Chapter 3: A description of the metal cycles: 3.3 Industrial ecology models for metal production and recycling.

Chapter 3.3 of the book "The Metrics of Material and Metal Ecology: Harmonizing the Resource, Technology and Environmental Cycles" is presented. It deals with industrial ecology models for metal production and recycling. It attempts to show that simplification of process routes for metals hardly makes it possible to capture the detail of complex interconnected systems, like that of metals processing. It suggests that the metal wheel can be a valuable tool to establish the different interdependencies between the production routes of different metals.