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This report is a documentation report on the emission inventories for Denmark as reported to the UNECE Secretariat under the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution due by 15 February 2003. The report contains information on Denmark's emission inventories regarding emissions of (1) NOx, CO, NMVOC, SOx and NH3 for the years 1990-2001; (2) Particulate matter: TSP, PM10, PM2.5 for the years 2000-2001, (3) Heavy Metals: Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Se and Zn for the years 1990-2001, and (4) Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH): Benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene and indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene for the years 1990-2001. Further, the report contains information on Danish activity data for (1) energy consumption, (2) transport energy consumption and agriculture livestock for the years 1990, 1995, 2000. Finally, the report includes projection data for (1) the emissions of SOx, NOx, NMVOC, and NH3 for the years 2010, 2015 and 2020 (2) energy consumption for the years 2010, 2015 and 2020 (3) transport energy consumption for the years 2010, 2015 and 2020 and (4) for agriculture livestock for the year 2010.

This report is Denmark's National Inventory Report reported to the Conference of the Parties under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) due by 15 April 2003. The report contains information on Denmark's in-ventories for all years' from 1990 to 2001 for CO2, CH4, N2O, CO, NMVOC, SO2 , HFCs, PFCs and SF6.

Models for projection of SO2-, NOx-, NMVOC- and NH3-emissions to the atmosphere have been developed and the Danish emissions have been projected until 2010 from a basis scenario including all implemented and planned measures. The projections of the four pollutants indicate that it may be difficult to achieve the emission ceilings given in the Gothenburg Protocol and the EU directive on national emission ceilings in 2010. In addition to the basis scenario, 8 emission reduction scenarios for different sectors have been analysed in order to estimate the emission saving potential and financial and welfare-economic consequences of each scenari

This report is Denmark's National Inventory Report reported to the Conference of the Parties under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) due by 15 April 2001. The report contains information on Denmark's inventories for all years' from 1990 to 1999 for CO2, CH4, N2O, CO, NMVOC, SO2, HFCs, PFCs and SF6.

In Denmark there is a growing need for consistent aviation fuel use statistics in order to meet specific requirements from different statistical bodies, to support emission inventories asked for by international conventions and for environmental monitoring work according to national target plans. In the Danish energy statistics fuel used by flights from Denmark to Greenland and the Faroe Islands are reported as international fuel use, while the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Changes (UNFCCC) prescribe this fuel use to be reported as a part of the Danish domestic fuel use together with the fuel used in Greenland and the Faroe Islands for domestic flying. This project aim to: 1) develop a method to divide total aviation fuel sold in Denmark into domestic and international aviation fuel sale figures from 1985 to 2000, and 2) estimate the fuel used by flights from Denmark to Greenland and the Faroe Islands, respectively and domestic flights inside Greenland and the Faroe Islands, and 3) develop a method which allocates domestic and international fuel use into figures for passenger and cargo. Both methods under 1) and 2) should be used in the future to ensure consistent fuel use statistics. This paper presents the results from this project., Proceedings from the Annual Transport Conference at Aalborg University, Vol. 8 No. 1 (2001): Proceedings from the Annual Transport Conference at Aalborg University

This report explains a city-pair fuel use and emission inventory made for all IFR (Instrumental Flight Rules) flights leaving Danish airports in 1998. Pollutants covered are CO, NOx, VOC, CO2 and SO2. The calculations have been made for domestic and international LTO (Landing and Take Off) and cruise according to the new detailed CORINAIR (COoRdination of INformation on AIR emissions) methodology. Project results will improve annual Danish air traffic emission estimates.

This report is Denmark's National Inventory Report reported to the Conference of the Parties under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) due by 15 April 2001. The report contains information on Denmark's inventories for all years' from 1990 to 1999 for CO2, CH4, N2O, CO, NMVOC, SO2, HFCs, PFCs and SF6.

This paper describes 1) a new model developed for calculating the fuel use and emissions for all IFR (Instrumental Flight Rules) jet and turbo-prop flights in Denmark, Greenland and the Faroe Islands in 1998 and 2) recommendations to improve the current model used for national estimates based on the new model results. The new model uses the new detailed CORINAIR (COoRdination of Information on AIR emissions) calculation principle. It was feasible to set up the inventory system. Air traffic data was provided by EUROCONTROL and information on aircraft types and airport codes was obtained from ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization). All aircraft were grouped into 24 representative aircraft types for which fuel use and emission data were available in the CORINAIR databank per LTO and for distance classes. Cruise results were estimated for each flight by adjusting for the given flight length. Except for international Landings and Take Offs (LTO< 3000ft) in Copenhagen Airport it is recommended to update all fuel use and emission data in the current model for national estimates. The improved data can be derived from the new model results. There is also a need to further scrutinize for which purposes the aviation fuel is used in Danish Airports. The present study’s results could be valuable in a cross-check examination of statistical data versus model estimates., Proceedings from the Annual Transport Conference at Aalborg University, Vol. 7 No. 1 (2000): Proceedings from the Annual Transport Conference at Aalborg University

The impact of new EU vehicle emission and fuel quality directives on the future air quality in Danish cities has been modelled for comparison with new limit values in the new EU directive on assessment and management of urban air quality. Nested modelling was applied using a set of air quality and emission models to predict concentration levels in the regional background, urban background and at street level. Air pollution levels were predicted to decrease for NO2, CO and benzene (ozone increased slightly) and the results show that the levels will not exceed the new EU limit values in 2010 despite increases in traffic.

Organized by INRETS (Institut National de Recherche sur les Transports et leur Sécurité) and the Technical University of Graz.

Organized by INRETS (Institut National de Recherche sur les Transports et leur Sécurité) and the Technical University of Graz.

Several in vivo studies have been performed on the role of the macrophage scavenger receptor class A (SR-A) in atherosclerosis using SR-A knockout mice. The results indicate both an antiatherogenic and a proatherogenic role of SR-A, depending on the nature of the animal model serving as the athero-susceptible background. To study the role of SR-A in a different model, we generated a transgenic mouse model with high level expression of the human SR-A gene using a 180 Kb yeast artificial chromosome (MSR1 transgenic mice). These mice show increased expression of SR-A according to the natural expression pattern. The MSR1 transgenic mice were crossed onto a low-density lipoprotein receptor deficient background and were fed a high fat diet for 10 weeks. After this period, the size of the atherosclerotic lesions in the proximal aorta was measured. Surprisingly, atherosclerosis was significantly reduced in the MSR1 transgenic mice. In a second study, the effect of SR-A was examined in APOE-3 Leiden mice providing a different athero-susceptible background. To exclude nonmacrophage effects, bone marrow was transplanted from MSR1 mice and wild-type littermates to APOE-3 Leiden transgenic mice. After 8 weeks on a high fat diet, atherosclerosis in the mice that had received MSR1 bone marrow was reduced compared with mice that had received wild-type bone marrow. This difference reached statistical significance when individual cholesterol exposure of the mice was taken into account. Both experiments indicated an antiatherogenic role of the SR-A. This observation cannot be explained easily by SR-A function in foam cell formation because in MSR1 macrophages in vitro foam cell formation is increased. Alternatively, however, SR-A may affect the activation of macrophages. Hence the response to lipopolysaccharide was measured in MSR1-transgenic macrophages. These macrophages showed a reduction in their activation in response to lipopolysaccharide, as measured by nitric oxide production. These data show that an elevated level of SR-A expression reduces atherosclerosis, potentially by modifying the response of macrophages to activation signals in the plaque

See also http://www.dmu.dk/1_viden/2_Miljoe-tilstand/3_luft/4_adaei/default.asp !

CORINAIR is the most comprehensive European air emission inventory programme. It consists of a defined emission calculation methodology and software for storing and further data processing. In CORINAIR 28 different emission species are estimated in 11 main sectors which are further sub-divided, and all emission sources are regarded as either area or large point sources. According to the CORINAIR guidelines the emissions are calculated as activities times emission factors. Activities are numbers referring to the specific emission generating processes, while emission factors are the mass of emissions per unit activity. This report describes the structure of the Danish CORINAIR emission inventory on a 1996 level and international conventions to which Denmark submits emission data. Furthermore the most important activities in the Danish inventory are explained. Subsequently the Danish 1996 emissions are viewed sector-wise and compared with EU per capita levels, and in addition the Danish national and international emissions are shown on time series from 1975 to 1996.

The Conference was arranged by the Technical University Graz. Institute for Internal Combustion Engines and Thermodynamics and INRETS (Institut National de Recherche sur les Transports et leur Sécurité, France) in co-operation with the European Commission DG VII.

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I denne rapport analyseres vejtrafikkens nutidige emissioner og emissionsprognoser for varmstart og koldstart ud fra relevante modeller for Danmark og danske emissionsmålinger. Vægten lægges specielt på emissioner fra nyere konventionelle benzinbiler og katalysatorbiler. For varme emissioner sammenlignes den tysk/schweiziske model German Workbook of Emission Factors, EU-modellen COPERT II, den danske DTU-model og danske issionsmålinger. Der er en god overensstemmelse mellem modellernes CO- og VOC emissionsfaktorer, hvorimod der er større forskelle for NOx. Koldstartsemissionerne i den tysk/schweiziske model beskrives som funktion af kørt strækning, holdetider før start og udetemperatur. Totale koldstartsberegninger giver relativt store forskelle mellem den tysk/schweiziske model og COPERT II. Ud fra fordele og ulemper ved den tyske prognosemodel TREMOD og den danske prognosemodel BILEMIS diskuteres kravene til en revideret dansk prognosemodel. Kravene omfatter en bl.a. en fleksibel håndtering af prognoseparametrene trafik, bestand og emissionsfaktorer, så prognoser kan beregnes for vilkårlige køretøjskategorier og prognoseperioder. * 0003K84

I et samarbejde mellem Vejdirektoratet og Danmarks Miljøundersøgelser er en luftemissionsprognose for vejtrafikken opstillet for perioden 1980-2010. Herudfra er samlede emissionsfaktorer beregnet for prognosens køretøjskategorier. Første del af arbejdet har bestået i at fremskaffe trafik- og bestandsdata for årene frem til prognoseperiodens start og i prognoseperioden. Næste trin har været at beregne vejtrafikkens totalemissioner for året 1994 med EU-modellen COPERT II samt at beregne emissioner med prognosemodellen BILEMIS i perioden 1980-2010. COPERT II´s resultater er brugt til at skalere BILEMIS emissionerne og på denne måde danne den færdige prognose og de aggregerede emissionsfaktorer. Arbejdet har haft to formål: 1. At beregne en prognose for vejtrafikkens CO, VOC, NOx og partikelemissioner i perioden 1980-2010 indenfor køretøjskategorierne personbiler (benzin og diesel), varebiler (benzin og diesel), lastbiler (under og over 16 tons totalvægt) og busser. 2. Ud fra prognosens trafikarbejde at beregne samlede emissionsfaktorer i alle prognoseårene for hver køretøjskategori. I dette paper præsenteres metoden til at opstille trafik- og bestandsdata, beregningsmetoden for COPERT II og BILEMIS samt prognosens resultater; totalemissioner og samlede emissionsfaktorer., Proceedings from the Annual Transport Conference at Aalborg University, Vol. 5 No. 1 (1998): Proceedings from the Annual Transport Conference at Aalborg University

I denne rapport opstilles i et samarbejde mellem Danmarks Miljøundersøgelser og Vejdirektoratet en prognose for vejtrafikkens CO-, VOC-, NOx- og partikelemissioner samt aggregerede emissionsfaktorer for perioden 1980-2010. Vejtrafikkens køretøjskategorier opdeles i personbiler (benzin og diesel), varebiler (benzin og diesel), lastbiler (under og over 16 tons totalvægt) og busser. Ud fra trafik- og bestandsdata beregnes vejtrafikkens totalemissioner for året 1994 med EU-modellen COPERT II, og en prognose beregnes med BILEMIS modellen for perioden 1980-2010. COPERT II´s resultater bruges til at skalere BILEMIS emissionerne til den færdige prognose og de aggregerede emissionsfaktorer. På trods af at trafikarbejdet stiger, vil vejtrafikkens totalemissioner falde i fremtiden pga. lavere emissionsfaktorer. Den største del af CO-, VOC- og NOx-udslippet (især markant for CO og VOC) kommer fra benzinpersonbilerne, og emissionerne falder i takt med den stigende katalysatorandel. NOX-emissionen har også væsentlige bidrag fra de tunge køretøjer. Deres emissioner falder som en følge af gradvist skærpede emissionsnormer. Af samme grund falder også dieselkøretøjernes partikelemissioner, hvor varebiler er den største kilde. *