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En el planteamiento general del proyecto de investigación, Laurent Feller señalaba la posibilidad de que el aprendizaje fuera un recurso de los pobres de las sociedades urbanas medievales para superar su penosa situación. Con un poco de optimismo, sugería que si las familias pauperizadas conseguían colocar en talleres dinámicos a alguno de sus hijos, la futura carrera del aprendiz podía beneficiar al núcleo familiar o, en todo caso, permitirle al joven salir de la pobreza hacia el mundo del t...

Los estudios sobre la cultura material y el consumo representan un vasto campo historiográfico que no ha dejado de crecer en los últimos años en lo que se refiere al período bajomedieval. Cada vez parece más evidente que durante los siglos xiv y xv se desarrolló una verdadera «cultura del consumo», en la cual participaban todo tipo de sectores sociales. Desde la nobleza hasta el campesinado, un variopinto abanico de personas acudía al mercado como una práctica normalizada para satisfacer sus ...

Rivolte, sollevazioni e proteste di vario genere tendevano ad avere, nelle città italiane come nelle altre realtà tardomedievali, un carattere socialmente trasversale, a coinvolgere cioè persone appartenenti a diversi strati della società cittadina. Nonostante ciò, tanto le fonti narrative quanto quelle giudiziarie mostrano, per lo più, una partecipazione maggioritaria dei segmenti inferiori dei ceti produttivi, piccoli bottegai, artigiani, salariati. Questi gruppi, composti da individui di c...

En 1974, Michel Mollat définit l’état de pauvreté comme « une situation subie ou volontaire, permanente ou temporaire, de faiblesse, de dépendance et d’humilité, caractérisée par la privation des moyens, changeant selon les époques et les sociétés, de la puissance et de la considération sociale ». Cette définition attire l’attention sur l’ambiguïté première de la notion de pauvreté au sein du système de pensée chrétien (choisie ou imposée) où elle tient une place majeure dans l’économie du sa...

Cet ouvrage est une réflexion collective menée sur la question de l’indigence au Moyen Âge dans ses rapports avec la vie économique. La thématique de la pauvreté a été très abondamment travaillée, et avec beaucoup de profondeur, par Michel Mollat et son équipe dans les années 1970 mais a depuis été quelque peu délaissée, du moins par l’historiographie française, au profit de catégories complémentaires comme celle de « petit peuple » ou encore d’analyses sociologiques comme celles portant sur ...

Ni même sans doute de révolte contrecette maison dont le toit percé avait probablement dégoutté sur unecentaine de familles comme la sienne qui avaient habité dessous et avaient disparu sans laisser de trace, pas la moindre, pas même des guenilles et des pots cassés. Dans l’introduction d’un article récent, Giacomo Todeschini analyse un passage de Karl Marx sur le logement des travailleurs et, notamment, les pauvres travailleurs devant se réfugier en guise de maison dans une cave, un trou, un...

L’étude de la nourriture et de la boisson des « pauvres » devrait s’inscrire dans un champ de recherche plus large concernant les différents types de personnes catégorisées comme pauvres, ce qui implique d’estimer aussi leur nombre et d’évaluer l’étendue de leurs privations. Comment les pauvres étaient‑ils considérés par le reste de la société ? Comment percevaient‑ils eux‑mêmes leur condition ? Dans le présent article la population catégorisée comme pauvre (terme toujours relatif) est celle ...

L’Île‑de‑France, avec la Champagne, la Normandie et la Picardie, sont les régions les plus éprouvées par la guerre de Cent Ans. La région du Vexin français, au nord‑ouest de l’Île‑de‑France, constitue ainsi un espace privilégié d’étude des conséquences de la conjoncture sur les populations rurales. Les terroirs y sont fertiles, et la région bénéficie de la proximité de Paris, qu’elle alimente en partie en vin et en céréales. C’est précisément cette richesse et cette proximité qui font de la r...

Indigenti, malati, mentecatti, pazzi, schiavi, carcerati, decaduti e «tutti coloro che avevano bisogno d’aiuto», in una parola poveri, una piaga sociale e una condizione discriminante, i cui confini semantici risultano tuttavia ampi e mutevoli a seconda del periodo, delle condizioni politico‑religiose e della realtà socio-economica. Questo tema ha goduto presso i medievisti di un indubbio successo storiografico e di una certa longevità, alimentando una stagione di studi che vede il suo moment...

Cet ouvrage propose une réflexion renouvelée autour du thème de la pauvreté au Moyen Âge en Europe méditerranéenne (ixe-xve siècle) afin de saisir les phénomènes économiques et sociaux la caractérisant. Les travaux, ici réunis, de médiévistes français, espagnols et italiens, visent à dépasser les problématiques étudiées dans les années 1960-1980 par Michel Mollat. Les processus d’appauvrissement, la pauvreté laborieuse, les attitudes institutionnelles et personnelles face à la pauvreté et la culture matérielle qui lui sont associées forment le fond des études proposées. Sont également questionnés les rapports que la pauvreté entretient avec le travail, les liens qu’elle contraint à nouer ou à dénouer et quelles stratégies de survie sont développées par celles et ceux qui, pour une raison ou pour une autre, y sont tombés. This book proposes a new approach to the topic of poverty in the Middle Ages in Mediterranean Europe (9th-15th centuries) in order to understand the economic and social phenomena that characterized it. The studies gathered here, by French, Spanish and Italian medievalists, aim to go beyond the problems studied in the 1960s and 1980s by Michel Mollat. The process of impoverishment, working poverty, institutional and personal attitudes towards poverty and the material culture associated with it form the basis of the proposed studies. Also examined are the relationships that poverty has with work, the bonds that it forces to form or break and the survival strategies developed by those who, for one reason or another, have fallen into it. Este libro propone una reflexión renovada sobre el tema de la pobreza en la Edad Media en la Europa mediterránea (siglos ixe-xve) para comprender los fenómenos económicos y sociales que la caracterizan. Los trabajos aquí reunidos, a cargo de medievalistas franceses, españoles e italianos, pretenden ir más allá de los problemas estudiados en los años sesenta y ochenta por Michel Mollat. Los procesos de empobrecimiento, la pobreza laboral, las actitudes institucionales y personales ante la pobreza y la cultura material asociada a ella constituyen la base de los estudios propuestos. También se examinan las relaciones entre pobreza y trabajo, los vínculos que obliga a establecer o romper y las estrategias de supervivencia desarrolladas por quienes, por una u otra razón, han caído en ella.

Per ricominciare a riflettere sui processi di impoverimento nel mondo rurale del tardo medioevo, ho provato a rileggere i principali testi della grande narrazione in merito sviluppata in Italia tra gli anni ’60 e i primi anni ’90 del secolo scorso, durante la grande stagione, presto tramontata, della storia agraria italiana e nel contesto del tema, più longevo e più risalente (almeno alla c.d. scuola economico-giuridica), dei rapporti città/campagna. Si tratta della grande sintesi sul process...

Un lieu commun de l’historiographie de la fin du Moyen Âge est l’allègement du prélèvement qui aurait été concédé par les seigneurs afin de favoriser la reconstruction des terroirs et la reprise de l’activité à l’issue des conflits militaires du xve siècle. Amorcée après les trêves de Tours de 1444, longtemps incertaine, entravée par la guerre du Bien public en 1465, par des disettes, comme celle de 1482, et s’étirant jusque vers 1520 sous des formes et selon des chronologies locales différen...

La experiencia vital de la mayoría de los campesinos medievales estuvo marcada por una lucha continua contra el horizonte de que una sequía, una tormenta, una enfermedad, una muerte en el núcleo familiar, una leva militar, una exigencia fiscal elevada o un ascenso (o descenso) imprevisto de los precios alterase la marcha de su actividad productiva y les abocase a un episodio de pobreza cíclica que, de prolongarse en el tiempo, podía convertirse en estructural y amenazar su propia sostenibilid...

Oggi, più di 780 milioni di individui, uno stimato 11 % circa della popolazione mondiale, vive in stato di povertà. Mentre la povertà cosiddetta relativa esprime l’incapacità e le difficoltà economiche nella fruizione di beni e servizi in rapporto al livello economico medio di un paese, la povertà assoluta fa invece riferimento alla condizione nella quale versano le persone impossibilitate a soddisfare i bisogni di base. Questi due parametri della povertà materiale si sono naturalmente manife...

I ricchissimi registri dell’Archivio della Fabbrica del Duomo, che permettono di ricostruire quasi senza soluzione di continuità l’attività del cantiere della cattedrale di Milano dalle origini ai giorni nostri, rappresentano una fonte eccezionale per ricostruire la vita sociale ed economica della città. Nel corso dei secoli essi hanno attirato l’attenzione di molti studiosi, soprattutto dopo la pubblicazione in regesto dei verbali del consiglio della Fabbrica e di una selezione degli atti pi...

En décembre 1387, Guillaume Petit, un maçon originaire de Bigorre dans les Pyrénées, déposa une plainte devant la cour ordinaire de Marseille contre son collègue et employeur, Pierre Audebert, également maçon. Dans le libelle, Guillaume dénonça Pierre qui, malgré la prestation satisfaisante du travail exécuté, lui refusait le paiement de ses gages, et ce « à son grand préjudice d’homme pauvre dépendant de son travail quotidien pour survivre ». Remarquons qu’il s’agit ici d’une complainte logé...

La pobreza es un concepto que puede ser difuso, hasta relativo, pues obedece a una compleja realidad de naturaleza cambiante en función de los valores dominantes en sociedades y épocas particulares. Además, en cualquier etapa histórica el pauperismo no gravita exclusivamente en los peldaños más bajos de la escala de rentas, ingresos y salarios, ni pertenece por entero al dominio de la precariedad económica, laboral o la enfermedad. Las exigencias vitales básicas —alimentación, vestido, alojam...

Dans un article consacré à l’effectivité de l’aumône comme remède contre la pauvreté dans l’Angleterre médiévale, Christopher Dyer distingue trois types universaux de pauvreté. En premier lieu, il identifie une pauvreté structurelle conditionnée par les cadres économiques et sociaux au sein desquels évolue un individu ou un groupe social déterminé. Au Moyen Âge, les paysans n’ayant pas assez de terres pour subvenir aux besoins de leur famille, les salariés insuffisamment rétribués et les chôm...

Retrospection and transformation of the phenomena of criticism and crisis in social theory in recent decades have led to the weakening and even “illegitimate” renunciation of the said doublet. The paper presents an analysis of the renewal of discourse on criticism/crisis and its effects with special consideration of the possibilities of structural criticism. We included several authors of recent analyses as well as the viewpoints that have led to reconsideration of historical and analytical dynamics of two categories, structure and conjuncture, as a form of analysis of current structural processes in terms of structural analysis and criticism. The paper comprises three parts. The first part is a reflection on the reason criticism and crisis have been subjected to different processes of derogation despite their original connection. In the second part, we show the effects of different ways that crisis has manifested itself in capitalism and explain its dispersive and “non-punctual” modalities. The third part raises the question of chances of reuniting the crisis and “immanent criticism” based on structural criticism, and we further articulate its connections with immanent criticism. Structural criticism is viewed as a connection between immanent criticism and transcendent orientation that is focused on the reconnection between crisis and criticism, the elements related to capitalism. Preispitivanje i transformacija fenomena kritike i krize u društvenoj teoriji su poslednjih de cenija doveli do slabljenja pa i do delegitimacijskog osporavanja navedenog dubleta. U radu se razmatraju mogućnosti obnove diskursa o kritici/krizi s mogućim delatnim učincima, uz poseban osvrt na mogućnosti strukturalne kritike.Različiti autori recentnih analiza se uzima ju u obzir, te se razmatraju stanovišta koja vode do ponovnog razmatranja istorijskog i ana litičkog dinamizma kategorija strukture i konjunkture kao razrade aktuelnih strukturalnih procesa u terminima strukturalne analize i kritike. Rad se sastoji iz tri dela. U prvom delu razmatramo zbog čega su kritika i kriza koje su izvorno spojene podvrgnuti različitim proce sima derogiranja. U drugom delu pokazujemo efekte promene načina ispoljavanja krize u kapitalizmu, tačnije osvetljavamo njenu disperzivne i ne-punktualne modalitete. U trećem delu postavljamo pitanje o šansama ponovnog spajanja krize i kritike na osnovu navigacije strukturalne kritike, nadalje artikulišemo njene veze sa „imanentnom kritikom“. Strukturalna kritika se analizira kao spoj između imanentne kritike i transcendentnog usmerenja koji radi na reconnections between crisis and critique as the elements of relationship to capitalism.

This thesis investigates the far right and political right-wing populism in Denmark and how they articulate ‘identity politics’ and ‘wokeness’ as a crisis and threat to the conservative community. The thesis works within a Cultural Studies frame with a postcolonial starting point. With inspiration from Lawrence Grossberg, the thesis’ analytical frame consists of a Conjuctural Analysis, because we, as Grossberg, believe that we need to think about how we think about contemporary political contexts. The analysis consists of an articulation of ‘the simple story’, a mapping of ‘the war of position’, and a radical contextualization of affect and the concept of identity in a societal understanding. This allows us to create a conjunctural story, where we return to the simple story and challenge the way the crisis is articulated. Here we assemble the puzzle of overlapping, competing and reinforcing lines of force. The radical contextualization not only allows us to challenge the articulations, but also to understand aspects of what overdetermine and facilitates these articulations in this specific political climate. Our conjunctural story shows that populism can be actively used in crises. The way identity has evolved to have a centralized place in society and this in combination of a general affectualization of society, has created a space for their articulations to become successful which allows them to affectively organize and mobilize ‘the people’. Through the conjunctural story we find that there needs to be more attention drawn towards how the political populists will create articulations centred around loss and their general position in regard to identity with affective elements. Furthermore, we find that it is reductionist, and potentially harmful, if the right-wing populist’s parliamentary crises is equated to mean that their influence regarding possibilities for mobilizing the people affectively and effectually is reduced. Going forward the ‘silent majority’s’ perceived minoritization should be acknowledged, because in a future paradigm where stagnation is recognized as decline, the populist tendencies within this group can become a powerful force, which can contribute to a furthering of populism in society in general.

The article discusses the internal economic reasons that have involved financial system market of the developing countries in unstable development. Especially, in the context of the ongoing post-impact of the coronavirus pandemic, it is noted that the existing interstate ties between market developing countries have led to a weakening of the service activities of banks and the savings of the population. Specific approaches are outlined to overcome the current circumstances and improve banking services.

Via a reflection on the evolution of a module on comparing capitalisms that I have been teaching for more than a decade, this article discusses the collective influence of new generations of students on how knowledge is (re)made. I deploy a conjunctural understanding of the term ‘generations’ in order to make sense of how students’ interpretations of the topics covered by the module have, across the 2010s, led me to increasingly question the field that was, in an earlier conjuncture, essential for my intellectual foundation and development. Their lived experiences of capitalism are more likely to be dominated by themes such as political, economic and social crises and conflicts, inequality, personal indebtedness and precarity, and in some cases activism. This has had profound and long-lasting effects on my teaching and research, discomfiting me in an ultimately beneficial way; most notably, through the recognition that future critical work on comparing capitalisms ought to move away from previous attempts to engage immanently with dominant, mainstream approaches and towards the articulation of a more confident, autonomous position. Hence, a key aspect of the development and evolution of critical research agendas occurs in and through educational exchanges in the seminar room.

Resumo O presente texto é um ensaio estético-político que procura articular categorias filosóficas que permitem correlacionar o episódio The Waldo Moment, da série Black Mirror, com a conjuntura política mundial contemporânea, tomando especialmente o caso Donald Trump como paradigma. Para tanto, pensa a entrada em cena de Waldo como um sinal que indica, ao mesmo tempo e contraditoriamente, a positivação integral do espetáculo e a revolta antissistêmica. A partir da leitura do cinismo em Vladimir Safatle, busca compreender um discurso que torce a diferença entre constativo e performativo e se afirma por meio do humor brutal, permitindo a entrada na esfera pública de elementos que até então eram vedados. Finalmente, faz uma análise discursiva estrutural das oposições que alimentam as “guerras culturais” a partir da visibilidade total que as redes sociais produzem, dissolvendo a diferença entre público e privado. Abstract This paper brings an aesthetic-political essay that aims to articulate philosophical categories that allow correlating Black Mirror series’ episode The Waldo Moment with contemporary world political conjuncture, especially taking the case of Donald Trump as a paradigm. In this regard, Waldo’s entry into the scene is taken as a sign that indicates, at the same time and in contradiction, the integral positivization of spectacle and anti-systemic revolt. From Vladimir Safatle’s reading of cynicism, this paper seeks to understand a discourse that distorts the difference between constative and performative and affirms itself through brutal humor, allowing the entry of elements that were previously forbidden into public sphere. Finally, it makes a structural discourse analysis of the oppositions that feed “cultural wars” from total visibility that social networks produce, dissolving the difference between public and private.

In this article, I engage with the spatial dimensions of Gramsci’s work and look at common sense through a primarily spatial lens. I discuss how changing commonsensical understandings concerning migration do more than redefine persons as “migrants” or “non-migrants.” As such, I underline how socio-spatial relations are also renegotiated symbolically, in practice, and on multiple scales. Thereby, I take the role of common sense in Lefebvre’s idea of spatial production as an entry point for the analysis. I then link this perspective to migration scholarship that discusses how the relational positioning of localities at specific historic conjunctures influences the differentiation between “migrants” and “non-migrants.” The empirical material was gathered in two fieldwork periods in 2011 and 2018 in the Monte Laa neighborhood of Vienna, Austria. I describe the repositioning of the neighborhood in everyday practices and commonsensical imaginaries both in an urban context and the transnational context of Central and Southeast European space. Comparing commonsensical imaginaries from 2018 with those from 2011, the so-called 2015 “refugee crisis” emerges as a moment of conjunctural rupture.