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Mimicking nature through nano structuring allows the creation of multifunctional surfaces with remarkable properties, such as anti-reflectivity, high optical transmittance and controlled wettability, enabling anti-icing or anti-fogging behaviors. These multifunctional surfaces have gained significant interest in civil and military domains. However, integrating them into real-life applications faces challenges related to cost, high-throughput large-scale compatible nanofabrication techniques, and their mechanical resistance. While sub-wavelength patterning improves the optical performance, it often comes at the cost of compromising the mechanical resistance. As optical performance improves, mechanical resistance tends to deteriorate, and vice versa. To address this challenge, taking inspiration from the lotus leaf structure, where patterns are covered by a thin 2D wax film, covering the patterns of structured surfaces with a protective layer can be a viable solution. This protective layer should enhance the mechanical resistance of the surface without compromising its multifunctional capabilities. This review highlights the most suitable materials that can be employed as protective coatings and their potential to enhance the resistance of structured surfaces. The fundamental concept behind the creation of multifunctional optical surfaces is discussed, followed by a comprehensive examination of mechanical tests that can be utilized to characterize their mechanical behavior. This review aims to pave the way for the development of durable multifunctional optical surfaces, making them more amenable to industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrodynamic pressure sensors offer an auxiliary approach for ocean exploration by unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs). However, existing hydrodynamic pressure sensors often lack the ability to monitor subtle hydrodynamic stimuli in deep-sea environments. In this study, we present the development of a deep-sea hydrodynamic pressure sensor (DSHPS) capable of operating over a wide range of water depths while maintaining exceptional hydrodynamic sensing performance. The DSHPS device was systematically optimized by considering factors such as piezoelectric polyvinylidene fluoride–trifluoroethylene/barium titanate [P(VDF-TrFE)/BTO] nanofibers, electrode configurations, sensing element dimensions, integrated circuits, and packaging strategies. The optimized DSHPS exhibited a remarkable pressure gradient response, achieving a minimum pressure difference detection capability of approximately 0.11 Pa. Additionally, the DSHPS demonstrated outstanding performance in the spatial positioning of dipole sources, which was elucidated through theoretical charge modeling and fluid–structure interaction (FSI) simulations. Furthermore, the integration of a high Young's modulus packaging strategy inspired by fish skull morphology ensured reliable sensing capabilities of the DSHPS even at depths of 1000 m in the deep sea. The DSHPS also exhibited consistent and reproducible positioning performance for subtle hydrodynamic stimulus sources across this wide range of water depths. We envision that the development of the DSHPS not only enhances our understanding of the evolutionary aspects of deep-sea canal lateral lines but also paves the way for the advancement of artificial hydrodynamic pressure sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gecko can achieve flexible climbing on various vertical walls and even ceilings, which is closely related to its unique foot adhesion system. In the past two decades, the mechanism of the gecko adhesion system has been studied in-depth, and a verity of gecko-inspired adhesives have been proposed. In addition to its strong adhesion, its easy detachment is also the key to achieving efficient climbing locomotion for geckos. A similar controllable adhesion characteristic is also key to the research into artificial gecko-inspired adhesives. In this paper, the structures, fabrication methods, and applications of gecko-inspired controllable adhesives are summarized for future reference in adhesive development. Firstly, the controllable adhesion mechanism of geckos is introduced. Then, the control mechanism, adhesion performance, and preparation methods of gecko-inspired controllable adhesives are described. Subsequently, various successful applications of gecko-inspired controllable adhesives are presented. Finally, future challenges and opportunities to develop gecko-inspired controllable adhesive are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is not meant to be a review article. Instead, it gives an overview of the major research projects that the author, together with his students, colleagues and collaborators, has worked on. Although the main focus of the author's work has always been the fish lateral line, this paper is mainly about all the other research projects he did or that were done in his laboratory. These include studies on fishing spiders, weakly electric fish, seals, water rats, bottom dwelling sharks, freshwater rays, venomous snakes, birds of prey, fire loving beetles and backswimmers. The reasons for this diversity of research projects? Simple. The authors's lifelong enthusiasm for animals, and nature's ingenuity in inventing new biological solutions. Indeed, this most certainly was a principal reason why Karl von Frisch and Alfred Kühn founded the Zeitschrift für vergleichende Physiologie (now Journal of Comparative Physiology A) 100 years ago. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address issues such as high computation, long operation time and low accuracy in traditional and lightweight face recognition algorithms, we propose a face recognition method. The method incorporates a lightweight neural network and multi-hash recognition degree weighting. Firstly, the frontend feature extraction in the SSD detection network utilizes the improved MobileNet model instead of the VGG model. The pruned SSD model is employed as the detection network, reducing calculation time and preventing overfitting. Secondly, face matching involves weighing the calculated mean hash similarity and perceived hash similarity using a specific weight. The proposed improved method is trained and evaluated on WiderFace, LFW and FDDB datasets. Experimental results demonstrate that the method enhances running speed by approximately 29% on LFW datasets while achieving a high face recognition rate and maintaining detection performance. This research introduces a novel and high-performance approach to the field of face recognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research on a novel preparation method for functional scaffolds from natural cellulose has attracted widespread attention in science and engineering. In order to obtain cellulose board which is similar to wood board in structure and mechanical properties, ice template, phase inversion under low temperature, and hot pressing were employed to fabricate board from natural cellulose. During preparation, ice template was used to control cellulose molecules arrange forming excellent orientation in the scaffold. Then, prepared scaffold was immersed in ethanol under −20 °C to remove salt ions used in cellulose resolve process, and keep the direction arrange of molecules in scaffold. Finally, prepared scaffold was treated by hot pressing for pushing off air in pores to form density board. Scanning electron microscopy image showed that prepared scaffold has directional cellulose arrange structure which was similar to that of wood. After hot pressing, the density of scaffold is increased. The mechanical properties of cellulose boards are enhanced with the increase of cellulose concentration, and the tensile strength can reach about 45 MPa, which has great potential in replacing natural wood boards. Our study provides new tactics for the use of natural cellulose in our life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoparticle formulations blending optical imaging contrast agents and therapeutics have been a cornerstone of preclinical theranostic applications. However, nanoparticle-based theranostics clinical translation faces challenges on reproducibility, brightness, photostability, biocompatibility, and selective tumor targeting and penetration. In this study, we integrate multimodal imaging and therapeutics within cancer cell-derived nanovesicles, leading to biomimetic bright optotheranostics for monitoring cancer metastasis. Upon NIR light irradiation, the engineered optotheranostics enables deep visualization and precise localization of metastatic lung, liver, and solid breast tumors along with solid tumor ablation. Metastatic cell-derived nanovesicles (∼80 ± 5 nm) are engineered to encapsulate imaging (emissive organic dye and gold nanoparticles) and therapeutic agents (anticancer drug doxorubicin and photothermally active organic indocyanine green dye). Systemic administration of biomimetic bright optotheranostic nanoparticles shows escape from mononuclear phagocytic clearance with (i) rapid tumor accumulation (3 h) and retention (up to 168 h), (ii) real-time monitoring of metastatic lung, liver, and solid breast tumors and (iii) 3-fold image-guided solid tumor reduction. These findings are supported by an improvement of X-ray, fluorescence, and photoacoustic signals while demonstrating a tumor reduction (201 mm3) in comparison with single therapies that includes chemotherapy (134 mm3), photodynamic therapy (72 mm3), and photothermal therapy (88 mm3). The proposed innovative platform opens new avenues to improve cancer diagnosis and treatment outcomes by allowing the monitorization of cancer metastasis, allowing the precise cancer imaging, and delivering synergistic therapeutic agents at the solid tumor site. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomimetic stents are peripheral infrainguinal self expanding stents that mimic the anatomy of the vasculature and artery movement. They are indicated for use in infrainguinal arteries. This research aimed to synthesise all current evidence on the use of biomimetic stents as adjuncts for endovascular treatment of infrainguinal peripheral arterial disease (PAD), helping to guide clinical decision making. MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL and Cochrane databases. Random effects meta-analysis following PRISMA guidelines (PROSPERO registration CRD42022385256). Study quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools checklist, and certainty assessment through the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE). Endpoints included primary patency, target lesion revascularisation, stent fracture, secondary patency, and Death at one year. In total, 37 studies were included in the meta-analysis (33 cohort studies, two case series, and two randomised controlled trials [RCTs]), representing 4 480 participants. Of these, 34 studies included data on the Supera (81.5% of participants) and three studies reported data on the BioMimics 3D (18.5% of participants) stents. The pooled primary patency rate of 33 studies at one year follow up was 81.4% (95% confidence interval [CI] 78.7 – 83.9%), and the pooled target lesion revascularisation rate of 18 studies at one year was 12.2% (95% CI 9.6 – 15.0%). The certainty of evidence outcome rating as qualified by GRADE was very low for both. Only one study reported a positive stent fracture rate at one year follow up of 0.4% with a certainty of evidence outcome of low. Using biomimetic stents for infrainguinal PAD may be associated with acceptable one year primary patency and target lesion revascularisation rates, with a near negligible one year stent fracture rate. Their use should be considered in those presenting with infrainguinal PAD undergoing endovascular revascularisation. A RCT is necessary to determine their clinical and cost effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Several methods were introduced for enamel biomimetic remineralization that utilize a biomimetic analogue to interact and absorb bioavailable calcium and phosphate ions and induce crystal nucleation on demineralized enamel. Amelogenin is the most predominant enamel matrix protein that is involved in enamel biomineralization. It plays a major role in developing the enamel's hierarchical microstructure. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the ability of an amelogenin-inspired peptide to promote the remineralization potential of fluoride and a supersaturated calcium phosphate solution in treating artificially induced enamel carious lesions under pH-cycling regimen. Methods: Fifty enamel slices were prepared with a window (4*4 mm2) on the surface. Five samples were set as control healthy enamel and 45 samples were subjected to demineralization for 3 days. Another 5 samples were set as control demineralized enamel and 40 enamel samples were assigned into 8 experimental groups (n=5) (P/I, P/II, P/III, P/AS, NP/I, NP/II, NP/III and NP/AS) according to peptide treatment (peptide P or non-peptide NP) and remineralizing solution used (I; calcium phosphate solution, II; calcium phosphate fluoride solution, III; fluoride solution and AS; artificial saliva). Samples were then subjected to demineralization/remineralization cycles for 9 days. Samples in all experimental groups were evaluated using Raman spectroscopy for mineral content recovery percentage, microhardness and nanoindentation as healthy, demineralized enamel and after pH-cycling. Data were statistically analysed using two-way repeated measures Anova followed by Bonferroni-corrected post hoc test for pairwise multiple comparisons between groups. Statistical significance was set at p= 0.05. Additionally, XRD, FESEM and EDXS were used for crystal orientation, surface morphology and elemental analysis after pH-cycling. Results: Nanocrystals clumped in a directional manner were detected in peptide-treated groups. P/II showed the highest significant mean values in mineral content recovery (63.31%), microhardness (268.81±6.52 VHN), elastic modulus (88.74±2.71 GPa), nanohardness (3.08±0.59 GPa) and the best crystal orientation with I002/I300 (1.87±0.08). Conclusion: Despite pH changes, the tested peptide was capable of remineralizing enamel with ordered crystals. Moreover, the supplementary use of calcium phosphate fluoride solution with peptide granted an enhancement in enamel mechanical properties after remineralization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surgical simulators offer clinicians an environment to train techniques before transitioning to on‐patient procedures. The realism with which a certain procedure can be mimicked is limited by the used simulator model. While for certain procedures surgical simulators are well established, other procedures lack a sufficiently realistic hardware model. The field of soft robotics is especially suited to act as a platform for developing soft tissue surgical simulators, matching both stiffness and extent of deformation of biological soft tissue. Here, an integrated, pneumatically actuated intestinal peristalsis simulator is developed that mimics a section of the small intestines. This simulator is able the mimic both the peristalsis functionality and the intestinal morphology. The simulator incorporates novel circumferential pneumatic artificial muscles (cirPAM) that radially contract and expand when exposed to respectively negative and positive pressures while keeping their cross‐sectional thickness constant. By sequencing the inflation of these cirPAM actuators, a global peristaltic motion is created with a peristaltic wave propagating at 20 mm s −1, which is in accordance with human physiology. Finally, the simulator is shown to pump viscous liquids, confirming that besides the morphological semblance, it also functionally resembles human small intestine, and can offer a platform for medical device testing and surgical training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of new approaches and drugs for effective control of the chronic and complicated forms of urogenital chlamydia caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, which is suspected to be one of the main causes of infertility in both women and men, is an urgent task. We used the technology of single-domain antibody (nanobody) generation both for the production of targeting anti-chlamydia molecules and for the subsequent acquisition of anti-idiotypic nanobodies (ai-Nbs) mimicking the structure of a given epitope of the pathogen (the epitope of the Chlamydial Type III Secretion System Needle Protein). In a mouse model, we have shown that the obtained ai-Nbs are able to induce a narrowly specific humoral immune response in the host, leading to the generation of intrinsic anti-Chlamydia antibodies, potentially therapeutic, specifically recognizing a given antigenic epitope of Chlamydia. The immune sera derived from mice immunized with ai-Nbs are able to suppress chlamydial infection in vitro. We hypothesize that the proposed method of the creation and use of ai-Nbs, which mimic and present to the host immune system exactly the desired region of the antigen, create a fundamentally new universal approach to generating molecular structures as a part of specific vaccine for the targeted induction of immune response, especially useful in cases where it is difficult to prepare an antigen preserving the desired epitope in its native conformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whilst it is now well recognized that some natural surfaces such as seemingly fragile insect wings possess extraordinary antimicrobial properties, a quest to engineer similar nanopatterned surfaces (NPSs) is ongoing. The stake is high as biofouling impacts critical infrastructure leading to massive social and economic burden with an antimicrobial resistance (AMR) issue at the forefront. AMR is one of the most imminent health challenges the world is facing today. Here, in the effort to find more sustainable solutions, the NPSs are proposed as highly promising technology as their antimicrobial activity arises from the topographical features, which could be realized on multiple material surfaces. To fully exploit these potentials however, it is crucial to mechanistically understand the underlying killing pathways. Thus far, several mechanisms have been proposed, yet they all have one thing in common. The antimicrobial process is initiated with bacteria contacting nanopatterns, which then imposes mechanical stress onto bacterial cell wall. Hence, the activity is called "mechano-bactericidal". From this point on, however, the suggested mechanisms start to diverge partly due to our limited understanding of force interactions at the interface. The aim of this mini review is to analyze the state-of-the-art in proposed killing mechanisms by categorizing them based on the characteristics of their driving force. We also highlight the current gaps and possible future directions in investigating the mechanisms, particularly by shifting towards quantification of forces at play and more elaborated biochemical assays, which can aid validating the current hypotheses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small-dimeter blood vessels (<6 mm) are required in coronary bypass and peripheral bypass surgery to circumvent blocked arteries. However, they have poor patency rates due to thrombus formation, intimal hyperplasia at the distal anastomosis, and compliance mismatch between the native artery and the graft. This review covers the state-of-the-art technologies for improving graft patency with a focus on reducing compliance mismatch between the prosthesis and the native artery. The focus of this article is on biomimetic design strategies to match the compliance over a wide pressure range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the inherent complexity of cancer treatment and the limitations of singular therapeutic modalities, the development of an optimal nanocarrier system capable of facilitating synergistic organic therapy remains a profound challenge. Herein, a synergetic chemo/photothermal therapy nanoplatform was exploited to specifically tailor for the augmented treatment of oral cancer. A cancer cell membrane-camouflaged nanocarrier was developed with a polymeric core encapsulating doxorubicin (DOX). The designed nanoparticles (CC@DOXNPs) inherited the functional membrane proteins from the source cancer cells, endowing their remarkable ability to selectively target cancer cells delivery both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, indocyanine green (ICG), modified with the phospholipid polymer DSPE-PEG 2000 , was introduced into the cancer cell membrane to enable photothermal therapy. Remarkably, as evaluated in a preclinical subcutaneous and orthotopic mice model of oral cancer, biomimetic composite nanotherapeutics (lip-CC@DOXNPs) could significantly accumulate into tumor lesion and effectively suppress tumor growth under the near-infrared (NIR, 808 nm) irradiation, without causing the undesirable systematic toxicity. Moreover, RNA sequence analyses indicated that chemo/photothermal therapy triggers the intrinsic mitochondria-mediated apoptosis through the p53 signaling pathway. Combined with gene expression results, this intrinsic mitochondria-mediated apoptosis pathway was further demonstrated. Collectively, this multifaceted nanoplatforms possess a remarkable capability for tumor-targeting drug delivery, and the proficient photothermal conversion ability, rendering them an ideal therapeutic approach for oral cancer treatment. [Display omitted] • Biomimetic Nanotherapeutics were fabricated for synergetic therapy of oral cancer. • Both subcutaneous and orthotopic models of oral cancer were constructed. • Synergetic therapy induced HSC-3 cells apoptosis through p53 pathway. • Provides a new idea for clinical treatment of oral cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coarse-grained molecular dynamic simulations are employed to investigate the spatiotemporal evolution of vesicles (polymersomes) via self-assembly of randomly distributed amphiphilic diblock copolymers PB-PEO (Poly(Butadiene)-b-Poly(Ethylene Oxide)) in water. The vesiculation pathway consists of several intermediate structures, such as spherical/rodlike aggregates, wormlike micelles, lamellae, and cavities. The lamella-to-vesicle transition occurs at a constant aggregation number and is accompanied by a reduction in the solvent-accessible surface area. Simulation predictions are in qualitative agreement with the mechanism of vesicle formation in which the unfavorable hydrophobic interactions between water molecules and polymer segments, along the edge of the lamella, are eliminated at the expense of gaining curvature energy. However, rod–lamella–vesicle transition is accompanied by an increase in copolymer packing density. Hence, the change in the surface area accompanying vesiculation predicted by the simulations is significantly lower than theoretical estimates. Changes in information entropy, quantified by the expectation of the logarithm of the probability distribution function of the segmental stretch parameter s, defined as the difference between the maximum and instantaneous segmental extension, are statistically insignificant along the vesiculation pathway. For rods, lamellae, and polymersomes, s follows a log normal distribution. This is explained based on the configurational dynamics of a single diblock chain in water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidative stress induced by ischemia‐reperfusion causes severe secondary injury in stroke patients. The blood‐brain barrier (BBB) and the challenges in targeting the stroke core hinder the therapeutic effect of drugs. This study introduces a precise biomimetic drug delivery system called SHp‐NM@Edv/RCD (SNM‐NPs), which possesses multiple stepwise targeting capabilities. SNM‐NPs are encapsulated by the neutrophil membranes (NMs) and exhibit a targeting effect (5.16‐fold) on the inflammatory microenvironment. The modification of stroke‐homing peptides (SHp) makes SNM‐NPs target damaged neurons faster, with a targeting efficiency 5.68 times higher than that of β‐cyclodextrins (RCD). Then, RCD encapsulated in SNM‐NPs responds to reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to the release of edaravone (Edv), scavenges ROS, inhibits neuroinflammation, and reduces neuronal apoptosis by 90%. Mechanistically, SNM‐NPs deliver Edv precisely to the cerebral ischemia‐reperfusion injury (CIRI) site, resulting in the elimination of ROS, a decrease in the number of microglia, an improvement in tubulin expression in neurons, and the inhibition of neuronal apoptosis through Caspase 3 pathway. Preliminary experiments also show that SNM‐NPs exhibit a good safety profile both in intravenous therapy and in vitro cell experiments. As a result, SNM‐NPs hold promise for further development as effective and safe agents for target therapy of CIRI and other diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fluorescent hydrogels have emerged as one of the most promising candidates for developing biomimetic materials and artificial intelligence owing to their unique fluorescence and responsive properties. However, it is still challenging to fabricate hydrogel that exhibits synergistic changes in fluorescence color and shape in response to multistimulus via a simple method. Herein, blue‐ and orange‐emitting fluorescent microgels (MGs) both are designed and synthesized with pH‐, thermal‐, and cationic‐sensitivity via one‐step polymerization, respectively. The two fluorescent MGs are incorporated into transparent doubly crosslinked microgel (DX MG) hydrogels with a preset ratio. The DX MG hydrogels can tune the fluorescent color accompanied by size variation via subjecting to external multistimulus. Thus, DX MG hydrogels can be exploited for multiresponsive fluorescent bilayer actuators. The actuators can undergo complex shape deformation and color changes. Inspired by natural organisms, an artificial morning glory with color and size changes are showcased in response to buffer solutions of different pH values. Besides, an intelligent skin hydrogel, imitating natural calotes versicolor, by assembling four layers of DX MG with different ratios of MGs, is tailored. This work serves as an inspiration for the design and fabrication of novel biomimetic smart materials with synergistic functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

RNA interference (RNAi) presents great potential against intractable liver diseases. However, the establishment of specific, efficient, and safe delivery systems targeting hepatocytes remains a great challenge. Herein, we described a promising hepatocytes-targeting system through integrating triantennary N- acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)-engineered cell membrane with biodegradable mesoporous silica nanoparticles, which efficiently and safely delivered siRNA to hepatocytes and silenced the target PCSK9 gene expression for the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Having optimized the GalNAc-engineering strategy, insertion orders, and cell membrane source, we obtained the best-performing GalNAc-formulations allowing strong hepatocyte-specific internalization with reduced Kupffer cell capture, resulting in robust gene silencing and less hepatotoxicity when compared with cationic lipid-based GalNAc-formulations. Consequently, a durable reduction of lipid accumulation and damage was achieved by systemic administering siRNAs targeting PCSK9 in high-fat diet-fed mice, accompanied by displaying desirable safety profiles. Taken together, this GalNAc-engineering biomimetics represented versatile, efficient, and safe carriers for the development of hepatocyte-specific gene therapeutics, and prevention of metabolic diseases. Compared to MSN@LP-GN3 (MC3-LNP), MSN@CM-GN3 exhibited strong hepatocyte targeting and Kupffer cell escaping, as well as good biocompatibility for safe and efficient siRNA delivery. Furthermore, siPCSK9 delivered by MSN@CM-GN3 reduced both serum and liver LDL-C, TG, TC levels and lipid droplets in HFD-induced mice, resulting in better performance than MSN/siPCSK9@LP-GN3 in terms of lipid-lowering effect and safety profiles. These findings indicated promising advantages of our biomimetic GN3-based systems for hepatocyte-specific gene delivery in chronic liver diseases. Our work addressed the challenges associated with the lower targeting efficiency of cell membrane-mimetic drug delivery systems and the immunogenicity of traditional GalNAc delivery systems. In conclusion, this study provided an effective and versatile approach for efficient and safe gene editing using ligand-integrated biomimetic nanoplatforms. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Incisal composite build-up shows a high failure susceptibility. The incorporation of fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) during composite restoration could improve its strength. Hence the study was planned to compare the effect of various positions of FRC on the strength of composite resin incisal build-ups. Methods: In maxillary incisors (n = 90), 3 mm of the incisal edge was cut and teeth were categorized into three groups based on the location and number of fibers used during incisal composite build-up - Group I: composite resin; Group II: composite resin and a single fiber palatally and Group III: composite resin along with two fibers palatally. Results: The data showed that group II had the maximum load-bearing values followed by group I and group III. Conclusion: Within the confines of our study, it can be concluded that the addition of FRC to the conventional incisal composite build-up increased the overall strength restoration. Such composite restoration reinforced with a single fiber on the palatal side showed the highest load-bearing capacity compared to two fibers reinforced and unreinforced composites. The common mode of failure in group I was in composite resin, in two fibers reinforced at fibers-composite junction, and in one fiber reinforced composite was in the remaining part of the tooth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: Temperature-responsive transparent nanofiber membranes were successfully fabricated using a straightforward and widely applicable method. The temperature-responsive nanofiber membranes exhibit a lower reaction temperature (~ 37 °C) and higher transmittance (> 90%). The prepared temperature-responsive transparent nanofiber membranes exhibited a short response temperature time (~ 5 s), and remarkable stability Nanofiber membranes (NFMs) have become attractive candidates for next-generation flexible transparent materials due to their exceptional flexibility and breathability. However, improving the transmittance of NFMs is a great challenge due to the enormous reflection and incredibly poor transmission generated by the nanofiber-air interface. In this research, we report a general strategy for the preparation of flexible temperature-responsive transparent (TRT) membranes, which achieves a rapid transformation of NFMs from opaque to highly transparent under a narrow temperature window. In this process, the phase change material eicosane is coated on the surface of the polyurethane nanofibers by electrospray technology. When the temperature rises to 37 °C, eicosane rapidly completes the phase transition and establishes the light transmission path between the nanofibers, preventing light loss from reflection at the nanofiber-air interface. The resulting TRT membrane exhibits high transmittance (> 90%), and fast response (5 s). This study achieves the first TRT transition of NFMs, offering a general strategy for building highly transparent nanofiber materials, shaping the future of next-generation intelligent temperature monitoring, anti-counterfeiting measures, and other high-performance devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a numerical analysis of a biomimetic unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is presented. Its wings feature three grids at the tip similar to the primary feathers of birds in order to modify the lift distribution over the wing and help in reducing the induced drag. Numerical analysis using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is presented to analyze the aerodynamic effects of the changes in dihedral and angle of attack (with respect of the rest of the wing) of these small grids at the tip. The aerodynamic performances (lift, drag, and efficiency) and rolling capabilities are obtained under different flight conditions. The effects of changing the dihedral are small. However, the change in the grid angle of attack increases aerodynamic efficiency by up to 2.5 times when the UAV is under cruise flight conditions. Changes to the angle of attack of the grids also provide increased capabilities for rolling. Finally, boundary values of the pressure coefficient and non-dimensional velocity contours are presented on the surfaces of the UAV, in order to relate the aerodynamic results to the aerodynamic patterns observed over the wing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biosilica, synthesized annually only by diatoms, is almost 1000 times more abundant than industrial silica. Biosilicification occurs at a high rate, although the concentration of silicic acid in natural waters is ~100 μM. It occurs in neutral aqueous solutions, at ambient temperature, and under the control of proteins that determine the formation of hierarchically organized structures. Using diatoms as an example, the fundamental differences between biosilicification and traditional sol–gel technology, which is performed with the addition of acid/alkali, organic solvents and heating, have been identified. The conditions are harsh for the biomaterial, as they cause protein denaturation and cell death. Numerous attempts are being made to bring sol–gel technology closer to biomineralization processes. Biomimetic synthesis must be conducted at physiological pH, room temperature, and without the addition of organic solvents. To date, significant progress has been made in approaching these requirements. The review presents a critical analysis of the approaches proposed to date for the silicification of biomacromolecules and cells, the formation of bionanocomposites with controlled structure, porosity, and functionality determined by the biomaterial. They demonstrated the broad capabilities and prospects of biomimetic methods for creating optical and photonic materials, adsorbents, catalysts and biocatalysts, sensors and biosensors, and biomaterials for biomedicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To examined alkaline phosphatase enzyme (ALP) activity and the effects of incorporating it in the thickener solution of a hydrogen-peroxide-based bleaching gel containing calcium-polyphosphate (CaPP) on the orthophosphate (PO43−) levels, bleaching effectiveness, and enamel microhardness. ALP activity was assessed at different pH levels and H2O2 concentrations, and in H2O- and Tris-based thickeners. Circular dichroism (CD) was used to examine the ALP secondary structure in water-, Tris-, or H2O2-based mediums. The PO43− levels were evaluated in thickeners with and without ALP. Enamel/dentin specimens were allocated into the following groups: control (without bleaching); commercial (Whiteness-HP-Maxx); Exp-H (H2O-based); CaPP-H; ALP-H (CaPP+ALP); Exp-T (Tris-based); CaPP-T; and ALP-T (CaPP+ALP). Color changes (ΔE/ΔE00) and the bleaching index (ΔWID) were calculated, and surface (SMH) and cross-sectional microhardness (CSMH) were assessed. The two-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc tests were used to compare ALP and PO43− levels; generalized linear models were used to examine: ΔE/ΔE00/SMH/CSMH; and Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn's tests were used for ΔWID (α = 5%). The ALP activity was higher at pH 9, lower in H2O2-based mediums, and similar in both thickeners. The CD-spectra indicated denaturation of the enzyme upon contact with H2O2. The PO43− levels were higher after incorporating ALP, and the ΔE/ΔE00/ΔWID were comparable among bleached groups. SMH was lower after bleaching in Exp-H, while CSMH was highest in ALP-T. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial biofilms pose serious problems in medical and industrial settings. One of the major societal challenges lies in the increasing resistance of bacteria against biocides used in antimicrobial treatments, e.g., via overabundant use in medicine, industry, and agriculture or cleaning and disinfection in private households. Hence, new efficient bacteria‐repellent strategies avoiding the use of biocides are strongly desired. One promising route to achieve bacteria‐repellent surfaces lies in the contactless and aseptic large‐area laser‐processing of technical surfaces. Tailored surface textures, enabled by different laser‐processing strategies that result in topographic scales ranging from nanometers to micrometers may provide a solution to this challenge. This article presents a current state‐of‐the‐art review of laser‐surface subtractive texturing approaches for controlling the biofilm formation for different bacterial strains and in different environments. Based on specific properties of bacteria and laser‐processed surfaces, the challenges of anti‐microbial surface designs are discussed, and future directions will be outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porous grafts facilitate constructive remodeling of blood vessels. Incorporating multiple biomimetic cues to porous grafts can promote vascular regeneration. However, the fabrication of such medical devices remains challenging. Here, beta‐sheet rich silk nanofibers (BSN) are added to poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) solution and aggregated under a cylindric electric field to form circumferentially and axially oriented tubular structures, to simulate the endothelial and media layers of blood vessels. PVA in the aligned tubes is then crystallized through repeat freezing–thawing process to offer mechanical performances. Through tuning the ratio of BSN and PVA, the composite tubes with dual anisotropic microstructures exhibit better mechanical properties than pure PVA vascular grafts. Significantly improved cell adhesion, spreading, proliferation, and alignment are achieved. Both endothelial and smooth muscle cells show improved biological activity on the grafts due to the regulatory roles of the aligned structures. In vivo studies reveal the formation of endothelial layers within four weeks of implantation, ensuring long‐term patency. The endothelial and smooth muscle double layers are regenerated after eight months postimplantation, forming hierarchical microstructures and compositions similar to native vessels. The porous composite grafts with multiple aligned structures guide vascular remodeling to regenerate blood vessels, demonstrating potential for clinical translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the development of bioactive fluorcanasite-fluorapatite nanoparticle (nFC-FAp) reinforced poly-(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) bio-nanocomposite bone scaffolds using a biomimetic approach. The filler-matrix combination was selected in particular, to facilitate biomineralization, tunable degradation and augmented cellular response. A novel hybrid technique was adopted to generate hierarchical porosity within the bone scaffolds to match the porous architecture of natural bone. The in-house synthesized nanostructured FC-FAp demonstrated presence of fluorcanasite and fluorapatite biominerals, conducive phases for bone formation. Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy analysis of PCL/nFC-FAp scaffolds indicated interfacial compatibility between PCL matrix and nFC-FAp reinforcement. Microstructural analysis of scaffolds through field emission-scanning electron microscopy confirmed generation of interconnected hierarchical gradient porosity, while, synchrotron-based X-ray micro-computed tomography study revealed three-dimensional architectural details of the scaffolds, with anticipated favorable cellular environment for bone cell activities. Investigations of density and overall porosity of the scaffolds revealed that although, apparent densities increased with increasing loading of nFC-FAp, the variation in relative density and overall porosity values were minimal, establishing the efficacy of hybrid biofabrication approach. Water contact angle results indicated enhanced hydrophilic nature (surface wettability) of the bio-nanocomposite bone scaffolds, a conducive environment for enhanced cellular response. In-vitro biodegradation studies indicated tunable degradation and permissible pH stability of scaffolds with incorporation of nFC-FAp reinforcement. In-vitro biocompatibility studies based on MTT assay and fluorescence microscopy further established enhanced cell survival, viability, and proliferation with osteosarcoma bone cells. Overall, this study highlights a promising bioinspired strategy to develop composite bone scaffolds towards expedited repair of bone damages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Spider silk, possessing exceptional combination properties, is classified as a bio‐gel fiber. Thereby, it serves as a valuable origin of inspiration for the advancement of various artificial gel fiber materials with distinct functionalities. Gel fibers exhibit promising potential for utilization in diverse fields, including smart textiles, artificial muscle, tissue engineering, and strain sensing. However, there are still numerous challenges in improving the performance and functionalizing applications of spider silk‐inspired artificial gel fibers. Thus, to gain a penetrating insight into bioinspired artificial gel fibers, this review provided a comprehensive overview encompassing three key aspects: the fundamental design concepts and implementing strategies of gel fibers, the properties and strengthening strategies of gel fibers, and the functionalities and application prospects of gel fibers. In particular, multiple strengthening and toughening mechanisms were introduced at micro, nano, and molecular‐level structures of gel fibers. Additionally, the existing challenges of gel fibers are summarized. This review aims to offer significant guidance for the development and application of artificial gel fibers and inspire further research in the field of high‐performance gel fibers.

Photothermal therapy (PTT) has garnered extensive attention as an efficient strategy for cancer therapy. Unfortunately, there are currently no suitable photothermal agents (PTAs) capable of effectively treating HER2-positive breast cancer (HER2+ BC) due to the challenges in addressing blood circulation and tumor accumulation. Here, we propose a HER2-specific macrophage biomimetic nanoplatform IR820@ZIF-8@EM (AMBP) for enhanced bio-photothermal therapy of HER2+ BC. An anti-HER2 antibody was expressed in engineered macrophages using the transmembrane expression technique. As an efficient PTAs, IR820 dyes were assembled into ZIF-8 as to develop a “nano-thermal-bomb”. Homology modeling methods support that the expressed anti-HER2 antibody can specifically recognize the HER2 receptor. Moreover, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity can also be induced in HER2+ BC cells by AMBP. In vitro fluorescence confocal imaging showed that AMBP promoted the uptake of HER2+ cancer cells while in vivo anti-tumor experiments demonstrated that AMBP efficiently accumulates in the tumor regions. Finally, under spatiotemporally controlled near-infrared (NIR) irradiation, three of the six tumors were eradicated in AMBP-treated mice, demonstrating a safe and effective strategy. In conclusion, our research opens a new paradigm for antibody-specific macrophage, and it is expected that these characteristics will have substantial clinical translation potential for BC treatment.

A variety of methodologies have been applied for characterizing covalent immobilizations of biomolecules and other compounds on metal implant surfaces, due to the positive impact of functionalization and the enhancement of biomimetic signaling at covalently immobilized biomaterial surfaces. However, current challenges should be addressed, as both physically adsorbed and covalently immobilized molecules usually coexist on functionalized surfaces and covalent immobilization efficiencies greatly vary among works, in which the immobilized biomolecule size seems a determinant parameter of the efficiency.Discrimination of the irreversible-bound covalent fraction should be assessed and advanced techniques for surface characterization must be conducted, such as quartz crystal microbalance or photon induced spectroscopy, as evaluation criteria. Verification of biomolecule activity once it is covalently immobilized on metal substrates is also required. Long-term stability and degradation resistances studies are also highly recommended for obtention of long-lasting, biomimetic-active surfaces upon covalent functionalization of metal biomaterials for medical applications.

The recent remarkable success of mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSN) technology has stimulated intensive efforts to expand nanoparticle strategies to treat various diseases. However, as an anti-tumor drug delivery system, traditional MSN is prone to clearance by the host immune system, resulting in suboptimal pharmacokinetics and inadequate drug concentrations in tumors. The emergence of biomimetic drug delivery systems has effectively addressed these challenges. In this study, we aimed to develop a biomimetic drug delivery system based on MSN to achieve both immune evasion and tumor targeting. To this end, we coated folic acid-modified mesoporous silica (FMSN) cores with lipid-hybridized macrophage membranes (HEs) through co-extrusion, yielding FMSN@HEs. Initially, we demonstrated effective retention of key proteins Integrin α4 and Integrin β1 in the HEs, leading to significantly reduced clearance of FMSN@HEs by phagocytes in vitro. CCK-8 experiments validated the ability of CUR-FMSN@HEs to effectively inhibit the proliferation of tumor cells. In tumor-bearing mice, FMSN@HEs exhibited stronger tumor targeting and penetration abilities compared to MSN without HEs. The immune escape and tumor-targeting properties of the FMSN@HEs suggest that they could be used as novel bionic drug carriers, potentially providing more options for antitumor therapy.

Abstract Underwater superhydrophobic surfaces stand as a promising frontier in materials science, holding immense potential for applications in underwater infrastructure, vehicles, pipelines, robots, and sensors. Despite this potential, widespread commercial adoption of these surfaces faces limitations, primarily rooted in challenges related to material durability and the stability of the air plastron during prolonged submersion. Factors such as pressure, flow, and temperature further complicate the operational viability of underwater superhydrophobic technology. This comprehensive review navigates the evolving landscape of underwater superhydrophobic technology, providing a deep dive into the introduction, advancements, and innovations in design, fabrication, and testing techniques. Recent breakthroughs in nanotechnology, magnetic‐responsive coatings, additive manufacturing, and machine learning are highlighted, showcasing the diverse avenues of progress. Notable research endeavors concentrate on enhancing the longevity of plastrons, the fundamental element governing superhydrophobic behavior. The review explores the multifaceted applications of superhydrophobic coatings in the underwater environment, encompassing areas such as drag reduction, anti‐biofouling, and corrosion resistance. A critical examination of commercial offerings in the superhydrophobic coating landscape offers a current perspective on available solutions. In conclusion, the review provides valuable insights and forward‐looking recommendations to propel the field of underwater superhydrophobicity toward new dimensions of innovation and practical utility.

There is a constant push to increase the use of distributed renewable energy generators worldwide. While they provide a clean and sustainable energy source, they use technologies unknown to traditional power systems. These generators are connected through inverters that lack the inertia of large synchronous machines. This results in a more volatile frequency profile more susceptible to disturbances. This phenomenon is amplified in stand-alone microgrids, a popular electrification alternative for isolated or underserved communities. One solution is inspired by nature, such as the behavior of bees, butterflies, or ants. When properly applied, the natural behavior of animals can help optimize the interaction between different renewable energy-based generators and create a more stable microgrid. There are several approaches to stabilizing such systems using novel optimization techniques. Some optimize the relationship between generators using rotating machines and inverters. The penetration of renewable generation is about increasing the share of inverter-connected generators in the system without causing stability problems. Because renewable resources are intermittent and non-dispatchable, it is vital to create a diverse portfolio where the overall system achieves some stability. For example, if a local grid is served by photovoltaic (PV) panels, wind generation, and a small hydro plant, the variable nature of these resources can complement each other. On a sunny day, the PV output might be very high, and the wind might not be as significant. Conversely, on a rainy day, clouds can reduce PV output while precipitation can feed the local hydroelectric plant. Similarly, on a windy day, wind generation could supplement other generations. While the idea is qualitatively understandable, finding the right balance is not trivial. Moreover, many factors at play change independently and affect the outcome. The available renewable energy resources, their profiles, and the local load conditions vary from site to site. Optimizing these systems at the planning, operation, and control levels requires a systematic approach. Nature-inspired optimization algorithms have an advantage in doing just that.

Pumping coolant or using pulse flow through microchannels with novel structures on microelectronic devices is suitable for high heat flux dissipation and sensor development. This study proposes a novel microchannel designed as a series of biomimetic bark channel networks. Simulation and experimental testing of temperature distribution and heat transfer performance are conducted under different working conditions, including various fluid parameters. The results show that combining biomimetic bar microchannel and pulsation flow can improve heat transfer performance. The effect of pulsating flow frequency on the temperature is only evident outside the range of 10 mm from the inlet. Compared with non-slip boundaries, the boundary slip of pulsating flow slightly enhances heat transfer. Pulsating flow has an optimal frequency, minimizing thermal resistance for different inlet temperatures.

We report the first total synthesis of an antimycobacterial natural product oxazinin A that takes advantage of a multi-component cascade reaction of anthranilic acid and a precursor polyketide containing an aldehyde. The route utilized for the synthesis of the pseudodimeric oxazinin A validates a previously proposed biosynthetic mechanism, invoking a non-enzymatic pathway to the complex molecule. We found a 76 : 10 : 9 : 5 ratio of oxazinin diastereomers from the synthetic cascade, which is an identical match to that found in the fermentation media from the fungus Eurotiomycetes 110162. Further investigation of the non-enzymatic formation of oxazinin A using 1 H-15 N HMBC NMR spectroscopy allowed for a plausible determination of the stepwise mechanism. The developed route is highly amenable for the synthesis of diverse sets of analogs around the oxazinin scaffold to study structure-activity relationships (SAR).

This review covers aspects of orthodontic materials, appliance fabrication and bonding, crossing scientific fields and presenting recent advances in science and technology. Its purpose is to familiarize the reader with developments on these issues, indicate possible future applications of such pioneering approaches, and report the current status in orthodontics. The first section of this review covers shape-memory polymer wires, several misconceptions arising from the recent introduction of novel three-dimensional (3D)-printed aligners (mistakenly termed shape-memory polymers only because they present a certain degree of rebound capacity, as most non-stiff alloys or polymers do), frictionless surfaces enabling resistance-less sliding, self-healing materials for effective handling of fractured plastic/ceramic brackets, self-cleaning materials to minimize microbial attachment or plaque build-up on orthodontic appliances, elastomers with reduced force relaxation and extended stretching capacity to address the problem of inadequate force application during wire-engagement in the bracket slot, biomimetic (non-etching mediated) adhesive attachment to surfaces based on the model of the gecko and the mussel, and command-debond adhesives as options for an atraumatic debonding. This review’s second section deals with the recent and largely unsubstantiated application of 3D-printed alloys and polymers in orthodontics and aspects of planning, material fabrication, and appliance design.

AbstractBee propolis has been used in alternative medicine to treat various diseases. Due to its limited water solubility, it is often used in combination with alcohol solvents, causing skin irritation and immune response. To solve this, the new drug delivery system, based on the lipid nanodiscs of 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphochline (DMPC) and poly(styrene-alt-maleic acid) (PSMA), were created in an aqueous media. At the excess polymer concentrations, the PSMA/DMPC complexation produced the very fine nanoparticles (18 nm). With the increased molar ratio of styrene to maleic acid (St/MA) in the copolymer structure, the lipid nanodisc showed the improved encapsulation efficiency (EE%), comparing to their corresponding aqueous formulations. The maximum value had reached to around 20% when using the 2:1 PSMA precursor. Based on the cytotoxicity test, these nanoparticles were considered to be non-toxic over the low dose administration region (

Abstract Purpose We assessed the efficiency of low-dose recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) incorporated biomimetic calcium phosphate on β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) (rhBMP-2/BioCaP/β-TCP) on bone formation in a model of socket preservation using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scanning and histological examination. Methods Forty patients undergoing minimally invasive single-root tooth extraction for dental implantation were randomized to three groups according to the material used for socket preservation: filling with rhBMP-2/BioCaP/β-TCP, β-TCP, or natural healing (kept unfilled) (controls). The alveolar sockets (including the control group) were covered by two-layer collagen membranes and sutured. Two CBCT scans were taken, one immediately after socket preservation procedure (baseline) and another 6 weeks later. Gray values (GVs) obtained from CBCT were recorded. During insertion of the dental implant, biopsies were taken and analyzed histologically for new bone formation, residual material, and unmineralized bone tissue at the core of the biopsy. Results The mean (± standard deviation) changes of GVs of the CBCT scans at the central area of filled materials were as follows: 373.19 ± 157.16 in the rhBMP-2/BioCaP/β-TCP group, 112.26 ± 197.25 in the β-TCP group, and -257 ± 273.51 in the control group. The decrease of GVs in the rhBMP-2/BioCaP/β-TCP group as compared with the β-TCP group was statistically significant (P

The mimesis of biological mechanisms by artificial devices constitutes the modern, rapidly expanding, multidisciplinary biomimetics sector. In the broader bioinspiration perspective, however, bioarchitectures may perform independent functions without necessarily mimicking their biological generators. In this paper, we explore such Bioarchitectonic notions and demonstrate three-dimensional photonics by the exact replication of insect organs using ultra-porous silica aerogels. The subsequent conformal systolic transformation yields their miniaturized affine ‘clones’ having higher mass density and refractive index. Focusing on the paradigms of ommatidia, the compound eye of the hornet Vespa crabro flavofasciata and the microtrichia of the scarab Protaetia cuprea phoebe, we fabricate their aerogel replicas and derivative clones and investigate their photonic functionalities. Ultralight aerogel microlens arrays are proven to be functional photonic devices having a focal length f ~ 1000 μm and f-number f/30 in the visible spectrum. Stepwise systolic transformation yields denser and affine functional elements, ultimately fused silica clones, exhibiting strong focusing properties due to their very short focal length of f ~ 35 μm and f/3.5. The fabricated transparent aerogel and xerogel replicas of microtrichia demonstrate a remarkable optical waveguiding performance, delivering light to their sub-100 nm nanotips. Dense fused silica conical clones deliver light through sub-50 nm nanotips, enabling nanoscale light–matter interactions. Super-resolution bioarchitectonics offers new and alternative tools and promises novel developments and applications in nanophotonics and other nanotechnology sectors.

Immunotherapy combats tumors by enhancing the body’s immune surveillance and clearance of tumor cells. Various nucleic acid drugs can be used in immunotherapy, such as DNA expressing cytokines, mRNA tumor vaccines, small interfering RNAs (siRNA) knocking down immunosuppressive molecules, and oligonucleotides that can be used as immune adjuvants. Nucleic acid drugs, which are prone to nuclease degradation in the circulation and find it difficult to enter the target cells, typically necessitate developing appropriate vectors for effective in vivo delivery. Biomimetic drug delivery systems, derived from viruses, bacteria, and cells, can protect the cargos from degradation and clearance, and deliver them to the target cells to ensure safety. Moreover, they can activate the immune system through their endogenous activities and active components, thereby improving the efficacy of antitumor immunotherapeutic nucleic acid drugs. In this review, biomimetic nucleic acid delivery systems for relieving a tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment are introduced. Their immune activation mechanisms, including upregulating the proinflammatory cytokines, serving as tumor vaccines, inhibiting immune checkpoints, and modulating intratumoral immune cells, are elaborated. The advantages and disadvantages, as well as possible directions for their clinical translation, are summarized at last.

In light of rising public health threats like antifungal and antimicrobial resistance, alongside the slowdown in new antimicrobial development, biomimetics have shown promise as therapeutic agents. Multidrug-resistant fungi pose significant challenges as they quickly develop resistance, making traditional antifungals less effective. Developing new antifungals is also complicated by the need to target eukaryotic cells without harming the host. This review examines biomimetic antifungal materials that mimic natural biological mechanisms for targeted and efficient action. It covers a range of agents, including antifungal peptides, alginate-based antifungals, chitosan derivatives, nanoparticles, plant-derived polyphenols, and probiotic bacteria. These agents work through mechanisms such as disrupting cell membranes, generating reactive oxygen species, and inhibiting essential fungal processes. Despite their potential, challenges remain in terms of ensuring biocompatibility, optimizing delivery, and overcoming potential resistance. Production scalability and economic viability are also concerns. Future research should enhance the stability and efficacy of these materials, integrate multifunctional approaches, and develop sophisticated delivery systems. Interdisciplinary efforts are needed to understand interactions between these materials, fungal cells, and the host environment. Long-term health and environmental impacts, fungal resistance mechanisms, and standardized testing protocols require further study. In conclusion, while biomimetic antifungal materials represent a revolutionary approach to combating multidrug-resistant fungi, extensive research and development are needed to fully realize their potential.

In our previous work, the coaxial electrostatic spinning method was applied to construct nanofiber/SiBCN ceramic aerogel with an elytra-mimetic structure. The material presented excellent mechanical, insulation, oxidation resistance, and other properties. Based on preliminary experiments and literature reports, the integrated heat transfer behavior of nanofiber/SiBCN composite ceramic aerogels in high-temperature environments was affected by several factors, such as coaxial fiber size properties, fiber particle content, interactions, and spatial distribution. Moreover, the above factors overlapped and interacted with each other, and it was hard to generalize a clear law of action through traditional experiments and characterization. Therefore, the paper constructed a representative volume unit (RVE) model based on the complex spatial distribution characteristics of composite aerogels, using fractal theory, Rosseland equation theory, and multiphase model theory. This paper investigated the fiber and particle content, the size characteristics of the coaxial fibers, and the overall heat transfer process in high-temperature environments using the finite element method. The finite element simulated the effective thermal conductivity of multiphase aerogel composites under multiple parameters, such as fiber occupancy, fiber core-shell diameter ratio, temperature, and heat transfer mode. We obtained the property parameters of the complex composition of the material through fractal theory. The model was combined with finite elements to study the fiber particle content, the size characteristics of coaxial fibers, and the integrated heat transfer process in high-temperature environments. The fibers improved the absorption and reflection of thermal radiation with increasing fiber mass fraction, leading to improved ability of ceramic fiber aerogel to extinguish light. The fibers had a larger area to absorb and reflect thermal radiation. Based on the excellent extinction ability of SiC fibers, the composite ceramic aerogel had improved thermal performance at a specifically fiber-to-shell diameter ratio through a comprehensive multifactor simulation analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To report a novel digital workflow to replace an anterior maxillary tooth lost due to trauma with an implant multilayer restoration by using the patient's extracted tooth as a final crown restoration using computer‐aided design/computer‐aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technology. Clinical Considerations: Instead of using the patient's natural tooth as an immediate provisional restoration to achieve predictable results in terms of esthetics and soft tissue structure, a novel digital strategy was performed to obtain a natural final crown restoration by using the patient's tooth associated with a lithium disilicate customized implant abutment. Conclusions: The perspective of using this strategic approach for implant restorative dental treatments in patients with traumatic root fractures in the anterior region has great potential as it helps to maintain the emergence profile of the natural dentition and esthetics. Clinical Significance: Optimal esthetic outcomes are challenging in implant dentistry regarding soft tissue structure and morphology factors. Using natural teeth from surgery to deliver the final restoration might be beneficial when an anterior tooth is lost due to trauma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nano-delivery system with a dual biomimetic effect can penetrate deeper in tumor microenvironments (TMEs) and release sufficient antitumor drugs, which has attracted much attention. In this study, we synthesized erythrocyte-like mesoporous silica nanoparticles (EMSNs) as the core loaded with doxorubicin (DOX) and coated them with calcium phosphate (CaP) and erythrocyte membrane (EM) to obtain DOX/EsPMs. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM), fluorescent co-localization and protein bands of SDS-PAGE were used to confirm the complete fabrication of EsPMs. The EsPMs with erythrocyte-like shape exhibited superior penetration ability in in vitro diffusion and tumor-sphere penetration experiments. Intracellular Ca2+ and ROS detection experiments showed that the CaP membranes of EsPMs with pH-sensitivity could provide Ca2+ continuously to induce reactive oxide species' (ROS) generation in the TME. The EM as a perfect "camouflaged clothing" which could confuse macrophagocytes into prolonging blood circulation. Hemolysis and non-specific protein adsorption tests proved the desirable biocompatibility of EsPMs. An in vivo pharmacodynamics evaluation showed that the DOX/EsPMs group had a satisfactory tumor-inhibition effect. These advantages of the nano-erythrocytes suggest that by modifying the existing materials to construct a nano-delivery system, nanoparticles will achieve a biomimetic effect from both their structure and function with a facilitated and sufficient drug release profile, which is of great significance for antitumor therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nano-delivery systems have demonstrated great promise in the therapy of cancer. However, the therapeutic efficacy of conventional nanomedicines is hindered by the clearance of the blood circulation system and the physiological barriers surrounding the tumor. Inspired by the unique capabilities of cells within the body, such as immune evasion, prolonged circulation, and tumor-targeting, there has been a growing interest in developing cell membrane biomimetic nanomedicine delivery systems. Cell membrane modification on nanoparticle surfaces can prolong circulation time, activate tumor-targeting, and ultimately improve the efficacy of cancer treatment. It shows excellent development potential. This review will focus on the advancements in various cell membrane nano-drug delivery systems for cancer therapy and the obstacles encountered during clinical implementation. It is hoped that such discussions will inspire the development of cell membrane biomimetic nanomedical systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymeric drug delivery technology, which allows for medicinal ingredients to enter a cell more easily, has advanced considerably in recent decades. Innovative medication delivery strategies use biodegradable and bio-reducible polymers, and progress in the field has been accelerated by future possible research applications. Natural polymers utilized in polymeric drug delivery systems include arginine, chitosan, dextrin, polysaccharides, poly(glycolic acid), poly(lactic acid), and hyaluronic acid. Additionally, poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate), poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide), poly(ethylenimine), dendritic polymers, biodegradable polymers, and bioabsorbable polymers as well as biomimetic and bio-related polymeric systems and drug-free macromolecular therapies have been employed in polymeric drug delivery. Different synthetic and natural biomaterials are in the clinical phase to mitigate different diseases. Drug delivery methods using natural and synthetic polymers are becoming increasingly common in the pharmaceutical industry, with biocompatible and bio-related copolymers and dendrimers having helped cure cancer as drug delivery systems. This review discusses all the above components and how, by combining synthetic and biological approaches, micro- and nano-drug delivery systems can result in revolutionary polymeric drug and gene delivery devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper systematically classifies and summarizes the current state of research on the enhancement of heat transfer in microchannels with bionic fractal structure, including fractal structures such as leaf veins, tree branches, lung trachea, spider webs and other biomimetic microchannels. The fractal topology microchannels are also discussed with theoretical models and experimental numerical verification, which shows their advantages by comparing with conventional microchannels. Finally, the existing challenges and future directions of fractal structured microchannel are analyzed in depth and prospected, respectively. This study can provide new research ideas for the development of heat transfer process strengthening and provide the corresponding theoretical basis and scientific guidance for industrial application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review covers aspects of orthodontic materials, appliance fabrication and bonding, crossing scientific fields and presenting recent advances in science and technology. Its purpose is to familiarize the reader with developments on these issues, indicate possible future applications of such pioneering approaches, and report the current status in orthodontics. The first section of this review covers shape-memory polymer wires, several misconceptions arising from the recent introduction of novel three-dimensional (3D)-printed aligners (mistakenly termed shape-memory polymers only because they present a certain degree of rebound capacity, as most non-stiff alloys or polymers do), frictionless surfaces enabling resistance-less sliding, self-healing materials for effective handling of fractured plastic/ceramic brackets, self-cleaning materials to minimize microbial attachment or plaque build-up on orthodontic appliances, elastomers with reduced force relaxation and extended stretching capacity to address the problem of inadequate force application during wire-engagement in the bracket slot, biomimetic (non-etching mediated) adhesive attachment to surfaces based on the model of the gecko and the mussel, and command-debond adhesives as options for an atraumatic debonding. This review's second section deals with the recent and largely unsubstantiated application of 3D-printed alloys and polymers in orthodontics and aspects of planning, material fabrication, and appliance design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is highly desirable to develop fiber materials with high strength and toughness while increasing fiber strength always results in a decrease in toughness. Spider silk is a natural fiber material with an excellent combination of high strength and toughness, which is produced from the spinning dope solution by gelation and drawing spinning process. This encourages people to prepare artificial fibers by mimicking the material, structure, and spinning of natural spider silk. In this review, we first summarized the preparation of artificial spider silk prepared via such a gelation process from different types of materials, including nonrecombinant proteins, recombinant proteins, polypeptides, synthetic polymers, and polymer nanocomposites. In addition, different spinning approaches for spinning artificial spider silk are also summarized. In the third section, some novel application scenarios of the artificial spider silk were summarized, such as artificial muscles, sensing, and smart fibers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Plant structures exhibit complex behaviors through unique shape changes and movements closely related to moisture factors. When the plants absorb moisture, their inside has a higher tension than their outside, so the entire structure is folded to closure or opened. The principle and property could be applied to bio-inspired technology, which is the process of fusion mimicking the structure, function, metabolism, mechanism, and ecological system of those creatures adapted to their environments. In this study, we analyzed the functions and physical characteristics of environment-sensing plants to demonstrate the principles of plants with opening-and-closing and curling-and-uncurling mechanisms and to better understand these behavior principles. From a biological and ecological viewpoint, the target sensory and cognitive plants that respond to external humidity and vibration were found to undergo structural changes in the size of the xylem and the degree of adhesion of the leaf and stem, as well as the opening, closing, and curling of the external shapes of the plants. The phenomenon of external form changes based on the microstructural characteristics of plants showed a promising direction for addressing issues in existing technology, such as non-powered operation. Therefore, in this study, we presented a biomimetic humidification model that was biocompatible and reversible. Pinecone samples with the applied opening-and-closing mechanism were to apply these biological properties to biomimetics. The results provide biomimetic knowledge for understanding the functions of biological and ecological features underlying the morphological changes in humidity-sensing plants and plant bioacoustics. These bio-inspired plant resources could provide sustainable new-growth power and valuable scientific information for advancing the research and technological development of biomimetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]