Search

Objective: To investigate parental reasons for reluctance towards immunising their child. Methodology: Ten government health centres providing primary immunisation were selected via non-proportionate stratified random sampling. Children aged 15–24 months who defaulted immunisation for 3 months or longer were identified. Data were obtained from clinic records and a structured telephone interview of parents. Parents were categorised as immunisation refusals or immunisation defaulters. Results: Of 10,189 immunisable children, 95 missed primary immunisation. Contact was established with 52 and 44 completed telephone interviews. Of these, 8 (18.2%) refused immunisation, while 31 (70.5%) defaulted immunisation. The immunisation refusal and defaulter rates per 10,000 children immunised per year were 8 and 30, respectively. The main reason for refusing immunisation was a preference for alternative treatment 6 (75.0). Conclusion: This first systematic evaluation of immunisation refusal in Malaysia showed that a small number of parents refused immunisation.

A group of experts on lower urinary tract dysfunction and cystitis met together to make a consensus report on the assessment of ketamine uropathy (KU) which encompasses ketamine cystitis. Essential tests, which should be performed in all KU patients, are (1) detailed history taking with structured questionnaire, (2) physical examination, (3) urine tests including test strip biochemistry and sediments analysis, urine culture, and cytology, (4) blood tests including complete blood cell counts with differential counts, liver and renal function tests, IgE, HIV, VDRL, (5) urological tests including uroflowmetry and post void residual urine volume and renosonography. Optional tests, which will be performed in selective cases, are (1) bladder diary for 48-72 hours, (2) bladder wall thickness by ultrasound, (3) upper tract evaluation with excretory urography, computed tomography of abdomen, diuretic renal scan, (4) lower urinary tract evaluation with cystoscopy, voiding cystography, urodynamics or videourodynamics, (5) bladder and/or ureteral biopsy, (6) abdominal echo and/or gastroendoscope. Optional tests are usually indicated when essential tests disclose abnormal findings. Using the standardized tools to assess patients with ketamine abuse, patients characteristics can be clarified and different therapeutic strategies for ketamine uropathy can be compared in the future.

A rolling element bearing fault recognition approach is proposed in this paper. This method combines the basic Higher-order spectrum (HOS) theory and fuzzy clustering method in data mining area. In the first step, all the bispectrum estimation results of the training samples and test samples are turned into binary feature images. Secondly, the binary feature images of the training samples are used to construct object templates including kernel images and domain images. Every fault category has one object templates. At last, by calculating the distances between test samples' binary feature images and the different object templates, the object classification and pattern recognition can be effectively accomplished. Bearing is the most important and much easier to be damaged component in rotating machinery. Furthermore, there exist large amounts of noise jamming and nonlinear coupling components in bearing vibration signals. The Higher Order Cumulants (HOC), which can quantitatively describe the nonlinear characteristic signals with close relationship between the mechanical faults, is introduced in this paper to de-noise the raw bearing vibration signals and obtain the bispectrum estimation pictures. In the experimental part, the rolling bearing fault diagnosis experiment results proved that the classification was completely correct.