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Simple Summary: Maintaining a good environment for broiler chickens is essential for their health, growth, and welfare. This study developed and tested a new ventilation control algorithm designed to improve the indoor temperature in mechanically ventilated broiler houses. The algorithm calculates the right amount of ventilation needed to maintain optimal conditions. We compared the performance of the new algorithm with the current ventilation control system in a commercial broiler farm. During a high-temperature period, the new algorithm helped reduce indoor temperatures by 1.5 to 2 °C, which led to less heat stress for the chickens. Although the use of cooling pads increased, the electric energy savings from the reduced use of ventilation fans were significant. The new algorithm also reduced chicken mortality by 16.5%, which indicates that it could improve their overall welfare and productivity. This approach could help farmers use energy more efficiently while creating better bird conditions. This study aims to improve the microclimate conditions in a mechanically ventilated broiler house by proposing and evaluating a ventilation-control algorithm based on heat-energy balance analysis. The new algorithm is designed to optimise the ventilation-rate requirement and thereby improve control of the indoor temperature. The analysis of one year of operational data collected at the experimental farm indicates that the current ventilation-control system successfully maintained optimal indoor temperatures for 74% of the time. In contrast, the proposed algorithm has the potential to improve this number significantly (up to 92%). The new algorithm was implemented and evaluated at two broiler houses (control and experimental) starting from day 20 to day 34 during one rearing period under high-temperature conditions. The results confirm that the new algorithm effectively reduced indoor temperatures by 1.5–2 °C during the day, which reduces heat stress significantly. Even though cooling pad usage increased to about eight times, the reduction in tunnel fan usage (to about 52%) led to significant energy savings. Furthermore, broiler mortality was reduced by 16.5%, which means there is also potential for improved productivity. The proposed ventilation control algorithm can effectively enhance microclimate conditions and energy efficiency in broiler production, though longer-term studies are required to fully assess its impact on growth performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past few decades, origami‐inspired structures have attracted great attention across various engineering fields due to their unique geometric and mechanical characteristics. Additionally, combining origami structures with active materials is employed to achieve programmable mechanical properties and self‐reconfigurability under external stimuli. In this work, a novel family of truncated cuboctahedral origami metastructures is proposed. These designs integrate shape memory polymers (SMPs) to actively achieve programmable mechanical properties and shape memory behavior. By utilizing SMPs for the creases and stiff materials for the panels, this approach enables deformation along the creases while enhancing the overall structural robustness. The mechanical properties and shape memory processes of these structures are investigated in detail. The proposed origami metastructures exhibit a negative Poisson's ratio and demonstrate excellent energy storage capabilities. Notably, their mechanical properties can be programmed by controlling both temperature and geometric parameters. More particularly, their Poisson's ratio can be tuned within a range of zero to −1. As a result, these truncated cuboctahedral origami metastructures hold significant potential for applications across various engineering domains, particularly in composite structures and active metamaterials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Noninvasive monopolar radiofrequency (NMRF) is widely used for dermal and subdermal volumetric heating, yet detailed research on its effects on dermal temperature is scarce. Aims: This study evaluates the impact of NMRF on dermal temperature and its potential for dermal remodeling using a porcine model. Methods: Noninvasive monopolar radiofrequency was applied to porcine skin with temperature monitoring via optic fiber technology and forward‐looking infrared thermal imaging. Safety was evaluated using nitro blue tetrazolium chloride assessments, and effectiveness was determined through histological examinations before and after treatment. Results: Noninvasive monopolar radiofrequency treatment in a porcine model achieved effective dermal remodeling with no thermal damage, recording peak temperatures of 50°C, 60°C, and 70°C. Histological analysis showed increased collagen density, indicating successful tissue remodeling. Conclusion: Noninvasive monopolar radiofrequency is effective in delivering controlled dermal heating and enhancing collagen synthesis, promoting safe and efficient skin tightening and dermal remodeling in a porcine model. It presents a viable option for skin rejuvenation therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work completed a series of one-dimensional plate impact experiments combined with an temperature control system, which could study the temperature effects on shock initiation characteristics of the tri-amino-tri-nitro-benzene (TATB)-based explosives. Buildup to detonation was measured with aluminum-based electromagnetic particle velocity (EMV) gauge technique, and the shock tracker gauges recorded the change in position of shock wave in the explosive sample over time. As temperature cooling to −20°C, the fitting line of Hugoniot had an obvious inflection point, and the run distance to detonation became longer than ambient temperature under the same initiation pressure, indicating that the explosives became less sensitive. Finally, the numerical simulation of the shock initiation process for explosives was performed by the Arrhenius, Wescott, Stewart, and Davis (AWSD) reaction rate model. The results indicated that the AWSD reaction rate model based on the impact temperature and pressure can better simulate the shock-to-detonation transition at different temperatures by only one set of model parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing demand for electric vehicles (EVs) has brought new challenges in managing battery thermal conditions, particularly under high-power operations. This paper provides a comprehensive review of battery thermal management systems (BTMSs) for lithium-ion batteries, focusing on conventional and advanced cooling strategies. The primary objective of this study is to assess and compare the effectiveness of various cooling approaches, including air-based, liquid-based, phase change material (PCM)-based, and hybrid systems. This review paper reveals that while traditional air- and liquid-based systems offer certain benefits such as simplicity and cooling efficiency, they are constrained by limitations in thermal conductivity and energy consumption. In contrast, PCM-based systems, despite their poor thermal conductivity, provide stable temperature regulation without requiring additional energy input. To overcome these limitations, the integration of thermal conductivity enhancers (TCEs) like carbon fibers, expanded graphite, and metal foams into PCMs significantly improves their performance. For instance, composite PCM (CPCM) enhanced with expanded graphite shows a marked improvement in thermal conductivity, increasing from 0.2 Wm−1 K−1 to 16.6 Wm−1 K−1, resulting in battery temperature reductions by up to 28%. Additionally, hybrid systems that combine active cooling with CPCMs, particularly when using nanoenhanced PCM with additives like graphene and metallic nanoparticles, demonstrate superior cooling efficiency, with temperature reductions of up to 50% compared to traditional systems. The uniqueness of this paper lies in its detailed comparison of the various BTMS strategies, including a thorough evaluation of hybrid systems that merge passive and active cooling techniques. We also explore the potential of nanoenhanced PCMs and hybrid CPCM systems, which offer significant advantages for high-power battery applications by providing both efficient heat dissipation and improved battery longevity. By synthesizing recent advancements in this field, this review highlights the most promising thermal management strategies, paving the way for future innovation in BTMS design for electric vehicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peromyscus sonoriensis is a widespread species ranging from southern Texas to the Yukon, from the Mississippi to the Pacific. Because of this extensive range, there are substantial differences in morphology due to variation in temperature, precipitation, and habitat. We used 2 data sets (n = 4,840 and n = 20,175) to study morphological differences of their crania and appendages. Consistent with Allen's rule (shorter appendages with colder temperature), both data sets show a strong, positive, correlation between tail length and the average January temperature. However, there was an equally strong, but negative, correlation between tail length and average July temperature. We observed similar results for feet and crania. Ear length had a significant negative correlation with July average temperature but no correlation with January average temperature. When we controlled for temperature, cranial and appendage length increased with latitude, which was opposite of what we expected. Furthermore, longitude had a strong impact as mice trapped further west had longer appendages. When divided into habitats, forest deer mice are more likely than prairie or desert deer mice to demonstrate morphological responses to differences in climate, location, and year trapped. Our results show that P. sonoriensis exhibit notable morphological variation linked to location, habitat, and climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small-scale pumps for controlling microfluidics have promising applications in drug delivery and chemical assays. Liquid metal (LM) demonstrates excellent flow pumping performance due to its simple structure and the electrocapillary effect under an electric field. However, LM droplets risk escaping from constrained structures, which can lead to pump failure. Temperature regulation is also a critical parameter in optimizing chemical reactions in fluidic systems, however, integrating it into a compact system remains challenging. Here, we develop a temperature-triggered gallium-based actuator (TTGA) by introducing a gallium (Ga) droplet wetted on a copper (Cu) plate as the core element for flow actuation. The Cu plate prevents the Ga droplet from escaping the chamber and significantly increases the flow rate. By leveraging the electrochemical method to inhibit the supercooling effect of Ga, the TTGA enables activation/deactivation for flow actuation at different temperatures. We investigate the impact of electrode position, solution concentration, and applied voltage on TTGA's pumping efficiency. By dynamically tuning the Ga droplet's temperature to control phase transition, TTGA allows for accurate flow actuation control. Furthermore, placing Ga and eutectic Ga-indium (EGaIn) droplets in different channels enables the expected flow divergence for fluids with different temperatures. The development of TTGA presents new opportunities in microfluidics and biomedical treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Temperature abnormalities are common after spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Here, we aimed to describe the evolution of temperature burden despite temperature control and to assess its impact on outcome parameters. Methods: This retrospective observational study of prospectively collected data included 375 consecutive patients with SAH admitted to the neurological intensive care unit between 2010 and 2022. Daily fever (defined as the area over the curve above 37.9 °C multiplied by hours with fever) and spontaneous hypothermia burden (< 36.0 °C) were calculated over the study period of 16 days. Generalized estimating equations were used to calculate risk factors for increased temperature burdens and the impact of temperature burden on outcome parameters after correction for predefined variables. Results: Patients had a median age of 58 years (interquartile range 49–68) and presented with a median Hunt & Hess score of 3 (interquartile range 2–5) on admission. Fever (temperature > 37.9 °C) was diagnosed in 283 of 375 (76%) patients during 14% of the monitored time. The average daily fever burden peaked between days 5 and 10 after admission. Higher Hunt & Hess score (p = 0.014), older age (p = 0.033), and pneumonia (p = 0.022) were independent factors associated with delayed fever burden between days 5 and 10. Increased fever burden was independently associated with poor 3-month functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale 3–6, p = 0.027), poor 12-month functional outcome (p = 0.020), and in-hospital mortality (p = 0.045), but not with the development of delayed cerebral ischemia (p = 0.660) or intensive care unit length of stay (p = 0.573). Spontaneous hypothermia was evident in the first three days in patients with a higher Hunt & Hess score (p < 0.001) and intraventricular hemorrhage (p = 0.047). Spontaneous hypothermia burden was not associated with poor 3-month outcome (p = 0.271). Conclusions: Early hypothermia was followed by fever after SAH. Increased fever time burden was associated with poor functional outcome after SAH and could be considered for neuroprognostication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The list of standard abbreviations for JDS is available at adsa.org/jds-abbreviations-24. Nonstandard abbreviations are available in the Notes. School share tables offer opportunities for food recovery and increased access to healthy foods by allowing students to donate or consume unopened items, such as cartons of milk. However, stakeholders have concerns about temperature abuse potentially causing premature milk spoilage. Although previous research showed short ambient temperature abuse of milk (under conditions representing share tables) does not meaningfully affect microbial milk quality, differences across school cafeterias (e.g., ambient temperatures, storage systems, bell schedules, refrigeration temperature) may limit the generalizability of this conclusion. To address this, the overnight refrigeration temperature and the milk's initial contamination were predicted to be the main drivers for milk spoilage. Share tables were predicted to only cause inconsequential microbial quality changes (4 spoiled milk per million served, which would be ≤2 milk cartons spoiled per school year) under short and medium bell schedules (≤125 min of total service), even without temperature control during the lunch period. Under long (221 min) and very long (266 min) bell schedules, share tables with ambient temperature storage were predicted to have higher milk spoilage (19 and 42 spoiled milk cartons per million served, respectively), and adding storage systems was predicted to reduce the decline in milk quality (12 and 24 spoiled milk cartons per million served, respectively). These results provide a resource to support science-based decision making for the inclusion of milk in school cafeteria share tables, ultimately working to reduce food waste and address food insecurity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ready-to-eat sea cucumbers (RSC) are highly sensitive to quality deterioration during storage at room temperature. The study investigated the anti-deterioration effects of high-pressure steam sterilization (HPSS) and high-temperature boiling (HTB) on RSC, as well as the impact of secondary bonds on HTB-treated RSC. The results indicated that there were no significant changes in the secondary structure following thermal treatment. Compared to day 0, the maximum thermal denaturation temperature of collagen in the control (CT) group decreased by 24.49℃, while decreases in the HPSS and HTB groups were 8.53℃ and 9.8℃, respectively. This confirmed that the stabilization of RSC could be enhanced through HPSS and HTB treatment during storage. When hydrogen bonds are destroyed, the texture properties of HTB-treated RSC significantly decrease, with hardness values dropping to 3.65±0.514 N and 2.41±0.615 N, springiness to 7.52±1.342 mm and 7.69±0.066 mm, and chewiness to 19.7±1.211 mj and 16.6±1.837 mj, respectively. Furthermore, the degradation of collagen fibers due to the breaking of hydrogen bonds prior to storage was more pronounced. These findings indicate that hydrogen bonds play a crucial role in maintaining the storage stability of RSC. These results offer a theoretical foundation and technical assistance for the processing and storage of RSC. [Display omitted] • Ready-to-eat sea cucumbers was subjected to self-degradation during storage at 25℃. • Thermal treatment could improve the storage stability of ready-to-eat sea cucumbers. • Hydrogen bonds affects the texture properties of ready-to-eat sea cucumbers. • Hydrogen bonds have a greater impact on the quality of ready-to-eat sea cucumbers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Climate‐change‐induced shifts in the timing of leaf emergence during spring have been widely documented and have important ecological consequences. However, mechanistic knowledge regarding what controls the timing of spring leaf emergence is incomplete. Field‐based studies under natural conditions suggest that climate‐warming‐induced decreases in cold temperature accumulation (chilling) have expanded the dormancy duration or reduced the sensitivity of plants to warming temperatures (thermal forcing) during spring, thereby slowing the rate at which the timing of leaf emergence is shifting earlier in response to ongoing climate change. However, recent studies have argued that the apparent reductions in temperature sensitivity may arise from artefacts in the way that temperature sensitivity is calculated, while other studies based on statistical and mechanistic models specifically designed to quantify the role of chilling have shown conflicting results. Methods: We analysed four commonly used combinations of phenology and temperature datasets obtained from remote sensing and ground observations to elucidate whether current model‐based approaches robustly quantify how chilling, in concert with thermal forcing, controls the timing of leaf emergence during spring under current climate conditions. Results: We show that widely used modeling approaches that are calibrated using field‐based observations misspecify the role of chilling under current climate conditions as a result of statistical artefacts inherent to the way that chilling is parameterised. Our results highlight the limitations of existing modelling approaches and observational data in quantifying how chilling affects the timing of spring leaf emergence and suggest that decreasing chilling arising from climate warming may not constrain near‐future shifts towards earlier leaf emergence in extra‐tropical ecosystems worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi-split backplane cooling, a typical rack-level cooling technology, has the advantage of solving local hot-spot problems with huge energy-saving potential. These systems adopt the multi-split mode, and the operation effect is affected by terminal control performance. However, there are factors in the operation process, such as superheat degree (SH), rack airflow, evaporating/condensing pressures, etc., which improve the control complication, particularly under large head load differences among different terminals. Therefore, appreciative control strategies for outlet air temperatures of terminal evaporators, including single-loop control limited by minimum stable superheat degree (SLC) and fan/electronic expansion valve (EEV) double-loop control (DLC), are proposed considering that cooling performance can be affected by both refrigerant flow and airflow. Then, comparative simulation studies are carried out to evaluate energy efficiency, control effect, and feasibility under the condition of different server heat distribution characteristics. Results indicate that the DLC strategy achieves 23 % higher energy efficiency than the SLC strategy with a better temperature control effect when the inlet air temperature (IAT) difference between terminal evaporators is within ±5K. The SLC strategy has better reliability by more stable control of SH at IATs below 42°C, but it may lead to cooling failure when IATs exceed 42°C. An insufficient liquid supply problem may happen to the evaporator adopting the DLC strategy when the IAT is too high, which can be solved by adjusting the pressure differential between the evaporator and condenser. Moreover, the DLC system exhibits intense coupling effects, and how to decouple it is worthy of further study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The dynamic model for VCRS based on the Switched Moving-Boundary method is built. • The impact of environmental disturbances on the refrigeration performance is studied. • A hybrid paradigm combining online identification and adaptive control is proposed. • The overshoot performance is optimized at 10–4 magnitude in uncertain environments. • Adaptive control's IAE by 2–3 orders of magnitude compared to traditional control. Vapor compression refrigeration systems (VCRS) occupy a crucial position in modern society and in the field of thermal sciences. However, the operation of VCRS is subjected to both external disturbances (dynamic-changing environment) and inherent system characteristics (coupling or nonlinear features), leading to issues like reduced refrigeration efficiency and significant fluctuations in cooling capacity. To address these challenges and enhance the adaptability of VCRS in dynamically changing environments, this study establishes a dynamic simulation model for VCRS based on the Switched Moving-Boundary method. The impact of external environmental disturbances on refrigeration performance is investigated, and continuous online identification methods are employed to elucidate its internal coupling characteristics and nonlinear features. The adaptive temperature control method is introduced, benefiting from the developed recursive least squares method with a forgetting factor for online identification, achieving precise model identification which facilities the real-time parameters tuning of adaptive controller. The results indicate that the hybrid paradigm of online identification and adaptive control algorithm not only effectively handles various disturbances but also reduces overshoot and IAE by 2–3 orders of magnitude compared to traditional PID controllers. Adaptive PID control maintains overshoot in the 10–4 order of magnitude and IAE in the 10–5 order of magnitude. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elastomeric foams are composite materials comprising of a polymeric elastomer and interconnected gas‐filled pores, endowing them with exceptional compliance and the ability to undergo large, reversible deformations along with substantial volume change. These foams find extensive utility in contexts demanding compliance and compressibility, such as impact protection and cushioning, spanning a diverse range of applications. Changing temperature can dramatically alter foam stiffness, strength and deformation characteristics specifically around the material's glassy‐rubbery transition temperature (Tg). With the aim of informing new constitutive model developments for elastomeric foams, we conducted a comprehensive series of large deformation, homogeneous compression and tension tests across strain rates from 10−2 s−1 to 100 s−1 and ambient temperatures ranging from −10°C to 50°C covering an even range around the material's Tg of 20°C. To achieve precise control of ambient temperatures during mechanical testing, we constructed a custom‐designed environmental chamber for controlling the ambient temperature from −10°C to 50°C with a variation of less than 1°C. The obtained digital image correlation based stress‐strain data shows significant tension‐compression asymmetry as well as significant dependence on strain rate and ambient temperature, especially above and below the glass transition temperature. We provide full access to these data sets for the future development of rate‐ and temperature‐dependent constitutive models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to further advance the manufacturing and precision machining of the internal meshing gear with parabola curve configuration, we offer a grinding manufacturing process in this study. Based on the fundamental principle of gear transmission, in the form grinding process, we calculate the gear-wheel contact line equation using Newton–Raphson method. Furtherly, we established the spatial coordinate system for the grinding wheel-internal gear and derived the normal profile of grinding wheel for forming process. To estimate tooth profile errors after simulating the form grinding process, we introduced an enhanced transversal algorithm and the outcomes affirm the accuracy of the form grinding process. A single tooth of the meshing gear is created and the simulation analysis to investigate the influence of different grinding parameters on temperature variation was also carried out under both dry and wet grinding conditions. This information will be instrumental in optimizing and controlling temperature during the grinding process. The research conclusions provide a crucial theoretical basis and engineering analysis for the practical application of new internal gears in form grinding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pursuit of energy-efficient and uniform processing drives ongoing research in microwave-assisted freeze drying (MWFD). While microwave application is acknowledged for its potential to reduce energy consumption of freeze drying applications, it introduces new challenges to gentle processing, particularly in achieving uniformity of processing due to the inherent uneven microwave field distribution in the drying chamber. This study investigates the impact of maximum drying temperature (Tmax) and microwave power input on energy consumption and uniformity in temperature-controlled MWFD. Experimental results reveal that shorter equilibration times associated with higher Tmax significantly amplify the inhomogeneity of temperature distribution. Further, higher Tmax was associated with a significant reduction in total energy demand of MWFD. Despite noticeable trends, microwave power input did not yield statistically significant differences in energy consumption or uniformity. The limited range of explored values, combined with the temperature-controlled nature of the process, may have rendered a potential influence of microwave power input negligible. This research elucidates the extent of inhomogeneity in MWFD, with implications for achieving uniform, gentle drying. It highlights the critical role of temperature control in MWFD. The study contributes to advancing the understanding of optimal processing in temperature-controlled MWFD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The technology of post-larval farming is increasingly being valued by aquaculture farmers and enterprises. The objective of this study is to determine an appropriate temperature restriction mode through temperature training to achieve greater compensatory growth potential. We cultured PL whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) at either low (25℃) or high (31℃) temperature for 20 days (restriction stage) and then transferred them to a control temperature (28℃) for 20 days (compensation stage). The compensatory growth observed under low temperature restriction showed that shrimp can recover and exhibit over-compensatory growth after growth restriction. Specific growth ratio and enzyme activity analyses indicated that the shrimp required 10 days or more to adapt to temperature stress. The relative expression levels of hsp60, tor, and s6k in the low temperature group were downregulated during the early stage of the restriction period, but were continually upregulated during the compensation period. This result indicates that although short-term restrictions may lead to growth retardation, growth will resume as the temperature recovers. When shrimp were challenged with Vibrio parahaemolyticus E1, the damage caused by infection after low temperature restriction and compensation was delayed and not severe. This indicates that the disease resistance of shrimp was improved after low temperature restriction. In contrast, shrimp in the high temperature group showed more severe damage than those in the control group at all time points after pathogen infection, indicating that high temperature restriction made the shrimp more susceptible to pathogenic Vibrio. Transcriptome analysis revealed abundant pathways related to energy metabolism, amino acid biosynthesis, protein synthesis, and cell growth in the low temperature restriction-recovery group, which highlighted the importance of optimizing the nutrient supply, especially protein and amino acid to enhance compensatory growth. In summary, after 20 days of low temperature training, PL shrimp exhibited significant compensatory growth, which not only promoted the growth, but also enhanced the body's resistance to V. parahaemolyticus. Therefore, this culture technique can be used for aquaculture practices in PL shrimp cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Oxygen vacancy engineering in transition metal oxides is an effective strategy for improving catalytic performance. Herein, defect-enriched Mn 2 O 3 catalysts were constructed by controlling the calcination temperature. The high content of oxygen vacancies and accompanying Mn4+ ions were generated in Mn 2 O 3 catalysts calcined at low temperature, which could greatly improve the low-temperature reducibility and migration of surface oxygen species. DFT theoretical calculations further confirmed that molecular oxygen and toluene were easily adsorbed over defective α-Mn 2 O 3 (2 2 2) facets with an energy of −0.29 and −0.48 eV, respectively, and corresponding O O bond length is stretched to 1.43 Å, resulting in the highly reactive oxygen species. Mn 2 O 3 -300 catalyst with abundant oxygen vacancies exhibited the highest specific reaction rate and lowest activation energy. Furthermore, the optimized catalyst possessed the outstanding stability, water tolerance and CO 2 yield. In comparison with the fresh Mn 2 O 3 -300 catalyst, the physical structure and surface property of the used catalyst remained almost unchanged regardless of whether undergoing the stability test at consecutive catalytic runs as well as high temperature, and water resistance test. In situ DRIFTS spectra further elucidated that introducing the water vapor had little effect on the reaction intermediates, indicating the excellent durability of the defect-enriched catalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A secondary liquid phase with a droplet shape is separated from the primary liquid phase in Cu-Ni-Fe-Mo-Si alloy during laser cladding processing. During the subsequent quenching process, the secondary liquid phase solidifies into hard particles that are dispersed in the primary matrix phase. An increase in Ni content suppresses coarsening of the hard particles, while the mechanism of the suppression has not been clarified. In this study, we investigated the effect of Ni content on hard particle size, mainly emphasizing the Marangoni effect controlled by the temperature dependence of interfacial energy. The effects on the hard particle size were analyzed based on changes in the starting temperature of the separation of two liquid phases (L1 and L2) and the temperature dependence of interfacial energy, calculated for various Ni contents using CALPHAD software. Our findings revealed that the Ni content had little effect on the temperature dependence of interfacial energy. However, an increase in the Ni content decreases the temperature of L2 droplet formation and shortens the time to solidification, thereby reducing a moving distance of droplet. Therefore, the collision frequency of L2 droplets caused by the Marangoni effect was reduced, and coarsening of the droplet was suppressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growth and flower bud initiation (FBI) were studied in single-stem plants of four biennial-fruiting cultivars in a controlled environment and under field conditions at 60°40′ N. Shoot growth varied widely among the cultivars but was significantly enhanced by high temperature (20 °C) in all cultivars, whereas photoperiod had a subordinate growth effect. FBI data from bud dissection after 6 weeks of cultivation in the phytotron were used to calculate FBI indices for the various cultivars and environment conditions. The indices also varied much among the cultivars but were enhanced by elevated temperature, being highest in 'Natchez' and 'Sweet Royalla', while 'Natchez' was the only cultivar in which FBI was significantly enhanced by short days. The non-vigorous and erect growing 'Ouachita' remained vegetative at both temperatures but flowered in spring after overwintering at 0.5 °C. The field experiment confirmed the superior growth vigor of 'Loch Ness' and 'Sweet Royalla' as well as the photoperiodic sensitivity of 'Natchez'. The results also confirmed that floral initiation starts in lateral buds located 10–20 nodes below the apex, and from there it progresses in both acropetal and basipetal direction. We conclude that temperature is at least as important as the photoperiod for the control of FBI in biennial-fruiting blackberries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is of paramount importance to gain a comprehensive understanding of the internal and external factors contributing to thermal runaway in commercial LiFePO4 lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in order to ensure the safe operation of the battery and to control any potential risks. In this work, we investigate the progression of internal temperature and cycle performance of commercial LiFePO4 LIBs when they are subjected to a range of extreme operational conditions, including short circuits, overcharging, punctures, and external pressure. A simulation has been employed to elucidate the mechanism of thermal runaway induced by continuous high temperatures. The findings indicate that, while harsh operating environments can elevate internal battery temperatures and reduce performance, they are not the fundamental cause of thermal runaway. Instead, it is the continuous exposure to high temperatures above a critical threshold that serve as the primary trigger. Therefore, the most effective method of preventing heat-related loss of control in batteries is to control the ambient temperature and avoid prolonged exposure to high temperature. Furthermore, it is imperative to implement comprehensive emergency protocols for high-temperature scenarios and to take proactive measures in extreme environments to prevent safety incidents resulting from battery thermal runaway. This study offers insights into exploring the root causes of thermal runaway, investigating both internal and external factors with the aim of enhancing safe and stable operation within large-scale LiFePO4 LIBs energy storage systems. It contributes towards revealing the complex multi-dimensional evolution mechanism and coupling effects within LiFePO4-based LIBs energy storage systems throughout their lifecycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here, we investigate the performance of phase-change materials (PCMs) in the passive thermal control of space habitats. PCMs are able to absorb and release large amounts energy in the form of latent heat during their (typically, solid-to-liquid) phase transition, which makes them an ideal choice for passive temperature control. In this study, a conceptual design of an igloo-shaped habitat is proposed. A scaled model for laboratory experiments is manufactured via 3D printing, using tap water as the PCM. The setup is used to conduct experiments and analyze PCM performance, based on temperature measurements inside and outside the habitat. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of PCMs in increasing thermal inertia and stabilizing the habitat interior temperature around the melting temperature, confirming that PCMs can be a suitable alternative for passive thermal control. The present study holds significant interest for the future of space exploration, with the emerging need to design habitats that are capable of accommodating astronauts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of hydrophobicity on polymer surfaces in mass production is one of the most critical challenges in the plastic industry. This paper deals with a novel combined hot embossing process in which femtosecond laser ablation is utilized to texture the embossing stamps. By controlling the process temperature and axial forces, the laser textures were transferred to polymer surfaces, successfully resulting in hydrophobicity. Four different polymers, including ABS, PP, PA, and PC, along with two different laser textures, namely ball and pyramid, were tested. The laser and hot embossing parameters under which the textures were transferred to the polymers are introduced. The critical micro- and nano-features of the transferred textures that resulted in high hydrophobic contact angles are also discussed. The results indicate that PP and ABS have higher contact angles, respectively, while under the given parameters, PA and PC did not exhibit hydrophobic surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design of reliable and accurate indoor lighting control systems for LEDs' (light-emitting diodes) color temperature and brightness, in an effort to affect human circadian rhythms, has been emerging in the last few years. However, this is quite challenging since parameters, such as the melanopic equivalent daylight illuminance (mEDI), have to be evaluated in real time, using illuminance values and the spectrum of incident light. In this work, to address these issues, a prototype platform has been built based on the low-cost and low-power Arduino UNO R4 Wi-Fi BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy) board, which facilitates experiments with a new control approach for LEDs' correlated color temperature (CCT). Together with the aforementioned platform, the methodology for mEDI calculation using an 11-channel multi-spectral sensor is presented. With proper calibration of the sensor, the visible spectrum can be reconstructed with a resolution of 1 nm, making the estimation of mEDI more accurate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Persistent inequities in access to vaccinations pose challenges for immunization programs worldwide. Innovations facilitating vaccine delivery, such as leveraging vaccine thermostability through a Controlled Temperature Chain (CTC), have emerged as a potential solution to increase coverage in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) countries such as Côte d'Ivoire, reducing dependence on the cold chain and improving vaccine delivery efficiency. However, the added value of thermostable vaccines and their integration into national immunization programs is under-recognized by stakeholders. This consultation aimed to convene key immunization stakeholders in Côte d'Ivoire in order to examine their perceptions regarding the value of vaccine thermostability to address barriers to outreach and equity in immunization programs. Methods: A novel workshop model involving structured group discussions was used to document the viewpoints of national stakeholders representing different areas of the immunization program. They prioritized barriers undermining coverage and equity in their country and explored the potential impact of CTC on the immunization program in the context of thermostable vaccines. The vaccines discussed were for Hepatitis B, Human Papillomavirus, and Meningitis. Results: The workshop outcomes highlighted the context and vaccine-specific variation of the importance of certain barriers, emphasizing the need for tailored strategies. The barriers considered most likely to be alleviated by vaccine thermostability were under the categories of human resource management, vaccine supply and logistics, and services delivery. The least relevant category of barriers concerned demand generation. Conclusions: The consultation provided valuable insights into stakeholder perspectives, priorities, and conditions for the effective integration of thermostable vaccines, informing future product development and policy decisions to optimize vaccine delivery and address immunization challenges in LMICs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a low-cost solution for managing HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) systems using an ESP32 microcontroller as the primary control unit. The proposed system integrates multiple DHT temperature sensors and actuators, such as relays, to regulate heating, cooling, and ventilation within a residential environment. The ESP32 hosts a web-based application that enables users to monitor and control the HVAC system in real-time, offering an intuitive interface accessible via any device connected to the home network. By automating the HVAC operations based on real-time data, this solution not only provides convenience but also enhances energy efficiency by optimizing temperature control and reducing unnecessary power consumption. This affordable and user-friendly system demonstrates the potential of IoT technology in creating efficient and accessible home automation systems, making it an attractive option for homeowners aiming to reduce costs and improve climate control within their living spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low‐temperature energy harvest, delivery, and utilization pose significant challenges for thermal management in extreme environments owing to heat loss during transport and difficulty in temperature control. Herein, we propose a light‐driven photo‐energy delivery device with a series of photo‐responsive alkoxy‐grafted azobenzene‐based phase‐change materials (a‐g‐Azo PCMs). These a‐g‐Azo PCMs store and release crystallization and isomerization enthalpies, reaching a high energy density of 380.76 J/g even at a low temperature of −63.92 °C. On this basis, we fabricate a novel three‐branch light‐driven microfluidic control device for distributed energy recycling that achieves light absorption, energy storage, controlled movement, and selective release cyclically over a wide range of temperatures. The a‐g‐Azo PCMs move remote‐controllably in the microfluidic device at an average velocity of 0.11–0.53 cm/s owing to the asymmetric thermal expansion effect controlled by the temperature difference. During movement, the optically triggered heat release of a‐g‐Azo PCMs achieves a temperature difference of 6.6 °C even at a low temperature of −40 °C. These results provide a new technology for energy harvest, delivery, and utilization in low‐temperature environments via a remote manipulator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polysaccharides isolated from microalgae species have shown various biological properties. In this study, the response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize the extraction conditions of crude polysaccharides from Chlorella by double enzymatic hydrolysis method (DEH). The systematic analysis of RSM revealed that the maximum yield of crude polysaccharides was obtained by adding 1.48% double enzymes (cellulose: papain = 1:1), controlling the hydrolysis temperature of 38.13 °C and pH of 5.34. Then, the crude polysaccharides were divided into three parts, named as F1, F2, and F3, using a DEAE Sepharose FF column, and the molecular weights of F1, F2, and F3 are 21.75 KDa, 1058 KDa, 5576 KDa, respectively. Monosaccharide composition analysis showed that the main constituents in F1 and F2 were Galactose (62.90% and 41.85%), while F3 was commonly composed of 39.55% Arabinose and 32.33% Rhamnose. All polysaccharides contained characteristic absorption peaks of polysaccharides with functional groups (O-H, C-H, C = O), confirming that DEH did not affect the primary structural properties of polysaccharides. Furthermore, the Chlorella polysaccharides demonstrated good thermal stability below 180 °C and perfect antioxidant properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comprehensive control methodology has been developed to address challenges such as temperature fluctuations, inconsistent depth penetration, and compositional integrity variations during laser-induction hybrid strengthening performed with consistent power parameters. This approach synergistically integrates a fuzzy controller and a decoupling compensator. In the initial part of this study, a temperature field model was utilized to investigate the effects of different process factors on temperature profiles. The analysis of step response data facilitated the development of mathematical models that delineate the correlation between the input factors and output responses. Subsequently, a decoupling compensation technique was used to reduce the coupling effects between temperature and its rate of change. A fuzzy controller was then developed to reduce the system's reliance on mathematical models, hence improving the accuracy of the control strategy. The results indicate that the application of fuzzy PI control and the implementation of decoupling compensation, the control strategy successfully improves the performance of the controller by minimizing parameter interactions. This strategy also incorporates real-time adjustment of PI parameters. Compared to conventional PI control, this method offers improved response speed and reduced overshoot. The laser-induction hybrid strengthening technique ensures superior temperature control, maintaining steady-state temperature precision within a 1% tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non‐centrifugal sugars (NCS), traditionally obtained through open pan evaporation of cane juice, typically possess a moisture content ranging from 7% to 10% (wet basis). This study introduces a dehumidified drying technique aimed at significantly reducing moisture content, enhancing flow properties, minimizing antioxidant losses, increasing the glass transition temperature, and improving both the crystallinity and surface morphology of NCS. Two drying methods were evaluated: a solar dryer, with no control over temperature and humidity, and a refrigerated adsorption dehumidified dryer (RADD) with precise control of both parameters. The RADD achieved a substantial reduction in moisture content to 4.05% ± 0.2%, leading to markedly improved flow properties and a higher retention of phenolic content (82% ± 3.05%) compared to the solar dryer (71% ± 3.83%). Additionally, the RADD resulted in enhanced crystallinity, with a percentage of 83.5%, exceeding the 70%–75% range observed in solar‐dried samples. Surface morphological analysis revealed that RADD‐dried samples exhibited a uniform crystalline structure, whereas solar‐dried samples displayed lumps and irregular particle shapes due to retained moisture. These findings highlight the practical implications of adopting dehumidified drying techniques for improving the quality of NCS. Future research should focus on exploring the scalability and energy efficiency of these techniques for industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the application of hot bending–quenching technology to heat-treatable A6063 aluminum tubes, focusing on the bending formability and mechanical properties after aging treatment under various heating conditions. High-frequency induction heating was used to uniformly heat aluminum tubes to the solution treatment temperature of 560 °C. The effect of wall thickness on bending formability was explored, revealing that thinner tubes (2 mm) experienced significant flattening defects, whereas thicker tubes (5 mm) exhibited superior formability with reduced shrinkage and wall thinning. Additionally, the pre-quenching temperature was found to influence the mechanical properties of the tube with a thickness of 5 mm. Tubes held at the solution temperature for 1 min 30 s or longer maintained higher temperatures during transfer, resulting in improved tensile strength and hardness after aging. The findings confirm the feasibility of applying hot bending–quenching technology to aluminum tubes, though careful control of temperature loss during continuous industrial processes is required to ensure optimal mechanical performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cooling applications in machining have a significant role to play, and many functions cannot be carried out effectively without cooling. Coolant controls tool life by reducing cutting temperatures, dimensional precision, surface roughness, and power consumed in machining, there by improving productivity. Conventional coolants are commonly used to control the cutting temperature. However, the hike in global carbon emissions has happened due to excessive use of coolants in manufacturing industries. As a result, according to the International Organization for Standardization, it is critical to minimise the demand for energy consumption and carbon emissions. The need for renewable and biodegradable coolants is due to environmental concerns and rising regulations on pollution and emissions. In this paper, various attempts carried out by researchers are discussed to overcome these challenges. Hence, the uses of biodegradable coolants are being suggested to improve the machinability of metals. However, the research in the sea areas is relatively less. Hence, present review explores advances in biodegradable coolants through the use of different biodegradables and their efficiency in machining. Indeed, these biodegradable coolants significantly decreased the ecological problems caused by mineral-based coolants. As a conclusion, future research should concentrate on these aspects. This is a step towards sustainable greenmachining. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the distribution characteristics and variation rules of the temperature field of rock-filled concrete during pouring. Based on the thermal model accounting for the hydration rate, it uses ANSYS software to study the influence rules of construction parameters, such as the rock-filled ratio, time between pours, pouring thickness at the peak value of rising temperature, temperature difference in the core and surface, and the position of the peak value of rising temperature during the construction of rock-filled concrete. The results indicate that, under varied rock-filled ratios, time between pours, and pouring thicknesses, the variation rules of the peak value of rising temperature, temperature difference in the core and surface, and the position of the peak value of rising temperature are the same. As the rock-filled ratio increases, the peak value of rising temperature and the temperature difference in the core and surface decrease, and the variation range of the position of the peak value of rising temperature enlarges as the number of pouring layers increases. When the time between pours is extended, both the peak value of rising temperature and the temperature difference in the core and surface decrease, and the fluctuation amplitude of the position of the peak value of rising temperature increases with the number of pouring layers. With the increase in the pouring thickness, the peak value of rising temperature and the temperature difference in the core and surface increase, and the position of the peak value of rising temperature does not change significantly with an increase in pouring layers. The maximums of the peak value of rising temperature and temperature difference in the core and surface are 15.56 °C and 14.54 °C, respectively, which meet the requirements of the specifications. The peak value of rising temperature has a linear relationship with the pouring layers. Therefore, constructing a hundred-meter-high dam is possible by controlling construction parameters, such as the rock-filled ratio, time between pours, and time between pours without taking temperature control measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: The real-time and accurate acquisition of the thermal field is crucial for the temperature control of concrete dams. The optimization method including interpolation algorithm selection, the monitoring point number, and position analysis can effectively improve the efficiency of thermal field reconstruction. Lightweight application procedures can achieve a good balance of accuracy and efficiency and are used to guide temperature control measures. In an actual concrete dam construction, the efficiency of thermal field reconstruction directly affects the timeliness of temperature control measures. Therefore, using lightweight methods to obtain real-time, accurate thermal fields is crucial for concrete temperature control. To balance both accuracy and efficiency, this study proposes an optimization method for thermal field reconstruction in concrete dams. The method consists of three components: evaluating interpolation algorithms, optimizing the number of monitoring points, and analyzing their positions. Specifically, a distributed temperature sensing system is employed for concrete monitoring, with a "Z-shaped" optical fiber layout. Three interpolation algorithms—Kriging, Natural Neighbor, and Inverse Distance Weighting—are quantitatively evaluated, with Kriging showing the highest accuracy. Sensitivity analysis, combined with the control variable method, is used to assess the impact of the monitoring point number and position. Lightweight application procedures are then proposed, using reconstructed thermal field results to guide strategy formulation and parameter adjustment for the intelligent cooling control system. A case study demonstrates that this method ensures the effectiveness and timeliness of concrete temperature control measures. The proposed approach enables real-time updates of concrete temperature control measures in sync with the progress of the pouring process, providing a valuable reference for similar projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glacier meltwater runoff during extreme heat waves is crucial for overall runoff replenishment; however, studies on the characteristics and mechanisms of extreme meltwater runoff on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) are relatively scarce. In this study, we combine field observations (hydrological, meteorological, and glaciological) with a precipitation runoff modelling system and glacier model (PRMSglacier) to investigate the characteristics of extreme glacier meltwater runoff and the associated energy balance and hydrological processes from October 2018 to September 2022 in the Sangqu Basin on the central TP. Good agreement was shown between observed and modelled total runoff and glacier‐wide mass balance, with a mean Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) of 0.74 and root‐mean‐square error (RMSE) of 22 mm w.e. The mean glacial meltwater runoff contributed 14% of the total runoff and snowmelt runoff 72.5% during the study period. Contributions of 21.3% and 59% for glacier meltwater and snowmelt runoff, respectively, during a heatwave from June to September 2022 thus indicated anomalously high glacial meltwater and snowmelt runoff in association with hot and dry meteorological conditions. Basin‐scale energy balance results suggest that extremely low albedo and extremely high surface temperatures control the net shortwave and longwave radiation, leading to anomalously high melting of glaciers and snow. The hot and dry meteorological conditions from June to September 2022 primarily affected the source regions of the Yangtze River and Selincuo in Geladandong. This study highlights the importance of extreme glacial meltwater runoff to terrestrial water resources in association with frequent extreme heat waves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During ceramic shaping, trapped oxygen increases porosity and reacts with elements to form unwanted compounds, enlarging pores. Excess phosphorus forms lumps, enhancing porosity and reducing density, leading to defects like increased brittleness, strength reduction, and improper densification, necessitating higher sintering temperatures. This study introduces extrusion-based 3D printing of a hybrid porcelain ceramic mixture with calcium silicide to achieve dephosphorization and deoxygenation while maintaining controlled sintering temperatures. Results show phosphorus is effectively removed at 1100°C and above sintering temperatures, while oxygen-related defects are reduced. Although calcium silicide does not lower the sintering temperature, it significantly improves porcelain purity, contributing to better material properties. These findings pave the way for enhanced additive manufacturing techniques in ceramic production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water management plays an important role in crop-stress tolerance; however, its effect on the cold tolerance of rice seedlings is unclear. Therefore, we set four different water contents (25%, 45%, 65% and 85%) in the substrate with Liangyou 6326 as the experimental material to study the influence of different water contents on the cold tolerance of rice seedlings. The results showed that in the control temperature treatment, length and number of white roots, dry matter weight, stem base width and strong seedling index first increased and then decreased with decreasing water content, and the seedlings were more robust when the water content was 45%. In the cold treatment, the survival rate and strong seedling index first increased and then decreased with decreasing water content, and the cold tolerance of seedlings was the best when the water content was 45%. The mechanism of improving the cold tolerance is that moderate water deficit improved the antioxidant enzyme activity, reduced the content of malondialdehyde and improved root activity and leaf photosynthetic performance. Correlation analysis showed that the survival rate of seedlings was significantly positively correlated with root activity, antioxidant enzyme activity and seedling quality in the control temperature and cold treatment. The above results showed that soil water played an important role in regulating the cold tolerance of rice. Reasonable water management could not only cultivate high-quality seedlings but also improve the cold tolerance of rice seedlings, helping to guarantee high and stable rice yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the speed growth of petroleum engineering, the requirements for the temperature control performance of petroleum heat transfer oil boilers are becoming higher. Traditional temperature control systems have problems such as poor temperature control accuracy. To address these issues, a temperature control system for petroleum heat transfer oil boilers based on microprocessors and proportional‐integral‐derivative is designed. The research first studies the fuzzy proportional‐integral‐derivative control system, and then combines it with a microprocessor to design a new temperature control system. Finally, experiments and practical applications are used to assess the effectiveness of the temperature control system. The results denote that in the simulation experiment, the temperature recognition accuracy of the microprocessor proportional‐integral‐derivative system is 93.26%. At the same time, the system increases the temperature of the oil outlet to around 100°C after about 4 min of boiler operation, and maintains the stable temperature of the oil outlet continuously. In the study of overshoot, the average overshoot value of the system is 10.03%, and the average steady‐state error value is 3.71%. These verification indicators are superior to the comparative control system, indicating that the fuzzy control proportional‐integral‐derivative temperature control system based on microprocessors has good effects in the application of petroleum heat transfer oil boilers. Through this system, the stability and control accuracy of boiler temperature can be improved, and intelligent control of the boiler can be achieved. This is of great meaning for raising the energy and work efficiency of boilers, and reducing energy waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to elucidate the development of quality properties in the fat portion of Chinese bacon during low-temperature smoking (LTS), raw pork was cured for five days, followed by infusion with smoked liquid and a subsequent ten-day smoking period characterized by alternating high and low-temperature conditions. The physicochemical characteristics and microstructures of the fat portion of the Chinese bacon were examined at three stages: the raw meat stage (Control), the curing stage (C3d and C5d), and the smoking stage (S5d and S10d). The results showed that LTS increased the hardness, transparency, and b* value of bacon fat. The increased contents of neutral lipids and free fatty acids, increased activities of neutral lipase and lipoxygenase, and increased peroxide and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance value indicated significant lipolysis and lipid oxidation of bacon fat during LTS. After the treatment, a decreased melting point and increased β′- and β-type fat crystal formation were observed in the fat portion. Moreover, the treatment led to disruption of the adipocyte membrane structure. Therefore, the destruction of adipocytes after lipolysis and lipid oxidation during low-temperature smoking treatment might contribute to the development of quality properties of bacon fat portions. Precise control of temperature and time enhances the stability of the fat portion of bacon, thereby improving quality characteristics such as texture and appearance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine heatwaves (MHW) pose an increasing threat and have a critical impact on meroplanktonic organisms, because their larvae are highly sensitive to environmental stress and key for species' dispersion and population connectivity. This study assesses the effects of MHW on two key moulting cycle periods within first zoea of the valuable crab, Metacarcinus edwardsii. First, the changes in swimming behaviour during zoea I were recorded and associated to moult cycle substages. Then, larvae were exposed during the zoea I to (1) control temperature of 12 °C, (2) Early MHW, occurring in intermoult, (3) Late MHW, occurring in premoult and (4) 14 °C, representing MHW during whole development. Additionally, optimum temperature was estimated from thermal performance curves through swimming behaviour of one-day zoea I. The timing of the MHW within the moulting cycle significantly affects larval fitness. Early MHW led to improved survival rates (72%) and reduced developmental times (9.8 days) compared to those exposed to Later MHW (63% and 10.3 days, respectively). As optimum temperature was higher than 12 °C, MHW events maybe favouring larval performance. These results highlight the importance of interaction between the moult cycle and environmental variables as a factor of sublethal effects on population dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent experiments revealed a new amorphous ice phase, medium-density amorphous ice (MDA), formed by ball-milling ice Ih at 77 K [Rosu-Finsen et al., Science 379, 474–478 (2023)]. MDA has density between that of low-density amorphous (LDA) and high-density amorphous (HDA) ices, adding to the complexity of water’s phase diagram, known for its glass polyamorphism and two-state thermodynamics. The nature of MDA and its relation to other amorphous ices and liquid water remain unsolved. Here, we use molecular simulations under controlled pressure and shear rate at 77 K to produce and investigate MDA. We find that MDA formed at constant shear rate is a steady-state nonequilibrium shear-driven amorphous ice (SDA), that can be produced by shearing ice Ih, LDA, or HDA. Our results suggest that MDA could be obtained by ball-milling water glasses without crystallization interference. Increasing the shear rate at ambient pressure produces SDAs with densities ranging from LDA to HDA, revealing shear rate as a new thermodynamic variable in the nonequilibrium phase diagram of water. Indeed, shearing provides access to amorphous states inaccessible by controlling pressure and temperature alone. SDAs produced with shearing rates as high as 106 s−1 sample the same region of the potential energy landscape than hyperquenched glasses with identical density, pressure, and temperature. Intriguingly, SDAs obtained by shearing at ~108 s−1 have density, enthalpy, and structure indistinguishable from those of water “instantaneously” quenched from room temperature to 77 K over 10 ps, making them good approximants for the “true glass” of ambient liquid water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soils support a highly diverse community of plant pathogens, which are highly responsive to global change. Climate and livestock grazing are the main global changes in grasslands, yet, how long-term grazing alone, and in interaction with climate, influence the distribution of soil-borne plant pathogens remain virtually unknown. Here, we present the first long-term regional-scale experimental investigation on the impacts of livestock grazing on soil-borne fungal plant pathogens and their association with plant community across 10 experimental sites spanning a climate gradient in the steppe in Northern China. Our results showed that long-term grazing effects on the diversity and proportion of soil-borne fungal plant pathogens are strongly controlled by temperature, with grazing increasing pathogen richness and proportions largely in cooler grasslands. We further show that long-term grazing supported stronger connections between soil-borne fungal pathogens and plant communities. Our work demonstrates that climate controls the effects of grazing on plant pathogens, which is critical to understand and manage grasslands in a changing world. Long-term effects of grazing on soil-borne fungal plant pathogens are strongly controlled by temperature, posing greater potential threats to plant pathogen infections in cooler grasslands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-sensitivity and rapid-response measurements of micro zone cutting temperature are crucial for characterizing and optimizing machining states in the ultra-precision cutting process. This innovative method uses a locally boron-doped diamond (LBDD) tool itself as the sensor for in-process measurements of cutting temperature. However, the heterogeneity of boron doping and the resulting lattice distortions considerably affect the mechanical properties and temperature-sensing performances of the tool. In this work, optimized synthesis processes and structural designs for LBDD tools that function as self-sensing cutting temperature devices were proposed. Annealing treatments under high-pressure conditions were conducted to promote the diffusion and ionization of boron multimers in the boron-doped diamond zone, thereby enhancing the crystal quality and semiconductor electrical properties of the LBDD. Various LBDDs with thin-layer temperature-sensing structures of different doping concentrations and thicknesses were synthesized. The optimal components and structures were identified as the temperature-sensing cutting tool through comparative analyses of temperature measurement capabilities and semiconductor properties. The selected tool was employed for in-process cutting temperature measurement during single-point diamond turning of copper and carbon fiber. Results indicate that the LBDD tool can accurately monitor cutting temperature during steady cutting processes and identify the micromorphological features of the machined surfaces based on cutting temperature characteristics. These insights are pivotal for controlling cutting temperature and refining the ultra-precision cutting process. Highlights: An innovative locally boron-doped diamond tool for high-sensitivity and high-response rate cutting temperature measurement in ultra-precision machining. A multilayered structure of diamond tool, completely eliminating gap heat loss between additional sensors and tools, enabling a resolution of 0.1 °C and a response time of 90 ms. A creative approach for in-process identifying machined surface's morphologies under micro/nano scale through accurate in-process cutting temperature measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To target development of bioelectrochemical systems, we developed an advanced microfluidic method to identify reaction bottlenecks in the metabolic activity of a pure‐culture Geobacter sulfurreducens electroactive biofilm (EAB). The microfluidic system was devised to include perpendicular flow orientation for improved boundary layer uniformity and was combined with an embedded 3‐electrode system to accurately apply a constant potential during the entire experimental duration which lasted se. A 3‐sensor temperature control system provided the basis of accurate temperature pulsing, which modified the EAB metabolic activity over short time intervals relative to the bacterial doubling rate. The system, together with the unique ability to control hydrodynamic, electrochemical, and thermal conditions, was used as the basis for an Arrhenius approach to obtain activation energy barrier values at different growth times, acetate concentrations, and flow rates. The results indicated that bottlenecks in the overall metabolic activity after 1 month of growth time were related to electron transfer through extracellular cytochrome c. After the EAB further matured to 4 months old, the bottleneck appeared to switch to enzyme‐driven acetate oxidation. Based on this hypothesis, we observed after 4‐months, that strong increases in effective enzyme concentration were primarily obtained by increasing flow rate, and secondarily by increasing acetate concentration [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low temperature storage is widely used for storage and transportation of fruits and vegetables after harvest. As a cold-sensitive fruit vegetable, post-harvest solanaceous vegetables and fruits are susceptible to chilling injury during low temperature storage, which reduces its sensory quality and edible quality and shortens its storage period, thus leading to huge economic losses. Therefore, it is an essential to clarify the occurrence mechanism of chilling injury caused by low temperature storage in solanaceous vegetables and fruits, and to propose corresponding prevention and control measures for chilling injury. In recent years, a series of progress has been made in the research on chilling injury prevention and control and low temperature stress tolerance of solanaceous vegetables and fruits. This paper describes the chilling injury symptoms of postharvest solanaceous vegetables and fruits, clarifies the physiological and biochemical mechanisms in the chilling injury process, the molecular mechanisms, and prevention and control measures, and summarizes the latest research advancements on chilling injury and chilling tolerance regulation of solanaceous vegetables and fruits, which can provide valuable references for low temperature storage and chilling injury prevention and control measures of solanaceous vegetables and fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ionogels, recognized for their flexibility and ionic conductivity, show considerable promise across various applications including electronic skins, biomedical electronics, and smart robotics. However, the majority of ionogels are plagued by suboptimal mechanical strength, a restricted range of operating temperatures, and poor recyclability. Here, an acetone‐stimulated supramolecular reinforcement strategy to develop robust and environmentally tolerant ionogels is introduced. The bio‐based ionogels feature a firm supramolecular architecture formed by the entwining of soybean protein molecules around cellulose macromolecular chains. This coiled design, inspired by cucumber vines, endows the ionogels with remarkable tensile strength (>30 MPa), enables them to withstand temperature above 85 °C with tensile strength over 15 MPa, and maintains notable cold resistance down to −20 °C with tensile strength exceeding 10 MPa. Further, the bio‐based ionogels exhibit excellent recyclability, reprocessing capabilities, shape customizability, good biocompatibility, and full biodegradability. This study provides a valuable strategy for manipulating supramolecular conformation to create robust ionogels that overcome the traditional trade‐offs of high strength and environmental tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ensuring food safety and quality is paramount for consumers. Water, a fundamental component of food, exhibits diverse crystalline structures under high pressure (HP) and experiences alterations in freezing points. Exploiting these water characteristics has spurred the development of innovative high-pressure sub-zero temperature (HPST) techniques. This review systematically categorizes HPST technologies based on their adherence to the temperature-pressure phase diagram, encompassing high-pressure freezing (HPF), high-pressure thawing (HPT), solid-solid phase transition (SSPT) treatment, and isochoric freezing (IF). Furthermore, the review elaborates on the latest advancements in HP cryogenic equipment, focusing on temperature and pressure control units. The underlying principles of the HPST technologies and their inactivation effects on various food materials, such as beverages and meat, are elaborated, and the effects of the HPST treatments on the appearance, texture, moisture content, and other quality characteristics of the food products are discussed. Emphasis is placed on delineating the advantages, disadvantages, and application scopes of different HPST technologies. To propel comprehensive research and foster the industrialization of HPST technology, future endeavors should concentrate on validating the commercial viability of HP cryogenic equipment, establishing dependable temperature regulation and detection systems, and compiling a comprehensive melting point database for real food under HP conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The temperature coefficient of dielectric constant (τ ε) is a crucial parameter for assessing the performance stability of microwave devices operating under varying temperature conditions. In this study, polyphenylene oxide (PPO) resin was utilized as the matrix and six types of ceramics with distinct temperature coefficients of dielectric constant were employed as fillers. Six PPO-based composites were fabricated through twin-screw extrusion combined with hot pressing route. The dielectric properties of the ceramics and their influence on the dielectric properties of the composites, particularly the τ ε , were systematically investigated. The results revealed that all six types of composites exhibited dense structures and uniform filler distribution, with a relative density exceeding 98.0 % and a water absorption below 0.1 %. The dielectric constant and its temperature coefficient of the fillers had a more pronounced effect on the dielectric properties of the composites, compared to dielectric loss. The dielectric constants of the six types of composites aligned well with the theoretical values predicted by the effective medium theory. Reaching up to 9.7 (at 10 GHz). The dielectric loss ranged from 1.0 × 10−3 to 3.0 × 10−3. Notably, the PPO/Mg 0.95 Ca 0.05 TiO 3 composite substrate with a filler ratio of 40 vol% exhibited exceptional dielectric properties: ε r = 6.8, tg δ = 1.4 × 10−3, τ ε = −8.6 ppm/°C, highlighting its significant advantages for communication applications under varying temperature conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents an innovative approach for automating the traditional injera production process, a staple food in Ethiopia, Eritrea, Sudan, and the Horn of Africa. Existing semiautomatic and manual methods suffer from inefficiencies, inconsistent product quality, and significant health risks owing to prolonged exposure to high temperatures and smoke. These limitations necessitate the development of more effective solutions. The proposed method involves the design and implementation of a fully automated injera‐making machine that integrates a relay‐based control system, microcontroller‐driven temperature regulation, and automated dough‐handling mechanisms. This novel design ensures consistent baking conditions, minimizes manual intervention, and enhances baker safety. The experimental results demonstrate that the machine can produce 20 injera per hour, reflecting a 33.33% increase in efficiency compared to traditional methods. In addition, the system reduces the energy consumption through precise temperature control to address sustainability concerns. This research offers a comprehensive solution to the challenges of traditional injera production, significantly improving both the production process and well‐being of those involved. Future work will focus on optimizing the design for mass production and exploring alternative energy sources to enhance sustainability further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Magnetic hyperthermia therapy (MHT) is a minimally invasive adjuvant therapy capable of damaging tumors using magnetic nanoparticles exposed radiofrequency alternating magnetic fields. One of the challenges of MHT is thermal dose control and excessive heating in superficial tissues from off target eddy current heating. Methods: We report the development of a control system to maintain target temperature during MHT with an automatic safety shutoff feature in adherence to FDA Design Control Guidance. A proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control algorithm was designed and implemented in NI LabVIEW®. A standard reference material copper wire was used as the heat source to verify the controller performance in gel phantom experiments. Coupled electromagnetic thermal finite element analysis simulations were used to identify the initial controller gains. Results: Results showed that the PID controller successfully achieved the target temperature control despite significant perturbations. Discussion and Conclusion: Feasibility of PID control algorithm to improve efficacy and safety of MHT was demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]