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Describes the natural drainage of the Karori Basin. Information on the first topographical map of Port Nicholson district; Description and division of the Basin; Details of a rollplan showing Wellington Country District sections.

Presents information on the first subdivision of Section 46 Karori District, recorded on Wellington Survey Office Plan SO 10687 in New Zealand in 1840s. Allotments of the section; Owners of lots at Section 46; Construction of saw-pits by settlers at Section 46.

Presents information about the Opau Block in Wellington, New Zealand. Acquisition of land by New Zealand Co. in 1840s; Definition of the word Opau; Information on deeds awarded by Lieutenant-Colonel W. A. McCleverty of the 48th Regiment for the British government to inhabitants of Ohariu and Makara on October 18, 1847.

AbstractWe have performed experiments to determine the extents to which Fe and H2O are lost from hydrous basaltic melts contained in Au80Pd20and graphite-lined Pt capsules at 0.7 –1 GPa and 1300–1350°C. All experiments were performed in the piston-cylinder apparatus. In order to minimize the possibility of rupture of the AuPd capsule and to control H2O loss we used a double-capsule method. The inner welded 2 mm diameter Au80Pd20capsule was placed inside a welded 3 mm diameter Pt capsule, the intervening space being packed with hydrous sample. Loss of FeO* from the sample was found to be =4% relative in both the Au80Pd20and graphite-lined Pt capsules in experiments of up to 24 h duration. Loss of H2O is greater and it depends on the oxidation state of the starting materials and the nature of the capsule. For starting mixes fired at 1 log fO2unit above the quartz-fayalite-magnetite (QFM) buffer at 1 atm, H2O loss from Au80Pd20capsules averaged 9% relative. Starting mixes fired at 1 logfO2unit below the QFM buffer at 1atm lost, on average, 32% of their H2O when run in Au80Pd20capsules at high pressure. All samples run in graphite-lined Pt capsules experienced dramatic H2O loss, averaging 52% relative, irrespective of initial oxidation state. We conclude that Au80Pd20capsules are suitable for high-pressure hydrous melting experiments and that the sample loses very little Fe. In order to minimize H2O-loss, however, it is important that the starting materials be relatively oxidized.

Anthropogenic environmental change can underpin major shifts in natural selective regimes, and can thus alter the evolutionary trajectories of wild populations. However, little is known about the evolutionary impacts of deforestation—one of the most pervasive human-driven changes to terrestrial ecosystems globally. Absence of forest cover (i.e. exposure) has been suggested to play a role in selecting for insect flightlessness in montane ecosystems. Here, we capitalize on human-driven variation in alpine treeline elevation in New Zealand to test whether anthropogenic deforestation has caused shifts in the distributions of flight-capable and flightless phenotypes in a wing-polymorphic lineage of stoneflies from the Zelandoperla fenestrataspecies complex. Transect sampling revealed sharp transitions from flight-capable to flightless populations with increasing elevation. However, these phenotypic transitions were consistently delineated by the elevation of local treelines, rather than by absolute elevation, providing a novel example of human-driven evolution in response to recent deforestation. The inferred rapid shifts to flightlessness in newly deforested regions have implications for the evolution and conservation of invertebrate biodiversity.

An examination of the specific terms used to describe reproduction and life history in the red algal genusPorphyrais undertaken to clarify the subject. It is recommended that the terms carpospore and carposporangium are no longer used for this genus. The term phyllospore is proposed for spores produced in spore packets by the blade phase, unless the ploidy or subsequent development of the spores is known, in which case, the terms zygotospore, agamospore or neutral spore can be applied. It is recommended that the terms spermatia and spermatangia are used for male reproductive structures. Archeospores, endospores, protothalli, conchospores and neutral conchospores are also defined.

This article offers a brief account of some of the history of Park Vale located in Karori, New Zealand. A group of families first settled in this area in 1843. A petition was made by these settlers in 1846 asking for assistance in obtaining road access. The present condition of Park Vale settlement is described.

Proc. Instn Ciu. Enars Mun. Engr, 1995, 109. Dec.: 264-270 The golden age municipal of engineering: a Liverpool overview A . Jarvis, BA Although Liverpool appointed Britain's first full-time Borough Engineer, there had been successful municipal engineering at an earlier date. Technical improvements in water supply, sanitation and housing the lowest-paid workers required major attitude changeson thepart of ratepayers, voters and decision-makers. In Liverpool, as in some other major towns, both the techniques and the will to apply them pre-dated any exactscientific understanding of the natureof infectious diseases...

We introduce the concept of the metabolic centroid spectrum as the feature space to characterize the distribution of metabolic activity in three-dimensional brains. The method computes the metabolic centroid of a brain subvolume for each increment of metabolic activity occurring in the whole brain. The result is the metabolic spectral signature, a continuous three-dimensional curve whose shape reflects the distribution of metabolic rates in the brain. The method's sensitivity to metabolic distribution asymmetries is greatly increased over that of the metabolic centroid method, while retaining its advantages; it is almost invariant to head size, head positioning, photon scatter, and the positron emission tomography (PET) camera's full width at half-maximum. It does not require magnetic resonance, computed tomography, or x-ray images. To test the method we analyzed the metabolic PET images of 40 normal subjects and 20 schizophrenics. The results show a unification of several metabolic characteristics of schizophrenic brains, such as laterality, hypofrontality, cortical/subcortical abnormalities, and overall brain hypometabolism, which were identified by different laboratories in separate studies using differing methodologies. Here they are presented by a single automatic objective method.

Spermatangial, carposporangial and tetrasporangial plants of Cordylecladia erecta are found sporadically from September to April inclusive. Cultured tetraspores from plants collected on the west coast of Ireland formed dioecious gametangial plants at 15°C, under short day conditions and under an interrupted dark period, while control plants under long day conditions, remained sterile. Carpospores from the carposporophytes of fertilized female plants in culture formed tetrasporangial plants under short day conditions at 15°C and 10°C, as well as under an interrupted dark period at 15°C. Control plants under long day conditions at 15°C, and with interrupted dark period at 10°C remained sterile. C. erecta thus has a Polysiphonia-type life history, with reproduction under photoperiodic control.Procarps are described for the first time from cultured female plants. They are formed in small depressions surrounded by sterile hairs. The carpogonial branch is four-celled, and the carpogonium forms a strongly emergent trichogyne that protrudes amongst the sterile hairs. Carpogonial branches are formed on a supporting cell that also bears a two-celled auxiliary cell branch, which is formed before fertilization. Development of the carposporophyte takes place outwards from a fusion cell. Tetrasporangia are formed in an intercalary position on modified cortical filaments. These reproductive details confirm the current placement of the genus Cordylecladia in the family Rhodymeniaceae (Rhodymeniales), close to Rhodymenia.

The method of centroids is an approach to the analysis of three-dimensional whole-brain positron emission tomography (PET) metabolic images. It utilizes the brain's geometric centroid and metabolic centroid so as to objectively characterize the central tendency of the distribution of metabolic activity in the brain. The method characterizes the three-dimensional PET metabolic image in terms of four parameters: the coordinates of the metabolic centroid and the mean metabolic rate of the whole brain. These parameters are not sensitive to spatially uniform random noise or to the position of the subject's head within a uniform PET camera field of view. The method has been applied to 40 normal subjects, 22 schizophrenics who were treated with neuroleptics, and 20 schizophrenics who were neuroleptic-free. The mean metabolic centroid of the normal subjects was found to be superior to the mean geometric centroid of the brain. The mean metabolic centroid of chronic schizophrenics is lower and more posterior to the mean geometric centroid than is that of normals. This difference is greater in medicated than in unmedicated schizophrenics. The posterior and downward displacement of the mean metabolic centroid is consistent with the concepts of hypofrontality, hyperactivity of subcortical structures, and neuroleptic effect in schizophrenics.

Current methods for optimization of stand treatment and forest‐wide harvest scheduling use mathematical programming that presumes perfect information on production, costs, and revenues over long planning periods. These approaches simultaneously optimize harvest for all periods in the planning horizon. In contrast, the method presented here assumes that stand‐level planning and harvest scheduling proceed sequentially rather than simultaneously over every period. A backward‐recursion dynamic program is used to determine the discounted net value of a wide range of current harvest strategies for each stand class in the forest inventory on the basis of a projected set of optimal treatments for future harvest and regeneration of each stand. The most highly valued strategy is selected if there are no volume constraints. Otherwise, suboptimal harvest alternatives are ranked in order of increasing opportunity cost for increasing or decreasing harvest; constraints met only up to a maximum opportunity cost is also demonstrated.

Previously we demonstrated that positron emission tomography (PET) can be used to measure changes in the concentrations of synaptic dopamine and acetylcholine. Whether induced directly or indirectly through interactions with other neurotransmitters, these studies support the use of PET for investigating the functional responsiveness of a specific neurotransmitter to a pharmacologic challenge. In an extension of these findings to the human brain, PET studies designed to measure the responsiveness of striatal dopamine release to central cholinergic blockade were conducted in normal male volunteers using high-resolution PET and [11C]raclopride, a D2-dopamine receptor antagonist. [11C]Raclopride scans were performed prior to and 30 min after systemic administration of the potent muscarinic cholinergic antagonist, scopolamine (0.007 mg/kg). After scopolamine administration, [11C]raclopride binding decreased in the striatum (specific binding) but not in the cerebellum (nonspecific binding) resulting in a significant decrease, exceeding the test/retest variability of this ligand (5%), in the ratio of the distribution volumes of the striatum to the cerebellum (17%). Furthermore, scopolamine administration did not alter the systemic rate of [11C]raclopride metabolism or the metabolite-corrected plasma input function. These results are consistent not only with the known inhibitory influence that acetylcholine exerts on striatal dopamine release but also with our initial 18F-labeled N-methylspiroperidol and benztropine studies. Thus these data support the use of PET for measuring the functional responsiveness of an endogenous neurotransmitter to an indirect pharmacologic challenge in the living human brain.

The article provides information on the shipwrecks on Wellington Peninsula in New Zealand, as of October 1984. Details of the wreck of the small schooner Kate on July 10, 1842 near Cape Terawhiti and the wreck of the barque Tyne at Sinclair Head on July 4, 1845 are provided. How the wrecks in Ohiro Bay happened is described.

Lake Wakatipu occupies an overdeepened glacial trough dammed by former terminal moraine. The steep subaerial slopes above the lake continue steeply below the surface of the water to a plane floor that is horizontal in the central and most of the southern sections and slopes longitudinally in the northern section. Below the general level of the sediment surface, a system of current channels has been developed, extending from the delta of the Dart and Rees Rivers to the flat-floored sedimentary basin in the central and southern section. Active deposition of sediment from density currents is taking place; the action of such currents is discussed.

In concentrations of 1:104, 1:105, 1:106, in alkaline solution with a hydrogen ion concentration approximating that characteristic of normal human blood, thyroxin acts like total thyroid in accelerating certain metabolic processes in Paramecium, notably those connected with the phenomena of excretion. Unlike total thyroid, thyroxin depresses the division rate of Paramecium, the degree of depression varying directly with its concentration. This depression of the division rate is due to the action of the thyroxin directly on Paramecium, not to a modification of the food supply.

Records of icebergs near New Zealand are noted, and their implications on the interpretation of ice-rafted sediments are discussed.

Implementing management actions to achieve environmental outcomes requires defining and quantifying ecological targets, but this is a complex challenge, and there are few examples of how to quantitatively set them in complex dynamic marine ecosystems. Here we develop a methodology to devise ‘desired state’ for tropical seagrasses in Cleveland Bay, northern Australia, in the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area. Analysis of diverse species assemblages was used to define seagrass communities as indicators of the region’s ecological value. Multivariate regression trees assigned 8000 observations of species presence/absence and habitat characteristics from 2007 to 2017 into seven community types. Generalized Linear Models were used to assess annual variation in above-ground biomass of each seagrass community. Reference subsets of the data expressing high biomass and spatial extent were identified, and desired state was defined as the mean and 95% confidence intervals. This approach rests on the assumption that seagrass resilience and its ecosystem services are met when the diverse seagrass communities reach desired state. This method required a data set that spanned a range in seagrass conditions, but which may have been compromised by a history of pressures. Our method for defining desired state provides evidence-based targets that can be used within an adaptive management framework that prioritises and implements management actions.

A chart of the population of the Karori District in Wellington, New Zealand in 1858 is presented.