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Examines the history of employed women from the Great Depression through World War II, highlighting efforts made in their behalf by people such as Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt, Frances Perkins, Mary Dewson, and Mary Anderson. Provides a selected bibliography of books and U.S. Department of Labor documents. (GEA)

Emphasizes that to understand the American West, one must realize the central importance of the environment to its inhabitants. Provides an overview of western environmental history. Discusses state and federal reclamation efforts, the role of public lands, and the growth of conservation and preservation movements. (KO)

States that the civil rights movements served as a catalyst to women in working for their own rights. Points out that the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) Women's Rights Project, modeled after the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) Legal Defense fund, led the litigation battles for women's rights. Lists suggested readings on the subject. (GEA)

Describes the Maison Paternelle de St Antoine near Tours, France, which operated as a private institution for the correction of recalcitrant bourgeois adolescents from 1855 until 1909. Cites the suicide of an inmate as the factor which led to the closing of this facility and the focusing of attention in France on the rights of children. (KO)

Explores the reasons art teaching practices developed by Pestalozzi and Froebel in the 1800's continue to influence contemporary schools, especially at the kindergarten and primary grades. Argues that 19th century school art coexists in contemporary North American elementary schools with school art forms originated by Cizek because each represents particular latent and manifest societal values. (GEA)

Traces the evolution of attitudes toward children's art in relation to ideas about childhood and aesthetics prevalent during the 19th and early 20th century. Examines values and attitudes implicit in current controversies in art education. (GEA)

Examines the conditions that facilitated the creation of the first national educational systems in nineteenth century Europe. Performs a longitudinal regression and event-history analysis of educational expansion in 17 Western countries. Suggests that paths to mass education involve linkages among the central state, societal groups, and the church. (LS/Author)

Explains the theory of noosphere developed by Soviet academician Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky and Jesuit priest Pierre Teilhard de Chardin. States that this theory is based on a new morality concerning the unity of humanity and its responsibility for the fate of the planet. (GG)

Contrasts motives for adolescent suicide around the turn of the century with motivations for suicide in the 1980s. Concludes that suicide motivations changed from fear of punishment to those involving identity crises. Uses case studies to discuss relationship of causative factors and to illustrate appropriate pedagogical action. (KO)

Compares kindergarten movements in Germany and the United States during the late 19th and early 20th century. Notes that Froebel kindergartens became more popular in the United States due to different attitudes toward the relationship of family and school. Points out the success of kindergarten as reflective of women's societal status. (KO)

Presents background material and elementary and secondary activity ideas for teaching about the nineteenth-century Japanese artist Katsushika Hokusai and the contemporary Hawaiian artist Masami Teraoka. Compares the artists' ability to synthesize aesthetic elements from the East and West to visualize human concerns that transcend time and place. (LS)

Provides background information and primary source documents to teach about the issues surrounding Canada's admission of U.S. Vietnam War resisters from 1965 to 1977. Includes primary sources which may serve as points of discussion. (LS)

Focuses upon two reform movements in mathematics education in the twentieth century. Analyzes reform movements of the 1900s and the 1960s to determine common factors which led to their collapse. Urges the acceptance of different trends in today's mathematics education programs. (KO)

Describes and critically analyzes adult literacy training efforts in Zambia from 1945 to 1986. Offers the integrated small-scale approach as a more beneficial and cost effective means of training. Suggests that a grass roots method which attacks illiteracy both across and within the community will lead to the most effective program. (KO)

Looks at changes in attitudes toward the intellectual development of infants and young children in the United States during the 20th century. Conducts a content analysis of samples of articles from the popular literature of the period. (KO)

Compares sex-related difference in public singing activities by examining period writings about singing activity in early 18th century Boston and current data on singing in the United States. Indicates a shift from male to female predominance, and expresses concern that choral singing involvement of both sexes will continue to wane. (LS)

Covers women's labor history in the United States and in industrialized nations from the early 1800s to the present. Provides primary source documents from New England workers in the 1830s and 1840s and from women workers on global assembly lines in the 1980s. Includes discussion questions. (LS)

Describes a research project designed to examine the social origins, demographic characteristics, and labor market experiences of U.S. teachers from 1860 to 1940 using U.S. census data. Stresses that data which is national in scope and covers a lengthy time period helps generalization. (KO)

Argues that the inclusion of literary texts in social science courses can strengthen both pedagogy and interest. Illustrates how the addition of literary texts can raise cultural and historical consciousness in a course on the Vietnam War. Provides suggestions for using Western and non-Western literature to provide a balanced view of the Vietnam experience. (LS)

Defines politicization as using the curriculum and informal channels of education to serve the ends of significant power groups. Notes that geography and history were subjects at the cutting edge of the process of politicizing curriculum content. Argues for a balance between content, pedagogy and social education. (KO)

Examines the intrusion of female employees into the traditionally male domain of office work from 1860 to 1914. Shows that sex-specific segregation was supported by a lack of training facilities for girls and by fact that these facilities supported the dominant sex-role structure. Focuses on the development of vocational schools for girls. (Author/LS)

Focuses on changes in the educational experiences of women who have chosen the traditionally female occupation of teaching during the past two centuries. Explores the implications for educational opportunity which resulted as these women were drawn into the arena of higher education. (KO)

Describes the controversy over the role of literature in the school curriculum which followed the publication of "An Experience Curriculum in English" in 1935. (DD)

Traces the growth and development of English composition and language studies in the decades between the publication of "Reorganization of English in Secondary Schools" in 1917 and of "An Experience Curriculum in English" in 1935. (DD)

Describes efforts to reform and reorganize secondary English instruction in the early years of the twentieth century, efforts leading to the formation of the National Council of Teachers of English, and the publication of the "English Journal." (Originally published in a longer version in "School Review" in November 1969.) (DD)

Examines the origins and traditions of college entrance examinations and traces their effects on the profession, including the impulse that led to the founding of the National Council of Teachers of English. (DD)

Identifies research tools comprising a wide variety of materials from many disciplines which are available for exploring changes in educational aspirations among twentieth century females in the United States. A comprehensive list of these tools is provided and problems involved in accessing and using them are discussed. (EJS)

Discusses the role that architecture has played in distinguishing, harboring, and facilitating public education in America over the last 200 years. It reveals how population growth, educational policy, and community preferences have caused the one-room schoolhouse to evolve to meet changing needs. (GR)

The guest editor for a special issue of "Teachers College Record" remarks on the path of philosophy of education through the latter half of this century. (JMF)

Describes how a 1913 Music Supervisors National Conference (MENC) committee identified 18 songs to be included in the curriculum and taught to all U.S. students. Reviews the expansion of the song list and its contribution to a common repertoire for U.S. community sings. (GG)

Explains transition was identified by early 20th century anthropologists as the liminal stage of a rite of passage. Identifies transition, applying a contemporary anthropological lens to initial teacher training, not as a linear progression but as a complex process of extended and ambiguous in betweenness that involves play, performance, and ordeal. (BT)

Uses Marsden Hartley's "Indian Fantasy" to explore with students in grades 7-9 the variety of expressive qualities of an early twentieth-century U.S. artist working abroad. Presents lesson objectives, instructional strategies, evaluation criteria, and background information about the artist and painting. (GEA)

Provides a lesson plan designed to introduce students in grades four-six to the concept of social realism as it is portrayed in twentieth century Latin American art. Uses Antonio Berni's "Noon Time" in implementing instructional strategies which enhance analysis, interpretation, and judgment. Suggests a creative activity for studying city development. (KO)

Examines women's position in the art world as it was reflected in the Victoria School of Art and Design (Halifax, Nova Scotia) during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Concludes that women played a decisive role in shaping the art school, overcoming gender bias to become serious art students, instructors, and school managers. (GEA)

Presents 18 secondary level student activities that focus on women in twentieth-century Canadian history. Designed to challenge students to question their assumptions and sharpen critical thinking skills, these strategies use role playing, simulation, and research skills to explore the enfranchisement, socialization and historical role of women. (LS)

The climb of Gasherbrum IV's (7,925 m) 'Shining Wall' in 1985 by Voytek Kurtyka and Robert Schauer is considered one of the greatest mountaineering achievements in the twentieth century, even though the two climbers did not reach the summit. The article explores three ways of understanding mountaineering without the objective of reaching the summit. I start with a game-playing approach and then a view on mountaineering that takes its inspiration from deep ecology and argue that while both have the potential for explaining important aspects of mountaineering, neither will fully account for the value of climbing mountains without summiting. Finally, I argue that we can supplement either of these two views with a radically different way of understanding mountaineering, which involves creating and appreciating a work of art. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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