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It is well known that industrial agglomeration can affect economic growth. But it is not clear how industrial agglomeration will cause internal structural changes in economic growth. The aim of this study is to examine the internal structural effects of industrial agglomeration on green economy. By considering both industrial heterogeneity and regional heterogeneity, a three hierarchy meta-frontier DEA and global Malmquist index (GM) were constructed to measure green total factor productivity (GTFP) and decompose GTFP into technological change, industrial structure efficiency, regional coordinated development efficiency, scale efficiency, and resource allocation efficiency. Subsequently, a systematic GMM model was developed to investigate the nonlinear impact of industrial agglomeration on GTFP and its internal structural factors, thereby elucidating the mechanisms and influences of industrial agglomeration on GTFP. Results show that at the national level, there was an overall inverted U-shaped effect of industrial agglomeration on GTFP, which is mainly realized by inducing technological changes. However, at the regional level, the impacts of industrial agglomeration on GTFP showed distinct spatial heterogeneity. In the central and western regions, industrial agglomeration promoted the growth of GTFP by enhancing the efficiency of regional coordinated development, whereas this is not the case in the eastern region. • Three-hierarchy meta-frontier DEA and global Malmquist index were constructed to estimate GTFP and its five components. • Systematic GMM was used to test the effect of industrial agglomeration on GTFP and its internal factors. • There is an optimal size of industrial agglomeration and a non-linear relationship between it and GTFP. • Industrial agglomeration influences GTFP through technology change. • The impact of industrial agglomeration on GTFP varies across different regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study suggests enhanced tech mining as a tool to identify promising market opportunities based on a technological opportunity gap. Compared with existing research on technology opportunity analysis, we derived a technological opportunity gap by investigating existing and potential technological opportunities. In this study, we introduce a general framework of enhanced tech mining and then demonstrate how enhanced tech mining works by examining a technological opportunity gap in the e-health industry. We derived seven exploited technological opportunities, including telemedicine, televeterinarian, and virtual clinical trials, based on topic modeling of news articles. In the case of latent technological opportunities, 25 latent technological opportunities, including telenursing, telesurgery, and telephysiotherapy, were extracted from content analysis results of academic journal articles. We built an opportunity gap discovery framework based on analysis results to explore promising e-health opportunities for future business. We contributed to the related research field by improving the existing opportunity identification approach. We also showed the benefits of applying the proposed method by deriving the technological opportunity gap in the e-health industry. • Shortened technology and product life cycles have heightened the importance of technological opportunity discovery capability • Enhanced tech mining explores technological opportunities based on a gap between science and the market • Investigating exploited technological opportunities can contribute to a better understanding on the current market situation • Latent technological opportunities can help companies in planning future business [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The photocatalysis technology is known for its cleanliness, safety, ease of operation, and low pollution levels. However, traditional photocatalysts still have certain limitations: (1) the mechanism of charge generation and transfer within the photocatalyst particles remains unclear; (2) serious agglomeration leads to low catalytic efficiency, poor catalytic effects, weak light absorption ability, and difficulty in reuse. In contrast, floatable catalysts have been extensively studied over the past decade due to their exceptional properties, such as stable structure, easy recovery, high efficiency, etc. The present review paper begins by providing a comprehensive review of floatable photocatalysts, followed by an analysis and summary of their photocatalytic systems ranging from macro-design structure to micro-nano structure. Additionally, this paper introduces novel design principles and methods for floatable photocatalysts (for example, double-layer structure and hot-cold-end design). Furthermore, recent advancements in floatable photocatalysts are discussed through case studies in areas such as photocatalytic synthesis, degradation, power generation, and hydrogen production. The high recovery rate, high activity, and high stability of floating photocatalysts significantly impact the field of photocatalysis. This review aims to provide guidance for early researchers while offering theoretical support for future preparation and optimization efforts related to practical photocatalysts. [Display omitted] • Floatable photocatalysts are promising and have been extensively studied due to their exceptional properties. • This review provides comprehensive summary and analysis of floatable photocatalysts. • This review introduces novel design principles and methods for floatable photocatalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among many transition-metal oxides, Fe3O4 anode based lithium ion batteries (LIBs) have been well-investigated because of their high energy and high capacity. Iron is known for elemental abundance and is relatively environmentally friendly as well contains with low toxicity. However, LIBs based on Fe3O4 suffer from particle aggregation during charge–discharge processes that affects the cycling performance. This study conjectures that iron agglomeration and material performance could be affected by dopant choice, and improvements are sought with Fe3O4 nanoparticles doped with 0.2% Ti. The electrochemical measurements show a stable specific capacity of 450 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C rate for at least 100 cycles in Ti doped Fe3O4. The stability in discharge capacity for Ti doped Fe3O4 is achieved, arising from good electronic conductivity and stability in microstructure and crystal structure, which has been further confirmed by density functional theory (DFT) calculation. Detailed distribution function of relaxation times (DFRTs) analyses based on the impedance spectra reveal two different types of Li ion transport phenomena, which are closely related with the electron density difference near the two Fe-sites. Detailed analyses on EIS measurements using DFRTs for Ti doped Fe3O4 indicate that improvement in interfacial charge transfer processes between electrode and Li metal along with an intermediate lithiated phase helps to enhance the electrochemical performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the concept of a questionnaire survey of urban residents as well as competent institutions and organizations, the purpose of which is to identify the sources of odour nuisance and assess the extent of the problem. These studies and analysis are undertaken in a city with a significant industrial share, located in central Poland (Masovian Voivodeship). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pure TiO2 synthesized by the sol-gel method and subsequently deposited at 5% by weight with Co, Cu, Fe, and Ni ions by the deposition–precipitation method was studied as photocatalysts. The nanomaterials were analyzed by SEM, TEM, UV-Vis DRS, DRX, Physisorption N2, and XPS. The SEM and TEM images present a semi-spherical shape with small agglomerations of particles and average size between 63 and 65 nm. UV-Vis results show that a reduction below 3.2 eV exhibits a redshift displacement and increment in the optical absorption of the nanoparticles promoting the absorption in the UV-visible region. XRD spectra and analysis SAED suggest the characteristic anatase phase in TiO2 and deposited materials according to JCPDS 21-1272. The specific surface area was calculated and the nanomaterial Ni/TiO2 (21.3 m2 g−1) presents a slight increment when comparing to TiO2 (20.37 m2g−1). The information generated by the XPS spectra present the deposition of metallic ions on the support and the presence of different valence states for each photocatalyst. The photocatalytic activity was carried out in an aqueous solution with 80 mg L−1 of 2,4-D or 2,4-DCP under UV light (285 nm) with 100 mg L−1 of each photocatalysts for 360 min. The nanomaterial that presented the best efficiency was Ni/TiO2, obtaining a degradation of 85.6% and 90.3% for 2,4-D and 2,4-DCP, respectively. Similarly, this material was the one that presented the highest mineralization, 68.3% and 86.5% for 2,4-D and 2,4-DCP, respectively. Photocatalytic reactions correspond to the pseudo-first-order Langmuir–Hinshelwood model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to reveal the effect of phosphorus slag (PS) admixtures on the properties and hydration mechanism of circulating fluidized bed fly ash (CFA)-based multi-solid waste cementitious material (CWM). The results indicate that PS as an admixture is more helpful for improving the performance of CWM systems compared with blast furnace slag with a high specific surface area (HBFS) and gasification slag (GS). In this work, CWM2 is prepared with 30 wt.% CFA, 10 wt.% red mud (RM), 20 wt.% blast furnace slag (BFS), 10 wt.% PS, and 30 wt.% cement clinker (CC). The compressive strength and expansion value of CWM2 are the optimal (51.15 MPa and 0.70 mm) when the mass ratio of (Ca + Na)/(Si + Al) is 0.84, which can meet the requirements of 42.5 fly ash Portland cement. In addition, the polymerization degree of CWM2-28 days is the optimum (51.57%) because [PO4] and [SiO4] combine to improve its polymerization structure. The main hydration products are C-S-H gel, C/N-A-S-H gel, and ettringite in CWM, which are conducive to improve the compactness of the micromorphology. In addition, the consolidation of Na, As, Cd, and Hg is promoted in CWM2 by physical encapsulation and charge balance, which meet the drinking water requirements of the World Health Organization (WHO). Therefore, this work provides a new idea for the application of PS as an admixture in CFA-based multi-solid waste cementitious material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cauê Aquifer is an important water supplier to the third largest urban agglomeration in Brazil. The Metropolitan Region of Belo Horizonte is in the Iron Quadrangle, site of intense iron ore mining, requiring large volumes of water and mine dewatering. In this context, we evaluate the regional impact on groundwater level between 2000 and 2019 based on a conceptual hydrogeological flow model on the eastern limb of the Moeda Syncline. This study includes the definition of boundary conditions and aquifer units, the calculation of hydrodynamic parameters, water balance, renewable reserve, and flow analysis. The Cauê, Gandarela, and Moeda aquifers are considered aquifer units, among which the Cauê Aquifer showed the highest hydraulic conductivity (9.45x10-7 m/s on average) as well as the highest recharge rate, with 38.67% rainfall. The average volume pumped was estimated at 41 million m³/year, equivalent to about 150% of the renewable reserve of the Cauê Aquifer, calculated at 27 million m³/year. Underground flow in the area tends southward, and the Cauê Aquifer acts as a water divide, which is less evident in the center of the area, where the greatest impact on groundwater level lowering occurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, alkali metal substituted spinel magnesium ferrites have been considered as potential materials for the fabrication of hydroelectric cells for the generation of green electricity without using any electrolyte. The purpose of potassium substitution was to observe the crystallite size variation, stretching molecular bonds, micro strain, porosity, defect centres, the surface morphology and HEC behavior of the prepared ferrites as monovalent potassium leads to occupying the octahedral site of Fe and Mg, which acts as reactive site for absorption and dissociation of the water molecule. The crystallite size and porosity of entire samples Mg1−xKxFe2O4 (x = 0.0–0.4) were found using Scherer's equation between 11.15 and 36.20 nm and 22–53%, respectively, in XRD analysis, which decreased with the increase in alkali metal content. This decrease in lattice constant and unit cell volume may have been due to the compressive stress developed within the crystal structure, resulting in the negative strain as evident from W–H plot. Rietveld refinement was executed for pure and highest doped samples from the available XRD data to achieve the refined diffraction parameters. The FTIR analysis revealed the shift of molecular bands towards lower wavenumbers with the increase in K+ content. The SEM micrographs show agglomeration in the materials and porosity in the synthesized samples, and further, a decrease in grain size from 1.264 to 0.79 μm. The porous structure enhances the chemidissociation of water molecules followed by physisorption to generate the electric current. The PL spectra showed the emission wavelength between 275 and 400 nm, which indicates the presence of oxygen vacancies, leading to the chemidissociation of water molecules. Nanoparticles of the compositions have been investigated for hydroelectric cell application. The voltage–current characteristics performance of all the compositions fabricated as hydroelectric cells reveals the offload current and open circuit voltage between 1.4 and 7.8 mA and 0.74 and 0.86 V, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to investigate the mechanisms of enhanced microfine flake graphite (MFG) flotation by nanobubbles generated based on the principle of hydrodynamic cavitation. The effects of nanobubbles on graphite surface properties were characterized in terms of the flotation kinetics, collector adsorption behavior, Zeta potential, IR spectra, contact angle, etc. The results show that the surface nanobubbles increased the hydrophobic attraction and reduced the electrostatic repulsion between the graphite particles and collector molecules, significantly improving the flotation selectivity and the kinetic flotation rate and promoting the agglomeration of MFG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we report Tin Selenide (SnSe) nanoparticles preparation through co-precipitation method and characterised by UV–Vis spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, EDX spectrum, photovoltaic and Supercapacitor performance. XRD patterns indicate that the prepared SnSe nanoparticles exist in the orthorhombic phase. The SEM and TEM image show that nanoparticles exhibit spherical shapes with high agglomeration. The UV-Visible spectrum recorded in the range of 200–800 nm, show peaks at 260 nm, 300 nm, and 350 nm while direct energy bandgap lies between 1.4 eV and 1.8 eV and indirect energy bandgap lies between 1.5 eV to 1.6 eV. The obtained SnSe counter electrodes (CEs) showed good electrocatalytic activity in the redox reaction of the I−/I3−. The Dye-sensitised solar cells (DSSC) of SnSe with molar ratios (1:1), (2:1), and (3:1) as showed good photovoltaic performances in comparison to platinium (Pt) counter electrode (CE). The higher specific capacitance value 1335 F/g of SnSe (3:1) electrode compare to the SnSe (1:1) and (1:2) electrodes proves the stability of SnSe (3:1) for supercapacitor performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The melt of silicon, hindering nitridation for its agglomeration, should be avoided in the direct nitridation of silicon to synthesize silicon nitride powders, although liquid phase facilitates nitridation. Therefore, we proposed a method to nitride molten silicon without agglomeration. Thermogravimetric and in situ Raman studies on the nitridation process of molten silicon were performed. The as‐prepared silicon nitride samples were found to be micron clusters composed of submicron grains with high α‐Si3N4 content. The nitridation of molten silicon at 1500°C was completed after 500 s and 109 times faster than the nitridation of solid silicon at 1350°C. β‐Si3N4 is produced dominantly by α–β‐phase transition. Less nitridation time and low temperature can decrease the β‐Si3N4 content. The rapid nitridation was owning to core–shell structure Si@Si3N4, which was formed after the initial nitridation of silicon particles and hindered the agglomeration of molten silicon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we report our success synthesizing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using aqueous extracts from the leaves and flowers of Calotropis gigantea growing in the geothermal manifestation Ie Seu-Um, Aceh Besar, Indonesia. C. gigantea aqueous extract can be used as a bio-reductant for Ag+→Ag0 conversion, obtained by 48h incubation of Ag+, and the extract mixture in a dark condition. UV–Vis characterization showed that the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peaks of AgNPs-leaf C. gigantea (AgNPs-LCg) and AgNPs-flower C. gigantea (AgNPs-FCg) appeared in the wavelength range of 410–460 nm. Scanning electron microscopy energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDS) revealed the agglomeration and spherical shapes of AgNPs-LCg and AgNPs-FCg with diameters ranging from 87.85 to 256.7 nm. Zeta potentials were observed in the range of −41.8 to −25.1 mV. The Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion assay revealed AgNPs-FCg as the most potent antimicrobial agent with inhibition zones of 12.05 ± 0.58, 11.29 ± 0.45, and 9.02 ± 0.10 mm for Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans, respectively. In conclusion, aqueous extract from the leaves or flowers of Calotropis gigantea may be used in the green synthesis of AgNPs with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared to the recycling process by remelting, hot extrusion significantly reduces the energy consumption and CO2 emission and ensures good mechanical and microstructural properties. This study investigates the effects of reinforcing aluminium AA6061 chips with mixed boron carbide (B4C) and zirconia (ZrO2) particles by employing a design of experiment (DOE) under 550 °C processing temperature and three hours preheating time. The findings showed that compressive strength (CS) and hardness increased with up to 5% added particles, and beyond 5%, the yielded values decreased because of materials agglomeration. However, the decreasing density was dependent on the addition of ZrO2 particles. The distribution of particles with different volume fractions of mixed particles was investigated by employing SEM, AFM, and EDS tests. Thus, the process can produce a net shape structure that utilises material-bonding consolidation to provide sufficient support to reuse the recovered materials in engineering applications, such as in the automotive industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Powder-type semiconductor photocatalysts are widely applicable but their defects (e.g. easy agglomeration during preparation and recyclability in the suspension system) limit their practical application. In the current study, perovskite oxide photocatalytic material was loaded onto a muscovite substrate to overcome the problems of low stability, easy agglomeration, and difficult recovery. A photocatalytically active LaNi0.95Fe0.05O3/muscovite composite material was synthesized by a sol-gel impregnation method. Phase composition, morphology, and interfacial interaction of the composites, denoted as LNFBY-x (x: mass ratio of LNF to muscovite), were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and other analytical methods. According to the results, the particle size of LNF nanoparticles was regulated effectively by compounding with muscovite, and the agglomeration of LNF decreased. LNF nanoparticles were distributed evenly and attached in dense fashion to the surface of muscovite, thereby increasing the contact area with the reaction medium. The nanoparticles were connected to the silicon-oxygen tetrahedral sheet of the muscovite via Si–O–La, Si–O–Ni, and Si–O–Fe bonds, which increased the bonding strength between the composite components and expedited the transfer of photogenerated charge. More highly active oxygen species were produced, and a growing number of chemically active moieties (٠O2- and ٠OH) was generated in the photocatalytic reaction. LNFBY-1.00 demonstrated the best photocatalytic activity. A degradation rate of methyl orange of 99.03% was achieved after visible-light irradiation for 120 min, which decreased to 75.75% after five repeated uses, thereby indicating high stability and recycling ability. The photocatalytic LaNi0.95Fe0.05O3/muscovite composite material exhibited potential for application in environmental remediation practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attrition and breakage of agglomerates are prevalent during production and handling processes in many industries. Therefore, it is highly desirable to be able to model and analyse the agglomerate breakage process under various loading conditions. The ensemble strength and breakage patterns of agglomerates are still not well understood despite a significant amount of research being carried out. In this study, three-dimensional discrete element method (DEM) simulation of the impact breakage behaviour of agglomerates were performed using a Timoshenko beam bond model which considers axial, shear, twisting and bending behaviours on the bonds. An advantage of the Timoshenko beam bond model is the pertinent parameters of the bond contact have clear physical meaning and therefore could be determined through corresponding experimental characterisations. The mechanical properties of the bonds in this study were firstly calibrated using experimental measurements. The validation of the Timoshenko beam bond model was then undertaken by direct comparisons between the numerical simulation and experimental results of impact tests. It was shown that the time evolution of the agglomerate breakage process obtained from simulation had good agreement with experimental observations. Numerical results indicate that most of the damage happens at the early stage of the impact and a cone shape fracture zone is formed quickly inside the agglomerate where strong compressive stresses are concentrated. It is found that the exterior of the fracture zone is surrounded by an arch shape tensile stress which dominates the fracture propagation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Inorganic Chemicals Industry is the property of Editorial Office of Inorganic Chemicals Industry and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Non-slagging entrained flow gasification provides a number of advantages for gasification of high-ash-fusion-temperature (AFT) coals in comparison with the traditional slagging gasification. To further explore the gasification characteristics of high-AFT coals and determine the gasification condition for non-slagging entrained flow gasification, a typical Chinese high-AFT Huainan (HN) coal is gasified in an isothermal thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) at temperatures between 1100 and 1500 °C with CO2 partial pressure range from 4.5 × 104 to 7.5 × 104 Pa. Volumetric model (VM), shrinking core model (SCM) and random pore model (RPM) are used to fit the experimental data for determining the kinetics. Results show that the gasification reactivity of HN coal char increases with the increase in temperature, the activation energy is around 80 kJ·mol−1, and the reaction order is 0.96, 0.78 and 0.69 with respect to VM, SCM and RPM, respectively. For all the investigated conditions, the RPM model better fits the experimental results. Thermogravimetry–differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC) and scanning electron microscopy–energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM–EDX) technologies are applied to examine the ash fusibility of HN coal. The apparent ash fusion behavior is observed around the temperature of 1300 °C due to the partial melting of fayalite and almandite. To minimize ash fusion and coal ash agglomeration, a temperature of 1200 °C is suggested for non-slagging gasifying HN coal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cyanobacteria are considered as green nano-factories. Manipulation of the size of biogenic silver nanoparticles is needed to produce particles that suit the different applications such as the use as antibacterial agents. The present study attempts to manipulate the size of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles produced by cyanobacteria and to test the different-sized nanoparticles against pathogenic clinical bacteria. Methods: Cyanothece-like. coccoid unicellular cyanobacterium was tested for its ability to biosynthesize nanosilver particles of different sizes. A stock solution of silver nitrate was prepared from which three different concentrations were added to cyanobacterial culture. UV-visible spectroscopy and FTIR were conducted to characterize the silver nanoparticles produced in the cell free filtrate. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) was performed to determine the size of the nanoparticles produced at each concentration. The antimicrobial bioassays were conducted on broad host methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and Streptococcus sp., was conducted to detect the nanoparticle size that was most efficient as an antimicrobial agent. Results. The UV-Visible spectra showed excellent congruence of the plasmon peak characteristic of nanosilver at 450 nm for all three different concentrations, varying peak heights were recorded according to the concentration used. The FTIR of the three solutions revealed the absence of characteristic functional groups in the solution. All three concentrations showed spectra at 1636 and 2050–2290 nm indicating uniformity of composition. Moreover, DLS analysis revealed that the silver nanoparticles produced with lowest concentration of precursor AgNO3 had smallest size followed by those resulting from the higher precursor concentration. The nanoparticles resulting from highest concentration of precursor AgNO3 were the biggest in size and tending to agglomerate when their size was above 100 nm. The three types of differently-sized silver nanoparticles were used against two bacterial pathogenic strains with broad host range; MRSA-(Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) and Streptococcus sp. The three types of nanoparticles showed antimicrobial effects with the smallest nanoparticles being the most efficient in inhibiting bacterial growth. Discussion: Nanosilver particles biosynthesized by Cyanothece-like cyanobacterium can serve as antibacterial agent against pathogens including multi-drug resistant strains. The most appropriate nanoparticle size for efficient antimicrobial activity had to be identified. Hence, size-manipulation experiment was conducted to find the most effective size of nanosilver particles. This size manipulation was achieved by controlling the amount of starting precursor. Excessive precursor material resulted in the agglomeration of the silver nanoparticles to a size greater than 100 nm. Thereby decreasing their ability to penetrate into the inner vicinity of microbial cells and consequently decreasing their antibacterial potency. Conclusion: Antibacterial nanosilver particles can be biosynthesized and their size manipulated by green synthesis. The use of biogenic nanosilver particles as small as possible is recommended to obtain effective antibacterial agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultralong hydroxyapatite nanofibers (UHANFs) have received much more attention and been widely used in recent years for their inherent size‐dependent properties. However, the intrinsic agglomeration and brittleness of this material limited its application in some aspects. To overcome the agglomeration of UHANFs and instability of the molding slurry, a model was established inspired by the zeta potential and DLVO theory. The model was of utmost importance to provide a theoretical basis to link potential changes and material properties, and the most desirable state was achieved when the solid content was 2 wt%. In addition, the composites of UHANFs and organics could resolve part of the brittleness problem. Herein, we proposed a simple and environment‐friendly approach to manufacturing the biomimetic UHANFs/(chitosan‐gelatin) composite films. The synthesized products with different proportions of UHANFs were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), swelling, and mechanical studies. The results showed that the ratio of UHANFs to organic matter had a profound influence on the combination properties of the composites. When the UHANFs content reached 70% in the films, the tensile strength and Young's modulus were 66.7% and 70.5% higher than that of samples containing 80% UHANFs. The respectable biological and mechanical properties of these films made them have the potential application in bone defect repair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the performance of a high-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (HT-PEMFC) was modeled using literature data. The paper attempted to combine different sources from the literature to find trends in the degradation mechanisms of HT-PEMFCs. The model focused on the activation and ohmic losses. The activation losses were defined as a function of both Pt agglomeration and loss of catalyst material. The simulations revealed that the loss of electrochemical active surface area (ECSA) was a major contributor to the total voltage loss. The ohmic losses were defined as a function of changes of acid doping level in time. The loss of conductivity increased significantly on a percentage basis over time, but its impact on the overall voltage degradation was fairly low. It was found that the evaporation of phosphoric acid caused the ohmic overpotential to increase, especially at temperatures above 180 °C. Therefore, higher temperatures can lead to shorter lifetimes but increase the average power output over the lifetime of the fuel cell owing to a higher performance at higher temperatures. The lifetime prognosis was also made at different operating temperatures. It was shown that while the fuel cell performance increased linearly with increasing temperature at the beginning of its life, the voltage decay rate increased exponentially with an increasing temperature. Based on an analysis of the voltage decay rate and lifetime prognosis, the operating temperature range between 160 °C and 170 °C could be said to be optimal, as there was a significant increase in performance compared to lower operating temperatures without too much penalty in terms of lifetime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a nano-carbon material with excellent properties, Graphene oxide (GO) has been widely used in cement-based materials, and the negative effect of paste workability caused by GO agglomeration has also been widely concerning. In this study, a polycarboxylate-silane modified graphene oxide composite (PSG) was prepared by coupling polycarboxylate molecules to the surface of graphene oxide (GO) via a reaction with vinyl triethoxysilane. The effects of GO and PSG on the cement paste and the mechanisms underpinning these effects were investigated using fluidity and rheological parameter measurements, and ion concentration and zeta potential analyses. It was found that, in the aqueous phase of the paste, the polycarboxylate molecular chains on the surface of the PSG complexed with calcium ions (Ca2+), thereby preventing Ca2+ from bridging the GO sheets, and thus stabilizing the surface potential and the electrostatic repulsion. This prevented the PSG from forming an agglomerate structure such as that formed by GO under the same conditions, thereby substantially enhancing workability of paste with nano-carbon material. This study provides some new foundations and ideas for the further application of graphene oxide materials in cement-based materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Clean Coal Technology is the property of Clean Coal Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Iraqi Journal of Physics is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Briquetting is a process in which fine materials unsuitable for use as such are agglomerated to achieve a larger particle size. Auger pressing is a novel briquetting method to efficiently improve the recycling of by-products from iron and steelmaking. The high-temperature properties of auger pressing briquettes mainly consisting of blast furnace sludge and mill scale were evaluated. The aim was to determine the suitability of the briquettes for blast furnace (BF) ironmaking by studying the reduction, swelling, and cracking behavior using a laboratory-scale furnace. The blast furnace simulator (BFS) capable of performing non-isothermal reduction experiments with changing gas compositions was used to simulate the different stages of reduction up to 1100 °C in an atmosphere with N2, CO, and CO2 gases. A commercial olivine pellet and a conventional industrial BF briquette were used as reference samples. The sample weight losses were monitored by thermogravimetry, swelling as a change in the volume, and cracking by visual inspection. The samples were analyzed using microscopes and an elemental analyzer. Based on the BFS experiments, the briquettes proved to be a promising raw material for BF use. They were of a self-reducing quality due to their carbon content and showed reduction to metallic iron faster compared to the reference samples. The swelling was slight, and despite the minor cracking the structure of the briquettes did not degrade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Archives of Civil Engineering (Polish Academy of Sciences) is the property of Polish Academy of Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose. To determine the granulometric composition of technogenic raw materials for agglomeration by the adhesive-chemical method. This approach allows for determining the optimal particle size distribution for obtaining the prepared agglomerated fuel, which has the form of cylindrical rods with a diameter of 30 mm and a length of 50–200 mm. Methodology. The granulometric composition of technogenic raw materials was determined using sieve and sedimentation analyses. 38 representative samples of carbon-containing raw materials were subjected to the investigation. Findings. The sieve analysis results of representative samples of coal sludge and culms are presented; their graphical characteristics is given. Sieve analysis of the granulometric composition of samples of carbon-containing raw materials and sedimentation analysis of solid fuel samples with a fraction of fewer than 50 microns is carried out. It has been established that all samples with sizes of more than 5–6 mm should be subjected to further grinding. Originality. For the first time, studies and comparative analysis of granulometric compositions of technogenic raw materials have been realized, which allows for a reasonable approach to obtaining composite fuel from carbon-containing wastes by the adhesive-chemical method, using various compositions of components. Practical value. The results can process technogenic raw materials to get agglomerated fuel of specified parameters by the adhesive-chemical method and other processing areas, including using carbon-containing waste from various productions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of a study of heavy metals in snow and groundwater within the industrially developed Arkhangelsk agglomeration, which is the largest among urban formations in the Arctic zone of Russia. This article describes the results of research on the territories of three suburban community garden plots used by residents of the cities of the Arkhangelsk, Severodvinsk and Novodvinsk agglomeration for recreation, growing fruits and vegetables, picking wild berries and mushrooms, and short-term residence. In groundwater samples taken from wells, the average concentrations of heavy metals decrease in the following order: Fe > Mn > Zn > Cr > Ni > Cu > Ti > V > Pb > U > As > Co > Mo > Sb > Cd. A comparison of metal concentrations in groundwater with WHO and SanPiN standards showed that only Fe and Mn exceeded the permissible limits, for the rest of the studied metals, the concentrations were significantly below the permissible limits. The study of heavy metals in the snow showed a similar order of decrease in concentrations to groundwater and total concentrations of soluble metal fractions. This fact indicates the migration of heavy metals into groundwater after the spring snowmelt and the fact the main source of groundwater pollution is the atmospheric channel. According to the values of the total areal pollution of the snow cover with heavy metals, the most polluted are suburban garden plots in the area of the Arkhangelsk city - 216.91 mg/m2. The results of the principal component analysis showed that the main sources of snow cover pollution with heavy metals in the suburban areas of the Arkhangelsk agglomeration were thermal power plants, machine-building and metallurgical plants, a solid waste landfill, and vehicles. The calculation of the heavy metal pollution index for water did not reveal a significant anthropogenic impact. However, the indices assessing the amount of metals (heavy metal evaluation index), toxicity (heavy metal toxicity load), non-carcinogenic risk (hazard index), and carcinogenic risk indicate a high level of heavy metal pollution of the studied waters, as well as the unsuitability of groundwater and melted snow as drinking water. Metals such as Fe, Mn, Ni, Cu, and Pb make the greatest contribution to the quality indices of the studied waters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, nanotechnology is referred to be one of the attractive research sectors in several countries because of its vast potential and commercial impact. Nanotechnology includes the investigation, development, fabrication, and processing of structures and materials on a nanoscale in various fields of science, health care, agriculture, technology, and industries. As such, it has provided a steady restructuring of related technologies. The aim of this review is a critical analysis of the present phase of knowledge concerning the synthesis, application, and limitation of Ag/Bentonite and ZnO/Bentonite nanocomposites. In this review paper, more than 50 articles were reviewed on Ag/Bentonite and ZnO/Bentonite nanocomposites (NCs) along with their applications and using the clay as supporting materials for those metals in the reduction of agglomeration. Besides, a few of the groundbreaking applications of nanomaterials for different areas like in catalytic activity, photocatalytic activity, antibacterial activity, and wastewater treatments have been reviewed. Their synthesis methods and characterization tools are also discussed. From their synthesis methods, green synthesis was more efficient. Moreover, the unique characteristics and applications of those NCs, their challenges for their applications, especially their drawback has been discussed and implications has been drawn. So concerns have to be given about the transport, destiny, and transformation of those nanocomposites discharged into the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air pollution is increasing in the context of uncontrolled emissions from human activities, mostly from industry, transportation and agriculture. Urban agglomerations concentrate most environmental pollution sources, given the high population density and their needs of transportation and energy, both of electrical and thermal types, along with huge quantities of wastes, whose improper management leads to heavy pollutant emissions in atmosphere, but also to pollutant leakage in waters and soil. In general, in each country, at least in Europe, the capital is the most populated city, which also concentrates important industrial sites, leading to poor air quality. This affects the population both on short and long term. Studies have shown that air pollution even induces chronic diseases, not only of respiratory-type, but also of the heart, up till reducing life expectancy. When dealing with urban air pollution, one must also consider the physical-geographical conditions, which may accentuate or, on the contrary, may diminish pollution through an intense air circulation, thus dispersing pollutants. A selection of European capitals was chosen for the study presented here, as related to their air quality which was monitored for short term within the peak of the recent pandemic, in order to have a view and even a reference of the expected reduced pollution status as compared to the normal urban life conditions. The chosen capitals were: Paris, Berlin, Bucharest and Skopje, which are well-spread geographically across Europe and also have different economic statuses, along with different landscape conditions and climate influences, making them appropriate for comparison, differences being expected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alkali metal compounds are released during the thermal conversion of biofuels and fossil fuels and have a major impact on the efficiency of conversion processes. Herein, we describe a novel method for the simultaneous characterization of alkali release and mass loss from materials used in combustion and gasification processes including solid fuels, fluidized bed materials, and catalysts for gas reforming. The method combines the thermogravimetric analysis of selected samples with the on-line measurement of alkali release using a surface ionization detector. The technique builds on the careful treatment of alkali processes during transport from a sample to the downstream alkali monitor including the losses of alkali in the molecular form to hot walls, the formation of nanometer-sized alkali-containing particles during the cooling of exhaust gases, aerosol particle growth, and diffusion losses in sampling tubes. The performance of the setup was demonstrated using biomass samples and fluidized bed material from an industrial process. The emissions of alkali compounds during sample heating and isothermal conditions were determined and related to the simultaneous thermogravimetric analysis. The methodology was concluded to provide new evidence regarding the behavior of alkali in key processes including biomass pyrolysis and gasification and ash interactions with fluidized beds. The implications and further improvements of the technique are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthesizing biochar from mineral- and ash-rich waste biomass (MWB), a by-product of human activities in urban areas, can result in renewable and versatile multi-functional materials, which can also cater to the need of solid waste management. Hybridizing biochar with minerals, silicates, and metals is widely investigated to improve parent functionalities. MWB intrinsically possesses such foreign materials. The pyrolysis of such MWB is kinetically complex and requires detailed investigation. Using TGA-FTIR, this study investigates and compares the kinetics and decomposition mechanism during pyrolysis of three types of MWB: (i) mineral-rich banana peduncle (BP), (ii) ash-rich sewage sludge (SS), and (iii) mineral and ash-rich anaerobic digestate (AD). The results show that the pyrolysis of BP, SS, and AD is exothermic, catalyzed by its mineral content, with heat of pyrolysis 5480, 4066, and 1286 kJ/kg, respectively. The pyrolysis favors char formation kinetics mainly releasing CO2 and H2O. The secondary tar reactions initiate from ≈318 °C (BP), 481 °C (SS), and 376 °C (AD). Moreover, negative apparent activation energies are intrinsic to their kinetics after 313 °C (BP), 448 °C (SS), and 339 °C (AD). The results can support in tailoring and controlling sustainable biochar synthesis from slow pyrolysis of MWB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ceramic/polymer nanocomposites have been extensively explored for dielectric capacitor application due to their high energy storage performance and ease of processing, flexibility, and low cost. However, improving compatibility between inorganic and organic materials is of great significance and has been a long‐standing challenge. In this work, the polymer surfactant Pluronic™ F127 was employed to perform surface modification of BaTiO3 through a facile solution process. The compatibility between BaTiO3 nanoparticles and P (VDF‐HFP) can be remarkably strengthened by the affinity between F127 polymer chains and the organic matrix. Structural defects such as pores, cracks, and agglomeration of inorganic particles were obviously reduced, and interfacial polarization has been significantly enhanced. The discharged energy density Ud and charge–discharge efficiency η reach up to 5.0 J/cm3 and 58.1% under the breakdown strength of 3740 kV/cm for the nanocomposite containing 1 vol% BT@F127. These dielectric properties are clearly better than the nanocomposite using unmodified BT, as well as similar hybrids reported previously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Attapulgite (ATP) disaggregated by a ball milling–freezing process was used to support Fe/Ni bimetallic nanoparticles (nFe/Ni) to obtain a composite material of D-ATP-nFe/Ni for the dechlorination degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), thus improving the problem of agglomeration and oxidation passivation of nanoscale zero-valent iron (nFe) in the dechlorination degradation of chlorinated organic compounds. The results show that Fe/Ni nanoparticle clusters were dispersed into single spherical particles by the ball milling–freezing-disaggregated attapulgite, in which the average particle size decreased from 423.94 nm to 54.51 nm, and the specific surface area of D-ATP-nFe /Ni (97.10 m2/g) was 6.9 times greater than that of nFe/Ni (14.15 m2/g). Therefore, the degradation rate of 2,4-DCP increased from 81.9% during ATP-nFe/Ni application to 96.8% during D-ATP-nFe/Ni application within 120 min, and the yield of phenol increased from 57.2% to 86.1%. Meanwhile, the reaction rate Kobs of the degradation of 2,4-DCP by D-ATP-nFe/Ni was 0.0277 min−1, which was higher than that of ATP-nFe/Ni (0.0135 min−1). In the dechlorination process of 2,4-DCP by D-ATP-nFe/Ni, the reaction rate for the direct dechlorination of 2,4-DCP of phenol (k5 = 0.0156 min−1) was much higher than that of 4-chlorophenol (4-CP, k2 = 0.0052 min−1) and 2-chlorophenol (2-CP, k1 = 0.0070 min−1), which suggests that the main dechlorination degradation pathway for the removal of 2,4-DCP by D-ATP-nFe/Ni was directly reduced to phenol by the removal of two chlorine atoms. In the secondary pathway, the removal of one chlorine atom from 2,4-DCP to generate 2-CP or 4-CP as intermediate was the rate controlling step. The final dechlorination product (phenol) was obtained when the dechlorination rate accelerated with the progress of the reaction. This study contributes to the broad topic of organic pollutant treatment by the application of clay minerals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different current reasons, like global warming due to greenhouse gases and high energy prices, creates the necessity to make the heating systems in large cities more efficient. The present paper presents a real situation for an urban agglomeration, regarding the transition from a centralized heating system to a decentralized one. Two types of decentralized possibilities are discussed and analyzed taking into account especially the CO2 emissions, during several recent years. In this respect, a calculus of CO2 emissions from the former heating system, compared to the present heating systems is also presented and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymer electrode materials are often poorly soluble in liquid organic electrolytes of lithium‐ion batteries, yet they suffer from issues of severe agglomeration and complicated synthesis processes, which hinder their practical applications. Herein, spherical cross‐linked quinone‐amine polymer nanoparticles (denoted as PQANPs) are synthesized through a facile precipitation polymerization, which can effectively address the agglomeration problems of polymer electrode materials. The cross‐linking degrees of polymers and diameters of PQANPs can be facilely tuned by adjusting the feed ratios of p‐benzoquinone to 3,3′‐diaminobenzidine. The optimized PQANP demonstrates excellent electrochemical performance with an ultrafast rate capability of 25 A g−1 and an ultralong cycle life of 20 000 cycles, which exceed all benzoquinone‐based polymer electrode materials reported in the literature. The findings offer an efficient and convenient strategy for high‐performance nanostructured polymer electrode materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stable dispersion of graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets in cementitious environments has been remained an acute challenge in cement mortar nanocomposites. In this work, chitosan (CS) biopolymer is grafted onto GO nanosheets to improve their dispersion stability in the cementitious medium and overcome the agglomeration issue. The dispersion behavior of nanosheets is evaluated by visual observation, UV–vis spectroscopy, and zeta potential measurements. It is demonstrated that the amount of CS added to GO grafting reaction mixture controls the stability of nanosheets, and the nanosheets modified by the addition of 5 wt% CS in the grafting reaction mixture (GO‐CS5) show the highest stability in the medium. A conceptual model is proposed to interpret the role of CS, as a strong metal chelating agent, on the agglomeration behavior of GO nanosheets. Moreover, the addition of GO‐CS5 to cement mortar leads to lower fluidity loss while maintaining mechanical strength compared to the addition of GO due to better dispersion and interfacial interactions of GO‐CS5 in cement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we attempted to eliminate atmospheric fog and aerosol particles by strong sound waves. The action of sound waves created an air disturbance, and the oscillation of the local air caused the micron-sized aerosol droplet particles to move. To provide guidance of the characteristics of the effective sound waves, this study numerically simulated aerosol droplet agglomeration under the action of sound waves, which was solved by coupling computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and discrete element methods (DEMs) as a typical two-phase flow problem in this study. The movements of aerosol droplet particles were simulated, as well as their agglomeration. The evolution process of the average particle size and the number of multimers were obtained, and the influence of different sound frequencies, sound pressure level (SPL), and particle spacing on agglomeration were studied. It was found that the promotion effect of low-frequency sound waves on aerosol droplet agglomeration was significantly higher than that of high-frequency sound waves, and the sound wave promotion effect of high SPLs was better than that of low SPL. In addition, the concept of the average agglomeration time required to quantify the acoustic agglomeration speed was proposed, and it was found to be positively correlated with sound frequency and particle spacing, while being negatively correlated with SPL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The low‐low temperature electrostatic precipitator (LLT‐ESP) has been applied in many power plants to improve the emission performance. In this study, a number of fix‐bed experiments were conducted, which simulated the operation condition of LLT‐ESP. The effect of chemical composition on the adsorption characteristics of ash samples and the agglomeration after adsorption were studied. The results show that the agglomeration of ash particles occurs in three forms, including agglomeration among small particles, adhesion of loose pellets to large particles, and agglomeration among large particles. The capacity of ash particles to adsorb sulphuric acid is less affected by the increase of added amounts of NaCl or KCl. At the same time, the added amount of NaCl or KCl also has little effect on the agglomeration degree of ash particles. The addition of MgO, CaO, Fe2O3, Na2CO3, or K2CO3 from 0% to 13.3%, 22.4%, 23.9%, 18.4%, or 14.2%, promotes the adsorption of sulphuric acid by ash particles from 1.95 mg g−1 to 7.33, 7.71, 6.72, 5.1, or 5.44 mg g−1 (based on sulphur content), respectively, thereby promoting the agglomeration between ash particles. As the addition amount increases, the agglomeration phenomenon among particles becomes more conspicuous. The form of agglomeration changes from agglomeration among small particles to agglomeration among large particles. In addition, the addition of MgO or CaO has great influence on the adsorption and agglomeration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The formation of dust particles in low-pressure plasmas is a 3-step process. The first one corresponds to nucleation and growth of nanoparticles by chain reactions between ions and gas molecules, the second one is agglomeration of the nanoparticles to form larger particles, and finally, the particles grow by radical deposition on their surfaces. In this work, the nucleation time for carbon dust particles was studied in low pressure acetylene/argon radio frequency (RF) plasmas. Since the self-bias voltage on a powered electrode was drastically affected by the transition from the nucleation to the agglomeration phases, the nucleation time was measured by observing the self-bias voltage time evolution. The nucleation time increases with the gas temperature and decreases when the gas pressure and the RF power are increased. A kinetic model, involving balance between diffusion and charging times of the nanoparticles as well as the chain reactions, is used to explain the exponential dependence of the nucleation time on the gas temperature. The balance between the times was especially indispensable to get good agreement between the model and the experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single-phase Ba1.5Sr1.5Co2Fe24O41 (Ba1.5Sr1.5Z) hexaferrite flakes were synthesized using a two-step grain growth process, involving a calcination process and molten salt synthesis. Geometric parameters such as aspect ratio and the degree of agglomeration can be controlled by tuning this calcination-molten salt method. The morphological evolution of the flakes was explained using the concept of mixed-control grain growth, i.e., a combination of diffusion for growth and interface reactions, which is a growth mechanism for a faceted interface. The single-phase Ba1.5Sr1.5Z flake particle with high aspect ratio turned out to be a good candidate of soft magnetic inclusion, through an investigation of the correlation between material composition, magnetic behavior, and particle morphology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the impact of digital economy on urban venture capital (VC) networks constructed from 44,122 inter-city VC events involving 285 cities in China from 2011 to 2019. Specifically, digital infrastructure, digital industry development, digital innovation capacity and digital inclusive finance are identified as four critical dimensions of digital economy. Further, panel regressions reveal that digital economy plays a pivotal role in facilitating the flow of VC resources, and thus positively influencing the agglomeration, radiation, and intermediation of cities embedded in the inter-city VC networks. Further, the results show heterogeneity in the focal impact of digital economy. First, it is stronger in central cities. Second, it follows an inverted-U shape, with the maximum effect observed at approximately 550 km distance between start-ups and investment centers. Third, digital economy has a stronger impact at the seed and start-up stages than at the expansion and maturity stages. These findings have implications for policy-making concerning the development of digital economy and the strategic planning of urban VC networks. • Study on digital economys impact on Chinas urban VC networks 2011-2019. • Identifies four key digital economy dimensions for urban VC. • Digital economy boosts VC flow agglomeration and city network roles. • Impact varies strongest in central cities and at early venture stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Circulating fluidized bed boiler is environmentally friendly technology in power generation. However, agglomeration related operational standard has not been established yet. As a basis of establishing standard, the fixed bed agglomeration mechanism of bed inventory was investigated. The melting temperature reduction occurred with induced change of alkali metal compositions. The melting temperature reduction result in viscous surface on particles and ease of being agglomerated. The temperature reduction appeared more clearly in silica sand than bottom ash. This was caused by the high SiO 2 composition of the sand and alkali silica reaction occurred because activated alkali compositions were reacted with SiO 2 forming alkali silicates. Further analyses of agglomerates produced in bubbling fluidized bed reactor were conducted. The expected agglomeration effect has similar trend with melting temperature reduction. And the agglomeration effect appeared more in silica sand because of high SiO 2 composition and sodium was more effective in forming agglomerates than potassium. Therefore, bottom ash can replace silica sand as bed material in CFB boiler. And sodium composition must be managed more strictly than potassium composition. • Bed material compositional change during fluidized bed combustion process. • Viscosity and agglomeration by melting point reduction with alkali metal. • Effect of agglomeration compared in compositions on fluidized bed condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermochemical conversion of CO 2 in biomass gasification is a promising technology for utilizing CO 2 as a feedstock to produce a CO-rich gas. Simultaneous decomposition reactions of biomass and various gas-solid and gas-gas reactions form the product gas in this process. The overlap in sub-processes makes it challenging to assess the conversion of feedstock CO 2 with common methods like mass balancing. This work introduces stable carbon isotope ratio analysis (δ13C) to identify the sourcing of carbonaceous product gas components and determine the conversion of CO 2. This methodology is applied to evaluate experiments conducted for one hour of continuous operation in a lab-scale fluidized bed gasifier. Softwood pellets and wood char are used as fuel, with Olivine as a bed material, a target heating temperature of 1000 °C and atmospheric pressure. Product gas with more than 80 vol% CO was generated when wood char was used as fuel. Stable carbon isotope measurements show that CO 2 is converted at 48–93% in this process, underpinning the position of biomass CO 2 gasification as carbon capture and utilization technology. These results were up to 25% higher than suggested by mass balancing, with higher discrepancies at lower CO 2 conversions when using softwood as fuel. Therefore, stable carbon isotope ratio measurement can be a valuable tool for improving the process understanding of biomass CO 2 gasification. The results can be used for carbon accounting and the technical development of gasifiers with high CO 2 utilization efficiency. [Display omitted] • Carbon from CO 2 and fuel was differentiated by stable carbon isotope analysis. • Up to 93% of feedstock CO 2 was converted to CO by gasification with biomass. • The product gas is rich in carbon monoxide with a reduction potential of up to 14. • Up to 50% of carbon monoxide in product gas comes from CO 2 utilization. • This method can be used for carbon accounting or process development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]