches to psychology, (4) to what degree it was more appealing to scholars from a younger generation, and (5) whether it was more interdisciplinary than alternative traditions. We detected a major shift in the structure of co-citation networks between approximately 1955 and 1975 and draw novel conclusions about the developments commonly referred to as "the cognitive turn." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Educating residents on laparoscopic operations requires direct teaching and deliberate practice. Attending surgeons are often systematic when performing surgery, which creates a challenge when instructing surgery residents. The aim of this study was to use cognitive task analysis to expand laparoscopic cholecystectomy into microsteps reflecting expert surgeon cognition (perceptions, assessments, decisions, etc.) throughout the operation such that these could be better formalized and conveyed to residents in educational materials or assessments and to attending surgeons as teaching scripts. Materials and methods: One surgeon, a surgical resident, and a human factors specialist conducted cognitive task analyses with three expert general surgeons and one hepatobiliary surgeon using semi-structured interviews. These interviews expanded an existing task model of laparoscopic cholecystectomy to specifically add patient safety aspects including injury prevention, risk management, and complication detection for each step. Interview analysis resulted in an expanded task diagram. Results: Cognitive task analysis expanded the current laparoscopic cholecystectomy task model from 19 to 97 microsteps. In addition to microsteps, an additional major step was identified, the planning step or step zero. Steps with the greatest number of microsteps included dissection with 15 microsteps and intraoperative cholangiogram with 10 microsteps. Discussion: Laparoscopic cholecystectomies are complex operations with multiple microsteps. Identification of these steps can lead to explicit strategies that can improve training of surgeons, with an end towards efficacy and safety. The identification of a planning step prior to beginning the operation is a significant finding that should arguably be included in all future cognitive task analyses regardless of operation or procedure, to emphasize to trainees what senior surgeons have learned through experience. These findings inform the development of interventions for surgical training and evaluation of competency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to perform a comparative analysis of the cognitive functioning of a group of cannabis users and healthy controls, by applying neuropsychological tests and potential events related to mismatch negativity (MMN) and P3a in a 32-channel EEG, and evaluate its association with consumption characteristics. The sample consisted of 21 cannabis users (CN) and 22 healthy controls (SN) between 18 and 35 years old. The CN group scored higher on the WMS-III IA word list and Stroop time part A, while the SN group had reduced P3a amplitude in F3, C3, and FCZ and higher latency in F4. In relation to the characteristics of consumption, abstinence from cannabis presented a strong correlation with the percentage of retention in verbal memory, the latency of MMNd/P3a in C4 and the amplitude of P3a in F3, while the number of cannabis cigarettes presented a strong correlation with the latency of P3a in FCZ. In conclusion, our findings corroborate the presence of specific alterations. P3a stands out as a possible neurophysiological marker in clinical and translational research in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The text aims at discussing the verbo-visual means of expression employed in three climate change-related campaigns in the context of their effectiveness. The chosen climate change awareness raising campaigns by two non-governmental organisations, EcoEduca and World Wide Fund for Nature Inc. (WWF), deal with the results of Arctic permafrost thaw resulting in the loss of sea ice dependent animals' habitat. A cognitive linguistics oriented analysis refers to the theory of metaphor (Lakoff and Johnson 1980, Forceville 1996, Kövecses 2002, 2014), conceptual blending (Fauconnier and Turner 2003), and construal (Langacker 1987, 2008). The visual layer will also be described with reference to a grammar approach to visual communication (Kress and Van Leeuwen 1996, 2001, Machin 2010). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers a renewed construction grammar analysis of linguistic constructions in a diachronic perspective. The present theory, termed Agentive Cognitive Construction Grammar (AgCCxG), is informed by active inference (AIF), a process theory for the comprehension of intelligent agency. AgCCxG defends the idea that language bear traces of non-linguistic, bodily-acquired information that reflects sémiotico-biological processes of energy exchange and conservation. One of the major claims of the paper is that embodied cognition has evolved to facilitate ontogenic mental alignment among humans. This is demonstrated by the results of a corpus study in which the patterns of association between verbs, the particle UP and argument structure in Old and Middle English have been studied. The conclusion is that, similar to biological systems, the linguistic sign system displays patterns of equilibrium and non-equilibrium. In other words, while in Old English usage near equilibrium was reached through the use of a conservative set of constructional semiotic templates (attachment patterns), associated with motor modalities, Middle English displays high rates of randomness resulting in a less stable, yet distinct, system of constructional attachment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Localization of the different stages of auditory processing is among the most hotly debated topics in neurolinguistic researches and there has been a strong emphasis on the role of two sub-areas of the auditory cortex -namely the primary auditory cortex (A1) and superior temporal gyrus (STG)- as the source of sensory analysis and preliminary cognitive processing of the auditory input. This study intends to explore spatial correlates of neural processing of the Persian vowels. Then to exploit that information to shed some light on the contents of the cognitive procedures attributed to different areas of the auditory cortex. To achieve such a goal, we employed electroencephalography to map the Persian vowel system onto cortical sources using the N1 auditory evoked potential and its subcomponents N1a and N1b. The resulting source analysis of the obtained data revealed that the spatial coordinates of both neural clusters that induce early and late subcomponents of the N1 for each vowel were better correlated to the distinctive features of the respective vowel than to its acoustic properties. Such results support the claim that contrary to the former conception of the auditory processing procedures, the A1 is not exclusive to the sensory analysis and that the categorical recognition commences at an earlier stage than formerly understood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A growing body of research recently suggested the association between vestibular dysfunction and cognitive impairment. Meniere's disease (MD), a common clinical vestibular disorder, is usually accompanied by hearing loss and emotional stress, both of which may mediate the relationship between vestibule dysfunction and cognition. It is currently unknown whether the cognitive decline in MD patients could improve through treatment and how it relates to multiple clinical characteristics, particularly the severity of vertigo. Therefore, in the present study, the MD patients were followed up for 3, 6, and 12 months after treatment, and the cognitive functions, vertigo symptoms, and related physical, functional, and emotional effects of the patients were assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI), aiming to explore the change in cognition before and after therapy and the correlation with various clinical features. It was found that cognitive decline in MD patients compared to healthy controls before therapy. Importantly, this cognitive impairment could improve after effective therapy, which was related to the severity of vertigo, especially in functional and physical impacts. Our results support the view that vestibular dysfunction is a potentially modifiable risk factor for cognitive decline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge about the rhythmic activity of neural networks associated with the implementation of a particular brain function can be used to construct diagnostic systems for objective analyses of cognitive dysfunctions. The aim of this study was to identify specific frequency-based electroencephalogram phenomena associated with speech processing. The study included data from 40 clinically healthy volunteers aged 30 to 50 years (median 32.5 years), including 23 men and 17 women. While listening to a speech stimulus, changes in bioelectrical activity over the speech centers were recorded in 23 subjects (58%). During active speech production, similar changes were recorded in 12 subjects (30%). A pairwise comparison of electroencephalogram frequencies recorded during background recording and listening to the stimuli revealed statistically significant differences in changes in rhythmic activity over Broca's area during listening and over Wernicke's area during active speech production, while changes in rhythmic activity over Broca's area during active speech production and over Wernicke's area during listening were less significant. The most characteristic changes in the bioelectrical activity over the speech centers during listening and speaking were fluctuations with a frequency (on average) of 17.5-17.7 Hz. This may reflect a specific electroencephalogram rhythm associated with activity in the speech areas of the brain, which could allow these regions to be more accurately identified during auditory-verbal processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, research mainly focuses on the effects of happy music on the subjective assessment of cognitive reappraisal, but relevant results of the neural mechanism are lacking. By analysing the functional connectivity of microstates based on electroencephalography (EEG), we investigated the effect of cognitive reappraisal combined with happy music on emotional regulation and the dynamic characteristics of brain functional activities. A total of 52 healthy college students were divided into music group and control group. EEG data and behavioural scores were collected during an experiment of cognitive reappraisal combined with happy music. The dynamic time window of the brain functional network was determined by microstate analysis, and the metrics of functional connectivity, clustering coefficient (Cp) and characteristic path length (Lp), were calculated based on the phase-locked value. The arousal of cognitive reappraisal significantly increased (p = 0.005) in music group, but the valence did not change significantly. This suggested that happy music did not affect emotional regulation from the behavioural perspective. Four microstate global templates (A–D) were determined. With happy music, the duration (p = 0.043) and Lp (p = 0.033) of microstate B increased significantly, indicating that the transfection efficiency of the brain network decreased, reflecting a negative effect on cognitive reappraisal. The duration (p = 0.017) of microstate D decreased and of Cp (p < 0.001) increased significantly, indicating that the local information-processing ability of the brain network increased. We conclude that happy music can change the characteristics of brain functional networks and have a positive effect on cognitive reappraisal in specific period. The research provides a certain electrophysiological basis for applying happy music to cognitive reappraisal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The standard interpretation of cognitive reflection tests assumes that correct responses are reflective and lured responses are unreflective. However, prior process-tracing of mathematical reflection tests has cast doubt on this interpretation. In two studies (N = 201), we deployed a validated think-aloud protocol in-person and online to test how this assumption is satisfied by the new, validated, less familiar, and non-mathematical verbal Cognitive Reflection Test (vCRT). Verbalized thoughts in both studies revealed that most (but not all) correct responses involved reflection and that most (but not all) lured responses lacked reflection. The think-aloud protocols seemed to reflect business-as-usual performance: thinking aloud did not disrupt test performance compared to a control group. These data suggest that the vCRT usually satisfies the standard interpretation of the reflection tests (albeit not without exceptions) and that the vCRT can be a good measure of the construct theorized by the two-factor explication of 'reflection' (as deliberate and conscious). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Designing practical decision support tools and other health care technology in health services research relies on a clear understanding of the cognitive processes that underlie the use of these tools. Unfortunately, methods to explore cognitive processes are rarely used in health services research. Thus, the objective of this manuscript is to introduce cognitive task analysis (CTA), a family of methods to study cognitive processes involved in completing a task, to a health services research audience. This methods article describes CTA procedures, proposes a framework for their use in health services research studies, and provides an example of its application in a pilot study. Data Sources and Study Setting: Observations and interviews of health care providers involved in discharge planning at six hospitals in the Veterans Health Administration. Study Design: Qualitative study of discharge planning using CTA. Data Collection/Extraction Methods: Data were collected from structured observations and semi‐structured interviews using the Critical Decision Method and analyzed using thematic analysis. Principal Findings: We developed an adaptation of CTA that could be used in a clinical environment to describe clinical decision‐making and other cognitive processes. The adapted CTA framework guides the user through four steps: (1) Planning, (2) Environmental Analysis, (3) Knowledge Elicitation, and (4) Analyses and Results. This adapted CTA framework provides an iterative and systematic approach to identifying and describing the knowledge, expertise, thought processes, procedures, actors, goals, and mental strategies that underlie completing a clinical task. Conclusions: A better understanding of the cognitive processes that underly clinical tasks is key to developing health care technology and decision‐support tools that will have a meaningful impact on processes of care and patient outcomes. Our adapted framework offers a more rigorous and detailed method for identifying task‐related cognitive processes in implementation studies and quality improvement. Our adaptation of this underutilized qualitative research method may be helpful to other researchers and inform future research in health services research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ensaio: Avaliação e Políticas Públicas em Educação is the property of Ensaio: Avaliacao e Politicas Publicas em Educacao and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Nabo is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Chinese directional motion verbs wang 往 and lai 来 can be glossed in English as ‘go’ and ‘come’, and the distinction between ‘go’ and ‘come’ in English is comparable to that between wang and lai in Chinese. Their usage in the YiChing is described and analyzed in this article. In the YiChing, wang and lai frequently co-occur in the same sentence, as well as occurring singly elsewhere. Based on a corpus analysis of the YiChing, combined with qualitative interpretive analysis, this article proposes that the majority of co-occurring usages of wang and lai are metaphorical. Metaphorical uses can also be found in the single usages of the two verbs. These metaphors are informed by the cultural practices and values that form the context for the YiChing as a cultural artifact as well as a classical text. Further, these directional motion verbs are based on metaphorical extensions that lead to their semantic changes (metaphors are based on the motion). Thus, the article further analyzes the role of metaphor and cultural context in the semantic changes to the directional motion verbs wang and lai. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]