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Examinations of specimens of cercosporoid leaf-spotting hyphomycetes made between 1966 and 1997 in Cuba and Venezuela, now housed at K (previously deposited at IMI as “Cercospora sp.”), have been continued, supplemented by several samples collected in Venezuela between 2006 and 2012, which are now deposited at HAL. Some species are new to Cuba and Venezuela, some new host plants are included, and the following new species are introduced: Cercospora syngoniicola, Pseudocercospora apeibae, P. clematidis-haenkeanae, P. erythrinicola, P. erythroxylicola, P. guanarensis, P. helicteris, P. simirae, and Zasmidium cassiae-grandis. The new combination Pseudocercospora angraeci and the new name P. ranjita var. amphigena are proposed.

As a first step towards the production of a List of Protected Generic Names for Fungi, a without-prejudice list is presented here as a basis for future discussion and the production of a List for formal adoption. We include 6995 generic names out of the 17072 validly published names proposed for fungi and invite comments from all interested mycologists by 31 March 2014. The selection of names for inclusion takes note of recent major publications on different groups of fungi, and further the decisions reached so far by international working groups concerned with particular families or genera. Changes will be sought in the Code to provide for this and lists at other ranks to be protected against any competing unlisted names, and to permit the inclusion of names of lichen-forming fungi. A revised draft will be made available for further discussion at the 10(th) International Mycological Congress in Bangkok in August 2014. A schedule is suggested for the steps needed to produce a list for adoption by the International Botanical Congress in August 2017. This initiative provides mycologists with an opportunity to place nomenclature at the generic level on a more secure and stable base.

Fungal taxonomy has a long history and nomenclatural type specimens constitute an integral part of fungal classification and nomenclature. To date, type specimens/old names have served as excellent exemplars and references and have been the pillar for a stable classification and appropriate nomenclature. However, with an increase in the number of species being discovered and the practical problems associated with re-examination and over reliance of old names as exemplars, there is a need to reconsider our traditional taxonomic thinking towards such an approach. It is becoming increasingly clear that loaning specimens, especially of rare and old species, is becoming too tedious, difficult and in some cases, practically impossible. This paper addresses in detail some of the major practical difficulties in referring to old names from a stable nomenclatural system viewpoint, in particular, reluctance of herbaria to loan specimens and poor conditions of specimens. Specific case studies where problems are encountered that hinder references to old names are discussed. Last but not least, mycologists express their opinions and concerns and provide deductive conclusions based on facts and their long experience in mycology. With regards to fungal nomenclature, taxonomists, devoted to bring about rational changes to fungal taxonomy, should be encouraged to use more friendly and practical approaches, with minimum hassle to examine old specimens. We contemplate that this paper will provide potential solutions to facilitate future naming/classification of fungal species.

With the change to one scientific name for fungal species, numerous papers have been published with recommendations for use or protection of competing generic names in major groups of ascomycetes. Although genera in each group of fungi were carefully considered, some competing generic names were overlooked. This paper makes recommendations for additional competing genera not considered in previous papers. Chairs of relevant Working Groups of the ICTF were consulted in the development of these recommendations. A number of generic names need protection, specifically Amarenographium over Amarenomyces, Amniculicola over Anguillospora, Balansia over Ephelis, Claviceps over Sphacelia, Drepanopeziza over Gloeosporidiella and Gloeosporium, Golovinomyces over Euoidium, Holwaya over Crinium, Hypocrella over Aschersonia, Labridella over Griphosphaerioma, Metacapnodium over Antennularia, and Neonectria over Cylindrocarpon and Heliscus. The following new combinations are made: Amniculicola longissima, Atichia maunauluana, Diaporthe columnaris, D. liquidambaris, D. longiparaphysata, D. palmicola, D. tersa, Elsinoe bucidae, E. caricae, E. choisyae, E. paeoniae, E. psidii, E. zorniae, Eupelte shoemakeri, Godronia myrtilli, G. raduloides, Sarcinella mirabilis, S. pulchra, Schizothyrium jamaicense, and Trichothallus niger. Finally, one new species name, Diaporthe azadirachte, is introduced to validate an earlier name, and the conservation of Discula with a new type, D. destructiva, is recommended.

Article 59.1, of the International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants (ICN; Melbourne Code), which addresses the nomenclature of pleomorphic fungi, became effective from 30 July 2011. Since that date, each fungal species can have one nomenclaturally correct name in a particular classification. All other previously used names for this species will be considered as synonyms. The older generic epithet takes priority over the younger name. Any widely used younger names proposed for use, must comply with Art. 57.2 and their usage should be approved by the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi (NCF). In this paper, we list all genera currently accepted by us in Dothideomycetes (belonging to 23 orders and 110 families), including pleomorphic and nonpleomorphic genera. In the case of pleomorphic genera, we follow the rulings of the current ICN and propose single generic names for future usage. The taxonomic placements of 1261 genera are listed as an outline. Protected names and suppressed names for 34 pleomorphic genera are listed separately. Notes and justifications are provided for possible proposed names after the list of genera. Notes are also provided on recent advances in our understanding of asexual and sexual morph linkages in Dothideomycetes. A phylogenetic tree based on four gene analyses supported 23 orders and 75 families, while 35 families still lack molecular data.

The Golovinomyces biocellatus complex consists of powdery mildew (Erysiphales) species restricted to hosts of the family Lamiaceae. Previous authors used minor morphological features of the sexual state and host range data to split the complex. The data, however, were not sufficient to define a convincing species concept. Our taxonomic study is based on molecular phylogenetic and asexual state morphology data. For morphological studies, mainly features of the asexual morph (conidiophores, conidia, germination patterns) were studied using light and scanning electron microscopy. Detailed line drawings of asexual state features are provided. For phylogenetic analyses, two markers (rDNA: ITS, LSU) of 64 specimens were applied. The phylogeny resulted in two major clades. Clade I consists of specimens with Lamiaceae hosts and three specimens of Verbena. Clade II consists of two sister groups, the first (IIa) with Salvia spp. and the second (IIb) with Lycopus europaeus (the type host G. biocellatus) and Glechoma. Clades I and IIb and two subclades of IIa with Salvia hosts are characterized by specific morphological traits (differences in conidiophore length, conidial shape, width, and germination patterns). Based on these data, we suggest to consider specimens of clades I (including specimens on Verbena) and IIb and the two subclades of IIa as distinct species, namely G. monardae, G. biocellatus, G. salviae, and G. neosalviae sp. nov. A key for the identification of species based on asexual state features is provided. The results are discussed with respect to host range, jumps, co-evolutionary aspects, and distribution patterns.

Taeniolella is a genus of asexual ascomycetes with saprophytic, endophytic, and lichenicolous life styles. A phylogeny of representative species is presented, with a focus on lichenicolous taxa. We obtained mtSSU and nuLSU sequence data from culture isolates of Taeniolella and from freshly collected specimens of other taxa. Taeniolella is recovered as strongly polyphyletic. The type species, Taeniolella exilis, is placed in Kirschsteiniotheliaceae within Dothideomycetes. Other saprophytic/endophytic Taeniolella species previously assigned to Sordariomycetes based on sequences were found to represent either contaminants or species that cannot be assigned to Taeniolella for morphological reasons. Lichenicolous species are restricted to Asterotexiales (Dothideomycetes) where the sequenced species of Taeniolella do not form a monophyletic group, but are related to species of Buelliella s. lat., Karschia, Labrocarpon, Melaspilea s. lat., and Stictographa. Molecular data are, however, not sufficient to reallocate the lichenicolous Taeniolella species to other genera so far. Anamorph–teleomorph relationships between these taxa and lichenicolous Taeniolella are discussed but could not be demonstrated. The type of Buelliella is placed in Asterotexiales, and the genus recovered as polyphyletic. Three new lichenicolous Taeniolella species are described, Taeniolella hawksworthiana, Taeniolella pyrenulae and Taeniolella toruloides. Taeniolella rudis is transferred to Sterigmatobotrys.

During a survey of hyphomycetes, Passalora trichophila sp. nov. was discovered on living leaves of Ficus mysorensis (Moraceae) in a subtropical forest of eastern Uttar Pradesh, India. This species is described, illustrated and compared with morphologically similar species. A key to species of Passalora found on Ficus is provided. Descriptions and nomenclatural details were deposited in MycoBank (www.MycoBank.org).

Cecidiomyces santessonii gen. & sp. nov., found on Stereocaulon species on the subantarctic Macquarie Island (Tasmania, Australia), is described, illustrated and compared with other morphologically similar genera and species. It is characterized by a lichenicolous habit, gall-formation, caespitose to sporodochial colonies, semi-macronematous, monoblastic, determinate conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells, solitary, 0–1-euseptate, pigmented conidia, and schizolytic conidial secession.

The symposium "One fungus = Which name" held in Amsterdam 12-13 April 2012, addressed the drastic changes in the naming of pleomorphic fungi adopted by the 18(th) International Botanical Congress in Melbourne in 2011. Possible solutions and ways to face resulting problems were suggested. The fundamental change is that under the new rules fungi in future will be treated nomenclaturally like plants and all other groups of organisms ruled by the ICN, i.e. with one correct name for each species. Numerous discussions and statements during the Symposium reflected widespread anxieties that these rules could negatively influence taxonomic work on pleomorphic fungi. However, they are groundless, being based on misunderstandings and confusion of nomenclature and taxonomy. With pleomorphic fungi, taxonomists will in future have to answer the question whether different morphs can represent one fungus (taxon), but this remains a taxonomic decision and has nothing to do with nomenclature. Furthermore, the ICN does not and cannot rule on how this decision is made. Thus it cannot provide rules based solely on methods involving morphology in vivo or in vitro, molecular analyses, physiological and biochemical data, inoculation experiments in pathogenic groups or any other methods or combinations of them. It is up to the taxonomist to select appropriate methods and to decide which data are sufficient to introduce new taxa. Some future problems and strategies around the application of anamorph- and teleomoph-typified taxon names (genera and species), are discussed here, using the recently monographed powdery mildews (Erysiphales) as an example.

A monographic revision of the hyphomycete genus Cladosporium s. lat. (Cladosporiaceae, Capnodiales) is presented. It includes a detailed historic overview of Cladosporium and allied genera, with notes on their phylogeny, systematics and ecology. True species of Cladosporium s. str. (anamorphs of Davidiella), are characterised by having coronate conidiogenous loci and conidial hila, i.e., with a convex central dome surrounded by a raised periclinal rim. Recognised species are treated and illustrated with line drawings and photomicrographs (light as well as scanning electron microscopy). Species known from culture are described in vivo as well as in vitro on standardised media and under controlled conditions. Details on host range/substrates and the geographic distribution are given based on published accounts, and a re-examination of numerous herbarium specimens. Various keys are provided to support the identification of Cladosporium species in vivo and in vitro. Morphological datasets are supplemented by DNA barcodes (nuclear ribosomal RNA gene operon, including the internal transcribed spacer regions ITS1 and ITS2, the 5.8S nrDNA, as well as partial actin and translation elongation factor 1-α gene sequences) diagnostic for individual species. In total 993 names assigned to Cladosporium s. lat., including Heterosporium (854 in Cladosporium and 139 in Heterosporium), are treated, of which 169 are recognized in Cladosporium s. str. The other taxa are doubtful, insufficiently known or have been excluded from Cladosporium in its current circumscription and re-allocated to other genera by the authors of this monograph or previous authors. Taxonomic novelties: Cladosporium allicinum (Fr.: Fr.) Bensch, U. Braun & Crous, comb. nov., C. astroideum var. catalinense U. Braun, var. nov., Fusicladium tectonicola (Yong H. He & Z.Y. Zhang) U. Braun & Bensch, comb. nov., Septoidium uleanum (Henn.) U. Braun, comb. nov., Zasmidium adeniae (Hansf.) U. Braun, comb. nov., Zasmidium dianellae (Sawada & Katsuki) U. Braun, comb. nov., Zasmidium lythri (Westend.) U. Braun & H.D. Shin, comb. nov., Zasmidium wikstroemiae (Petch) U. Braun, comb. nov.

The genus Pseudovirgaria, based on P. hyperparasitica, was recently introduced for a mycoparasite of rust sori of various species of Frommeëlla, Pucciniastrum and Phragmidium in Korea. In the present study, an older name introduced by Saccardo based on European material, Rhinotrichum griseum, is shown to resemble P. hyperparasitica. Morphological study and ITS barcodes from fresh collections of R. griseum from Austria on uredinia and telia of Phragmidium bulbosum on Rubus spp. reveal that it is distinct from P. hyperparasitica. The status of the genus Rhinotrichum, introduced for a fungus occurring on dry wood, remains unclear. Pseudovirgaria grisea comb. nov. is therefore proposed for the mycoparasite occurring on rust fungi in Europe, and an epitype is designated from the recent collections.

Modes of branching of appressoria on conidial germ tubes of 36 Erysiphe spp. were studied. Only unlobed appressoria, termed alobatus pattern, were seen in E. lonicerae, E. magnifica and E. symphoricarpi. Viewed from above with light or scanning electron microscopes, other species had ± irregular lobing, but from below in the plane of contact with the substrate successive dichotomous branchings at 120° were seen to produce a five-lobed appressorium within 6 h. Each division produced a temporarily dormant outward-facing lobe and an inward limb that continued growth and division to form the axis of curved, hooked, single- or double-headed symmetrical or asymmetrical structures in a helicoid cyme-like pattern. Outlines of extracellular material after removal of germinated conidia confirmed this manner of branching. After 36 h some lobes re-divided forming botryose or jigsaw patterns even extending with extra appressoria to form candelabra-like structures. Conidia developed only one true germ tube; rarely secondary unswollen tubes emerged from spare shoulders or ends. The same true germ tubes developed initially on host surfaces, where secondary tubes and/or extensions from appressorial lobes grew into colony-forming hyphae. Lobed appressoria of Neoerysphe and Phyllactinia also branched at 120°. Podosphaera xanthii exhibited a simpler branching pattern.

Zusammenfassung: Stordeur, R., Braun, U. & Tkach, N. 2010. Titov: Mycocaliciale Pilze der Holarktis — Ubersetzung der Bestimmungsschlussel und Beschreibungen neuer Arten. — Herzogia 23: 19–67. Es wird eine Ubersetzung aller in dem im Jahre 2006 in Russisch erschienenen Buch von A. N. Titov: „Mycocaliciale Pilze der Holarktis” vorhandener Schlussel in Deutsch und Englisch vorgelegt, erganzt durch eine Liste aller im Buch behandelter Taxa. Zusatzlich werden Ubersetzungen der Texte der neun von Titov neu beschriebenen Arten, der nomenklatorische Teil einer dort vorgeschlagenen Neukombination, sowie der Texte aller Arten mit ungeklarter systematischer Stellung und der von Titov ausgeschlossenen Taxa aufgefuhrt.

Braun, U. & Heuchert, B. 2010. Sporidesmiella lichenophila sp. nov. — a new lichenicolous hyphomycete. — Herzogia 23: 69–74. Sporidesmiella lichenophila sp. nov., on thalli of Ramalina stenospora in Louisiana, USA, is described, illustrated and compared with other species of Sporidesmiella. The intricate generic affinity of the new species within the complex of hyphomycete genera with annellophores is discussed.

Bauhinia species are popular ornamental and medicinal plants with a pantropical distribution. In December 2016, powdery mildew symptoms were found on B. blakeana and B. purpurea in Guangdong, China. Based on ITS and 28S rDNA sequences, as well as morphological characters, the powdery mildew was identified as Erysiphe lespedezae . Previous records of powdery mildews on Bauhinia spp . are discussed. Based on morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses of type material, Pseudoidium caesalpiniacearum is reduced to synonymy with E. lespedezae . To our best knowledge, this is the first report of E. lespedezae causing powdery mildew on B. purpurea in China, and B. blakeana as a new host. A detailed morphological description and molecular data are provided herein.

Taxonomy and nomenclature of new Indian powdery mildew taxa described by Paul & Thakur (2006) have been revised and reassessed on the base of the current phylogenetic generic concept of the Erysiphaceae. The following species are validated, redescribed and illustrated: Erysiphe farmanii sp. nov., E. ficicola sp. nov., E. machiliana sp. nov., E. malloticola sp. nov., E. quercifolia sp. nov., Phyllactinia bauhiniae sp. nov. and P. cassiae-fistulae sp. nov. Furthermore, the following new combinations are introduced: Erysiphe religiosa comb. nov. (= Uncinula aspera var. solani), E. cyclobalanopsidis comb. nov. and E. kumaonensis comb. nov.

Four conidial germination types namely, polygoni (syn. Pseudoidium), cichoracearum (syn. Reticuloidium), pannosa (syn. Fibroidium) and fuliginea (syn. Magnicellulatae) are commonly used as an aid in the identification of the Oidium anamorphs of powdery mildews. However, results of germination tests and a survey of the literature showed that these types did not adequately distinguish all taxa and did not reflect the range of species covered. Hence two new main types, Striatoidium and Blumeria, are proposed for the newly created genus Neoerysiphe and for the unique pattern of B. graminis. Two new names, orthotubus and brevitubus subtypes of Fibroidium, are proposed for the pannosa and fuliginea types respectively. Also proposed is a special longitubus pattern for the long, undifferentiated, negatively hydrotropic germ tubes prevalent in Erysiphe trifolii and species in Golovinomyces sect. Depressi. The recognition of the Striatoidium type of N. galeopsidis as distinct from the Pseudoidium type of E. elevata facilitated the detection of a simultaneous infection of Catalpa by these two powdery mildews. A key is provided for the identification of Oidium genera based on germination types. A review of germination patterns in the tribe Phyllactinieae found no consistent differences amongst the genera. Golovinomyces sect. Depressi is re-described to accommodate Golovinomyces spp. often having a longitubus pattern of germination. It includes G. cichoracearum var. latisporus, now considered a separate species based on its germination type, other anamorphic morphology and previous molecular sequence analyses. A new combination, Golovinomyces ambrosiae, is proposed for this species. Other anomalies within G. cichoracearum s. lat. were addressed by proposing another new combination, G. fischeri for the former G. cichoracearum var. fischeri that differs from G. cichoracearum s. str. in having larger chasmothecia and a well distinguished anamorph, and by proposing a new species, G. sonchicola, that is biologically, phylogenetically and morphologically distinct from G. cichoracearum s. str.

Nine species of fungi on the aquatic weed Sagittaria montevidensis (arrowhead) in southern and southeastern Brazil were collected, identified, described and illustrated in a survey for possible biological control agents against this weed. Seven of them are anamorphic fungi, Alternaria alternata, Botrytis cinerea, Cercospora apii, Cercospora sagittariae, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Plectospoirium alismatis and Pseudocercospora arthrospora, and two smut fungi, Doassansiopsis deformans and Narasimhania alismatis. All represent new host records or new geographic localities for occurrences of the fungi. Pseudocercospora arthrospora is new to science. It differs from known species of genus Pseudocercospora mainly by its subhyaline and disarticulating conidia and host. This fungus is close to Thedgonia but can be distinguished for this genus by its conidiogenesis. Based on the description and disease symptoms Cylindrocarpon sagittariae, recorded on S. trifolia from Japan, is regarded here as a later synonym of Plectosporium alismatis. Preliminary observations of the fungi in the field and in culture suggest that four of these have potential for use as biocontrol agents against S. montevidensis, namely C. sagittariae, C. gloeosporioides, P. alismatis and P. arthrospora.

The new species Erysiphe asclepiadis is described, illustrated and discussed. A new Chinese collection of Erysiphe robiniicola has recently been found that can be used to elucidate and discuss the confused taxonomy and nomenclature of this species and other taxa of Erysiphe s. lat. on Robinia spp. Based on a re-examination of type material in connection with the data given in the protologue, it can be shown that Capnodium lygodesmiae must be reduced to synonymy with Ampelomyces quisqualis. The confusion surrounding the name C. lygodesmiae, caused by the occurrence of the hyperparasite A. quisqualis on a powdery mildew fungus with abundant chasmothecia, is discussed in detail. The new combination, Golovinomyces caulicola (; Spolverinia caulicola), is proposed for the powdery mildew that serves as host of C. lygodesmiae.

The new species Pseudocercospora besleriae, P. clibadiicola, P. licaniae, P. miconiigena, P. pehriae, P. rothmaleri, P. swieteniae, P. triplaridis, Stenella guazumae, S. schubertiana and the new varieties Pseudocercospora consociata var. dimorpha and P. mombin var. venezuelensis are described and illustrated. Furthermore, some new host species and new records of cercosporoid Hyphomycetes for Venezuela are listed and discussed. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) Neue Arten und neue Nachweise cercosporoider Hyphomycetes aus Venezuela Die neuen Arten Pseudocercospora besleriae, P. clibadiicola, P. licaniae, P. miconiigena, P. pehriae, P. rothmaleri, P. swieteniae, P. triplaridis, Stenella guazumae, S. schubertiana und die neuen Varietaten Pseudocercospora consociata var. dimorpha und P. mombin var. venezuelensis werden beschrieben und abgebildet. Weiterhin werden einige neue Wirtspflanzenarten und Neufunde cercosporoider Hyphomyceten aus Venezuela aufgelistet und diskutiert.

The anamorphic state of a powdery mildew on trident maple (Acer buergerianum, Aceraceae), belonging to Sawadaea, has been observed since 1980 in Tokyo and other areas of Japan. Since the autumn of 2003, this fungus has begun to produce chasmothecia in various areas of Japan, which were consistent with Erysiphe nankinensis (= Uncinula nankinensis), but apparently contradictory to the characteristics of the anamorph. Based on a molecular phylogenetic analysis using DNA separately extracted from the anamorph and teleomorph of the fungus on A. buergerianum, it could be demonstrated that sequences of this fungus are sister to Sawadaea. As the anamorph belongs to Oidium subgen. Octagoidium and because of the phylogenetic position within the Sawadaea clade, the new combination Sawadaea nankinensis is proposed for this species. The genus Sawadaea is emended to comprise species with consistently unbranched appendages.

Phylogenetic analyses of Erysiphe alphitoides s. lat. using sequences of the rDNA ITS region and the D1/D2 domains of the 28S rDNA revealed a complex consisting of several genetically and morphologically distinguished taxa, including the already described Erysiphe alphitoides s. str. and E. hypophylla. The ascomata (chasmothecia) of E. hypophylla are morphologically very similar to those of E. alphitoides, but the two species are easily distinguishable by their symptoms, as well as the shape and size of the conidia. The fungus on Quercus phillyraeoides, distributed in warmer regions in southern Japan, is genetically clearly separated from E. alphitoides s. str., and morphologically characterized by having chasmothecia with appendages consistently shorter than the chasmothecial diameter. This fungus, named Erysiphe quercicola in this paper, is also able to infect some other oak species, and it is genetically identical with anamorphs on some tropical trees of other host genera. Collections of E. alphitoides s. lat. on Quercus acutissima and Q. variabilis, both belonging to Quercus sect. Cerris, are genetically distinct from E. alphitoides s. str., E. hypophylla and E. quercicola. They form two genetically and morphologically differentiated groups. The hypophyllous taxon on Q. acutissima and Q. variabilis, named Erysiphe hypogena in this paper, is characterized by forming distinctive persistent hypophyllous mycelial patches, causing necrotic discolouration of the host tissue. The epiphyllous taxon on these hosts, for which the name E. epigena is proposed, differs in having epiphyllous mycelium, smaller chasmothecia with fewer appendages, and does not cause leaf discolouration.

Mycosphaerella, one of the largest genera of ascomycetes, encompasses several thousand species and has anamorphs residing in more than 30 form genera. Although previous phylogenetic studies based on the ITS rDNA locus supported the monophyly of the genus, DNA sequence data derived from the LSU gene distinguish several clades and families in what has hitherto been considered to represent the Mycosphaerellaceae. Several important leaf spotting and extremotolerant species need to be disposed to the genus Teratosphaeria, for which a new family, the Teratosphaeriaceae, is introduced. Other distinct clades represent the Schizothyriaceae, Davidiellaceae, Capnodiaceae, and the Mycosphaerellaceae. Within the two major clades, namely Teratosphaeriaceae and Mycosphaerellaceae, most anamorph genera are polyphyletic, and new anamorph concepts need to be derived to cope with dual nomenclature within the Mycosphaerella complex.Taxonomic novelties: Batcheloromyces eucalypti (Alcorn) Crous & U. Braun, comb. nov., Catenulostroma Crous & U. Braun, gen. nov., Catenulostroma abietis (Butin & Pehl) Crous& U. Braun, comb. nov., Catenulostroma chromoblastomycosum Crous& U. Braun, sp. nov., Catenulostroma elginense (Joanne E. Taylor& Crous) Crous & U. Braun, comb. nov., Catenulostroma excentricum (B. Sutton & Ganap.) Crous & U. Braun, comb. nov., Catenulostroma germanicum Crous & U. Braun, sp. nov., Catenulostroma macowanii (Sacc.) Crous & U. Braun, comb. nov., Catenulostroma microsporum (Joanne E. Taylor & Crous) Crous & U. Braun, comb. nov., Catenulostroma protearum (Crous & M.E. Palm) Crous & U. Braun, comb. nov., Penidiella Crous & U. Braun, gen. nov., Penidiella columbiana Crous & U. Braun, sp. nov., Penidiella cubensis (R.F. Castañeda) U. Braun, Crous& R.F. Castañeda, comb. nov., Penidiella nectandrae Crous, U. Braun & R.F. Castañeda, nom. nov., Penidiella rigidophora Crous, R.F. Castañeda & U. Braun, sp. nov., Penidiella strumelloidea (Milko & Dunaev) Crous & U. Braun, comb. nov., Penidiella venezuelensis Crous & U. Braun, sp. nov., Readeriella blakelyi (Crous & Summerell) Crous & U. Braun, comb. nov., Readeriella brunneotingens Crous & Summerell, sp. nov., Readeriella considenianae (Crous & Summerell) Crous & U. Braun, comb. nov., Readeriella destructans (M.J. Wingf. & Crous) Crous & U. Braun, comb. nov., Readeriella dimorpha (Crous& Carnegie) Crous & U. Braun, comb. nov., Readeriella epicoccoides (Cooke & Massee) Crous & U. Braun, comb. nov., Readeriella gauchensis (M.-N. Cortinas, Crous & M.J. Wingf.) Crous & U. Braun, comb. nov., Readeriella molleriana (Crous & M.J. Wingf.) Crous & U. Braun, comb. nov., Readeriella nubilosa (Ganap. & Corbin) Crous & U. Braun, comb. nov., Readeriella pulcherrima (Gadgil & M. Dick) Crous & U. Braun, comb. nov., Readeriella stellenboschiana (Crous) Crous & U. Braun, comb. nov., Readeriella toledana (Crous & Bills) Crous & U. Braun, comb. nov., Readeriella zuluensis (M.J. Wingf., Crous & T.A. Cout.) Crous & U. Braun, comb. nov., Teratosphaeria africana (Crous & M.J. Wingf.) Crous & U. Braun, comb. nov., Teratosphaeria alistairii (Crous) Crous & U. Braun, comb. nov., Teratosphaeria associata (Crous & Carnegie) Crous & U. Braun, comb. nov., Teratosphaeria bellula (Crous & M.J. Wingf.) Crous & U. Braun, comb. nov., Teratosphaeria cryptica (Cooke) Crous & U. Braun, comb. nov., Teratosphaeria dentritica (Crous & Summerell) Crous & U. Braun, comb. nov., Teratosphaeria excentrica (Crous& Carnegie) Crous & U. Braun, comb. nov., Teratosphaeria fimbriata (Crous & Summerell) Crous & U. Braun, comb. nov., Teratosphaeria flexuosa (Crous & M.J. Wingf.) Crous & U. Braun, comb. nov., Teratosphaeria gamsii (Crous) Crous & U. Braun, comb. nov., Teratosphaeria jonkershoekensis (P.S. van Wyk, Marasas & Knox-Dav.) Crous & U. Braun, comb. nov., Teratosphaeria maxii (Crous) Crous & U. Braun, comb. nov., Teratosphaeria mexicana (Crous) Crous & U. Braun, comb. nov., Teratosphaeria molleriana (Thüm.) Crous & U. Braun, comb. nov., Teratosphaeria nubilosa (Cooke) Crous & U. Braun, comb. nov., Teratosphaeria ohnowa (Crous & M.J. Wingf.) Crous & U. Braun, comb. nov., Teratosphaeria parkiiaffinis (Crous & M.J. Wingf.) Crous & U. Braun, comb. nov., Teratosphaeria parva (R.F. Park& Keane) Crous & U. Braun, comb. nov., Teratosphaeria perpendicularis (Crous & M.J. Wingf.) Crous & U. Braun, comb. nov., Teratosphaeria pluritubularis (Crous & Mansilla) Crous& U. Braun, comb. nov., Teratosphaeria pseudafricana (Crous & T.A. Cout.) Crous & U. Braun, comb. nov., Teratosphaeria pseudocryptica (Crous) Crous & U. Braun, comb. nov., Teratosphaeria pseudosuberosa (Crous & M.J. Wingf.) Crous & U. Braun, comb. nov., Teratosphaeria quasicercospora (Crous & T.A. Cout.) Crous & U. Braun, comb. nov., Teratosphaeria readeriellophora (Crous & Mansilla) Crous & U. Braun, comb. nov., Teratosphaeria secundaria (Crous & Alfenas) Crous & U. Braun, comb. nov., Teratosphaeria stramenticola (Crous & Alfenas) Crous& U. Braun, comb. nov., Teratosphaeria suberosa (Crous, F.A. Ferreira, Alfenas & M.J. Wingf.) Crous & U. Braun, comb. nov., Teratosphaeria suttonii (Crous & M.J. Wingf.) Crous & U. Braun, comb. nov., Teratosphaeria toledana (Crous & Bills) Crous& U. Braun, comb. nov., Teratosphaeriaceae Crous & U. Braun, fam. nov.

The phylogeny of the genera Periconiella, Ramichloridium, Rhinocladiella and Veronaea was explored by means of partial sequences of the 28S (LSU) rRNA gene and the ITS region (ITS1, 5.8S rDNA and ITS2). Based on the LSU sequence data, ramichloridium-like species segregate into eight distinct clusters. These include the Capnodiales (Mycosphaerellaceae and Teratosphaeriaceae), the Chaetothyriales (Herpotrichiellaceae), the Pleosporales, and five ascomycete clades with uncertain affinities. The type species of Ramichloridium, R. apiculatum, together with R. musae, R. biverticillatum, R. cerophilum, R. verrucosum, R. pini, and three new species isolated from Strelitzia, Musa and forest soil, respectively, reside in the Capnodiales clade. The human-pathogenic species R. mackenziei and R. basitonum, together with R. fasciculatum and R. anceps, cluster with Rhinocladiella (type species: Rh. atrovirens, Herpotrichiellaceae, Chaetothyriales), and are allocated to this genus. Veronaea botryosa, the type species of the genus Veronaea, also resides in the Chaetothyriales clade, whereas Veronaea simplex clusters as a sister taxon to the Venturiaceae (Pleosporales), and is placed in a new genus, Veronaeopsis. Ramichloridium obovoideum clusters with Carpoligna pleurothecii (anamorph: Pleurothecium sp., Chaetosphaeriales), and a new combination is proposed in Pleurothecium. Other ramichloridium-like clades include R. subulatum and R. epichloës (incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes), for which a new genus, Radulidium is erected. Ramichloridium schulzeri and its varieties are placed in a new genus, Myrmecridium (incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes). The genus Pseudovirgaria (incertae sedis) is introduced to accommodate ramichloridium-like isolates occurring on various species of rust fungi. A veronaea-like isolate from Bertia moriformis with phylogenetic affinity to the Annulatascaceae (Sordariomycetidae) is placed in a new genus, Rhodoveronaea. Besides Ramichloridium, Periconiella is also polyphyletic. Thysanorea is introduced to accommodate Periconiella papuana (Herpotrichiellaceae), which is unrelated to the type species, P. velutina (Mycosphaerellaceae).Taxonomic novelties: Myrmecridium Arzanlou, W. Gams & Crous, gen. nov., Myrmecridium flexuosum (de Hoog) Arzanlou, W. Gams& Crous, comb. et stat. nov., Myrmecridium schulzeri (Sacc.) Arzanlou, W. Gams & Crous var. schulzeri, comb. nov., Myrmecridium schulzeri var. tritici (M.B. Ellis) Arzanlou, W. Gams & Crous, comb. nov., Periconiella arcuata Arzanlou, S. Lee & Crous, sp. nov., Periconiella levispora Arzanlou, W. Gams& Crous, sp. nov., Pleurothecium obovoideum (Matsush.) Arzanlou& Crous, comb. nov., Pseudovirgaria H.D. Shin, U. Braun, Arzanlou& Crous, gen. nov., Pseudovirgaria hyperparasitica H.D. Shin, U. Braun, Arzanlou & Crous, sp. nov., Radulidium Arzanlou, W. Gams& Crous, gen. nov., Radulidium epichloës (Ellis & Dearn.) Arzanlou, W. Gams & Crous, comb. nov., Radulidium subulatum (de Hoog) Arzanlou, W. Gams & Crous, comb. nov., Ramichloridium australiense Arzanlou & Crous, sp. nov., Ramichloridium biverticillatum Arzanlou & Crous, nom. nov., Ramichloridium brasilianum Arzanlou & Crous, sp. nov., Ramichloridium strelitziae Arzanlou, W. Gams & Crous, sp. nov., Rhinocladiella basitona (de Hoog) Arzanlou & Crous, comb. nov., Rhinocladiella fasciculata (V. Rao & de Hoog) Arzanlou & Crous, comb. nov., Rhinocladiella mackenziei (C.K. Campb. & Al-Hedaithy) Arzanlou & Crous, comb. nov., Rhodoveronaea Arzanlou, W. Gams & Crous, gen. nov., Rhodoveronaea varioseptata Arzanlou, W. Gams & Crous, sp. nov., Thysanorea Arzanlou, W. Gams& Crous, gen. nov., Thysanorea papuana (Aptroot) Arzanlou, W. Gams & Crous, comb. nov., Veronaea japonica Arzanlou, W. Gams& Crous, sp. nov., Veronaeopsis Arzanlou & Crous, gen. nov., Veronaeopsis simplex (Papendorf) Arzanlou & Crous, comb.nov.

The genus Cercospora represents a group of important plant pathogenic fungi with a wide geographic distribution, being commonly associated with leaf spots on a broad range of plant hosts. The goal of the present study was to conduct a morphological and molecular phylogenetic analysis of the Cercospora spp. occurring on various plants growing in Northern Thailand, an area with a tropical savannah climate, and a rich diversity of vascular plants. Sixty Cercospora isolates were collected from 29 host species (representing 16 plant families). Partial nucleotide sequence data for two gene loci (ITS and cmdA ), were generated for all isolates. Results from this study indicate that members of the genus Cercospora vary regarding host specificity, with some taxa having wide host ranges, and others being host-specific. Based on cultural, morphological and phylogenetic data, four new species of Cercospora could be identified: C. glycinicola (from Glycine max ), C. cyperacearum and C. cyperina (from Cyperus alternifolius ), and C. musigena (from Musa sp.). The most common Cercospora sp. found in Northern Thailand was C. cf. malloti , which occurred on a wide host range. Several collections could not be resolved to species level due to the lack of reference cultures and DNA data for morphologically similar species. Further collections from other countries are needed to help resolve the taxonomy of some species complexes occurring on various plant hosts in Thailand.

In this study we aimed to resolve the Ramularia endophylla species-complex by applying a polyphasic approach involving morphology and multi-gene phylogeny. Eleven partial genes were targeted for amplification and sequencing for a total of 81 isolates representing R. endophylla s. lat. and 32 isolates representing 11 Ramularia species that were previously linked to a Mycosphaerella sexual morph in literature. A Bayesian phylogenetic analysis, as well as a parsimony analysis, was performed on a combined five-locus dataset and the resulting trees showed significant support for three species within the complex, including the previously described R. endophylla and R. vizellae, and one novel species, Ramularia unterseheri. A parsimony analysis was also separately performed with mating-type gene sequences (MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-2-1) and the resulting tree topologies were in accordance with that of the multigene analysis. A bibliographic review of the proposed links between Ramularia spp. and their purported Mycosphaerella sexual morphs is also presented, confirming six connections in Ramularia. In spite of more than 10 000 species having been described in Mycosphaerella, the majority is shown to belong to other genera, suggesting that the taxa identified as Mycosphaerella in much of the plant pathology literature needs to be revisited.

Morphological characteristics of a powdery mildew fungus found on Celtis australis in the Indian Himalayas coincided with those of Pleochaeta indica, described from this tree species in India, as well with those of P. shiraiana, known to infect C. australis and other plant species in Asia. This suggested that the original description of P. indica based on morphological patterns was not well founded and this taxon could be reduced to synonymy with P. shiraiana. However, phylogenetic analyses of the rDNA 28S and ITS sequences determined in some Indian Pleochaeta specimens from C. australis showed that this fungus is closely related, but not identical to P. shiraiana infecting C. sinensis in Japan which served as the basis of the original description of P. shiraiana. Molecular clock analysis of the ITS region and that of the 28S rDNA indicated that the split between the Japanese P. shiraiana infecting C. sinensis and Pleochaeta sp. infecting C. australis in India may have occurred 2.0-8.5 million years ago in the Pliocene and may have coincided with the formation of the Himalayan mountains and the global cooling of the Earth during the late Tertiary. Thus, P. indica is recognized in this study as a distinct phylogenetic species, although our morphological study showed that its description as a morphological species was not well founded. This is a striking example of a cryptic species which is genetically different from close relatives but cannot be distinguished from them based on morphology., 東アジアと南米における絶対寄生菌の隔離分布機構の解明

Phyllactinia chubutiana, a parasite on leaves of Lycium chilense (Solanaceae) collected in the arid Patagonian steppe, is proposed as a new species. The new combination Ovulariopsis insolita is introduced for its anamorph previously described as Oidium insolitum., 東アジアと南米における絶対寄生菌の隔離分布機構の解明

A phylogenetic analysis of the Erysiphe with uncinuloid ascoma appendages (Erysiphe section Uncinula, Erysiphales, Ascomycota) on Carpinus spp. was done using sequences of the rDNA ITS regions and the D1/D2 domains of the 28S rDNA. These results, combined with morphological data, revealed a complex consisting of several distinct taxa. These included the already described Erysiphe carpinicola on C. japonica distinguishable from the Erysiphe sp. on C. betulus and C. tschonoskii as well as the one on C. laxiflora. Thus, it was shown that Oidium carpini, described from Europe on Carpinus betulus, the powdery mildew with uncinula-like ascomata, recently found in Europe on this host, as well as an Erysiphe on C. tschonoskii in Japan, described previously as E. carpinicola, all belong to a single new species, named E. arcuata in this paper. As the powdery mildew on C. laxiflora was also distinct from other known species, it is named E. carpini-laxiflorae in this paper. The already described E. pseudocarpinicola and Erysiphe sp. on Carpinus cordata are two additional taxa, which are morphologically and genetically distinguished from the other species of Erysiphe sect. Uncinula on Carpinus spp.

Angular leaf spot of Phaseolus vulgaris is a serious disease caused by Phaeoisariopsis griseola, in which two major gene pools occur, namely Andean and Middle-American. Sequence analysis of the SSU region of nrDNA revealed the genus Phaeoisariopsis to be indistinguishable from other hyphomycete anamorph genera associated with Mycosphaerella, namely Pseudocercospora and Stigmina. A new combination is therefore proposed in the genus Pseudocercospora, a name to be conserved over Phaeoisariopsis and Stigmina. Further comparisons by means of morphology, cultural characteristics, and DNA sequence analysis of the ITS, calmodulin, and actin gene regions delineated two groups within P. griseola, which are recognised as two formae, namely f. griseola and f. mesoamericana.Taxonomic novelties: Pseudocercospora griseola (Sacc.) Crous & U. Braun comb. nov., P. griseola f. mesoamericana Crous & U. Braun f. nov.

The genus Cercospora is one of the largest and most heterogeneous genera of hyphomycetes. Cercospora species are distributed worldwide and cause Cercospora leaf spot on most of the major plant families. Numerous species described from diverse hosts and locations are morphologically indistinguishable from C. apii and subsequently are referred to as C. apii sensu lato. The importance and ecological role that different hosts play in taxon delimitation and recognition within this complex remains unclear. It has been shown that Cercospora leaf spot on celery and sugar beet are caused respectively by C. apii and C. beticola, both of which are part of the C. apii complex. During this study we characterized a new Cercospora species, C. apiicola, which was isolated from celery in Venezuela, Korea and Greece. The phylogenetic relationship between C. apiicola and other closely related Cercospora species was studied with five different gene areas. These analyses revealed that the C. apiicola isolates cluster together in a well defined clade. Both C. apii and C. beticola sensu stricto form well defined clades and are shown to have wider host ranges and to represent distinct species.

Russian knapweed (Acroptilon repens [L.] DC.) and yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis L.) are invasive weeds in the western United States, and both weeds are targeted for biological control. Cercosporella acroptili (Bremer) U. Braun was identified as a possible biological control agent for A. repens, and a morphologically similar Cercosporella sp. recently was found damaging to C. solstitialis in the field. Because both fungi are potentially important for biological control of the respective weeds, studies were undertaken to ascertain whether the isolates were identical based on morphology, pathogenicity, growth and spore production, and genetics (molecular characterization of the internal transcribed spacer regions of the ribosomal RNA genes). Differences in these variables between the two isolates were sufficient to indicate that the isolate from C. solstitialis was distinct and justified a new description at the species level: Cercosporella centaureicola sp. nov.

The phylogenetic position of Uncinula forestalis within the Erysiphales has been inferred from 5.8S, 18S, and 28S rDNA sequences. Although the appendages of the ascomata are Uncinula-like, i.e. unbranched with curved-coiled apices, U. forestal is is situated at the very base of the large Erysiphales cluster, far from the 'Pseudoidium' clade (Erysiphe, including Microsphaera and Uncinula) and separate from the recently introduced basal genus Parauncinula. U.,forestalis differs morphologically from the species of Erysiphe sect. Uncinula in having terminal, fasciculate (as in Podosphaera tridactyla), septate ascoma appendages and a Euoidium-like anamorph (conidia catenate). In Parauncinula, the appendages are also terminal but not fasciculate, the ascospores are curved, and the anamorph is lacking. Uncinula forestalis is a basal, tree-inhabiting powdery mildew with some additional ancestral characteristics, including Uncinula-like appendages and 6-8-spored asci. The new genus Caespitotheca gen. nov. is described with C.forestalis comb. nov. (syn. Uncinula forestalis) as the type species. We calculated the timing of the divergence of U. forestalis and P. septata using a molecular clock of the Erysiphales (6.5 × 10⁻¹⁰ changes per site per year in domains D1 and D2 of 28S rDNA) and a 28S rDNA data set. The results suggest that the divergence of U. forestalis and P. septata from other Erysiphales occurred between 90 and 80 Myr ago; i.e. the divergence of the two ancestral species may have occurred in the late Cretaceous., 東アジアと南米における絶対寄生菌の隔離分布機構の解明

The heterogeneous anamorph genus Cladosporium s. lat. and the new circumscription of Cladosporium s. str., based on a re-assessment of morphological features and molecular data, are briefly discussed, and some species are excluded, described, illustrated and commented upon. Seven new combinations into Fusicladium, Parastenella, Passalora, Pseudocercospora and Stenella and a new name in Passalora are introduced. Cladosporium piricularioides is reduced to synonymy with Passalora fusimaculans var. barretoana, and Cladosporium elegans var. singaporense shown to be a synonym of Spiropes guareicola.

The genus Fusicladium s. lat. (incl. Pollaccia and Spilocaea) was phylogenetically analysed using ITS nrDNA sequences. Pollaccia and Spilocaea did not form monophyletic groups of their own, but were intermingled between Fusicladium species, together with which they formed a monophyletic clade. Thus, Pollaccia and Spilocaea should be included in a wider genus concept of Fusicladium, constituting a morphologically variable genus. Furthermore, all Venturia and Fusicladium isolates clustered together on the bases of available ITS data, providing support for the monophyly of the anamorphic genus Fusicladium and the teleomorphic genus Venturia. Within this clade several subclades can be recognized. All taxa on the host family Salicaceae were found in one subclade. Three other subclades comprised taxa on Rosaceae whereas taxa on other host families all clustered separately. Geographic specializations were not observed. Two examples of host switching could be demonstrated, but these were confined to instances involving host species belonging to the same family. Fusicladium convolvularum and F. effusum, two species with unknown teleomorphs, clustered within the Fusicladium/Venturia clade, supporting the correct placement of these taxa in Fusicladium. The placement of Pseudocladosporium hachijoense within the family Venturiaceae was also supported.

Based on 18S, 5.8S, and 28S rDNA sequences, the phylogenetic position of Uncinula septata within the Erysiphales has been inferred. Although appendages of the ascomata are uncinula like, i.e., unbranched with curved-coiled apices, U. septata is situated at the very base of the large Erysiphales cluster, far away from the “pseudoidium clade” (Erysiphe emend., including Microsphaera and Uncinula). Morphologically, U. septata differs from the species of Erysiphe sect. Uncinula (≡ Uncinula) in having terminal, pluriseptate ascoma appendages, curved ascospores, and the absense of an anamorph. This species is a basal, tree-inhabiting powdery mildew with some additional ancestral characteristics, viz., uncinula-like appendages and 8-spored asci. The new genus Parauncinula with U. septata as the type species is proposed. Uncinula curvispora (≡U.septata var. curvispora) is tentatively maintained as a separate species, which is also assigned to Parauncinula., 東アジアと南米における絶対寄生菌の隔離分布機構の解明

The recent epidemic spread of the North American powdery mildew Erysiphe elevata in Europe is described and discussed. Since 2002, this plant pathogenic fungus has been collected on Catalpa bignonioides, C. erubescens and C. speciosa in the Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Slovakia and Switzerland. The diagnostically important anamorph of E. elevata, so far unknown, is described and illustrated in detail. Type material of Erysiphe catalpae and two specimens of E. catalpae recently collected in Poland have been examined and compared with E. elevata. The anamorph as well as the teleomorph of E. catalpae proved to be easily distinguishable from E. elevata. The supposition that E. catalpae, introduced in Armenia, was based on immature ascomata of E. elevata proved to be wrong. The origin and distribution of E. catalpae are discussed, and a key to powdery mildew fungi on Catalpa spp. in Europe is provided.

Periconiella species occurring on ferns are discussed, described and illustrated. Periconiella lygodii sp. nova is validated, and the species P. benkertii sp. nova and P. rhachidicola sp. nova are introduced. A key is also provided to the species occurring on ferns. (© 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Neufunde von 26 blattbewohnenden Mikromyceten (Erysiphales, Fungi imperfecti, Peronosporales) aus Sachsen-Anhalt und angrenzenden Bundeslandern (Bundesrepublik Deutschland) werden angegeben und kurz diskutiert. Elf Arten sind neu fur Deutschland, eine Art ist neu fur Europa, sieben Wirtspflanzen sind Erstnachweise fur Europa und 13 weitere Wirte sind neu fur Deutschland. (© 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) New records of plant-inhabiting micromycetes from the Federal Republic of Germany New records of 26 leaf-inhabiting microfungi (Erysiphales, Fungi imperfecti, Peronosporales) from Sachsen-Anhalt and adjoining federal states (Federal Republic of Germany) are listed and briefly discussed. Eleven species are new to Germany and one species is new to Europe. Furthermore, seven host species new for Europe and 13 host plants new to Germany are reported.

A powdery mildew fungus on leaves of Dalbergia cultrata var. cultrata (Fabaceae) collected at the Queen Sirikit Botanical Garden in northern Thailand is proven to be a new species of the genus Brasiliomyces and is described as B. chiangmaiensis sp. nov. with light and SEM micrographs. Differences in known Brasiliomyces species are discussed, and a key to species of this genus is provided.

During the course of a monographic study of the genus Cercospora, several previously undescribed cercosporoid hyphomycetes were encountered, some of which are treated in the present paper. Ten new species of Pseudocercospora [on Anogeissus (Combretaceae), Catalpa (Bignoniaceae), Cedrela (Meliaceae), Citrus (Rutaceae), Flacourtia (Flacourtiaceae), Gelsemium (Loganiaceae), Oenothera (Onagraceae), Ribes (Grossulariaceae), Roystonea (Arecaceae) and Vaccinium (Ericaceae)], two species of Pseudocercosporella [on Solidago (Asteraceae) and Trichodesma (Boraginaceae)], two species of Stenella [on Cassia (Leguminosae) and Solidago (Asteraceae)], and a new species of Ramularia on Oplopanax (Araliaceae) are described.