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OBJECTIVES:The main purpose of the present meta-analysis was to examine the criterion-related validity of the distance- and time-based walk/run tests for estimating cardiorespiratory fitness among apparently healthy children and adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Relevant studies were searched from seven electronic bibliographic databases up to August 2015 and through other sources. The Hunter-Schmidt's psychometric meta-analysis approach was conducted to estimate the population criterion-related validity of the following walk/run tests: 5,000 m, 3 miles, 2 miles, 3,000 m, 1.5 miles, 1 mile, 1,000 m, ½ mile, 600 m, 600 yd, ¼ mile, 15 min, 12 min, 9 min, and 6 min. RESULTS:From the 123 included studies, a total of 200 correlation values were analyzed. The overall results showed that the criterion-related validity of the walk/run tests for estimating maximum oxygen uptake ranged from low to moderate (rp = 0.42-0.79), with the 1.5 mile (rp = 0.79, 0.73-0.85) and 12 min walk/run tests (rp = 0.78, 0.72-0.83) having the higher criterion-related validity for distance- and time-based field tests, respectively. The present meta-analysis also showed that sex, age and maximum oxygen uptake level do not seem to affect the criterion-related validity of the walk/run tests. CONCLUSIONS:When the evaluation of an individual's maximum oxygen uptake attained during a laboratory test is not feasible, the 1.5 mile and 12 min walk/run tests represent useful alternatives for estimating cardiorespiratory fitness. As in the assessment with any physical fitness field test, evaluators must be aware that the performance score of the walk/run field tests is simply an estimation and not a direct measure of cardiorespiratory fitness.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:Significant controversy still exists about ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor monotherapy (mtPI/rtv) as a simplification strategy that is used up to now to treat patients that have not experienced previous virological failure (VF) while on protease inhibitor (PI) -based regimens. We have evaluated the effectiveness of two mtPI/rtv regimens in an actual clinical practice setting, including patients that had experienced previous VF with PI-based regimens. METHODS:This retrospective study analyzed 1060 HIV-infected patients with undetectable viremia that were switched to lopinavir/ritonavir or darunavir/ritonavir monotherapy. In cases in which the patient had previously experienced VF while on a PI-based regimen, the lack of major HIV protease resistance mutations to lopinavir or darunavir, respectively, was mandatory. The primary endpoint of this study was the percentage of participants with virological suppression after 96 weeks according to intention-to-treat analysis (non-complete/missing = failure). RESULTS:A total of 1060 patients were analyzed, including 205 with previous VF while on PI-based regimens, 90 of whom were on complex therapies due to extensive resistance. The rates of treatment effectiveness (intention-to-treat analysis) and virological efficacy (on-treatment analysis) at week 96 were 79.3% (CI95, 76.8-81.8) and 91.5% (CI95, 89.6-93.4), respectively. No relationships were found between VF and earlier VF while on PI-based regimens, the presence of major or minor protease resistance mutations, the previous time on viral suppression, CD4+ T-cell nadir, and HCV-coinfection. Genotypic resistance tests were available in 49 out of the 74 patients with VFs and only four patients presented new major protease resistance mutations. CONCLUSION:Switching to mtPI/rtv achieves sustained virological control in most patients, even in those with previous VF on PI-based regimens as long as no major resistance mutations are present for the administered drug.

RESUMEN Presentamos el análisis del discurso de un entrenador de fútbol base durante 2 situaciones de competición diferentes: Por un lado las instrucciones ofrecidas ante una situación de competición favorable (adversario clasificado en un puesto inferior), y por otro, una situación de competición adversa (adversario clasificado en un puesto superior). Se exponen las categorias de análisis utilizadas en el desarrollo de la investigación, junto a posibles alternativas para trabajos posteriores. Se pretende describir el comportamiento del entrenador de fútbol base en cuanto a variables como la cantidad de información ofrecida, el contenido o temática de la información, sobre qué jugador/es recae esa información, etc. Los resultados muestran una alta tasa de información, predominantemente táctica, que recae en mayor medida sobre las líneas defensivas, no existiendo grandes diferencias en la comparación de las situaciones de competición analizadas. PALABRAS CLAVE: Entrenamiento de fútbol, instrucciones, discurso, análisis de contenido. ABSTRACT We show the analysis of the speech of a soccer trainer during 2 different situations in competition: On one hand, we study the instructions offered before a situation of favorable competition (opposing classified in an inferior position), and on the other hand, a situation of adverse competition (adversary classified in a superior position). We expose categories of analyses used in the development of the investigation, with to possible alternatives for later works. It is tried to describe the behavior of the soccer trainer as far as variables like the amount of information offered, the thematic of the information, on what players falls that information, etc. The results show a high rate of information, predominantly tactical, that it falls on the defensive lines, not existing great differences in the comparison of the analyzed situations of competition. KEY WORDS: Training soccer, instructions, speech, content analysis.

We analyzed the current status of the elderly in relation to physical activity and sedentary, the latter now become a major source of threat to public health in the European and American countries. We report the negative effects of physical inactivity on cardiovascular parameters, diabetes, depression and cancer, among others. We show the benefits of physical activity (a key tool to solve the problems of the sedentary lifestyle) for the health of this group of the population while we study the reasons why older people attend physical activity programs. Finally, we provide a number of conclusions.

Presentamos un análisis comparativo, sobre las opiniones que los profesores de Educación Física (EF) en formación inicial de las diferentes Universidades de Madrid tuvieron hacia determinados aspectos de la planificación de la EF. La muestra de sujetos corresponde a 225 profesores de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria (ESO) en formación inicial. Utilizamos un cuestionario de 38 ítems (preguntas cerradas), tipo Likert, validado previamente y graduado en una escala nominal de 0 (totalmente en desacuerdo) a 100 (totalmente de acuerdo). El análisis estadístico de los resultados fue llevado a cabo a través del software estadístico SPSS 13.0. Los resultados entre las puntuaciones que los profesores de las distintas Facultades concedieron a los distintos ítems mostraron diferencias altamente signifi cativas en los siguientes aspectos entre otros: importancia de la planifi cación, satisfacción por la planifi cación realizada, intención de planifi car la EF por escrito, los objetivos como primer criterio de referencia, importancia del bloque de contenidos de condición física-salud, consideración del género y nivel de destreza, flexibilidad de la planificación, planificar en equipo con los profesores de EF, etc.

Objetivo: Estudiar la prevalencia del diagnóstico tardío (DT) de la infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) y sus factores asociados. Métodos: Estudio transversal sobre los pacientes incluidos en la cohorte VACH cuya infección por el VIH hubiese sido diagnosticada entre 1997 y 2002. Consideramos DT los casos diagnosticados de sida concomitantemente o dentro del primer mes desde la primera serología positiva, o con recuento de CD4+ < 200/ml. Comparamos sus características epidemiológicas con las de los demás pacientes. Resultados: De 2.820 nuevos casos de infección por el VIH, 506 (18%) tuvieron DT. Éstos difirieron del resto en su menor edad media, mayor carga viral y en su distribución por sexos (mayor proporción de hombres), situación laboral, antecedentes penitenciarios y grupo de riesgo. La mediana de supervivencia durante el seguimiento fue menor en el grupo de DT. Conclusiones: El DT continúa siendo un problema preocupante por su magnitud y asociación con la mortalidad. Algunas características epidemiológicas proporcionan indicios para orientar futuros programas de información y prevención.Objective: To study the prevalence of delayed diagnosis of HIV infection and associated factors. Methods: A cross sectional study of patients included in the Spanish VACH cohort who had been diagnosed with HIV infection between 1997 and 2002 was performed. Delayed diagnosis was defined as patients diagnosed with HIV infection and AIDS simultaneously or within the first month after the first positive serologic test, or those with a first CD4+ cell count below 200/ml. The epidemiological characteristics of these patients were compared with those of the remaining patients. Results: Of 2,820 new cases of HIV infection, delayed diagnosis was found in 506 (18%). These patients differed from the remaining patients in their lower mean age and higher HIV viral load, as well as in their distribution by sex (higher proportion of males), occupational status, history of incarceration in prison, and HIV-risk transmission group. The median survival during follow-up was significantly lower among AIDS patients with a delayed diagnosis. Conclusions: Delayed diagnosis remains a cause for concern in our environment, due to its magnitude and its association with mortality. Some epidemiological characteristics provide clues to guide future programs directed at increasing information and improving prevention.

Objectives. This study aims to analyse physical activity (PA) levels of high school and university students; to estimate their perception of built environment with regard to physical PA; and to assess the relation between PA and built environment. Methods. A sociological cross-sectional study with non-experimental design was applied. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire and the Built Environment Characteristics Questionnaire were filled in by a sample of 1.862 students from high schools and the university in Granada, Spain. Results. High school students were significantly more active than university students, the latter reaching insufficient levels of PA. Nevertheless, they consider Granada as a good context for carrying out outdoor exercise. No relations were found between PA levels and built environment. Conclusion. The discrepant outcomes for PA levels and perceived built environment suggest the need of interventions focused on making youth aware of the possibilities that an environment provides to them for exercising. Consequently, environment could have an impact on their health at the same time as youth learn to respect it.

Se trata de un artículo descriptivo cuyo objetivo fundamental es realizar una recopilación de los distintos instrumentos relacionados con el registro de variables temporales utilizados en la observación de los comportamientos de los alumnos, por un lado, y de los profesores por otro, dentro de las clases de Educación Física (EF). Los instrumentos y técnicas de observación están agrupados en función del elemento fundamental de estudio, obteniendo tres clasificaciones: a) los relacionados con la observación del comportamiento del alumno; b) con la observación del comportamiento del profesor, y c) instrumentos globales. De cada instrumento se destaca su uso más importante, estudios donde ha sido aplicado, así como las variables y/o categorías de análisis.

En este artículo recogemos de manera comparativa la concepción que los profesores de Educación Física (EF) en formación inicial de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, de la Actividad Física y del Deporte de Murcia y el resto de Facultades de España tienen hacia determinados aspectos de la planificación en EF. Para ello empleamos un cuestionario de preguntas cerradas (38 ítems), tipo Likert, graduado en una escala de 0 (totalmente en desacuerdo) a 100 (totalmente de acuerdo). Para el análisis de los datos empleamos el software estadístico SPSS 13.0. Los resultados indican que los profesores de Murcia valoran en mayor medida que los docentes del resto de España aspectos tales como las características de los alumnos, la concienciación de la relación EF-salud, la creación de hábitos de práctica física, la vivencia y satisfacción del alumno, el desarrollo de la condición física-salud y las cualidades motrices coordinativas; siendo significativa la diferencia en todos ellos. Al mismo tiempo, los docentes de Murcia muestran mayor intención de planificar por escrito, tienen menos dudas y están más satisfechos por la planificación realizada. La improvisación en las clases de EF por no haber planificado antes hace acto de presencia en ambos casos.

Fundamento: El aumento experimentado en la esperanza de vida durante siglo xx hace más necesario el uso de indicadores que proporcionen información sobre la calidad de vida y su distribución en diferentes zonas geográficas. Para ello se describe, junto a la esperanza de vida (EV), la esperanza de vida sin discapacidad (EVSD) por sexo y edad, y se estima la magnitud de sus desigualdades entre Andalucía y España. Material y método: Con los datos de mortalidad del Movimiento Natural de la Población, la Encuesta sobre Discapacidades, Deficiencias y Estado de Salud y las poblaciones del Instituto Nacional de Estadística del 1999 para Andalucía y España, se han construido las tablas de vida abreviadas, y a partir de ellas se ha calculado las EVSD mediante el método de Sullivan y se han obtenido la EV y la EVSD por edad y sexo de Andalucía y España. Resultados: La esperanza de vida fue menor en Andalucía que en España en todas las edades en varones y mujeres: al nacer fue de 73,9 y 80,9 años para varones y mujeres en Andalucía y de 75,0 y 82,1 años en España. Las desigualdades entre Andalucía y España en la EVSD fueron mayores a todas las edades, tanto en varones como en mujeres: 66,0 y 69,0 años para varones y mujeres de Andalucía al nacer y de 68,3 y 72,0 en España. Conclusiones: Andalucía tiene una menor longevidad y una peor calidad de vida que la media española, sobre todo en las mujeres mayores.Background: Because of the increase in life expectancy (LE) throughout the twentieth century, indicators providing information on quality of life and its distribution in distinct geographical areas are required. We describe LE and life expectancy without disability (LEWD) by age and sex and estimate the magnitude of inequalities between Andalusia and Spain. Material and method: Mortality data from the Natural Population Movement, the Survey of Disabilities, Deficiencies and Health Status, and the populations of the National Institute of Statistics for Andalusia and Spain in 1999 were used. Abbreviated life tables were constructed and were used to calculate LEWD through Sullivan's method. LE and LEWD by age and sex were obtained for Andalusia and Spain. Results: LE was lower in Andalusia than in Spain in all age groups and in both sexes. At birth, LE was 73.9 years for men and was 80.9 years for women in Andalusia and was 75.0 years and 82.1 years in Spain respectively. Inequalities between Andalusia and Spain in LEWD were greater in all age groups both in men and in women: at birth LEWD was 66.0 years and 69.0 years for men and women in Andalusia and was 68.3 years and 72.0 years in Spain. Conclusions: Longevity and quality of life are lower in Andalusia than the mean for Spain, especially in elderly women.

Este trabajo describe las grandes líneas que han marcado la dinámica demográfica de la población española en el siglo xx y subraya las tendencias demográficas más recientes: el envejecimiento de la población, la implantación de un régimen de muy baja fecundidad, la creciente importancia de la inmigración y el impacto que todo ello tiene sobre las estructuras de los hogares. Se discuten algunos de los aspectos más fuertemente conectados con la provisión de servicios sociales y de salud, como las mejoras de la longevidad en la evolución de la carga de enfermedad y discapacidad, el papel de la inmigración en la provisión de servicios de cuidados personales en el seno de las familias y las implicaciones sanitarias de un nuevo modelo de fecundidad retrasada. Por último, se muestran las implicaciones sanitarias de las proyecciones de población para los próximos 50 años.This article describes the main features of the dynamics of demographic change in the population of Spain during the twentieth century, emphasizing the most recent developments: population ageing, the establishment of a very low fertility regime and the increasing importance of foreign immigration as well as the impact which all these have on the composition of households. Those aspects most directly related to the provision of health and social services is discussed, such as the impact of increased life expectancy on the incidence of illness and handicap in the population, the role of foreign immigration in providing personal services within the family and the health implications of the new model of delayed fertility. Finally, the health implications of population projections for the next 50 years are discussed.

Objetivos: Describir las desigualdades sociales respecto a la mortalidad en la ciudad de Sevilla en el período 1994-1998, según el nivel socioeconómico. Métodos: Con las defunciones y las poblaciones de Sevilla agregadas por zonas básicas de salud (ZBS), se ha calculado la esperanza de vida, las tasas brutas y ajustadas por edad de la mortalidad general y por causas, y de años potenciales de vida perdidos; con los porcentajes de desempleo en varones, se han dividido las ZBS en 3 niveles, y mediante modelos de regresión de Poisson se han estimado los riesgos relativos (RR) de mortalidad general y por causas en cada uno de los niveles para varones y mujeres; asimismo, se han relacionado los porcentajes de desempleo de cada una de las ZBS con la mortalidad general y algunas causas de muerte. Resultados: Existían unas diferencias de 7,9 y 4,6 años, para varones y mujeres respectivamente, en la esperanza de vida al nacer entre las ZBS de menor y mayor mortalidad. En años potenciales de vida perdidos, las zonas de mayor mortalidad presentaron 4,1 veces más mortalidad en los varones y 2,6 veces en las mujeres que las de menor mortalidad. La mortalidad general aumentaba a medida que se incrementaban los porcentajes de desempleo: las ZBS con porcentajes de desempleo más elevados tuvieron un 15% más de mortalidad que las de menor desempleo en los varones y un 6% en las mujeres. Por causas, el sida fue la enfermedad que mayores desigualdades presentó en mortalidad, tanto en varones como en mujeres. Conclusiones: La ciudad de Sevilla en el período 1994-1998 presenta importantes desigualdades por ZBS en la mortalidad general, la mortalidad prematura y por causas. Las desigualdades se dan tanto en los varones como en las mujeres, aunque su magnitud es mayor en los varones. Existe una clara asociación entre los niveles socioeconómicos y la mortalidad.Objectives: To describe social inequalities in mortality in Seville from 1994 to 1998 according to socioeconomic status. Methods: Life expectancy, crude and age-adjusted rates of total mortality as well as mortality by causes and potential years of life lost were estimated using the number of deaths and the population of Seville, aggregated by Basic Health Areas (BHA). BHA were divided in three levels according to the unemployment rate among men. The relative risks of total mortality and mortality by causes were estimated for men and women in each of these levels, using Poisson regression. The unemployment rate of each of the BHA was related to total mortality and to some of its causes. Results: Differences in life expectancy of up to 7.9 years for men and 4.6 years for women were found among BHA. Concerning potential years of life lost, the areas with the highest mortality showed 4.1 times greater mortality in men and 2.6 times greater mortality in women than those with the lowest mortality. Total mortality increased with unemployment rate: the BHA with the highest unemployment rate showed a 15% increase in mortality in men and a 6% increase in that in women than those with the lowest unemployment rate. Among causes of mortality, AIDS showed the greatest inequalities in both men and women. Conclusions: From 1994 to 1998, Seville presented inequalities in total mortality and premature mortality, as well as in mortality by causes per BHA. Inequalities were present in men and women, although they were greater in men. There was a clear association between socioeconomic variables and mortality.

Although the availability of genetic and genomic resources for Cucurbita pepo has increased significantly, functional genomic resources are still limited for this crop. In this direction, we have developed a high throughput reverse genetic tool: the first TILLING (Targeting Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes) resource for this species. Additionally, we have used this resource to demonstrate that the previous EMS mutant population we developed has the highest mutation density compared with other cucurbits mutant populations. The overall mutation density in this first C. pepo TILLING platform was estimated to be 1/133 Kb by screening five additional genes. In total, 58 mutations confirmed by sequencing were identified in the five targeted genes, thirteen of which were predicted to have an impact on the function of the protein. The genotype/phenotype correlation was studied in a peroxidase gene, revealing that the phenotype of seedling homozygous for one of the isolated mutant alleles was albino. These results indicate that the TILLING approach in this species was successful at providing new mutations and can address the major challenge of linking sequence information to biological function and also the identification of novel variation for crop breeding.

Optimizing HCV genotype 1 therapy in terms of response prediction and tailoring treatment is undoubtedly the cornerstone of treating HIV co-infected patients in clinical practice. Accordingly, our aim was to analyze the predictive value of HCV viral decline for sustained virological response (SVR), measured at a time point as early as week 2 of therapy with pegylated interferon alpha-2a plus ribavirin (Peg-IFN/RBV).Previously untreated HIV/HCV genotype 1 co-infected patients were included in this study. The HCV RNA titer was measured at week 2 after starting treatment with Peg-IFN/RBV. The likelihood of reaching SVR when HCV RNA viral titers declined at week 2 was evaluated relative to predictive baseline factors.A total of 192 HIV/HCV genotype-1 co-infected patients were enrolled in the study and began therapy. One hundred and sixty-three patients completed a full course of Peg-IFN/RBV treatment for 2 weeks and 59 of these (36.2%) reached SVR. An HCV RNA viral load decline of ≥1.5 log IU/mL at week 2 had the maximum positive predictive value for SVR (83.3%; 95% CI: 68.5%-92.9%) and was identified as the strongest independent predictive factor for reaching SVR across all baseline predictive factors.HCV viral decline at week 2 had a high predictive value for identifying patients with a high and low likelihood of reaching SVR using dual therapy, regardless of strong predictive baseline factors. This finding may be useful for developing a predictive tool to help tailor HCV genotype 1 therapy in HIV co-infected patients.

Etravirine (ETV) is recommended in combination with a boosted protease inhibitor plus an optimized background regimen for salvage therapy, but there is limited experience with its use in combination with two nucleos(t)ide reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). This multicenter study aimed to assess the efficacy of this combination in two scenarios: group A) subjects without virologic failure on or no experience with non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) switched due to adverse events and group B) subjects switched after a virologic failure on an efavirenz- or nevirapine-based regimen. The primary endpoint was efficacy at 52 weeks analysed by intention-to-treat. Virologic failure was defined as the inability to suppress plasma HIV-RNA to 200 copies/mL in patients who had previously achieved a viral suppression or had an undetectable viral load at inclusion. Two hundred eighty seven patients were included. Treatment efficacy rates in group A and B were 88.0% (CI95, 83.9-92.1%) and 77.4% (CI95, 65.0-89.7%), respectively; the rates reached 97.2% (CI95, 95.1-99.3%) and 90.5% (CI95, 81.7-99.3), by on-treatment analysis. The once-a-day ETV treatment was as effective as the twice daily dosing regimen. Grade 1-2 adverse events were observed motivating a treatment switch in 4.2% of the subjects. In conclusion, ETV (once- or twice daily) plus two analogs is a suitable, well-tolerated combination both as a switching strategy and after failure with first generation NNRTIs, ensuring full drug activity.ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01437241.

FUNDAMENTOS: A partir de la mitad de la década de los ochenta, la mortalidad en el grupo de edad de 15 a 39 años en Andalucía ha experimentado un importante ascenso; el objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la mortalidad en este grupo de edad, para conocer cuáles han sido las causas que han ocasionado el aumento de la mortalidad y cuantificar su impacto sobre la esperanza de vida en la década de los ochenta. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Con los datos de mortalidad y las poblaciones de Andalucía de 1980 a 1992, se han calculado las tasas específicas de mortalidad por edad y causa, y las tasas ajustadas por edad. Para cuantificar el impacto de las causas de muerte sobre la evolución de la esperanza de vida se ha utilizado el método de Pollard. RESULTADOS: Se ha producido un aumento relativo de la mortalidad en los jóvenes andaluces entre los trienios 1980-1982 y 1990-1992. Las causas que han contribuido a este aumento, en los varones, han sido: el SIDA con un exceso de 825 defunciones, los accidentes de tráfico con 575, los suicidios con 155 y las sobredosis de drogas con 147 defunciones. Estas mismas causas de muerte han provocado una perdidas totales de 0,46 años en las ganancias de años de vida. En la mujeres, por contra, estas causas de muerte han mantenido relativamente estabilizadas sus tasas, con un efecto casi inapreciable sobre la esperanza de vida al nacer. CONCLUSIONES: El aumento de la mortalidad en el grupo de edad de 15 a 40 años por las causas mencionadas anteriormente, es un fenómeno casi exclusivo de los jóvenes varones andaluces que ha producido una relentización en las ganancias de años de vida en la década de los ochenta.

En este trabajo presentamos una síntesis del panorama histórico de la evolución de los planes de estudio de la Educación Física en España, con el objetivo de contrastar la situación actual sobre la reconversión de las Especialidades de Magisterio en itinerarios, de la titulación de grado (Educación Física, Música, Idiomas), con los acontecimientos que han repercutido en las continuas modificaciones y trasformaciones de los planes formativos de los maestros y alumnos de Educación Física determinado el tratamiento de la materia en el sistema educativo.

Presentamos aquí un resumen de la transformación del Plan de Estudios de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte en su adaptación al marco de la Convergencia Europea, el proceso seguido, el proyecto, los organismos que han intervenido y el resultado final propuesto en junio de 2004.

BACKGROUND:Data on which to base definitive recommendations on the doses and duration of therapy for genotype 3 HCV/HIV-coinfected patients are scarce. We evaluated the efficacy of a lower peginterferon-α 2a dose and a shorter duration of therapy than the current standard of care in genotype 3 HCV/HIV-coinfected patients. METHODS AND FINDINGS:Pilot, open-label, single arm clinical trial which involved 58 Caucasian HCV/HIV-coinfected patients who received weekly 135 µg peginterferon-α 2a plus ribavirin 400 mg twice daily during 20 weeks after attaining undetectable viremia. The relationships between baseline patient-related variables, including IL28B genotype, plasma HCV-RNA, ribavirin dose/kg, peginterferon-α 2a and ribavirin levels with virological responses were analyzed. Only 4 patients showed lack of response and 5 patients dropped out due to adverse events related to the study medication. Overall, sustained virologic response (SVR) rates were 58.3% by intention-to-treat and 71.4% by per protocol analysis, respectively. Among patients with rapid virologic response (RVR), SVR and relapses rates were 92.6% and 7.4%, respectively. No relationships were observed between viral responses and ribavirin dose/kg, peginterferon-α 2a concentrations, ribavirin levels or rs129679860 genotype. CONCLUSIONS:Weekly 135 µg pegIFN-α 2a could be as effective as the standard 180 µg dose, with a very low incidence of severe adverse events. A 24-week treatment duration appears to be appropriate in patients achieving RVR, but extending treatment up to just 20 weeks beyond negativization of viremia is associated with a high relapse rate in those patients not achieving RVR. There was no influence of IL28B genotype on the virological responses. TRIAL REGISTRATION:ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00553930.

La gestión del tiempo de clase es una de las competencias docentes que más preocupa a profesores en la enseñanza de la Educación Física (EF), por su importancia en la consecución del aprendizaje (Lozano y Viciana, 2002). El objetivo del presente trabajo es establecer un procedimiento común para el análisis del tiempo de clase que permita la investigación y posible réplica de estudios con el mismo criterio de observación y distinción entre categorías. Para ello, hemos recopilado una serie de consideraciones generales quese han de tener presentes en cualquier investigación basada en la observación del tiempo de clase, así como las principales dudas que pueden surgir en su análisis y acuerdos tomados que permitirán sistematizar los registros.Palabras clave: Gestión del tiempo de clase, educación física, metodología de análisis observacional.

RESUMEN El presente artículo trata la incidencia que el feedback afectivo positivo (FAP) o negativo (FAN), aportado por el profesor de Educación Física (EF), tiene sobre la valoración que el alumno muestra sobre la EF, sobre sus preferencias hacia el nivel de dificultad de las tareas de clase y sobre el clima ego-tarea según la actuación del profesor. El estudio se realizó con 21 sujetos en tres grupos: dos experimentales a los que se aplicó un FAP y FAN respectivamente, y un tercer grupo control. Los resultados muestran una incidencia significativa en la percepción del clima implicante al ego, la percepción del clima implicante a la tarea y la valoración de las clases de EF. Además los sujetos que han recibido un FAN presentan niveles de percepción de un clima implicante al ego mayores y significativos que aquellos sujetos que habían recibido un FAP. Respecto a la percepción de un clima implicante a la tarea, aquellos sujetos que reciben un FAP tienden a percibir mayores niveles de clima implicante a la tarea al compararlos con los que reciben FAP y feedback control. Sobre la valoración de la EF, los sujetos que reciben FAP valoran más positivamente las clases de EF que los que reciben FAN. PALABRAS CLAVE: Educación Física, enseñanza, motivación. ABSTRACT The present article studies the effect that positive affective feedback (FAP) or negative affective feedback (FAN), received from a Physical Education (PE) teacher, have on the attitude that a student shows in class. This study evaluates their level of difficulty preferences in class tasks and the ego-task climate according to the performance of the professor. The study was done with 21 subjects in three groups: two groups were experimental with FAP and FAN applied respectively to each group; the third group was a control group. The results show a significant incidence in the perception of the climate that implicates the ego, the perception of the climate that implicates to the task and the valuation of the PE classes. In addition, the subjects that have received FAN, presented higher and more significant levels of perception of the climate that implicates to the ego than those subjects which received FAP. With respect to the perception of a climate that implicates to the task, those subjects who receive a FAP tend to perceive greater levels of climate that implicates to the task when comparing them with which they receive FAP and feedback control. On the valuation of the PE, the subjects that receive FAP value more positively the PE classes than those that receive FAN. KEY WORDS: Physical Education, teaching, motivation.

We show the analysis of the speech of a soccer trainer during 2 different situations in competition: On one hand, we study the instructions offered before a situation of favorable competition (opposing classified in an inferior position), and on the other hand, a situation of adverse competition (adversary classified in a superior position). We expose categories of analyses used in the development of the investigation, with to possible alternatives for later works. It is tried to describe the behavior of the soccer trainer as far as variables like the amount of information offered, the thematic of the information, on what players falls that information, etc. The results show a high rate of information, predominantly tactical, that it falls on the defensive lines, not existing great differences in the comparison of the analyzed situations of competition. KEY WORDS: Training soccer, instructions, speech, content analysis.

In the development of this article we expose the carried out process to form and to train coders of a written speech, with the purpose of processing and analyzing texts audio product of recordings in formation meetings between professors of Obligatory Secondary Education in Physical Education (PE). This process was carried out in an investigation on the permanent formation of the teaching staff of PE, product of a presented doctoral thesis in 1996 in the University of Granada. For that reason we began explaining briefly in what the global investigation consists, we continued describing the complexity that locks up the analysis of a great volume of information written like result of the dialogue between professors, which does necessary to train to a series of coders for texts. Next we explained the process of training carried out and concluded with the strategies followed in this process, with the purpose of contributing like a tool to other investigators. KEY WORDS: Physical Education, In-service teachers training, Analysis of speech, Coders training.

The content of the present article summarizes from two perspective, quantitative and a other qualitative one, the centers of attention of the Physical Education’s teachers (PE), in the first years of its educational profession. The quantitative perspective, analyzes the significant differences (Statistica 4,0) between the beliefs of a group of professors studied during a formative process, centering to us in those dimensions that obtained these differences and therefore, are reason for high preoccupation by the teachers. The qualitative perspective, analyzes the speech of the teachers studied during 18 sessions of formation, through the program Analysis Qualitative Data 3,0, emphasizing the more frequent thematic categories and therefore of more appearance and preoccupation by the teachers studied during its sessions of formation. Also ilustratives maps appear, with text examples of these thematic categories to observe the different directions that take the interests from the teachers. The results show that from both perspective, a common direction of the attention centers is observed towards the learning of the students. KEY WORDS: Centers of attention, practical knowledge in PE, in-service teacher training

In this article we expose the existing problems in the analysis of the reflection levels of the speech, either of physical education teachers or of sports trainers, in order to improve this aspect and to establish formative programs or to provide feedback to imporove this competency and the performance of the sportsmen. We define the concepts of reflection type and reflection levels, establishing between them a relationship of correspondence. We establish a classification of three reflection levels to analyze in physical education any topic and after that, we expose the example of an investigation about inservice-training of physical education teachers where we apply the exposed classification. Finally we suggest some topics which can be approached from the investigation to train physical education teachers or sports trainers. KEY WORDS: Reflection Levels, Physical Education In-service Teachers Training, Sports Trainers Traininig.

Estos primeros datos sobre las galerías subterráneas de captación de agua de las altiplanicies granadinas forman parte de una investigación actualmente en curso sobre los sistemas de regadío de las Hoyas de Guadix y de Baza, en Andalucía Oriental. Uno de sus principales objetivos es intentar establecer el orden cronológico de la implantación de las diversas redes y de sus transformaciones, utilizando de manera regresiva las encuestas etnológicas, el estudio documental y la arqueología..