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This study examined the time series analysis of the Stability of Pakistan Economy and IMF Deals" from 1992 to 2021. The data utilized in this research is secondary, and we gather it from the source's World Bank and Economics survey of Pakistan. Logistic regression and Autoregressive distribution lags methods applied to determine the economic factors compelling Pakistan to continue relying on the IMF and establish a link between IMF loans and Pakistan's economy. Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Imports to Exports Ratio (IMPEX), Reserves (RES), Current account balance (CUR), Total debt service (TDS), Primary Deficit (PD), Government final consumption expenditure (GOV), Tax revenue (TR) and Governance (AVGGI) has been statistically significant impact on the IMF deals with Pakistan government in logistic regression model and Autoregressive distribution lags ARDL. We find that policy actions to increase tax revenue, decrease government expenditures, decrease imports, the exports ratio and adjust the exchange rate are essential considerations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During a minor geomagnetic storm occurring from Aug 2 (day‐of‐year (DOY) 214) to Aug 4 (DOY 216), 2021, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Global‐scale Observations of the Limb and Disk (GOLD) mission observed different column density ratio of O to N2 (ΣO/N2) variations in storm main and recovery phases. The percentage difference of ΣO/N2 between DOY 215 (disturbed day, main phase) and DOY 213 (quiet reference day) exhibits a depletion on the east side of the GOLD field‐of‐view (FOV). However, that of ΣO/N2 between DOY 216 (recovery phase) and 213 shows depletions on the west side of GOLD FOV. The National Center for Atmospheric Research Thermosphere Ionosphere Electrodynamics General Circulation Model qualitatively reproduced the observations. Analysis of the model output illustrates that the ΣO/N2 patterns in the two days are both formed due to the classical thermospheric composition theory and formed on DOY 214 and 215, respectively. Further investigation found that the ΣO/N2 depletion on DOY 214 and 215 both initially formed near 120–180°E, but the one on DOY 215 then quickly moved westward into the GOLD FOV, from local post‐midnight to pre‐midnight, near 19 UT. Then it moves equatorward and slowly westward. This results in the observed depletion structure on the west side of GOLD FOV. Model simulations show that the quick westward movement near 19 UT is due to the dominant positive Interplanetary Magnetic Field east‐west component (By) conditions. Key Points: GOLD observed two different ∑O/N2 variations during the main and recovery phase of a minor geomagnetic storm on August 3–4Numerical simulations illustrate that these two different patterns originated in almost the same longitude ranges and local midnightThe quick westward motion of ∑O/N2 depletion due to strong westward wind under dominant Interplanetary Magnetic Field By results in GOLD observed different patterns [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research article addresses the question “What are the impacts of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) on the economy of Pakistan”. Here a matter of concern is whether the IMF program has an overall positive impact on the growth of the economy of Pakistan or has just increased the debt burden. Positive impacts include solving the issue of balance of payment, stabilizing the foreign exchange reservoirs, bringing improvement in its exports, and providing money for imports. The negative impacts included the devaluation of Pakistani currency, increased burden of foreign debt, increased excise duties, discouraged investment, and dictate Pakistan in controlling the stock exchange. A qualitative research approach is utilized to examine the impacts of the IMF on the economy of Pakistan. It has been observed from the study that IMF has both positive and negative impacts on the economy of Pakistan. This study explores and analyses in detail the impacts of IMF loans on economic stabilization processes in Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Korean economy achieved rapid economic growth with equal income distribution for over three decades until the late 1990s when, in 1997, a financial crisis occurred. Mainstream economists and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) attributed this crisis to the problem of East Asian crony capitalism. The Korean government accepted this perspective and implemented neoliberal economic restructuring and financial opening after the crisis. However, James Crotty argued that the crisis in Korea was a result of haphazard financial opening and the withdrawal of state intervention. Most importantly, he extensively criticized the post-crisis economic reform in Korea imposed by the IMF. He believed that it would lead to lower economic growth and higher inequality, and he advised Koreans to oppose it. This article examines Crotty's argument about the Korean economy and how the latter changed in the 21st century. JEL classification: F34, H12, O19, O53 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The theory of international regime complexity that frames this study specifies expectations for international cooperation stemming from different combinations of hierarchy and differentiation among institutions in regime complexes. This paper compares relationships between regional financial arrangements and the International Monetary Fund in the regional complexes for crisis finance in East Asia, Latin America, and the euro area during 2000-2019 and tests these expectations. Creditor states that sit at the nexus between global and regional institutions are particularly influential in the choice of architecture (the combination of hierarchy and differentiation) for these complexes but are constrained by arrangements inherited from previous decades. Once chosen, the complex's architecture in turn shapes policy adjustment in borrowing countries and influences whether states pursue regime shifting or competitive regime creation when dissatisfied with institutions. These findings generally coincide with expectations, but exceed the degree of policy adjustment that the core theory expected for the euro area. Interinstitutional collaboration, the dynamics of which are elaborated, fills this explanatory gap. The paper concludes that relations among institutions are essential for understanding the outcomes and evolution of regime complexes and underpin a more complete explanation than provided by singular institutionalism, the power-gap hypothesis and other alternative approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of global debt distress is a matter of great concern, not just for the affected developing countries but also for developed countries and international organisations. According to the United Nations Development Program (2022), 54 developing economies are currently grappling with severe debt problems. During the period of 2020 to 2022 Ghana, Zambia, and Sri Lanka, representing the African and Asian regions, have found themselves in dire financial straits. This study aims to discover the common and specific reasons that led to the mounting debt crises in these three countries. The study describes the tax revenue challenges and governance issues, middle income trap and China's role in debt restructuring discussions as common challenges apart from country specific challenges. Timely discussions with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and expedited agreements with creditors, and updated debt restructuring mechanisms are drawn to attention in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using data for 110 countries and GMM estimations, we examine the effects of IMF programs on economic growth. In addition to the traditional focus on the effects of program participation, program type, and the size of IMF loans on growth, using the unique dataset MONA (Monitoring of Fund Arrangements), we add the novel angle of program compliance to the analysis by constructing compliance and noncompliance performance measures. Our empirical results indicate that IMF program participation, general conditionality, and having concessional programs do not have any significant growth effect. With respect to program compliance, compliance with fiscal balance and BOP/reserve conditions does not affect growth rates, whereas compliance with external debt, short-term debt, total domestic credit, and credit to government/public sector conditions contribute to growth. Therefore, our empirical results strongly indicate that compliance matters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photovoltaic (PV) power fluctuates with weather changes, and traditional forecasting methods typically decompose the power itself to study its characteristics, ignoring the impact of multidimensional weather conditions on the power decomposition. Therefore, this paper proposes a short-term PV power generation method based on MVMD (multivariate variational mode decomposition) feature extraction and the Informer model. First, MIC correlation analysis is used to extract weather features most related to PV power. Next, to more comprehensively describe the relationship between PV power and environmental conditions, MVMD is used for time–frequency synchronous analysis of the PV power time series combined with the highest MIC correlation weather data, obtaining frequency-aligned multivariate intrinsic modes. These modes incorporate multidimensional weather factors into the data-decomposition-based forecasting method. Finally, to enhance the model’s learning capability, the Informer neural network model is employed in the prediction phase. Based on the input PV IMF time series and associated weather mode components, the Informer prediction model is constructed for training and forecasting. The predicted results of different PV IMF modes are then superimposed to obtain the total PV power generation. Experiments show that this method improves PV power generation accuracy, with an MAPE value of 4.31%, demonstrating good robustness. In terms of computational efficiency, the Informer model’s ability to handle long sequences with sparse attention mechanisms reduces training and prediction times by approximately 15%, making it faster than conventional deep learning models.

According to the IMF, the current public debt makes up nearly 40 percent of the global debt, marking the highest share since the mid-1960s. Despite the vast research on alarming levels of sovereign default, the literature remains inconclusive. This paper investigates macroeconomic, financial, and political determinants of IMF credit use in the post-2010 era. The main contribution of our study lies in its temporal analysis as we investigate how the robustness of different factors has evolved. By utilizing an extensive dataset on 216 countries over the period of 2010–2021 and employing a variant of the Extreme Bounds Analysis (EBA) method, our study reveals that fluctuations in the IMF credit to external debt ratio can be attributed to changes in the total reserves to external debt ratio, where this relationship is statistically significant and reliable. However, high political risks seem to no longer affect the IMF’s decision, post 2010. Furthermore, our findings demonstrate that excluding countries with low debt arrears strengthens the results’ robustness. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the complexities surrounding IMF credit use in the contemporary global economic scene and offer new standpoints on the Fund’s lending choices.

This paper explores the reasons embedded in the original architecture of both the international trade and monetary regimes that determined different outcomes for both. It proposes that the original version of the Bretton Woods monetary regime showed faster its essential failures and basically had to be replaced as early as 1971, while the trade regime embodied in the GATT and later in the WTO managed to at least survive until present day. It posits that correspondence (or the lack of it) of the basic characteristics of the said regimes with the underlying political reality where the regimes would apply (in line with Ruggie´s depiction of «embedded liberalism») accounts for the differentiated outcomes. It explains that the international trade regime showed more flexible traits that allowed it to adjust to the underlying political and led to its survival. The lack of that adaptability element would likewise explain the early demise of the original Bretton woods scheme.

Infantile myofibromatosis is a rare myofibroblastic proliferative disorder characterized by firm, skin-colored to red-purple cutaneous and subcutaneous nodules; these are the most prevalent fibrous tumors observed in infancy. A premature male infant presented at birth with multiple subcutaneous firm skin-colored nodules measuring about 1-2cm each. Full body MRI and excisional biopsy of the right chest nodule confirmed the diagnosis. We review the case of infantile myofibromatosis and discuss its highly heterogeneous presentation and clinical course, as well as histopathology, genetic testing, and approaches to management.

(1) Background: Mandibular fractures are very common. Common indications of closed treatment for mandibular fractures are non-displaced or minimally displaced simple fractures in adult compliant patients with good dentition, the absence of occlusal disruption, and fractures in growing children. In closed treatment, the mandible is maintained in centric occlusion with a maxillomandibular fixation (MMF) with orthodontic elastics. Many methods of MMF have been described, often using orthodontic appliances. In recent years, CAD-CAM technology has improved many procedures used in maxillofacial surgery and orthodontics. The device we present is manufactured following a digital workflow, and was designed specifically for MMF. (2) Materials: Two patients with mandibular fractures were treated with an MMF method whose procedure comprised scanning of the dental arches, followed by construction of thermoformed splints on which buttons for the elastics and retention holes are made. The splints were fixed on the dental arches with composite resin at the level of the holes, and were kept in place for the period of healing of the fracture, with the intermaxillary elastics hooked to the buttons. (3) Results: The application time of the splints was very quick. The splints remained stable for the necessary time, without causing particular discomfort to the patients. (4) Conclusions: From our experience, this technique has proved to be reliable and reproducible and could represent a valid tool in the closed treatment of mandibular fractures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intramuscular fat (IMF) deposition is one of the most important factors affecting meat quality and is closely associated with the expression of carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1A (CPT1A) which facilitates the transfer of long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) into the mitochondria. However, the role of how CPT1A regulates the IMF formation remains unclear. Herein, we established the temporal expression profile of CPT1A during the differentiation of goat intramuscular precursor adipocytes. Functionally, the knockdown of CPT1A by siRNA treatment significantly increased the mRNA expression of adipogenic genes and promoted lipid deposition in goat intramuscular precursor adipocytes. Meanwhile, a CPT1A deficiency inhibited cell proliferation and promoted cell apoptosis significantly. CPT1A was then supported by the overexpression of CPT1A which significantly suppressed the cellular triglyceride deposition and promoted cell proliferation although the cell apoptosis also was increased. For RNA sequencing, a total of 167 differential expression genes (DEGs), including 125 upregulated DEGs and 42 downregulated DEGs, were observed after the RNA silencing of CPT1A compared to the control, and were predicted to enrich in the focal adhesion pathway, cell cycle, apoptosis and the MAPK signaling pathway by KEGG analysis. Specifically, blocking the MAPK signaling pathway by a specific inhibitor (PD169316) rescued the promotion of cell proliferation in CPT1A overexpression adipocytes. In conclusion, the expression variation of CPT1A may reconstruct the lipid distribution between cellular triglyceride deposition and cell proliferation in goat intramuscular precursor adipocyte. Furthermore, we demonstrate that CPT1A promotes the proliferation of goat adipocytes through the MAPK signaling pathway. This work widened the genetic regulator networks of IMF formation and delivered theoretical support for improving meat quality from the aspect of IMF deposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to develop a post-Keynesian interpretation and viewpoint of the required policies associated with the Greek financial crisis. The Troika, inspired by the book After the Washington Consensus, and with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) acting in a leading role, embraced austerity in their disbursement of funds. The imposed conditionalities induced a deep recession, created an unfathomable challenge for Greece to meet the conditionalities year after year, and resulted in a sequence of failed adjustment programs, one after the other. Scholars, students, and policymakers of the global financial crisis and international development will benefit from these findings because the subject is of current interest and uses Greece as a case study to speak to the ongoing debates about the imposed recession as an antidote to the global financial crisis. JEL Classification : B5, E60, E65 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The Huai pig is a well-known indigenous pig breed in China. The main advantages of Huai pigs over Western commercial pig breeds include a high intramuscular fat (IMF) content and good meat quality. There are significant differences in the meat quality traits of the same muscle part or different muscle parts of the same variety. To investigate the potential genetic mechanism underlying the meat quality differences in different pig breeds or muscle groups, longissimus dorsi (LD), psoas major (PM), and biceps femoris (BF) muscle tissues were collected from two pig breeds (Huai and Duroc). There were significant differences in meat quality traits and amino acid content. We assessed the muscle transcriptomic profiles using high-throughput RNA sequencing. The IMF content in the LD, PM, and BF muscles of Huai pigs was significantly higher than that in Duroc pigs (p < 0.05). Similarly, the content of flavor amino acids in the three muscle groups was significantly higher in Huai pigs than that in Duroc pigs (p < 0.05). We identified 175, 110, and 86 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the LD, PM, and BF muscles of the Huai and Duroc pigs, respectively. The DEGs of the different pig breeds and muscle regions were significantly enriched in the biological processes and signaling pathways related to muscle fiber type, IMF deposition, lipid metabolism, PPAR signaling, cAMP signaling, amino acid metabolism, and ECM–receptor interaction. Our findings might help improve pork yield by using the obtained DEGs for marker-assisted selection and providing a theoretical reference for evaluating and improving pork quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People must be well-informed on market swings in today's difficult economic times in order to cut excessive spending. Rising expenditures in a variety of sectors, including business, education, and healthcare can be burdensome for consumers, and accurate forecasting of household is necessary given the current technological innovation. The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is one of the statistical indicators used to estimate the changes in prices for commodities. Forecasting CPI can assist individuals in developing a plan for making decisions on their daily consumption. This study seeks to develop a SARIMA model for forecasting consumer price indices (CPI) in Tanzania by using data collected from International Monetary Fund (IMF) website from January 2010 to December 2022. Data were evaluated using time series methods such as time plots and stationarity tests. It was discovered that there is seasonality in the CPI index. However, a serial correlogram test was performed using a residual correlogram after which the variable was estimated using the SARIMA model and SARIMA (0, 1, 0) (1, 1, 1)12 was fitted to the time series variable. The residual analysis was explored and because almost all correlations are zero, the SARIMA (1,1,1) (0,1,2)12 model was appropriate for forecasting CPI index in Tanzania. Consumer price index was predicted for the next eighteen months and it has been observed that the trend of CPI is likely to increase in the next eighteen months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumer price index (CPI) is a socioeconomic statistic that tracks changes over time in the average price of consumer goods and services such as household purchases of fuel, transportation, food and so on that consumers buy, use, or pay for. The purchasing power of everyone is impacted by rising costs, especially if salaries stay the same. Our ability to purchase more things with our TZS reduces when the CPI increases more quickly than earnings, which has an impact on our cost of living. The aim of this study is to use the CPI monthly data from IMF website for the period from Jan 2010 to Dec 2022 to develop a forecasting model by using Holt Winter's approach. Holt Winter's model based on four equations and popularly known as Triple exponential smoothing is commonly used in forecasting data with trends and seasonality. Holt Winter's model is composed of four equations relating to level, trend, seasonal and forecast. The results revealed that the Holt winter's model with smoothing parameters, 0.9 for level, 0.12 for trend, and 0.03 for seasonal was the best model in forecasting Consumer Price Index. The CPI for Tanzania is predicted for the next eighteen months and it has been observed that the trend of CPI is likely to increase in the next eighteen months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IMF programlarının demokrasi üzerindeki etkisi, uluslararası örgütler yazınında sıklıkla tartışılan bir konudur. Bir müzakere sürecinde IMF’nin kendine ait bir gündemi varken, seçmenler de hükümete kendi tercihleriyle ilgili işaretler verir. Bu ikisi örtüştüğünde demokrasi etkilenmez fakat birbirlerinden farklı olduklarında demokrasi üzerindeki etkiler, borç alan hükümetin IMF karşısındaki göreli gücüne bağlıdır. Bu makale, IMF programlarının yerel temsili kurumlar üzerindeki etkisine odaklanmaktadır. Çalışmada, IMF etkisinin uç bir örneği olarak 2010-2015 yılları arasında uygulanan Yunanistan programları analiz edilmiş, eski bakanlar, parlamento temsilcileri ve Troyka yetkilileri ile yapılan mülakatlara yer verilmiştir. Yapılan analiz, borç alan hükümetin IMF karşısında zayıf olduğu ve iktidar partisi ile IMF arasında bir anlaşmazlık olduğu zaman, IMF programlarının demokratik kurumların temsili işlevini kısıtladığını iddia etmektedir. Bunun, 2010-2015 yılları arasında Yunanistan’da yaşandığı gibi, borç alan ülkelerde parti sistemleri ve demokrasinin geleceği üzerinde sağ ve sol popülist partilerin “egemenlik” ihlalinden yararlanarak yükselişi ve temsili kurumlara olan güvenin azalması gibi önemli etkileri vardır.

The article focuses on the evolution of the global financial architecture in the context of geopolitical challenges. It introduces the conceptual apparatus of the global financial architecture (GFA) in conjunction with the structure of the global financial system. It then substantiates the thesis of GFA structure transformation towards establishing a parallel control circuit — informal institutions (forums) acting in close coordination with international financial institutions with broad international legal competence and implementing “soft” regulation of GFA on the basis of international standards and codes. The position of the Russian Federation in GFA is identified, and a conclusion about Russia’s secondary position in MFA institutions is made. The direction of transformations of Russia’s role in GFA are outlined: coordination of activities with other large developing economies; proactive position in the discussion of codes and standards, renewal of discussion on the formation of an international payment system independent of the reserve currency issuers.

The concentration of intramuscular fat (IMF) is a crucial determinant of yak meat quality. However, the molecular mechanisms that regulate IMF in yak remain largely elusive. In our study, we conducted transcriptome sequencing on the longissimus dorsi muscle tissues of yaks with varying IMF contents. We then filtered differentially expressed genes (DEGs), microRNAs (DEMs), and long non-coding RNAs (DELs) to elucidate potential regulatory pathways of adipogenesis in yaks. Overall, our research sheds light on an array of potential mRNAs and noncoding RNAs implicated in IMF deposition and elaborates on the role of HIF1α in yaks. These findings contribute valuable insights that can serve as a guide for further research into the molecular mechanisms governing IMF deposition.

We study the solar flare index (SFI) for the Solar Cycles 18 – 24. We find that SFI has deeper Gnevyshev gap (GG) in its first principal component than other atmospheric parameters. The GG is extremely clear especially in the even cycles. The GG of the SFI appears about a half year later as a drop in the interplanetary magnetic field near the Earth and in the geomagnetic Ap-index. The instantaneous response of the magnetic field to solar flares, however, shows about two to three days after the eruption as a high, sharp peak in the cross-correlation of the SFI and Ap-index and as a lower peak in SFI vs. IMF B cross-correlation. We confirm these rapid responses using superposed-epoch analysis. The most active flare cycles during 1944 – 2020 are Cycles 19 and 21. Cycle 18 has very strong SFI days as many as Cycle 22, but it has the least nonzero SFI days in the whole interval. Interestingly, Cycle 20 can be compared to Cycles 23 and 24 in its low flare activity, although it is located between the most active SFI cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research estimates the weight of surcharges that the International Monetary Fund (IMF) expects to levy on middle-income borrowing countries during the 2023-2033 period. The evidence indicates that surcharges do not achieve their alleged objective of encouraging early debt repayment; rather, they increase debt burdens for those middle-income borrowers facing the most acute balance of payment problems, while the IMF profits from these crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food price bubbles are a phenomenon in which the cost of some food items or food commodities climbs quickly and unreasonably before collapsing due to reasons such as speculation, supply and demand imbalances, meteorological occurrences, and governmental actions. Governments and academics keep an eye on food prices to spot and address these bubbles. The aim of this paper is to analyze the food price bubble phenomenon despite the global slowdown by examining its origins, consequences, and policy solutions. The study's contribution lies in its investigation of the presence of a potential bubble formation in food prices, which have experienced a surge globally and particularly in Turkey in recent years. The research examines the behavior of bubble formation in food prices in Turkey, the FAO, the OECD, and the IMF between 1992 and 2022 using the ADF, SADF, and GSADF tests. These tests can help identify when asset prices deviate significantly from their fundamental values and may be at risk of a sharp correction. The TUR, FAO, OECD, and IMF variables all show distinct bubble formations, with the TUR variable having 130 periods from 1995 to 2006, the FAO having 8 price bubble occurrences, the OECD having 12 different bubble formations, and the IMF having 4 distinct bubble formations. The results indicate the existence of food price bubbles that demonstrate disparities from their inherent values grounded in market fundamentals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The theoretical and methodological basis of the research is the work of domestic and foreign scientists. The results were obtained due to the application of a system of methods: the method of logical analysis made it possible to develop the logic of the research; generalization and synthesis - to form a chronology of IMF cooperation with the domestic national economy; methods of structural and economic-statistical analysis were used to assess the current state of cooperation between the countries of the world and international financial organizations. The graphic method made it possible to visualize the obtained research results. The article is devoted to a detailed study of the role of international lending and the activities of international financial organizations in the countries of the world and Ukraine. An overview of the existing IMF lending mechanisms was carried out and the dynamics of the lending structure of the world's countries under these mechanisms was studied. It has been proven that the most used lending mechanism is the "Stand-by" loan mechanism (SBA), which is designed to help solve shortterm balance of payment problems. An analytical review of the largest IMF borrowers of the geographic structure of the fund's financial support to the countries of the world was carried out. An in-depth analysis of financial flows to low- and middle-income countries in 2018-2022 led to the conclusion that the net inflow of debt for 2018-2022 grew by 9% annually, which increases the dependence of these countries on international financial organizations. Within the framework of Ukraine's cooperation with international financial organizations, the country's interaction with the IMF, the World Bank, and the EBRD was investigated. The authors created a chronology of the development of cooperation between Ukraine and the IMF. The assessment of the current state of cooperation between Ukraine and the IMF confirmed the intensity of these relations recently, both in terms of the number of loans granted and their volume. As a result of almost thirty years of cooperation, Ukraine received loans in the amount of 35 billion dollars. The result of Ukraine's cooperation with another largest creditor - the World Bank - was studied. During 28 years of cooperation, the World Bank offered Ukraine funds totaling more than 7.94 billion dollars. The purpose of granting loans by the World Bank and the EBRD is the sustainable and comprehensive recovery of the economy of Ukraine as a whole, and of certain industries in particular. The issue of cooperation with international financial organizations is especially relevant today in view of the limited financial resources and the gradual entry of our country into the stage of peak payments for foreign debt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our work's primary goal is to process electrocardiogram data utilizing the Fission-Fusion method of the Hilbert spectrum. One of the most effective techniques for the analysis of nonlinear and non-stationary signals is based on the Hilbert Huang Transform (HHT). We have processed Electrocardiograms (ECGs) by applying EMD after the Wavelet Packet Transform since our method is better appropriate for nonlinear and nonstationary signals (WPT). In order to produce monocomponent, breakdown the ECG signal into a number of narrow band signals, and remove unnecessary IMF, WPT is applied. In order to identify human emotions in our work, we employed the Fi-Fu algorithm to analyze electrocardiogram (ECG) signals for the detection of significant parameters such instantaneous frequency, amplitude, mean frequency, and second order difference plot. The EMD procedure has the ability to handle noise seen in ECG signals. Wavelet Packet Transform (WPT) is a more practical alternative to wavelet transform in realworld scenarios including signal analysis and denoising. WPT possesses unusual localization and enhanced discerning capabilities in the high frequency domain. WPT separates the high-frequency and low-frequency components of the frequency information of the signals to be studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why and how international organizations (IOs) collaborate, cooperate and coordinate (the 3Cs) are important but understudied issues in international political economy today. The three terms are rarely defined in the IR literature or by the IOs themselves and are often used interchangeably. However, the differences matter in terms of when, how and why staff of different IOs are expected to work together, and whether and how such efforts contribute to IO performance. This article develops the concepts of the 3Cs, drawing from work in the public administration, management and organizational design fields. It illustrates ways in which the differences matter by examining the history of efforts by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank to work together. The two Bretton Woods siblings were explicitly designed to be complementary partners at the apex of the post-World War II global economic order. I argue that formal collaboration efforts between the Fund and the Bank took place through at least 25 attempts by the two institutions to define how to work together, and may be categorized into four different, sometimes overlapping approaches, from basic information sharing to fully engaged joint initiatives. What they have called 'collaboration' is in fact a range of engagement. Efforts by the Fund and Bank to work more closely together have been an ongoing struggle, driven by unavoidable institutional overlap, which intensified at times of systemic change and external shock. This case is important to the study of how IOs work together, given these institutions have a unique relationship and may be seen as a most-likely case of successful collaboration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The International Monetary Fund's Articles of Agreement give countries wide latitude to regulate cross-border capital movements, subject mainly to the proviso that such regulations not be used to manipulate the exchange rate for the purpose of gaining an unfair competitive advantage. Beginning from the 1990s, however, the IMF has seemed far more supportive of fully open capital accounts than its legal framework. This can be seen not only in the institutional push to amend the Articles to enshrine fully open capital accounts in the mid-1990s, but also in subsequent speeches by IMF managing directors impugning capital controls and recent attempts to codify a set of highly restrictive circumstances under which countries may avail themselves of external financial regulations. This history suggests that, institutionally, the IMF would be far more comfortable with an architecture in which countries (strive to) eliminate restrictions on cross-border capital movements than with the vision of capital controls enshrined in its constitution by the IMF's founding fathers, Keynes and White. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the wake of the Tunisian uprising in 2010–2011, the IMF vowed to support democratisation efforts, promising a novel approach attuned to the needs of the nation's most marginalised people. However, IMF loan agreements garnered controversy for their conditionalities, raising doubts about the Fund's 'new' strategy and its austerity-focused plans for economic restructuring. At the centre of the debt-critical movement, the country's leading trade union organisation – the UGTT – positioned itself as a fierce opponent to the IMF. Against the backdrop of current talks for a new bailout, this briefing revisits the UGTT's stance on two major loan agreements that Tunisia entered into after 2010. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The IMF's 2010 Troika lending programme with Greece was unprecedented due to the IMF's controversial internal rule changes, the programme's pivotal effects on eurozone crisis policies and the effect of austerity concepts on Greece. We aim to explain conclusively why the IMF lent to Greece without restructuring, as previous explanations have crucial gaps. We operationalise Ben Clift's theory of IMF behaviour in process-tracing, analysing programme-related text sources. Our exercise is novel as Clift does not aim to explain individual programmes, while the theory warrants further testing. According to our causal mechanism, the IMF used two key analytical lenses formed via bricolage, fiscal space and nonlinear multiple equilibria processes (NLMEP), to analyse the programme context and formulate the programme design. While we find our mechanism too narrow to explain the programme design, our results regarding the role of NLMEP and fiscal space within IMF programme-time economic analysis support the importance of financial contagion as a motivator for monetarily significant IMF participation and why the IMF adhered to austerity despite risking debt stabilisation. However, it seems limitedly useful to assume coherent ideational drivers behind the precise programme design: instead, accepting the key role of ad hoc judgement depicts IMF behaviour accurately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple transpolar arcs appearing simultaneously in the polar cap have gained much interest in recent years. By analyzing Defense Meteorological Satellite Program Special Sensor Ultraviolet Spectrographic Imagers data, we report for the first time, that less than half of the multiple arc events occur simultaneously in both hemispheres. In 60% of the cases, multiple arcs appear in only one hemisphere. There is a clear difference in interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) conditions for those two groups. Conjugate multiple arcs appear on average during stronger northward IMF and smaller IMF clock angles than non‐conjugate multiple arcs. Only non‐conjugate multiple arcs show a dependence on IMF BX. They form in the northern (southern) hemisphere during negative (positive) BX. An IMF BX induced interhemispheric asymmetry in the magnetospheric field line topology might explain why multiple arcs appear sometimes in only one hemisphere. Plain Language Summary: Occasionally, multiple auroral arcs form far poleward of the main auroral oval. These multiple transpolar arcs were so far believed to almost always be conjugate (appearing in both hemispheres simultaneously). We show for the first time that more than half of them appear in only one hemisphere. Conjugate multiple arcs appear when the magnetic field in the solar wind (IMF) is strongly northward. Non‐conjugate multiple arcs show a less strong dependency on northward IMF. Interestingly, we found a clear correlation between non‐conjugate multiple arc events and IMF BX. This is unexpected, as in general, polar auroral arcs do not show any clear dependence on BX. Non‐conjugate multiple arcs appear mainly in the southern hemisphere when the IMF points sunward, and in the northern hemisphere when it points tailward. As IMF BX is known to introduce an interhemispheric asymmetry in the field‐line topology close to the reconnection sites, this may affect the formation of multiple arcs differently in the two hemispheres, and thus might explain the non‐conjugacy of those events. Key Points: Multiple transpolar arcs (TPAs) appear during stronger northward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) than isolated TPAsHemisphere‐conjugate multiple TPAs appear for smaller IMF clock angles than non‐conjugate multiple arcsNon‐conjugate multiple arcs show an IMF BX dependence with northern (southern) hemisphere arcs appearing for negative (positive) BX [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this contribution is to propose a numerical scheme for solving linear and nonlinear boundary value problems. The scheme is implicit and it is constructed on three grid points. The stability of the proposed implicit scheme is provided. In addition to this, a mathematical model for heat and mass transfer using induced magnetic field (IMF) is modified. Furthermore, this model is transformed into boundary value problems by employing similarity transformations. The dimensionless model of boundary value problems is solved using the proposed numerical scheme. The scheme is applied with a combination of a shooting approach and an iterative method. From the obtained results, it can be seen that velocity profile declines with enhancing Weissenberg number. The results are also compared with those given in past research. In addition to this, a neural network approach is applied that is based on the input and outputs of the considered model with specified values of parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a statistical study of interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) effects on the magnetopause location based on nearly 15,000 magnetopause crossings identified in the THEMIS A‐E, Magion 4, Geotail, and Interball‐1 satellite data. In order to exclude the dominant controlling role of the solar wind dynamic pressure, differences between observed and empirical model magnetopause distances are analyzed. We find that the magnetopause distance is significantly controlled by the IMF clock angle, not considered in the used empirical models. Furthermore, during very low Alfvén Mach numbers (MA < 4), IMF By component can induce a considerable dawn‐dusk asymmetry of the magnetopause shape. The magnetopause distance is found to be larger in the direction of the IMF vector, that is, not only the magnitude but also the orientation of the IMF By component is eventually important. The obtained results are qualitatively consistent with a magnetohydrodynamic model run at the Community Coordinated Modeling Center. Key Points: Nearly 15,000 magnetopause crossings are used to study the influence of interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) on the magnetopause locationThe orientation of IMF By component becomes significant at the times of low Alfvén Mach number, introducing a dawn‐dusk asymmetryMagnetopause distances are larger in the IMF direction, consistently with available magnetohydrodynamic simulations [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the livestock industry, an excessive accumulation of subcutaneous fat diminishes the proportion of lean meat, while elevated intramuscular fat (IMF) content is associated with enhanced meat quality. However, the heterogeneity of various fat depots in pigs remains incompletely understood. Comprehensive tissue section, lipidomic, and transcriptomic analyses indicated that the maturity of IMF was significantly less than that of both intermuscular and subcutaneous fats. We identified 467 lipids across 29 lipid classes in total, revealing that IMF exhibits unique lipid composition and transcriptional profiles. More importantly, several lipids, including GalCer, S1P, CL, AcCa, PC-O, PE-O, and sulfatide, are highly enriched in intramuscular fat and may play pivotal roles in neuromodulation, mitochondrial function, lipogenesis, and membrane signaling. In conclusion, we unveiled unique lipid composition and molecular regulatory pathways of porcine IMF, offering new insights for the synergistic breeding that aims at optimizing pig backfat thickness and IMF content.

Abstract Background Intramuscular preadipocyte differentiation plays a critical role in bovine intramuscular fat (IMF) deposition. However, the roles of different RNAs, including mRNAs, circRNAs, lncRNAs and miRNAs, in regulating the adipogenic differentiation of intramuscular preadipocytes remain largely unclear. Results In the present study, a whole transcriptome sequencing and analysis, including the analysis of mRNAs, circRNAs, lncRNAs and miRNAs, during different differentiation stages (0, 3, 6, and 9 d) of intramuscular preadipocytes from Qinchuan cattle was performed. All samples were prepared with 3 biological replicates. Here, a total of 27,153 mRNAs, 14,070 circRNAs, 7035 lncRNAs, and 427 miRNAs were annotated. Among them, we identified 4848 differentially expressed mRNAs (DEMs), 181 DE circRNAs (DECs), 501 DE lncRNAs (DELs) and 77 DE miRNAs (DEmiRs) between 0 d and other differentiation days (3, 6, and 9 d). GO and KEGG functional enrichment analyses showed that these differentially expressed genes were mainly enriched in cell differentiation, fat metabolism and adipogenesis-related pathways. Furthermore, weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) and co-expression network analysis screened out multiple important mRNAs, circRNAs and lncRNAs related to intramuscular adipogenesis. Based on the competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulatory mechanism, we finally identified 24 potential ceRNA networks and 31 potential key genes, including FOXO1/miR-330/circRNA2018/MSTRG.20301, GPAM/miR-27b/ciRNA489 and SESN3/miR-433/circRNA2627MSTRG.20342. Conclusions This study provides new insights into the differential expression patterns of different transcript types (i.e., mRNAs, circRNAs, lncRNAs and miRNAs) in intramuscular preadipocyte differentiation. Our findings provide data support for studying the molecular mechanism of key mRNAs and noncoding RNAs in IMF deposition, and provide new candidate markers for the molecular breeding of beef cattle.

Abstract Background Donkey meat has low fat and high protein contents and is rich in various unsaturated fatty acids and trace elements that are beneficial to human digestion and absorption. IMF (intramuscular fat), also known as marbling, is an important indicator of the lean meat to fat ratio, which directly affects the tenderness and juiciness of the meat. At present, the underlying molecular variations affecting IMF content among donkey breeds are unclear. The Guangling donkey is an indigenous species in China. This study explored candidate regulatory genes that affect IMF content in Guangling donkeys. The IMF content of the longissimus dorsi muscle in 30 Guangling donkeys was measured. Six donkeys of similar age were selected according to age factors and divided into two groups, the high (H) and low (L) fat groups, according to their IMF content. Results RNA-seq technology was used to compare the muscle transcriptome between the two groups. More than 75.0% of alternative splicing (AS) events were of the skipped exon (SE) type. A total of 887 novel genes were identified; only 386 novel genes were aligned to the annotation information of various databases. Transcriptomics analysis revealed 167 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), of which 64 were upregulated and 103 were downregulated between the H and L groups. Gene ontology analysis showed that the DEGs were enriched in multiple biological processes and pathways that are related to adipocyte differentiation, lipid synthesis, and neutral lipid metabolism. KEGG pathway analysis suggested that arachidonic acid metabolism, the HIF-1 signalling pathway, fructose and mannose metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, and the AMPK signalling pathway were involved in lipid deposition. In addition, a gene–gene interaction network was constructed that revealed that the DEGs, including SCD, LEPR, CIDEA, DLK1, DGAT2, ITGAL, HMOX1, WNT10B, and DGKA, had significant roles in adipocyte differentiation and adipogenesis. The selected DEGs were further validated by qRT–PCR. Conclusion This study improves the in-depth understanding of gene regulation and protein expression regarding IMF deposition and lays a basis for subsequent molecular breeding studies in Guangling donkeys.