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The study examines whether consumers' corporate social responsibility orientation (CSRO) can affect the perceptions of the sponsor's intention in advocating social causes as altruistic or self-serving in the context of values advocacy advertising. A quasi-experimental design with two ad stimuli sponsored by Miller Brewing Company and McDonald's was conducted. The study suggests that those who have high levels of expectations for business to perform both business (e.g., maximization of profits) and social roles (e.g., philanthropic efforts) are most likely to relate to values advocacy advertising messages and attribute to the sponsor altruistic motives in sponsoring social causes. It was noteworthy that the findings emerged differently depending on the types of sponsor's industry and the prior perception toward the sponsor.

β-SiC powder was synthesized using silicon sludge from photovoltaic silicon-wafer production by varying heat treatment temperature and carbon contents. The synthesized β-SiC powder and silicon sludge was analyzed by XRD, SEM, FT-IR and Particle size analysis. It is known that the conversion of SiC from the mixture of Silicon and Carbon is mainly affected by the mole ratio of C/Si and heat treatment temperature. In this study, the influence of reaction temperature and carbon contents on the synthesis of β-SiC from silicon sludge was examined.

β-SiC powder was synthesized directly from silicon sludge with carbon black. Large amount of silicon sludge is generated from Solar Cell industry. In an environmental and economic point of view, recycling silicon sludge is important. In this study, two kinds of silicon sludge were characterized using XRD, SEM/EDS and FT-IR. SiC powder was synthesized by the reaction of ball-milled silicon powder for 3h in vacuum at different temperatures (1350 and 1600). Physical properties of the heat treated SiC have been characterized using a SEM, XRD, Particle size analyzer and FT-IR Spectroscopy.

The formation of organic-inorganic hybrid composite with ceramic platelets and polymeric compound can have the higher strength and higher elasticity than metal, which is a nanocomposite with high strength and light weight. Ceramic platelet such as Al2O3has been used to form organic-inorganic composite material using PMMA as an organic polymer. Bending strength and density of the composites prepared by infiltration and post-warm pressing were measured. FE-SEM and TG analysis were carried out to determine the microstructure of the organic-inorganic composite materials. Bending strengths and densities of the composites prepared by Al2O3ceramic plate and PMMA after post-warm pressing were ~70MPa and ranged from 2.4 to 2.6, respectively.

SiC powder can be produced generally through the Acheson process and it is required long carbothermic reaction time of SiO2 with carbon powder around 2200 °C ~ 2400 °C. Due to the high reaction temperature and long reaction time of the process, the powders produced have a large particle size and consist of mostly alpha phase SiC. Synthetic temperature of beta phase SiC powder is known to produce at 1700 °C ~ 1900 °C which is lower temperature than that of alpha phase SiC powder. We prepared β-SiC powder by heating precursor derived from the mixture of phenolic resin and tetraethyl orthosilicate. The precursor was heated at 1800 °C for 4 h in an Ar atmosphere. In order to examine the pyrolysis residue after the heat treatment, the SiC powder was analyzed with XRD and SEM. The X-ray diffraction result of the SiC powder shows the diffraction peaks around 35°, 60°, and 73° corresponded to the beta SiC phase. β-SiC powder prepared in this study contains lower metallic impurities compare than that of α-SiC powder prepared from Acheson method and is able to use as a good starting material for SiC single crystal growing.

Antimony doped tin oxide (ATO) is a typical p-type semiconductor and widely used due to its good properties such as electrical conductivity and transparency in visible range, while reflects infrared light. These features allow ATO to be used as transparent electrodes, heat mirrors and energy storage device, display panel. However, the use of tin oxide ceramics is limited by the low densification during sintering due to the dominance of non-densification mechanism such as surface diffusion or evaporation condensation. So, sintering agents such as Cobalt (II) oxide (CoO), zinc oxide (ZnO), manganese dioxide (MnO2) used to improve the densification of SnO2 by forming lattice solid solution or liquid phase. In this study, we studied the effect of the sintering agents. The antimony-doped tin oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by a sol-gel method. After sintering ATO with sintering agents such as MnO2 and CoO, sintered body characteristics were investigated by XRD, SEM, thermal conductivity, resistivity and interesting characteristic.

Recently, variety of organic and inorganic hybrid materials have recently investigated as alternative routes to SiOC, SiO 2 thin film formation at low temperatures for applications in electronic ceramics. Specially, silicon based polymers, such as polycarbosilane, polysilane and polysilazane derivatives have been studied for use in electronic ceramics and have been applied as dielectric or insulating materials. In this study, Polycarbosilane(PCS), which Si-CH 2 -Si bonds build up the backbone of the polymer, has been investigated as low-k materials using a solution process. After heat treatment at 350℃ under N 2 atmosphere, chemical composition and dielectric constant of the thin film were SiO 0.27 C 1.94 and 1.2, respectively. Mechanical property measured using nanoindentor shows 1.37 GPa.

The polymerization and molecular weight distribution of poly(phenylcarbosilane) (PPCS) depend on the temperature and pressure conditions under which it is synthesized using the Kumada rearrangement reaction. Its degree of polymerization is related not only to its physical properties such as solubility and boiling point but also to its chemical structure. In this study, soluble PPCS having a weight-average molecular weight (Mw) in the range of 2,500–3,000 was selectively isolated through distillation or fractional precipitation, and its chemical structure and physical properties were studied via FT-IR, NMR, GPC, and thermal analysis. The analytical data indicate that the Si–CH2–Si backbone and Si–Si bond are formed through step-growth polymerization and are clearly detected after purification. The differences in the thermal behavior of PPCS in air and in nitrogen were also investigated.

Polyphenylcarbosilane (PPCS) was synthesized from thermal rearrangement of the polymethylphenylsilane around 350 ~ 430°C. Characterization of synthesized PPCS was performed with FT-IR spectroscopy analysis. From FT-IR data, the band at 1035cm-1 is very strong and assigned to CH2 bending vibration in Si-CH2-Si group, indicating the formation of the PPCS. Ceramic thin film was fabricated onto stainless substrate by dip coating using a 20wt% PPCS in toluene. Heat treatment of the samples was performed at various temperatures (600°C and 800°C) under nitrogen atmospheres. The prepared PPCS samples and the coating layers on SUS316 after heat treatment were analyzed using FT-IR and XPS, respectively.

This study investigates how gender factors and message strategy play a role in the evaluation of advocacy advertising. The results of an experiment (n=245) revealed that women's behavioral intention is enhanced more through a transformational message strategy (emotionally oriented messages) than an informational message strategy. However, inverse effects emerged for men; an informational message strategy was more effective to enhance behavioral intention. This finding indicates females might process self-efficacy and behavioral intention emotionally rather than rationally. Conversely, males may process self-efficacy and behavioral intention rationally. Gender differences also emerged with respect to perceived consumer effectiveness, and message strategy significantly predicted self-efficacy. Interestingly, there were no effects of gender or message strategy in the evaluation of the advertiser.

Polyphenylcarbosilane as a novel preceramic polymer for SiC was synthesized by thermal rearrangement of polymethylphenylsilane at around 350–430 °C. Characterization of the synthesized polyphenylcarbosilane was performed using 29Si NMR, 13C NMR and 1H NMR spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy and TG, XRD, and GPC analysis. From the FT-IR data, the band at 1035 cm−1 was very strong and was assigned to the CH2 bending vibration in the Si–CH2–Si group, indicating the formation of polyphenylcarbosilane. The average molecular weight (Mw) of the polyphenylcarbosilane synthesized was 2,500, and it was found to easily dissolve in an organic solvent. TGA data indicate that polyphenylcarbosilane is thermally stable up to 200 °C. However, rapid weight loss occurs above 200 °C because of the decomposition of polyphenylcarbosilane, and the diffraction peak of the pyrolysis residue at 1200 °C corresponds to β-SiC ceramic. The ceramic yield calculated from TGA is approximately 60%.

The effects of the pair-minerializer (CaSO4,-CaF2) on the burnability of clinker and the formation of mineral are investigated. As experimental results, the addition of F as pair-mineralizer, the burnability of clinker was improved. Especially, the addition of F and SO3 components simultaneously as pair-mineralizer, total amount of free lime in clinker is rapidly decreased compared with the value which mineralizer was added separately. In case of adding K2O only to the raw mixes, the amount of free lime is increased. However, if alkali (K2O) and pair-minerializer (CaSO4,-CaF2) were added simultaneously, the produced amount of clinker mineral is increased due to the formation of stable calcium langbeinite by the combination of alkali (K2O) and sulfate

The study reported in this article examines the effects of three involvement types (technology, computer product category, and advertisement involvements) on attitude/behavioral intentions in two contexts: product and corporate ads. Specifically, the study explored these relationships using computer product ads and the ads of the company that produces the computer brand featured in the product ads. In the corporate ads, involvement levels in the technology and computer product category did not reveal a significant influence, whereas all three involvement types (technology, computer product category, and advertisement involvement) had a significant influence on attitudes and behavioral intentions of viewers in the product ads. The results suggest that consumers' product related involvements might not have the same influences on the corporate ads as the product ads.

The purpose of this practitioner research was to examine my role as a teacher in the context of children’s conflicts in an early childhood special education classroom, reflecting on my reactions and choices of different intervention strategies. From videotaped observations and reflective journals I examined when I intervened and what strategies I used. The findings indicate that even though I was not conscious of my assumptions about individual children all the time, these assumptions were unconsciously translated into my daily practice and conflict resolution strategies. Through reflecting on my practices and beliefs I raised important issues concerning a teacher’s role in children’s conflicts. This study validates how important it is for teachers to reflect on specific issues within their practices and observe how these issues are addressed within the research process. Reflective practices, specifically conducting action research, not only heightens awareness of context but also enables one to take grea...

The purpose of this study is to observe and analyze information searching behaviors of various user groups in different access modes for designing user-centered query interface of content-based Music Information Retrieval System(MIRS). Two expert groups and two non-expert groups were recruited for this research. The data gathering techniques employed in this study were in-depth interviewing, participant observation, searching task experiments, think-aloud protocols, and post-search surveys. Expert users, especially majoring in music theory, preferred to input exact notes one by one using the devices such as keyboard and musical score. On the other hand, non-expert users preferred to input melodic contours by humming.

This qualitative study looked at how early childhood teachers talk about and interact with the most powerful children in their classrooms—the student leaders. Relying primarily on interviews with six teachers in early childhood classrooms (infants, toddlers, and preschoolers) within a University‐affiliated center, this paper reconsidered leadership qualities in young children from the teachers’ point of view, probing the often overlooked challenges and dilemmas that young leaders present in student‐student and student‐adult relationships. Findings showed that the teachers described children's leadership skills in positive ways in the abstract, but these theoretical beliefs were quickly challenged by the realities of the classroom. As a result, teachers faced the complex dilemma of supporting individual children's leadership strengths while nurturing their own visions of classroom community. Findings are discussed with reference to implications for practice, including implications for early childh...

In this qualitative study, multidimensional characteristics of the emerging leadership behavior of six young children were examined within their early childhood classrooms (infant, toddler, and preschool). Grounded in a constructivist framework, the data were gathered through teacher interviews and classroom observations in a University-affiliated center over a six-week period. Findings yielded two major themes which best described the characteristics of these young leaders: dynamic and charismatic personalities; and a sense of ownership of and a high awareness in the classroom. By examining the ways leadership manifested itself in the classroom, findings also suggested that leadership could be seen as a relational rather than an individual construct. Young leaders seem to exert their social power to develop relationships with peers and teachers and at the same time to include and exclude certain peers or teachers during the interaction. Findings are discussed with reference to implications for practice and suggestions for further study.

This paper describes the experiences of three toddlers with developmental delays and their caregivers in an inclusive child care center. Case study methodology was used to synthesize data representing initial issues presented by parents, caregivers' reflections on their relationships with the toddlers, and interactions between toddlers with special needs, their caregivers, and their typical peers within the child care setting. Analyses of parent interviews, caregiver journals, and child observations yielded two overarching themes—concern and possibility. Both parents and caregivers expressed specific concerns about children's behavioral differences, and how they create challenges to inclusion, but they also envisioned the possibility of increased social opportunities in inclusive child care for children with disabilities. Caregivers found that working in an inclusive setting created the possibility for early childhood professionals to learn about and better understand developmental differences. I...

Bismuth metal, upon activation by zinc fluoride, can effect the crossed aldol reaction between α-bromocarbonyl compounds and aldehydes in aqueous media. The reaction was found to be regiospecific and syn-diastereoselective.Key words: bismuth, zinc fluoride, aldol reaction, regioselectivity, aqueous media.

This study examines how consumers reconcile two possibly contradictory motives (public-serving and firm-serving) to the corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives of companies in socially stigmatized industries. Our results indicate that consumers are willing to accept and give reputational credit for firm-serving motives behind the companies’ CSR initiatives, as long as they also perceive that the companies are sincere in serving public interests (i.e., high public-serving motives). Consumers highly engaged in social causes are also willing to accept firm-serving motives when they also perceive sincere public-serving motives behind the companies’ CSR activities.

본 연구의 목적은 청소년의 우울/불안, 공격성이 학업성취에 미치는 영향을 알아보고 자아존중감의 매개효과를 확인하는 데에 있다. 이를 위해 초등, 중등, 고등 3년 간격으로 측정된 총 477명의 한국복지패널의 패널조사 자료를 활용하였다. 수집된 자료는 다변량잠재성장모형을 수행하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 우울/불안, 공격성, 자아존중감, 학업성취 모두 상급학교로 진학하면서 선형적으로 변화하는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 우울/불안, 공격성이 높을 경우 학업성취가 낮으며 공격성이 지속적으로 증가할수록 학업성취도 지속적으로 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 자아존중감의 경우 자아존중감이 높으면 학업성취가 높고 자아존중감이 증진되면 학업성취도 지속적으로 증가하는것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 우울/불안, 공격성과 학업성취의 관계에서 자아존중감의 매개효과가 유의하였고, 공격성의 변화율과 학업성취 변화율의 관계에서 자아존중감의 변화율의 매개효과는 유의하였다. 마지막으로 본 연구 결과에 대한 논의와 추후연구를 위한 제언을 제시하였다.

The introduction of A ring pyrazole modification to the hydrocortisone C-21 heteroaryl thioethers generated compounds with excellent transrepression potency (IL-8 inhibition) compared to their hydrocortisone analogs. However, the transcriptional transactivation activity of these compounds were considerably higher than the corresponding hydrocortisone analogs. Among all the compounds evaluated, a quinoxaline thioether modification demonstrated the best overall in vitro separation.

The prednisolone C-21 heteroaryl thioethers have been synthesized and evaluated in cell based transrepression and transactivation assays. Most of the compounds demonstrated weak transactivational activity in both human and rat tyrosineaminotransferase functional assay while keeping potent anti-inflammatory activity. The benzimidazole thioether 7 exhibited comparable anti-inflammatory activity and improved safety profile compared to the classical oral steroid prednisolone.

Structural features of the substituted 4-piperidinyl urea analogs 1, responsible for the H3 antagonist activity, have been identified. Structure–activity relationship of the H3 receptor affinity, hERG ion channel inhibitory activity and their separation is described. Preliminary pharmacokinetic evaluation of the compounds of the series is addressed.

This essay explores how corporations used their advertising campaigns to sell war bonds during WW II. This analysis of the advertisements demonstrates that companies used these ads to maintain "human relationships" with Americans on the home front during wartime. Using war bond ads and the historical context of this time, this essay explains how the unique socio-cultural environment of war changed the meaning of bonds. For the consumer, the bonds went from being a mere financial investment into a vehicle that made citizens feel like they were doing their duty as members of the American family left at home.

Bismuth metal, activated by ammonium hydrogen fluoride, was found to reduce various α-halocarbonyl compounds efficiently and chemoselectively in aqueous media to give the dehalogenated reduction products in excellent yields.Key words: bismuth, reduction, α-halocarbonyl compounds, fluoride salts, aqueous media, bismuth enolates, aldol reaction.

Dicubyl disulfide (1) has been prepared in six steps from commercially available dimethyl-1,4-cubanedicarboxylate in 47% overall yield. In the final step, the previously unknown cubanethiol 2 was oxidized to disulfide 1. X-ray crystallography for 1 reveals the shortest tetragonal C-S bond on record (1.771 A). In contrast to previous generalizations, density functional theory calculations predict a low S-S rotation barrier similar to that for t-BuSSBu-t. Low-temperature (13)C NMR (600 MHz) confirms the prediction.

The effects of clay, aluminum hydroxide, and carbon powder on the sintering of a Si/SiC mixture from photovoltaic silicon-wafer production were investigated. Sintering temperature was fixed at and the sintered bodies were characterized by SEM and XRD to analyze the microstructure and to measure the apparent porosity, absorptivity, and apparent density. The XRD peak intensity of SiC in the sintered body was increased by adding 5% carbon to the Si/SiC mixture. From this result, it is confirmed that Si in the Si/SiC mixture had reacted with the added carbon. Addition of aluminum hydroxide decreased the cristobalite phase and increased the stable mullite phase. The measurement of the physical properties indicates that adding carbon to the Si/SiC mixture enables us to obtain a dense sintered body that has high apparent density and low absorptivity. The sintered body produced from the Si/SiC mixture with aluminum hydroxide and carbon powder as sintering additives can be applied to diesel particulate filters or to heat storage materials, etc., since it possesses high thermal conductivity, and anticorrosion and antioxidation properties.

【To improve the chemical stability of metal, the ceramic coatings on metallic materials have attracted interest from many researchers due to the chemical inertness of ceramic materials. To endure strong acids, SiOC coating on metal substrate was carried out by dip coating method using 20wt% polyphenylcarbosilane solution; SiC powder was added to the solution at 10wt% and 15wt% to improve the mechanical properties and to prevent cracks of the film. Thermal oxidation as a curing step was carried out at $200^{\circ}C$ for crosslinking of the polyphenylcarbosilane, and the coating samples were pyrolysized at $800^{\circ}C$ under argon to convert the polyphenylcarbosilane to SiOC film. The thicknesses of the SiOC coating films were $2.36{\mu}m$ and $3.16{\mu}m$ . The quantities of each element were measured as $SiO_{1.07}C_{6.33}$ by EPMA, and it can be confirmed that the SiOC film from polyphenylcarbosilane was formed in a manner that was carbon rich. The hardness of the SiOC film was found to be 3.2Gpa through nanoindentor measurement. No defect including cracks appeared in the SiOC film. The weight loss of the SiOC coated stainless steel was within 2% after soaking in 10% HCl solution at $80^{\circ}C$ for one week. From these results, SiOC coating shows good potential for application to protect against severe chemical corrosion of stainless steel.】

In order to meet the requirements of faster speed and higher packing density for devices in the field of semiconductor manufacturing, the development of Cu/Low k device material is explored for use in multi-layer interconnection. SiOC(-H) thin films containing alkylgroup are considered the most promising among all the other low k candidate materials for Cu interconnection, which materials are intended to replace conventional Al wiring. Their promising character is due to their thermal and mechanical properties, which are superior to those of organic materials such as porous , SiOF, polyimides, and poly (arylene ether). SiOC(-H) thin films containing alkylgroup are generally prepared by PECVD method using trimethoxysilane as precursor. Nano voids in the film originating from the sterichindrance of alkylgroup lower the dielectric constant of the film. In this study, methyltriphenylsilane containing bulky substitute was prepared and characterized by using NMR, single-crystal X-ray, GC-MS, GPC, FT-IR and TGA analyses. Solid-state NMR is utilized to investigate the insoluble samples and the chemical shift of . X-ray single crystal results confirm that methyltriphenylsilane is composed of one Si molecule, three phenyl rings and one methyl molecule. When methyltriphenylsilane decomposes, it produces radicals such as phenyl, diphenyl, phenylsilane, diphenylsilane, triphenylsilane, etc. From the analytical data, methyltriphenylsilane was found to be very efficient as a CVD or PECVD precursor.