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Chapter 9.2 of the book "Metrics of Material and Metal Ecology" is presented. The section deals with recycling optimization model which links the liberation to the recycling rate of end-of-life vehicles (ELVs). Such model is said to be capable of predicting recovery rate for the various materials present in the automobile. Also cited is the need for the model to describe the first principles of the liberation of various materials as a consequence of material combinations and joint types selected during design.

Chapter 8.7 of the book "The Metrics of Material and Metal Ecology: Harmonizing the Resource, Technology and Environmental Cycles" is presented. The section cites examples and case study related to calculating recycling and recovery rates for end-of-life vehicles (ELVs). It stresses the importance of presenting the recycling rate and European Union (EU) targets with its standard deviation of error margin. Also noted is that fundamental theoretical models should be used and adopted by the recycling industry and EU to calculate reliable recycling rates.

Chapter 8.6 of the book "The Metrics of Material and Metal Ecology: Harmonizing the Resource, Technology and Environmental Cycles" is presented. The section discusses the role of the resource cycle dynamics in the recovery rate of materials present in the car and its recycling rate. It stresses the importance of understanding of all aspects influencing the closing of the material cycle and their mutual relation to improve the vehicle's material cycle efficiency. Simulations can show the effect of the changing recovery rate on the response to the system.

The article describes the case study of optical dynamic modelling of aluminium recycling. The recycling optimization model can be used to integrate the effect of economics, legislation and process efficiency into the dynamic model. The recovery of various elements dependent on the objective of the optimization is calculated by the recycling optimization model. There was optimised material streams, grades and recoveries based on the results of the optimization for two different input ranges.

Chapter 8.4 of the book "The Metrics of Material and Metal Ecology: Harmonizing the Resource, Technology and Environmental Cycles" is presented. The section offers insights on the parameters affecting the performance of the automobile recycling system to describe, model and optimise the material cycle of passenger vehicles. The state-of-the art recycling technology is a factor in determining the recovery rate of the materials composing the automobile. Also illustrated is a recycling flowsheet for the recycling of end-of-life vehicles.

Chapter 8.3 of the book "The Metrics of Material and Metal Ecology: Harmonizing the Resource, Technology and Environmental Cycles" is presented. The sections looks at the formulation of dynamic model for automobile recycling. The behavior of the resource cycle system, material flows and the accumulation of materials within the system over time are described and predicted in the model. The dynamic model can be parameterised over the total resource cycle by the use of the distribution functions for the lifetime, the weight and the composition of the car.

Chapter 7.7 of the book "The Metrics of Material and Metal Ecology: Harmonizing the Resource, Technology and Environmental Cycles" is presented. The section provides examples and case studies on calculating recycling rate (RR). These include RR for building aluminium waste and recycling of aluminium alloys from buildings. Also cited is the formula for the European Union (EU) definition for the recycling of automobiles.

Chapter 7.6 of the book "The Metrics of Material and Metal Ecology: Harmonizing the Resource, Technology and Environmental Cycles" is presented. The section offers a discussion of the four dynamic simulations of the recycling and recovery rate of automobiles. The lifetime of the cars is kept constant over time in the first simulation while the second one changes the lifetime distribution. The effect of the changing distribution of the mass percentage over time is demonstrated in the fourth simulation.

Chapter 7.5 of the book "The Metrics of Material and Metal Ecology: Harmonizing the Resource, Technology and Environmental Cycles" is presented. The section describes the changing weight and composition of the car and their role in the recycling rate (RR) definition based on the dynamic model of the end-of-life vehicles (ELVs) resource cycle. The amount of produced cars a year is one of the factors determining the total weight of the materials produced in the car. Also noted are RR definitions different from the one proposed by the European Union (EU).

Chapter 7.4 of the book "The Metrics of Material and Metal Ecology: Harmonizing the Resource, Technology and Environmental Cycles" is presented. The section deals with dynamic modelling of the resource cycle of end-of-life vehicles (ELVs). Such model is said to be capable of showing the influence of time-varying and statistically distributed parameters on the recycling rate over time. It attributes the changes in weight and composition of cars to changes in regulation on safety, consumer demands on comfort and reduction of fuel consumption, among others.

Chapter 7.3 of the book "The Metrics of Material and Metal Ecology: Harmonizing the Resource, Technology and Environmental Cycles" is presented. The section provides information on a directive which targets the recycling of passenger vehicles approved by the Parliament of the European Union (EU). The average weight per vehicle year is the basis of the imposed EU recycling targets on end-of-life vehicles (ELVs). The three categories of the recycled weight under the EU directive are reuse, recovery and recycling.

Chapter 7.2 of the book "The Metrics of Material and Metal Ecology: Harmonizing the Resource, Technology and Environmental Cycles" is presented. The section defines the term recycling rate. Such rate uses average life cycles despite the fact that figures calculated by the method are suggestive of reality than accurate. The production from secondary raw material or scrap of the present year to the total production years ago should served as the basis of the real recycling rate.

Chapter 6.5 of the book "The Metrics of Material and Metal Ecology: Harmonizing the Resource, Technology and Environmental Cycles" is presented. The chapter explores several valuable concepts and ideas brought into the system by the models and studies in industrial ecology. They include the notion of sustainability as an emerging system property, the connection between the industrial and ecological thinking in the system and the dynamic interdependence of metal metabolism.

Chapter 5.9 of the book "The Metrics of Material and Metal Ecology: Harmonizing the Resource, Technology and Environmental Cycles" is presented. The chapter presents several examples of possible scenarios wherein an industrial ecology model can be useful. They include the decrease of copper production due to the replacement of copper pipes with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes, the use of different digital video disc (DVD) players and emission of gases.

Chapter 5.7 of the book "The Metrics of Material and Metal Ecology: Harmonizing the Resource, Technology and Environmental Cycles" is presented. The chapter focuses on the importance of the Isasmelter copper smelter in life cycle assessment (LCA) scores. It examines the Umicore smelting operation plant located in Hoboken, New Jersey which serves as the one of the biggest and most advanced recycling units for precious metals worldwide. It discusses how LCA can be performed on the predicted data set and the real plant data.

Chapter 5.5 of the book "The Metrics of Material and Metal Ecology: Harmonizing the Resource, Technology and Environmental Cycles" is presented. The chapter focuses on the use of containment strategy in reducing the toxicity hazards among lead-containing products. It notes that the elimination of lead may affect the recovery potential of the metallurgical infrastructure as well as the supply of other metals such as silver, copper and zinc. It delves into a clean recycling system for such products which promotes the use of secondary sources.

Chapter 5.4 of the book "The Metrics of Material and Metal Ecology: Harmonizing the Resource, Technology and Environmental Cycles" is presented. The chapter focuses on the use of lead-free solders as part of a detoxification strategy in the manufacture of electrical and electronic equipment. It mentions that the lead deposited in landfills tend to leach and be exposed to groundwater. It examines the IDEALS project carried out from 1996 to 1999 which was designed to develop a lead-free soldering technology.

Chapter 5.3 of the book "The Metrics of Material and Metal Ecology: Harmonizing the Resource, Technology and Environmental Cycles" is presented. The chapter focuses on an industrial ecology model programmed in Simulink™/Matlab®. It notes that the model used Substance Flow Accounting as its basis and life cycle assessment (LCA) for its framework. It mentions that the model is concentrated on the operation involved in the production and recovery of metals.

Chapter 5.2 of the book "The Metrics of Material and Metal Ecology: Harmonizing the Resource, Technology and Environmental Cycles" is presented. The chapter discusses an industrial ecology and dynamic model for metal cycles which is programmed in Simulink™/Matlab&reg. The bottom-up approach was used in the development of the model wherein a series of individual processes and reactors represent the interconnected circuits for metal production. It adds that under the model, emissions can be traced down to individual processes or reactors.

Chapter 5.1 of the book "The Metrics of Material and Metal Ecology: Harmonizing the Resource, Technology and Environmental Cycles" is presented. The chapter discusses the toxicity and exposure of lead and the existing legislative framework. In particular, the sources of lead exposure is explored as well as its environmental and human health impacts. Also discussed are the pieces of legislation concerning restrictions on lead-containing products in different countries such as the Basel Convention.

Chapter 4.6 of the book "The Metrics of Material and Metal Ecology: Harmonizing the Resource, Technology and Environmental Cycles" is presented. It investigates the potential of markets/economics, policy and legislation to the close material cycles, based on the European Union (EU) waste legislation. It mentions the proposed Integrated Product Policy (IPP) of the EU which seeks to stimulate demand for greener product lifecycles. It stresses the importance of both feedback and feedforward control strategies for policy, process design and process control.

Chapter 4.5 of the book "The Metrics of Material and Metal Ecology: Harmonizing the Resource, Technology and Environmental Cycles " is presented. It explores the implications of industrial ecology strategies for the different stages of the resource cycles which include waste management, product manufacture and metal production/recycling. It discusses the reasons for considering metal production and recycling constraints in the process design. It stresses the critical role played by metallurgical role reactors in closing the metal resource cycles.

Chapter 4.4 of the book "The Metrics of Material and Metal Ecology: Harmonizing the Resource, Technology and Environmental Cycles" is presented. The chapter focuses on the dilution of metals. It discusses the main processes in waste management, namely, collection, separation and disposal, as well as the metallurgical recycling to new metal. It notes the long-term effect of the dilution of undesired impurities in metals and the practice of mixing low-quality secondary metals with primary metals.

Chapter 3.5 of the book "The Metrics of Material and Metal Ecology: Harmonizing the Resource, Technology and Environmental Cycles" is presented. It discusses the implications of the quantitative modelling/inventory approach in metal production and recycling with respect to industrial ecology. It notes that modelling metal production and recycling with present industrial ecology (MFA) methods requires an inventory of reconciled mass balances of all process steps. It stresses the need for a consistent methodological framework spanning all MFA models.

Chapter 3.4 of the book "The Metrics of Material and Metal Ecology: Harmonizing the Resource, Technology and Environmental Cycles" is presented. The chapter focuses on the availability of data on different industrial ecology models for metal production and recycling. It discusses the different types of mass balance models including the bookkeeping model, stationary model, and dynamic model. It stresses the need to obtain data on process inflows and outflows to construct mass balances for a process step.

Chapter 3.3 of the book "The Metrics of Material and Metal Ecology: Harmonizing the Resource, Technology and Environmental Cycles" is presented. It deals with industrial ecology models for metal production and recycling. It attempts to show that simplification of process routes for metals hardly makes it possible to capture the detail of complex interconnected systems, like that of metals processing. It suggests that the metal wheel can be a valuable tool to establish the different interdependencies between the production routes of different metals.

Chapter 3.2 of the book "The Metrics of Material and Metal Ecology: Harmonizing the Resource, Technology and Environmental Cycles" is presented. It discusses metal production from an industrial ecological perspective. It cites the key elements in the development of the metallurgical capacity, namely, diversity in and interconnectivity between metallurgical processes. It notes that industrial diversity and diversity in production patterns also provide for resilience and flexibility in metal production.

Chapter 3.1 of the book "The Metrics of Material and Metal Ecology: Harmonizing the Resource, Technology and Environmental Cycles" is presented. A quantitative description of the systems of the different interdependent processes involved in production and recycling of eleven metals is presented. The use of a resource cycle perspective is cited. It notes that the interconnected industrial metal resource cycles seem to be a good case study to investigate the possibility of capturing complex systems in quantitative models.

Chapter 2.5 of the book "The Metrics of Material and Metal Ecology: Harmonizing the Resource, Technology and Environmental Cycles" is presented. It provides an overview of the toolbox of industrial ecology. The descriptive approaches in industrial ecology involve the analysis of the flows of materials and energy in industrial and consumer activities. It notes that prescriptive approaches focus on the potential role of industry in reducing environmental burdens throughout the product life cycle.

Chapter 2.4 of the book "The Metrics of Material and Metal Ecology: Harmonizing the Resource, Technology and Environmental Cycles" is presented. It focuses on the concept of industrial ecology. It describes industrial ecology as a concept emerging in the evolution of environmental management paradigms. It also discusses the industrial notion, which focuses on industrial processes, and the ecological notion, wherein natural ecosystems are used as a model for industrial activity, of industrial ecology.

An introduction to the book "The Metrics of Material and Metal Ecology: Harmonizing the Resource, Technology and Environmental Cycles" is presented.

Chapter 1.2 of the book "The Metrics of Material and Metal Ecology: Harmonizing the Resource, Technology and Environmental Cycles" is presented. It focuses on the development of waste management infrastructures. Recyclable materials are said to be generated in the industrial manufacturing chain and in the consumption chain. It notes that the significance of waste management for public health and the environment has led to the development of robust and durable public waste infrastructures.

Chapter 1.1 of the book "The Metrics of Material and Metal Ecology: Harmonizing the Resource, Technology and Environmental Cycles" is presented. It focuses on the sustainable use of metals. It notes that metals are exclusively subject to material recycling. It mentions that metals and metal containing material have intrinsic economic value and adds that the value of pure metals, scrap, ore make the material cycle possible.

Chapter 2.1 of the book "The Metrics of Material and Metal Ecology: Harmonizing the Resource, Technology and Environmental Cycles" is presented. It discusses the concept of sustainable development and sustainability. It states that the concept of the United Nations of sustainable development is a widely accepted interpretation of sustainability that addresses the complex of environmental, economical and social problems. It also notes that the concept of sustainable development is focused on the human species.

An Excel optimization model that relate to automobile recycling that appeared in the book "Metrics of Material and Metal Ecology" is presented.

Chapter 13.1 of the book "Metrics of Material & Metal Ecology" is presented. It discusses the processes applicable in the production of aluminium. One of the processes is through the electrolysis of alumina, a technical term for Al2O3, which originates from bauxite through the Bayer process. Other processes tackled are the smelting flux electrolysis, direct reduction with carbon from aluminium ore and refining of aluminium-silicate (AlSi)-alloys produced from AlSi ores.

Chapter 11.1 of the book "Metrics of Material and Metal Ecology" is presented. The section deals with the raw materials for aluminium production. Aluminium, which consists of the earth's crust, exists in the earth crust in it oxide form only despite its abundance. Bauxite is the ore for primary aluminum production.

Chapter 10.6 of the book "Metrics of Material and Metal Ecology" is presented. The section discusses the definition of the recycling rate and the understanding of its leading parameters in relation to a large scale industrial recycling test of end-of-life vehicles (ELVs) at the Comet Sambre plant in Châtelet, Belgium. The recovery rate for each of the individual components/materials in the car was used to determine the recycling rate. The test showed that recycling rate should be reported in combination with the error margin.

Chapter 10.5 of the book "Metrics of Material and Metal Ecology" is presented. The section considers the practical calculation of the recycling rate from a large scale industrial recycling test of end-of-life vehicles (ELVs) at the Comet Sambre plant in Châtelet, Belgium. The basis for the calculations was the mass balance derived from the data of shredding and Post Shredding Technology (PST) trial. The weighing of the car wrecks determined the weight and composition of 1,153 ELVs.

An introduction to chapter 9 of the book "Metrics of Material and Metal Ecology" is presented.

Chapter 7.8 of the book "The Metrics of Material and Metal Ecology: Harmonizing the Resource, Technology and Environmental Cycles" is presented. The section summarizes topics discussed in chapter 7 about the recycling rate of automobiles. It emphasizes the importance of recycling to achieve a sustainable development in society. Also noted is the need to use a dynamic knowledge based model in exploring the recycling system to tackle the implications of the European Union (EU) recycling policy and the achievement of EU recycling targets.