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Indoor positioning and life detection using radio frequency has been widely researched; however, to achieve both indoor positioning and life detection has been a very challenging task until now. By careful design of the waveform and a novel detection algorithm, asynchronous multiple frequency shift keying (A-MFSK) is proposed to solve this task for the first time, which can operate between an MFSK mode and a single tone continuous wave mode, providing a possibility of A-MFSK for this task. Detailed explanation about the detection algorithm is given. Simulations and measurements results of both modes demonstrate that A-MFSK has the capability of indoor positioning and life detection.

In this paper, we analysed fatty acid methyl ester contents in the biodiesel which is produced from the newly developed biodiesel production equipment. The lard oil was used as the raw material through various experimental conditions. Thirty one experiments were conducted, which were based on the experimental conditions that designed by central composite design method. The effects of four independent variables, including reaction temperature, reaction time, oil to methanol molar ratio, and catalytic amount, were investigated at five levels using central composite design (CCD). Fatty acid methyl ester content was chosen dependent variable. Although the results of analysis of the surface with an irregular surface geometry showed that the biodiesel was partially impure after the reaction due to the natural characteristics of the lard oil as the raw material, we could confirm the relationship between them from the facts that the production amount of fatty acid methyl ester changes according to reaction temperature, reaction time, oil to methanol molar ratio, and catalytic amount.

Demand-side management program is important for future smart grid. Most of the DSM program developed in the past interact customer and utility company. We suggest the Factory Management System using Social Internet of Things. It is not interaction between customer and utility company but interaction between things and things. Therefore we propose a autonomous demand-side management system and a system architecture.

2.4GHz Industrial Scientific Medical(ISM) Band is shared by both WLAN and IEEE 802.15.4. Therefore, WLAN and IEEE 802.15.4 get interfered by each other where WLAN and IEEE 802.15.4 deploy locally. Especially, IEEE 802.15.4 devices are more influenced by the interference from LWAN devices because WLAN devices transmit data with higher power than IEEE 802.15.4 devices. In this paper, we proposed a possible algorithm for interference coordination in the Heterogeneous Network (HetNet) and optimized an important parameter, NAV, of the proposed mechanism. Our goal is to mitigate the interference problem and to make IEEE 802.15.4 work properly while minimizing the loss of WLAN by making PAN Coordinator conduct the role of both WLAN and IEEE 802.15.4 devices.

We demonstrate a polymer-stabilized blue-phase liquid crystal device PS-BPLC, which can be driven by a vertical electric field by transforming normal incident beams into oblique ones. By attaching prism sheets to the cell, the high operating voltage and low transmittance issues on the PS-BPLC employing conventional in-plane field switching modes can be solved simply. The normal brightness can be enhanced by using two prism sheets on top and bottom substrates, respectively.

Consequently, there is a critical need for analytical techniques that can provide func-tion and identification of numerous and diversified proteins. Determination of molecular weight is one of the most im-portant aspects of protein characterization. Mass spectrometry (MS) with either matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization (MALDI)

Microwave digestion is a preferred pretreatment method for agricultural samples because of its quick chemical reaction and minimum loss of analytes. In this research, a feedback temperature controller was developed to control the temperature inside a vessel for the microwave-assisted digestion system. An existing industrial microwave oven was fitted with the temperature controller for controlling inside temperature of the vessel. Four control methods, On/Off, proportional (P), proportional integral (PI), and proportional integral derivative (PID) were used and compared. Experimental results showed that PID control produced best temperature control performance. The PID controller could maintain the temperature of water sample and rice sample in the digestion system with error range of and at set temperature of , respectively.

Remote user authentication scheme is a cryptographic tool which permits a server to identify a remote user. In 2007, Wang et al. pointed out that Ku`s remote user authentication scheme is vulnerable to a dictionary attack by obtaining some secret information in a smart card using side channel attacks. They also proposed a remote user authentication scheme which is secure against dictionary attack. In this paper, we analyze the protocol proposed by Wang et al. In the paper, it is claimed that the protocol is secure even though some values, which is stored in a smart card, are revealed to an adversary, However, we show that their protocol is insecure if the values are disclosed to an adversary.

This paper presents a 2 GHz injection-locked PLL (ILPLL) with an injection-locked frequency divider (ILFD). Using a negative phase shift phenomenon of the ILFD, injection timing can be calibrated without a delay line. As a result, the proposed ILPLL achieves a simple background injection timing calibration for robustness of power supply variation. The test core has been fabricated in 65nm CMOS process consuming 3.74mW at 0.9V supply voltage.

This paper describes a novel integrated time register and arithmetic circuit (TRAC) for time-domain signal processing (TDSP). TRAC has four basic functions: time register, time adder, time subtractor, and time amplifier. One TRAC is able to accept multiple inputs and perform the combination of basic functions. Thus, complex arithmetic operations can be performed synchronously with a TRAC. In a synchronous time-to-digital converter (TDC), a high-gain residue amplifier with the suppressed offset-time component at the output can be implemented by exploiting the advantages of TRAC. The functions of TRAC are with post-layout data simulated in 110nm CMOS technology.

The dual-fold purpose of this study was to investigate whether there was a correlation between agricultural information and beef cattle farming and to analyze what improving information services had an effect on beef cattle farming. Evaluations of the impact mechanism between beef cattle farming and prevailing conditions were fundamentally the same for the farmers or the civil servants and staff members of PAIs (Public Agricultural Institutions). All information elements had large and minus relation index values. Both responding groups thought that the change in elements involving beef cattle farming easily improved information services, whereas it did not strongly affect beef cattle farming or prevailing conditions. The Decision-Making and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) method, which separates the interacting elements of a system into cause and effect groups as a structural modeling approach, is a good technique for analyzing the correlation between pairs of elements. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied to the total relation matrix to find out the extent of the cause-effect relationship on the results. The features or correlations within all elements, based on patterns of similarity between the cause or effect groups, were confirmed. The evaluation of the information itself in the AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) results was not the same as the magnitude of its impacts in the DEMATEL analysis. However, a serious problem is that improving information services did not affect beef cattle farming or prevailing conditions. It was established that the correlations or potential structures between pairs of elements could be confirmed more easily, in detail, by applying PCA to the total relation matrix.

Purpose: The anticancer property and cytoprotective role of selenium in chemotherapy have been reported. However, the combination effects of selenium on chemotherapy for advanced breast cancer have not yet been clearly defined. The purpose of this study was to investigate the combined effects of selenium on chemotherapy using docetaxel on breast cancer cell lines. Methods: Under adherent culture conditions, two breast cancer cell lines, MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7, were treated with docetaxel at 500pM and selenium at 100nM, 1μM, or 10μM. Changes in cell growth, cell cycle duration, and degree of apoptosis after 72 hours in each treated group were evaluated. Results: In the MDA-MB-231 cells, the combination therapy group (docetaxel at 500pM plus selenium at 10mM) showed a significantly decreased percentage of cell growth (15% vs. 28%; P = 0.004), a significantly increased percentage of late apoptosis (63% vs. 26%; P = 0.001), and an increased cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase (P = 0.001) compared with the solitary docetaxel therapy group. Isobologram analysis demonstrated the synergistic effect of the combination therapy in the MDA-MB-231 cells. However, in the MCF-7 cells, no significant differences in the percentage of cell growth apoptosis, the percentage of apoptosis, and the pattern of cell cycle arrest were noted between the combination therapy groups and the solitary docetaxel therapy group. Conclusion: Our in vitro study indicated that the combination of selenium with docetaxel inhibits cell proliferation through apoptosis and cell arrest in the G2/M phase in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells.

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an important factor in cancer invasiveness and metastatic progression. During EMT, cancer cells acquire stem cell properties. The role of EMT and stemness in colon cancer has not been fully understood. We aimed to demonstrate the clinical significance of EMT and the stem cell phenotype in colorectal cancer. Two hundred and thirty-one surgically resected colon cancer cases were included in the present study. mRNAs of E-cadherin, TWIST1 and SNAI1 were analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) (n=109). Immunohistochemical staining was performed for six markers (ALDH1, TGF-β1, E-cadherin, β-catenin, TWSIT1 and SNAI1) (n=231). We assessed clinicopathological characteristics according to the expression of the stem cell phenotype and EMT markers. Based on the results of qRT-PCR, TWIST1 and SNAI1 significantly influenced node metastasis (P=0.04 and P=0.02, respectively). High TWIST1 and SNAI1 mRNA expression was associated with poor overall survival according to the univariate analysis (P

ZnO nanoparticles were covalently wrapped by polystyrene (PS) through surface thiol-lactam initiated radical polymerization using the grafting from approach. The surface of ZnO nanoparticles was initially modified by 3-mercapto propyltrimethoxysilane to afford thiol functionalized ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO-SH). The controlled radical polymerization of styrene (St) was subsequently accomplished by using an initiating system of ZnO-SH and butyrolactam. FT-IR, XPS, XRD, TGA, DSC, TEM and DLS were employed to investigate the chemical structure, morphology, thermal properties, the size and size distribution of nanocomposites. The dispersibility of ZnO nanoparticles was observed to be significantly improved upon functionalization by PS brushes. The controlled nature of the surface initiated thiol-lactam aided polymerization of St from the ZnO nanoparticles surface was confirmed by GPC analysis.

We demonstrate a vertical-field-driven polymer-stabilized blue phase liquid crystal (PS-BPLC) mode for solving low transmittance and high driving voltage problems in conventional in-plane-switching (IPS) PS-BPLC modes. By controlling the ray directions of incident beams by means of two prism sheets attached to the top and bottom substrates, continuous grayscale properties can be achieved with a vertical field, where the transmittance of the proposed structure can be increased to become twice as high as that of a IPS PS-BPLC cell, and its driving voltage can also be lowered by about 20 V. With the vertical-field-driven PS-BPLC mode, the hysteresis problem of the IPS PS-BPLC mode can also be solved due to a reduction of the electric field required to achieve sufficient field-induced retardation.

Background: The activated T lymphocyte by inhalaed mycobacterial antigen may evoke cell-mediated immunity in patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis. These activated lymphocyte may influence the response of tuberculin-purified protein derivative (PPD) in skin test. But occasionally, anergy to PPD appear in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in spite of active stage. Thus we evaluated the effect of change of subtypes of lymphocyte in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) and peripheral blood on anergy to PPD in patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis. Method: We performed tuberculin skin test and flow-cytometry analysis of lymphocytes obtained from BAL fluid and peripheral blood in 11 healthy normal volunteers and 20 patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis. Results: 1) The composition of lymphocyte significantly increased in patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis when compared with that in healthy control ( vs , p vs , p

Sjgren's syndrome (SS) is an immunologic disorder characterized by progressive destruction of the exocrine glands due to infiltration of lymphocyte resulting in mucosal and conjunctival dryness accompanied by a variety of autoimmune phenomena. And SS is divided into primary and secondary by accompanying collagen vascular diseases. In Korea, only a few cases of primary SS and primary SS with interstitial pneumonitis have been documented. Recently we experinced a suspected case of primary SS with interstitial pneumonitis diagnosed by sublabial and open lung biopsy, Schirmer's test and slit lamp test.

Poor prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is partly attributed to the lack of significant tumor marker for accurate staging and prognostication. We have evaluated survivin, which is a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis family as a cancer marker associated with proliferation, angiogenesis, oral carcinogenesis, and OSCC patient survival, as we reported a prognostic significance of survivin expression in lymph node previously.To evaluate survivin expression in six OSCC cell lines, Western blotting was performed. Hamster oral carcinogenesis model was used to observe changes of survivin expression in oral carcinogenesis. Finally, we assessed the diagnostic and prognostic significance of survivin in a series of 38 primary OSCC through immunohistochemistry (CD31, PCNA) and Kaplan-Meier's test.Survivin expression was detected in all OSCC cell lines at a varying level but not observed in normal gingival keratinocyte cells. In hamster model, survivin expression was observed from 8 weeks through 16 weeks and the intensity of expression became strong until 16 weeks. Clinicopathological analysis revealed a significant correlation between survivin expression and lymph node metastasis (P = 0.006) and proliferation (P0.001). However, there was no significant relationship with differentiation, micro vessel density, and cancer stage based on TNM. Survivin overexpression had a significant negative effect on survival of patients.These results demonstrate the significant relationship between survivin expression and oral carcinogenesis and aggressiveness of OSCC including survival rate of patient. Survivin therefore may be used as a significant cancer marker to gain prognostic information of OSCC.

To evaluate the effect of damaged bronchial epithelium on epithelial permeability and physiologic changes of the airway in patients with bronchial asthma, we measured the concentration of protein and albumin in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), the width of intercellular junction and bronchial hyperreactivity in 22 patients with bronchial asthma and 21 healthy subjects. The results were as follows: 1) The concentration of protein in BALF from patients with bronchial asthma was higher when compared with that of normal subjects ( vs , p vs , p vs , p vs , p, was inversely correlated with the concentration of protein in BALF (r=-0.3030, p=0.038) in when observed in 18 patients with bronchial asthma and 19 normal subjects. 4) The width of intercellular junction was well inversely correlated with (r=-0.5006, p=0.002) when observed in 19 patients with bronchial asthma and 11 patients with normal subjects. In conclusion, increased permeability and the damage of bronchial epithelium may lead to change of bronchial hyperreactivity.

【The immune staus is known to be decreased in malignant disease and radiation therapy (RT), used as a therapeutic tool, further decrease this-attenuated immune status. We measured the number of peripheral lymphocytes, its subsets and lymphoblast transformation for PPD, PHA, monoclonal antibodies including anti-CD3 and anti-CD2 before and after RT in 19 patients with squamous cell lung cancer to search the fine mechanism behind the RT-induced attenuation of lymphoblast transformtion for mitogens and antigen. The results were as follows; 1) The number of lymphocytes and its subsets decreased significantly after RT, but the percentages of lymhocyte subsets did not change aftr RT except interleukin-2 receptor positive T lymphocytes. 2) The function of lymphoctes, measured by lymphoblast tranformation for PHA and PPD, decrased after RT and the compositions of PBMC used for lymphoblast transformtion were not different before and after RT. 3) The mitosis of lymphocytes to anti-CD2 or anti-CD3 decreased significantly after RT. And IL-2 plus anti-CD3 increased the mitosis than that of anti-CD3 only after RT, but before RT there was no difference. In conclusion, we suggested the fine mechanism behind the RT-induced attenuation of immune response might be the dysfunction of lymphocytes in terms of impaired synthesis of IL-2 rather than the decrease of circulating lymphocyte numbers.】

Three-party password-authenticated key exchange protocol is a cryptographic tool that allows two clients to share a common session key using different passwords by the help of a trusted server. In a three-party key exchange protocol, the server should charge some cost to participate in an execution of the protocol between two clients, and the cost can be heavy burden on the server when many users want to establish a session key. In this paper, we propose a smart card-based three-party key exchange protocol which permits two clients to establish a common session key without the server's aid.

The oxidation of the pyrazolate bridged cyclic PtII trimer, [Pt3(mu-pz)6] (1), in the presence of bromide ion gave a deep blue mixed-valent Pt(II,III,III) complex, [Pt3Br2(mu-pz)6] (2). The structural analysis of 2 disclosed that the complex has localized Pt--Pt bond. Our theoretical calculations revealed that the HOMO and LUMO of Pt3 (II,III,III) species mainly consists of (dsigma-dsigma) and (dsigma-dsigma)* orbitals, respectively, and the origin of deep blue color of the bromo complex, 2, arises from the (dsigma-dsigma)-->(dsigma-dsigma)* transition. Unique fluxional behavior was observed due to valence-detrapping of 2 in solution. The activation parameters of the valence-detrapping of 2 obtained by Eyring analyses were DeltaH(not equal)=37(2) kJ mol(-1) and DeltaS(not equal)=-67(7) J mol(-1) K(-1).

The intestines and hearts of dogs were examined for Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonina, and Dirofilaria immitis, after necropsy between June 26 and September 29, 2004 in Chuncheon, Korea. Of the 662 dogs examined, 6 were infected with T. canis (0.9%), 86 with T. leonina (13.0%). Fifty dogs were infected with D. immitis among 500 dogs examined (10.0%). Five were co-infected with T. canis and T. leonina, and three were co-infected with T. leonina and D. immitis. The cumulative positive infection rate for three species was 134/662 (20.2%). Considering previously reported seropositive rates of T. canis excretory-secretory antigen, i.e., 5% in the adult population in Korea, the possibility of toxocariasis caused by T. leonina should be reevaluated.

In this paper, a new digital audio watermarking algorithm is presented. The proposed algorithm embeds watermark by eliminating some frequency information of audio signal based on human auditory system (HAS). This algorithm is a blind audio watermarking method, which does not require any prior information during watermark extraction process. In this paper, two masking effects are used for audio watermarking, frequency-domain masking effect and time-domain masking effect. This algorithm finds watermarking position using time-domain masking effect and embeds/detects the watermark using frequency-domain masking effect. Detection of embedded watermark is obtained by finding the eliminated frequency using band-pass filter. By using the two masking effects, the degradation of the audio quality can be minimized. It is confirmed that the proposed algorithm has robustness against various attacks such as cropping, down sampling, time stretch, MPEG1-layer3, and MPEG2-AAC compression with good audio quality.

We experienced a case of sudden superior mediastinal hemorrhage, which might occur due to necrotic change of trachea by frequent and long standing tracheal irritaion in ventilator-applied patient with adult respiratory distress syndrome.

Video information is an important component of multimedia systems such as Digital Library, World-Wide Web (WWW), and Video-On-Demand (VOD) service system. However, since it is difficult to store and retrieve video data like traditional text data, new data models suitable for video information are required. Video information has hierarchical document structure inherently, so it is named “structured video document” in this paper. This paper proposes a data model, a query language, and indexing scheme for structured video documents in order to store, retrieve, and share video documents efficiently in collaborative work environment. In representing structured video documents, the object-oriented data modeling technique is used since the hierarchical structure information can be modeled as complex objects. We also define object types for the structure information. Our query language supports not only content-based retrieval but also structure-based retrieval, which means the queries based on the structure of video documents. In order to perform structure queries efficiently, as well as to reduce the storage overhead of indices, an optimized inverted index structure is proposed.

To elucidate the role of T-cell activation in the physiologic changes and cellular infiltrations in the bronchial tree of patients with symptomatic bronchial asthma, we measured the concentration of soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R), cellular compositions and IL-2R expression on cells in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. We also measured physiologic parameters, including a provocation concentration of histamine required to reduce the forced expiratory volume in 1 second by 20% of the prechallenge baseline (PC20).The concentration of sIL-2R and the ratio of IL-2R expression on CD3 positive lymphocytes were significantly higher in BAL fluid from 20 patients with symptomatic bronchial asthma than concentrations in fluid from nine healthy controls (p0.01) and six asymptomatic patients with bronchial asthma (p0.05). The concentration of sIL-2R correlated with the percentage of IL-2R expression on CD3 positive lymphocytes (rs = 0.709, p0.01). There was no difference in sIL-2R concentration of BAL fluid between the healthy control and the patient with asymptomatic bronchial asthma. Among the inflammatory cells recovered in BAL fluid, the percentages of eosinophils showed significant positive correlation with the concentration of sIL-2R in BAL fluid in the patients with bronchial asthma. The concentration of sIL-2R significantly correlated with forced expiratory volume one second, peak expiratory flow rate, and PC20 when observed in all study subjects, but not in the patients with bronchial asthma.We conclude that T-cell activation within the bronchial tree appears to have a role in the infiltration of eosinophils into the bronchial tree, which may lead to enhanced bronchial hyperreactivity in patients with bronchial asthma.

Purpose: The axillary lymph node status is an important prognostic factor for recurrence and survival of patients who have primary breast cancer. This study determined the accuracy of ultrasonography and 18 F-FDG positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) in preoperative staging in axilla in patients with breast cancer. Methods: One hundred seventy-one patients with primary breast cancer were recruited from January 2007 to August 2008. All the patients underwent axillary ultrasonography and 18 F-FDG PET/CT for the axillary staging before their operation. Results: The overall sensitivity, specificity, and the positive and negative predictive values and the accuracy of axillary ultrasonography for making the diagnosis of axillary metastasis were 73.07%, 84.87%, 67.85%, 87.82%, and 81.28%, respectively. On a

A signal detect/loss of signal (SD/LOS) circuit for a four-channel parallel TX/RX chip was designed and fabricated in a 0.35 /spl mu/m SiGe HBT process. The measurement was performed in power supply range (3.0-3.6 V) and case temperatures (0-100/spl deg/C) under the influence of cross-talk from the other RX channels and transmitter channels. The result shows a typical assert level of -20.5 dBm and a de-assert level of -21.5 dBm with a typical hysteresis of 1 dB.

An MMIC power amplifier using low-high doped GaAs MESFETs (LH-MESFETs) has been developed for a CDMA/AMPS dual mode cellular telephone. It is fully integrated on one chip (2.5/spl times/2.9 mm/sup 2/) including all matching circuits. For CDMA operation at frequency of 836.5 MHz, an efficiency of 25%, adjacent channel leakage power of -29 dBc at 885 kHz, and -48 dBc at 1980 kHz were obtained with an output power of 27.25 dBm and V/sub d/d=4.7 V. In AMPS operation, 30.5 dBm output power was obtained with 27.5 dB gain and 47% efficiency. The experimental results show that the gate periphery of LH-MESFETs and size of MMIC are much smaller than in previously reported similar amplifiers using conventional MESFET technology. This MMIC power amplifier is suitable for dual mode cellular applications.

Background : Interleukin-5 (IL-5) is responsible for eosinophilia in allergic diseases. In allergic bronchial asthma, there is a correlation between the extent of eosinophil infiltration in bronchial mucosa and IL-5 concentrations. In addition, IL-2 concentration is elevated in the airways and associated with eosinophilia in symptomatic patients with bronchial asthma. In animal studies, IL-2 can induce eosinophilia by increasing the synthesis of IL-5, however, it is still unknown how IL-2 can induce eosinophila in human being. The aim of this study is to evaluation the effect and mechanism of IL-2 on prolongation of eosinophil survival. Methods : After purifiing the eosinophils from the venous blood of allergic patients with eosinophilia, we measured the survival rates of eosinophils using trypan blue dye exclusion test, and the number of eosinophils with Randolp's solution. We compared the survival rates of eosinophils in the presence of IL-2 or IL-5. Neutralizing antibody for IL-5 was added in IL-2 treated eosinophils to reveal whether IL-2 induced prolongation of eosinophil survival was mediated by IL-5. We checked IL-5 m-RNA expression of lymphocytes in the presence of IL-2 by using Reverse transcription-Polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method to revealed the effect of IL-2 on IL-5 m-RNA expression on lymphocyte. and IL-2 receptors were measured on eosinophils and lymphocytes with flow-cytometer after stimulated with IL-2. Results : 1) Eosinophil survival rates increased dose dependently on IL-5 and IL-2. 2) The eosinophil survival rates increased by IL-2 were not inhibited by the pretreatment with neutralizing antibody for IL-5. 3) IL-5 m-RNA was not expressed on lymphocytes by the treatment with IL-2 up to 96 hours. 4) IL-2 upregulate the expression of IL- on eosinophils, instead of no effect on the expression of IL-. Conclusion: Interleukin-2 had the enhancing effect on the survival rates of eosinophils. The mechanism behind IL-2 induced eosinophilia might be the increment of IL-2 receptors on eosinophils rather than IL-5 synthesis by lymphocytes.