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Time—whether objective (“clock”) time or the subjective experience of time—is essential for understanding how individuals, teams, and organizations evolve, grow, learn, and change. Yet most management research and literature reviews typically emphasize objective time to the exclusion of subjective time. Our review focuses on this lesser studied “other” time, beginning with a review of how seminal time articles have historically conceptualized subjective time. From this initial review, we offer an integrative and multilevel definition of subjective time as the experience of the past, present, and future, which occurs as individuals and collectives mentally travel through, perceive, and interpret time. Then, using this new definition to frame the remainder of the review, we examine the literature employing subjective time concepts to address three key questions: what is subjective time, how does it operate, and why does it matter? Our analysis provides new ways for understanding subjective time and the important role it plays in organizational phenomena. We conclude by challenging management scholars to consider three priorities for future research: the fundamental relationship between subjective time and meaning, the unclear nature of event time, and the ways in which objective time is dependent upon subjective time.

For a given physical duration, certain events can be experienced as subjectively longer than others, an illusion referred to as subjective time dilation. Many factors have been shown to lead to this illusion in perceived duration, including low-level visual properties of the stimulus (e.g., increase in motion, brightness, and flicker), an unexpected stimulus in a sequence of events, as well as affective factors. Here we report the results of two experiments in which we tested for the influence of scene and object knowledge on subjective time dilation. Based on the results of earlier studies, we predicted that visual scenes and objects containing semantic violations would be judged as lasting longer than control stimuli. The findings from both experiments indicate that stimuli containing semantic violations were judged to be present for longer than stimuli without semantic violations. We interpret our results to mean that neural processes that encode for perception of duration can operate on conceptually integrated scene and object representations. We further conjecture that the underlying neural code for duration perception is likely correlated with the amplitude of neural activity expended on the processing of incoming sensory information.

This paper is a contribution to a theory of duration and subjective time in dream and waking consciousness. According to microgenetic theory, an act of thought begins, Wittgenstein wrote, and psych...

In this paper, we build up some generalizations of nonlinear integral inequalities and recreate the results of some Pachpatte’s inequalities on time scales. We not just settle new estimated bounds of a particular class of nonlinear retarded dynamic inequalities, but additionally determine and unify continuous analogs alongside a subjective time scale $\mathbb{T}$ T . We demonstrate applications of the treated inequalities to reflect the benefits of our work. The key effects will be proven by using the analysis procedure and the standard time-scale comparison theorem technique.

Time pressure of parents has become an important policy agenda in many contemporary societies. This study aims to examine the association between parental childcare time and subjective time pressure (feeling rushed) by taking into account different types of diurnal activity patterns. From the background of time fragmentation as a structural source of time pressure we introduce two specific types of diurnal time use activities, namely activity resumption and activity switching. As activity resumption denotes that the same kind of activity is repeatedly shown over the day, activity switching indicates the diurnal substantive variety of activities. Our research question is aimed a examining if these activity patterns covariate with parental childcare time use and to what extent they add are connected with subjective time pressure. Analyzing the original timeline raw data of 6,812 diary entries from the 2014 Korean Time Use Study (KTUS) we focused on working parents with children aged 18 or younger. Overall, we found that activity resumption is positively related to subjective time pressure, while activity switching negatively correlates with subjective time pressure. While we did not find a significant effect of time spent for childcare on feeling rushed, we found that time use for childcare is negatively correlated with activity resumption, but positively with activity switching intensity. Having young children compared to having teenagers in the family significantly goes with more feeling rushed, while having young children means less activity switching and less activity resumption. Finally, our results point to a significant parents’ gender differentiation of the covariation of subjective time pressure, diurnal activity change pattern and child care time use.

In the Memoires pour servir a l’histoire de Louis XIV and the Memoires de l’abbe de Choisy habille en femme, the abbot of Choisy, who proposes to give an account of his life as well as drawing a portrait of Louis XIV, mobilizes different regimes of memory. Hybridizing fictionnal and real history, while intertwining historical and subjective time, Choisy underlines the boundaries that traditionally separate personal memory and national history. The memorialist’s project appears both ambiguous and scandalous, as the story of the Sun King’s exploits coexists with autobiographical elements detailing the abbot’s transvestite adventures. This article shows that the experience of memory and that of identity are bound under the sign of the travesty, which is a means of dissimulation and unveiling of oneself.

We aimed to investigate (1) bivariate associations between alcohol use, time perspective, temporal competency, and personality traits; (2) the extent to which different temporal scales predicted alcohol use in order to select constructs most related to alcohol use; and (3) the most related temporalities as mediators between personality traits and alcohol use. French (n = 389) and Canadian (n = 478) college students responded to questionnaires online. Analyses included (1) correlations between measures; (2) three multiple regressions in which different sets of temporalities (ZTPI, TCT-5D, a combination of scales) predicted alcohol use; (2) five multiple parallel mediator models, in which one big-5 trait was entered as a distal factor leading to alchol use through the parallel mediators of temporalities. Most temporal dimensions were correlated with alcohol use and a unique set of personality traits. The combination of temporal scales (past negative, present hedonist, anticipation, temporal rupture) predicted alcohol use better than any other instrument. All personality traits explained alcohol use through different sets of temporalities. Cases of indirect only and competitive mediation were observed. Personality traits explained alcohol consumption through the multiple parallel mediators of temporalities. In some cases (neuroticism, openness and agreeableness) temporalities had to be taken into account in order to observe an effect of personality on alcohol use which helps explain inconsistencies in the literature. Future work may benefit from taking into account combinations of temporal dimensions in order to best explain (drinking) behaviors, including but not limited to the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory.

Living alone is very common among older Canadians, where 25.8% of adults 65 and above lived alone in 2016. The rise of living alone around the world has prompted debate about whether solo living has negative implications for older adults’ well-being, health, and social integration. We contribute to this debate by examining whether older adults living alone have different patterns of time use and subjective evaluations of their time. Using the Canadian General Social Survey (2015), we find that older adults living on their own do not seem to be socially isolated in our objective or subjective measures of time use. Those living alone spend more time communicating with others than older adults in other living arrangements and spend comparable amounts of time eating/drinking to most other groups. Older adults living alone had similar time on self-care to most other groups, and much less time on caregiving for others than those in all other living arrangements, and significantly less time on housework than those living with just a spouse. We find few differences in time spent on leisure by living arrangements. In terms of subjective time use, older adults living alone are no more likely than those living with others to feel like they do not spend enough time with family or friends. In addition, older adults living alone were much less likely than other groups to feel pressed for time, feel rushed, or feel stressed out about not having enough time.

Time is as pervasive as it is elusive to study, and how the brain keeps track of millisecond time is still unclear. Here we addressed the mechanisms underlying duration perception by looking for a neural signature of subjective time distortion induced by motion adaptation. We recorded electroencephalographic signals in human participants while they were asked to discriminate the duration of visual stimuli after different types of translational motion adaptation. Our results show that perceived duration can be predicted by the amplitude of the N200 event-related potential evoked by the adapted stimulus. Moreover, we show that the distortion of subjective time can be predicted by the activity in the Beta band frequency spectrum, at the offset of the adaptor and during the presentation of the subsequent adapted stimulus. Both effects were observed from posterior electrodes contralateral to the adapted stimulus. Overall, our findings suggest that local and low-level perceptual processes are involved in generating a subjective sense of time.

It is known that subjective time and work efficiency are affected by visual stimuli. However, existing studies only consider the effects of visual information on the user during viewing and ignore the after effects. Using smart glasses lets users see visual information while moving until just before arriving at the office or school. We hypothesize that the user’s effects from the visual information they were looking at just before working or studying affects the subsequent work. Through two user studies, we investigated whether information presented on smart glasses affected subsequent work efficiency. In the first experiment, participants were presented with avatars running at two levels of speed, or no avatars, through simulated smart glasses in a virtual environment. They then solved a dot-clicking task on a desktop monitor. In the second experiment, we investigated whether the same effect could be shown while walking in the real environment, with a running and a fast-walking avatar both at the same speed in order to see the difference in the effects of the different movements. In the first experiment, we confirmed that the speed of later work tended to improve when presenting the running human-shaped avatar. From the results of the second experiment, which was conducted in the real environment, we did not confirm that the subsequent work speed varied depending on the type of avatar being displayed. As a reason for the trend of improvement in the task efficiency in the first experiment, observation of fast human motion may have unconsciously accelerated the observers’ body movement speed due to the mirror neuron mechanism. As a reason for why the work speed did not improve in the second experiment, the participants may be affected by other pedestrians and running cars. Additionally, it was difficult to see the images on the smart glasses while walking in the real environment.

В публикации обозначается и комментируется символика памяти и знаки времени в пьесе Жана-Поля Сартра «Затворники Альтоны». Писатель строит текст произведения таким образом, чтобы, по авторскому замыслу, на сцене стали очевидны страдания военного преступника Франца фон Герлаха и его пособников, его родственников. Действительность военных лет и мирного времени уподобляется для них скрывающей истинное настоящее – «стене воспоминаний». Больной неврастеник Франц одержим видениями. Время в сознании всех персонажей раздваивается, превращаясь в объективное и субъективное. Иллюзии и призраки подаются автором пьесы как порождение несчастного экзистенциального сознания. Временные модусы, в свою очередь, представляют собой некую трассу, по которой движется «для-себя» главного героя, тщетно пытающееся законсервироваться в «в-себе» и свести все к событиям прошлого, застрявшем во временной петле его больного самосознания., The paper discusses symbolism of memory and time in Jean-Paul Sartre’s The Condemned of Altona. The writer structures the text so that the focus on the stage is given to the suffering of the war criminal Franz von Gerlach and his parents who are conceived by the author to be his supporters. The reality of the war years and peacetime is like a wall for them, which covers the real present. Time is splitting in the minds of the characters into objective and subjective, while the illusions and phantasms are shown by the author of the play to be the creatures of an unhappy existential consciousness. Time modes represent a certain route along which the main character’s “for-itself” moves. He tries in vain to preserve in “in-itself” and reduce everything to the events of the past, stuck in the time loop of his sick self-consciousness.

В современной социально-философской литературе вырос ис­следовательский интерес к вопросам социальной коммуникации в контексте обращения к различным аспектам социального бытия индивидов с ограниченными возможностями (ОВ). Показывается, что феноменологический базис интерсубъективности как базисной характеристики субъективного времени непосредственно связан с особенностями формирования опыта человека с ОВ в социальном бытии. Демонстрируется, что интерсубьективность приобре­тает особую значимость именно при интегральном изучении сфе­ры социального бытия, в которой осуществляется синтез индиви­дуально-личностных параметров индивидов с универсальными ха­рактеристиками мира повседневности индивидов с ограниченными возможностями. Анализируются коммуникационные установки ин­дивидов с ограниченными возможностями, имеющие отпечаток коллективного бытия, отличительной чертой которого высту­пает весьма высокая степень осознания и осмысления свободы са­мого индивида. Постулируется, что понимание интерсубьектив­ности в качестве значимой характеристики субъективного време­ни дает возможность индивиду с учетом собственного опыта реа­лизовать аккумуляцию внутренних ценностей и императивов, необ­ходимых для поддержания стабильности социального бытия. Пока­зывается, что интерпретативно-локальные модели конструи­руют социально-рациональную деятельность индивида с ОВ в пространстве повседневных отношений, они определяют контент доминирующих мнений и знаний, которые влияют на интенцио­нальность деятельности человека. Рассматриваются ситуации, в которых взаимодействие в рамках социальной координации позво­ляет индивиду с ограниченными возможностями приобщиться к спектру общезначимых ценностей мира обыденности людей с ОВ и найти наиболее комфортный сценарий вхождения в него., In modern socio-philosophical literature, research interest in the issues of social communication has grown in the context of addressing various aspects of the social life of individuals with disabilities (OS). It is shown that the phenomenological basis of intersubjectivity as a basic characteristic of subjective time is directly related to the features of the formation of the experience of a person with OB in social life. It is demonstrated that intersubjectivity acquires special significance precisely in the integral study of the sphere of social life, in which the synthesis of individual personal parameters of individuals with the universal characteristics of the world of everyday life of individuals with disabilities is carried out. The communication attitudes of individuals with disabilities are analyzed, which have the imprint of collective being, the hallmark of which is a very high degree of awareness and understanding of the freedom of the individual himself. It is postulated that the understanding of intersubjectivity as a significant characteristic of subjective time enables an individual, taking into account his own experience, to realize the accumulation of internal values and imperatives necessary to maintain the stability of social life. It is shown that interpretative-local models construct the socio-rational activity of an individual with OB in the space of everyday relationships, they determine the content of dominant opinions and knowledge that affect the intentionality of human activity. Situations are considered in which interaction within the framework of social coordination allows an individual with disabilities to join the spectrum of generally significant values of the world of everyday life of people with disabilities and find the most comfortable scenario for entering it., Социально-гуманитарные знания, Выпуск 3 2022, Pages 190-199

Building on research showing the influence of temporal focus on decision-making, I argue that the propensity to invest in and support radically novel ideas depends on the degree to which the members of the evaluating audience focus on the present time. I conducted a series of experiments to study how a disposition to think more about the present shifts audience members’ evaluative responses to novelty. My findings show that audience members with a strong focus on the present are more willing to support radical than incremental ideas. I further probe the underlying cognitive process by unveiling the mediating role of idea uncertainty. Focusing on audience members’ subjective experience of time and integrating it with novelty recognition offers valuable insight into research on creativity, innovation, and, more generally, social evaluation.

В современной литературе идет активное обсуждение становления концепции инклюзии с выходом на различные аспекты жизнедеятельности индивидов с ограниченными возможностями (ОВ). В статье показывается, что феноменологический подход является концептуальным основанием для исследования темпоральности как параметра субъективного времени индивида во включающем обществе. Постулируется, что темпоральность позволяет представить специфику переживания индивидом с ОВ становления своего бытия в особой социальной общности. Обосновывается значимость субъективного времени в интегральном представлении механизмов существования и функционирования включающего общества, в котором реализуется жизнедеятельность индивидов с ограниченными возможностями. Темпоральность представляется в качестве индивидуально-сущностного параметра в соотнесении с коллективным сознанием индивидов с ОВ в особой социальной группе. Целью статьи является исследование темпорального концепта «настоящего» как основного параметра сферы субъективного времени индивида во включающем обществе. Научная новизна заключается в использовании «длящегося настоящего» в определении путей и сценариев вхождения индивидов с ограниченными возможностями в пространство включающего общества. Методология работы базируется на философских, исторических и междисциплинарных комплексах, принимающих постулаты релевантности и комплементарности, позволяющих выявить динамические и структурно-функциональные параметры субъективного времени индивида во включающем обществе. Для корректного определения приоритетных направлений и тенденций развития и совершенствования включающего общества использовались методы трансцендентально-феноменологической редукции, феноменологической установки, интерпретативные методы. Значимую роль сыграли общефилософские методы и принципы исследования: системности, историзма, конкретного и абстрактного в научном познании., In modern literature, there is an active discussion of the formation of the concept of inclusion with access to various aspects of the life of individuals with disabilities. The article shows that the phenomenological approach is a conceptual basis for the study of temporality as a parameter of an individual's subjective time in an inclusive society. It is postulated that temporality allows for imagining the specifics of an individual's experience of the formation of their being in a special social community. The importance of subjective time in the integral representation of the mechanisms of existence and functioning of an inclusive society in which the life activity of individuals with disabilities is realized is substantiated. Temporality is presented as an individual-essential parameter in relation to the collective consciousness of individuals with disabilities in a special social group. The purpose of the article is to study the temporal concept of the "present" as the main parameter of the sphere of subjective time of an individual in an inclusive society. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the use of the "lasting present" in determining the ways and scenarios of the entry of individuals with disabilities into the space of inclusive society. The methodology of the work is based on philosophical, historical and interdisciplinary complexes that accept the postulates of relevance and complementarity, which make it possible to identify the dynamic and structural-functional parameters of an individual's subjective time in an inclusive society. To correctly identify priority directions and trends in the development and improvement of the inclusive society, the study uses the methods of transcendental-phenomenological reduction, as well as the phenomenological attitude, and interpretive methods. A significant role was played by general philosophical methods and the following principles of research: consistency, historicism, concrete and abstract in scientific knowledge., Международный научно-исследовательский журнал, Выпуск 4 (118) 2022, Pages 85-88

Pričujoča diplomska naloga obravnava Avguštinovo teorijo časa s poudarkom na njegovih zapisih iz XI. knjige Izpovedi. V uvodnem delu naloge na kratko predstavim Avguština samega in naredim krajši zgodovinski uvod v obravnavani tematski sklop, nato pa so prikazani tudi najpogostejši interpretativni pristopi k XI. knjigi Izpovedi. Po uvodnem delu skušam odgovoriti na vprašanje, kaj je čas za Avguština. V največjo pomoč mi je interpretacija Johna F. Callahana. Interpretacija avguštinskega časa je vpeta v primerjavo med Avguštinom in Aristotelom, sam pa poskušam zagovarjati tezo, da je Avguštin v enajsti knjigi izpovedi razmišljal o času kot dodatku človekovega uma oziroma duše in tako po njegovem obstaja čas subjektivno in ne objektivno, neodvisno od človekove zavesti. The thesis deals with Augustine's theory of time with emphasis on his records from the XI Book of Confessions. In the introduction, I briefly present Augustine himself and make a brief historical introduction to the discussed thematic set. After that, I move to the presentation of the most common interpretative approaches to the XI book of Confessions. After the introductory part, I want to answer the question of what is time for Augustine. My greatest help is the interpretation of John F. Callahan. The interpretation of the Augustinian time is included in the comparison between Augustine and Aristotle. My main objective is to present the thesis that time is an addition of the human mind or soul and there is time subjectively and not objectively, independent of human consciousness

Background: Time perception is a subjective experience or sense of time. Previous studies have shown that Alzheimer's dementia (AD) patients have time perception deficits compared to a cognitively unimpaired control group (CU). There are only a few studies on dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) patients' time perception in comparison with CU and AD patients. Early intervention and prescription of the right medicine may delay the deterioration of AD and DLB, moreover, knowing how prodromal AD (prAD) and prodromal DLB's (prDLB) time perception differ from each other might be helpful for future understanding of these two dementias. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explore the difference in time perception performance between prodromal AD and prodromal DLB.Methods: We invited people diagnosed with prAD, prDLB, and CU to participate in this study. Tests of verbal estimation of time and time interval production were used to assess their time perception. We analyzed the average time estimation (ATE), absolute error score (ABS), coefficient of variance (CV), and subjective temporal unit (STU) within the three groups.Results: A total of 40 prAD, 30 prDLB, and 47 CU completed the study. In the verbal estimation test, the CV for the prAD was higher than both prDLB and CU at the 9 s interval, and the CV of prAD was higher than CU at the 27 s interval. In the time interval production test, the subjective time units of prDLB were higher than prAD at the 10 s interval, while those of both prDLB and CU were higher than prAD at the 30 s interval. The percentage of subjects with STU < 1.0 s, indicating overestimation, was higher in prAD than both prDLB and CU.Conclusion: Time perception of prAD patients showed imprecision and overestimation of time, while prDLB tended to underestimate time intervals. No significant difference was found in accuracy among the three groups. It is speculated that the clinical and pathological severity of the two prodromal dementia stages may be different, and some patients have not yet had their time perception affected.

There are situations where it would be desirable to manipulate the subjective time, and many studies have proposed methods to manipulate the subjective time for purposes such as reducing waiting time. However, it isn’t easy to use previous methods in various situations because most of them use visual and auditory information. This study proposes a method to manipulate the subjective time by tactile stimuli of wrist-worn devices. Since wrist-worn devices such as smartwatches are widely used and can present tactile stimuli at any time, our method can be used without blocking visual or auditory perception channels. We designed tactile stimuli presentation methods that change the number of stimuli. The evaluation result clarified the elements of tactile stimuli that intentionally changed the subjective time and confirmed that our method could change the subjective time by about 21% (from -3% to 18%). Since few studies focused on the phenomenon that the subjective time changes depending on tactile stimuli of information devices, our study can contribute to designing information devices and user experiences.

espanolIntroduccion: En los tres niveles de atencion, cada dinamica institucional conlleva una connotacion particular del como se organiza la consulta y los tipos de encuentros. Las condiciones en que se genera el acto clinico no dependen unicamente de los sujetos implicados en la atencion, sino tambien de circunstancias ajenas a ellos, como son los procedimientos de operacion institucionales. Objetivo: Discutir por que el dispositivo institucional y el tiempo son relevantes para la clinica y, como esto repercute en las distintas formas de interaccion y la comunicacion medico-paciente. Material y metodos: El estudio es observacional de tipo cualitativo, se utilizo el metodo etnografico a partir de la observacion participante y conversaciones espontaneas. Resultados: Aunque la institucion intenta acotar el tiempo de espera de la consulta para mejorar la atencion, esto resulta dificil en tanto el encuentro clinico es situacional, y responde al contexto especifico. Si bien, con la ejecucion de UNIFILA el numero de pacientes por cada medico disminuyo, la nocion del tiempo se reconfiguro y con ello la practica medica y las interacciones. Conclusion: Las instituciones publicas cada vez estan mas influenciadas por el modelo economico-administrativo, por lo cual, el tiempo actua como un recurso con valor. La eficiencia esta incluida en la practica clinica, de tal forma que impera el tiempo objetivo y cuantificable por encima del tiempo subjetivo EnglishIntroduction: In the three levels of medical attention, institutional dynamics impact in particular ways the consultation and the types of encounters in particular ways. The conditions in which the clinical act is generated are dependent on both the persons involved in it as well as on the operation procedures of the institution. Objective: To discuss the reason why the institutional device and time are important to the clinical operation and how these influences in the different forms of interaction and communication among healthcare personnel and patients. Material and methods: This are an observational, qualitative study. The ethnographic method was used through participant observation and spontaneous conversations. Results: The clinical encounter in influenced by specific situations and contexts. This undermines the institution’s efforts to reduce the time spent in waiting for consultation through UNIFILA. This strategy decreased the number of patients per healthcare services provider but the time notion, as well as the medical practice and interactions were reelaborated. Conclusion: Public institutions are increasingly influenced by the administrative economic model, thus, time acts as a resource with value. Efficiency is included in clinical practice, in such a way that objective and quantifiable time prevails over subjective time.

This paper addresses the challenges of working with narcissistically vulnerable patients who suffer vast schisms between objective and subjective time. Such patients ward off awareness of temporal ...

An inspection of time-related research in marketing documents two dominant conceptualizations of time: objective time and subjective time. Objective time is straightforward, and refers to clock time. In contrast, subjective time is quite nuanced and refers to the differential experience and perception of time. Recognizing this distinction, a number of scholars have suggested that the marketing discipline relies upon objective time, and as a result, does not have a fully developed understanding of time. Conducting a historical assessment of time, we demonstrate that marketing has a conceptually-bounded view of time. We develop a conceptual framework that reconceptualizes time as objective and subjective and as experienced by multiple referents, and develop research propositions that highlight the importance of integrating a broadened view of time into marketing research, recognizing that we are better off thinking about time as objective time and subjective time. We conclude with a discussion highlighting future research opportunities.

Despite the prolific literature on the metaphorical representations of time, research on subjective time has been relatively scarce and limited. Interestingly, the linguistic expression of ...