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The geometric and color features of agricultural material along with related physical properties are critical to characterize and express its physical quality. The experiments were conducted to classify the physical characteristics like size, shape, color and texture and then workout the relationship between manual observations and using image processing techniques for weight and volume of the four wheat refractions i.e. sound, damaged, shriveled and broken grains of wheat variety PBW 725. A flatbed scanner was used to acquire the images and digital image processing method was used to process the images and output of image analysis was compared with the actual measurements data using digital vernier caliper. A linear relationship was observed between the axial dimensions of refractions between manual measurement and image processing method with R2 in the range of 0.798–0.947. The individual kernel weight and thousand grain weight of the refractions were observed to be in the range of 0.021–0.045 and 12.56–46.32 g respectively. Another linear relationship was found between individual kernel weight and projected area estimated using image processing methodology with R2 in the range of 0.841–0.920. The sphericity of the refractions varied in the range of 0.52–0.71. Analyses of the captured images suggest ellipsoid shape with convex geometry while the same observation was recorded by physical measurements also. A linear relationship was observed between the volume of refractions derived from measured dimensions and calculated from image with R2 in the range of 0.845–0.945. Various color and grey level co-variance matrix texture features were extracted from acquired images using the open-source Python programming language and OpenCV library which can exploit different machine and deep learning algorithms to properly classify these refractions.

Aim: The present investigation was undertaken to study the response of some garlic varieties of Allium sativum under different ambient and elevated CO2 and temperature conditions in order to investigate the physiological responses under changing climatic condition. Methodology: A two factorial CRD experiment was conducted for two years with four varieties of Allium sativum (Ekfutia Assam, Assam Local, Bhima Omkar and Bhima Purple) under four atmospheric regimes [T1= Ambient CO2 and temperature; T2= Carbon dioxide Temperature Gradient Tunnel-I (400 ppm CO2 + 2oC higher than ambient); T3 = Carbon dioxide Temperature Gradient Tunnel-II (550 ppm CO2 + 4oC higher than ambient); T4 = Carbon dioxide Temperature Gradient Tunnel-III (700 ppm CO2 + 6oC higher than ambient)]. Major changes in physiological parameters of the varieties were recorded in Carbon dioxide Temperature Gradient Tunnel-II as compared to ambient condition. The rate of photosynthesis was measured on fully expanded youngest leaves of each sample plant using a portable Infrared Gas Analyzer. Results: The mean photosynthetic rate of all four varieties grown over two years was 13.43% higher in Carbon dioxide Temperature Gradient Tunnel-II over varieties grown for two consecutive years under Ambient CO2 and temperature. However, high CO2 concentration and temperature stress significantly reduced the stomatal conductance approximately by 27.48%. Interpretation: The results of this study gives a comprehensive analysis of garlic varieties under four different climatic conditions of CO2 and temperature and revealed that Ekfutia Assam and Assam Local and garlic varieties Bhima Omkar and Bhima Purple were promising varieties as they responded significantly to elevated CO2 and temperature regimes. This may provide some critical inputs for optimizing the strategies in future farming and farming opportunities of this commercially and medicinally important crop under changing climatic conditions.

Objective: Is the level of shared decision-making (SDM) higher after introduction of a SDM package (including encounter decision aids on treatment options for heavy menstrual bleeding and training for clinicians) than before?. Methods: This before-after study, performed in OB-GYN practice, compared consultations before and after introduction of a SDM package. The target sample size was 25 patients per group. Women seeking treatment for heavy menstrual bleeding were eligible. After their appointments, patients filled out a three-item patient-reported SDM measure. Treatment discussions were audio-recorded and rated for SDM using Observer OPTION 5. Consultation transcripts in the ‘after’ group were checked for adherence to the steps required for intended use of decision aids. Results: 16 gynaecologists participated. 25 patients participated before introduction of the decision aids and 28 after. The proportion of women reporting optimal SDM was higher after introduction (75 %) than before (50 %;p < 0.001). The mean observer-rated level of SDM was also significantly higher after than before (MD = 12.50,95 % CI 5.53–19.47). Conclusion: The level of SDM was higher after the introduction of the package than before. Practice implications: This study was conducted in a real-life setting in three clinics, both large academic and small rural, offering opportunities for implementation in different type of organizations.

We assessed whether personal exposure to household air pollution [PM2.5 and black carbon (BC)] is associated with lung functions (FEV1, FVC, and their ratio) in non-smoking adults in rural Bangladesh. We measured personal exposure to PM2.5 using gravimetric analysis of PM2.5 mass and BC by reflectance measurement between April 2016 and June 2019. The average 24-hour PM2.5 and BC concentration was 141.0μgm−3 and 13.8μgm−3 for females, and 91.7 μgm−3 and 10.1 μgm−3 for males, respectively. A 1 μgm−3 increase in PM2.5 resulted in a 0.02 ml reduction in FEV1, 0.43 ml reduction in FVC, and 0.004% reduction in FEV1/FVC. We also found a similar inverse relationship between BC and lung functions (9.6 ml decrease in FEV1 and 18.5 ml decrease in FVC per 1μgm−3 increase in BC). A higher proportion of non-smoking biomass fuel users (50.1% of the females and 46.7% of the males) had restrictive patterns of lung function abnormalities, which need further exploration.

Background: With an overall mortality rate of about 5-7%, foreign body aspiration is a prevalent cause of illness and mortality in children. Studies on aspirated foreign bodies in kids in the Makkah region of Saudi Arabia are nonexistent. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate parental awareness of pediatric FBA in Taif, Saudi Arabia. Methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional study included interviewing participants and prompting them to fill in a questionnaire. The data obtained was analyzed using SPSS. Results: A total of 424 individuals (parents) who participated in this study were divided into the following three study groups: illiterate, undergraduate, and postgraduates. All groups exhibited inadequate overall knowledge of pediatric FBA, with a knowledge score of 67%. Furthermore, a significant association was observed between educational background and knowledge about pediatric FBA (p-value= 0.039); postgraduate participants scored higher than those in the undergraduate group. Conclusion: A significant number of parents exhibit low knowledge about pediatric FBA. However, most parents were aware of FBA management and prevention. We recommend that parents must be informed about the risks associated with pediatric FBA using several media platforms. Keywords: Parental, awareness, pediatric, FBA, Taif, Saudi

Raman spectroscopy provides excellent specificity forin vivopreclinical imaging through a readout of fingerprint-like spectra. To achieve sufficient sensitivity forin vivoRaman imaging, metallic gold nanoparticles larger than 10 nm were employed to amplify Raman signals via surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). However, the inability to excrete such large gold nanoparticles has restricted the translation of Raman imaging. Here we present Raman-active metallic gold supraclusters that are biodegradable and excretable as nanoclusters. Although the small size of the gold nanocluster building blocks compromises the electromagnetic field enhancement effect, the supraclusters exhibit bright and prominent Raman scattering comparable to that of large gold nanoparticle-based SERS nanotags due to high loading of NIR-resonant Raman dyes and much suppressed fluorescence background by metallic supraclusters. The bright Raman scattering of the supraclusters was pH-responsive, and we successfully performedin vivoRaman imaging of acidic tumors in mice. Furthermore, in contrast to large gold nanoparticles that remain in the liver and spleen, the supraclusters dissociated into small nanoclusters, and 73% of the administered dose to mice was excreted over 4 months. The highly excretable Raman supraclusters demonstrated here offer great potential for clinical applications ofin vivoRaman imaging by replacing non-excretable large gold nanoparticles.

Thalassemia is the most prevalent single gene defect in human beings worldwide. Repeated blood transfusions along with chelation therapy are mainstay of treatment in thalassemia patients. However these recurrent blood transfusions result in iron overload which along with chelation therapy causes deterioration of liver function. Aim of the study was to evaluate the liver function tests in β-thalassemia major patients. This cross sectional study was conducted in the Department of Biochemistry, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh from January 2017 to December 2017. In this study, 50 diagnosed patients of β Thalassemia major (Group A) and 50 apparently healthy children (Group B) of both sexes were selected from the department of Paediatrics, Dhaka medical college. The study parameters were serum ferritin, bilirubin, AST, ALT, ALP. The results were compared statistically between groups. Serum ferritin level (mean±SD) in thalassemic major patients in Group A (890±446.38 microgram/L) which is significantly higher above normal level. Serum bilirubin in Group A (3.27±2.62 mg/dl) and in Group B (0.48±0.24 mg/dl), Serum ALT in Group A (53.06±34.0 U/L) and in Group B (16.70±4.81 U/L), AST in Group A (84.56±33.54 U/L) and in Group B (11.60±2.72 U/L) and ALP levels in Group A (422.42±226.99 IU/L) and in Group B (221.86±80.54 IU/L). All the values were significantly higher (p0.001) in β-thalassemia patient than that of normal children. This study concludes that liver function parameters are significantly higher in β thalassemia major patients. So routine evaluation of liver function tests may be advocated for thalassemic patients to predict early onset of hepatic dysfunction.

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Background: The introduction of synthetic pesticides Lambda-cyhalothrinin for crop protection in general has significantly contributed to increased productivity. Lambda-cyhalothrin have been reported to cause toxic effects on humans, ranging from short-term effects such as headaches and nausea to chronic effects like cancer, reproductive damage and endocrine disruption. Lambda-cyhalothrin is a type-II highly active synthetic pyrethroid insecticide which contains a-cyano group. Lambda-cyhalothrin applied at the rate of 30 g a.i. ha-1 was found to be effective against shoot and fruit borer on brinjal. Methods: The analytical method for the determination of Lambda-cyhalothrin 5% EC (Test Item) on brinjal was validated as per DG-SANTE 2019 guideline. The field trails including the dissipation study and final residue study were conducted in a randomized block design in open field. As per recommendation, dose of test item (T1= 15 g a.i/ha; T2 = 30 g a.i/ha) were 500 L/hectare for Trial. Lambda-cyhalothrin residues of brinjal samples were determined at 0, 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 days at both application of recommended and double the recommended dose of test item. Result: The analytical method employed for determination of persistence residues of Lambda-cyhalothrin in brinjal was validated and found accurate and precise. The per cent dissipation of Lambda-cyhalothrin for the treatment T1 was 37.22% after 1 day which increased to 96.66% by 10th day, similarly for the double dose (T2) the initial dissipation was 57.14%, which increased to 99.7 % after 10th day. The half-life (T1/2) values of Lambda-cyhalothrin on brinjal were found to be 2.06 and 2.13 days for T1 and T2, respectively.

Air pollution in urban environments has been shown to have a negative impact on air quality and human health, particularly in megacities. Over recent decades, Delhi, India, has suffered high atmospheric pollution, with significant particulate matter (PM) concentrations as a result of anthropogenic activities. Organic aerosols (OAs) are composed of thousands of different chemical species and are one of the main constituents of submicron particles. However, quantitative knowledge of OA composition, their sources and their processes in urban environments is still limited. This is important particularly in India, as Delhi is a massive, inhomogeneous conurbation, where we would expect the apportionment and concentrations to vary depending on where in Delhi the measurements/source apportionment is performed, indicating the need for multisite measurements. This study presents the first multisite analysis carried out in India over different seasons, with a focus on identifying OA sources. The measurements were taken during 2018 at two sites in Delhi, India. One site was located at the India Meteorological Department, New Delhi (ND). The other site was located at the Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women, Old Delhi (OD). Non-refractory submicron aerosol (NR-PM1) concentrations (ammonium, nitrate, sulfate, chloride and organic aerosols) of four aerosol mass spectrometers were analysed. Collocated measurements of volatile organic compounds, black carbon, NOx and CO were performed. Positive matrix factorisation (PMF) analysis was performed to separate the organic fraction, identifying a number of conventional factors: hydrocarbon-like OAs (HOAs) related to traffic emissions, biomass burning OAs (BBOAs), cooking OAs (COAs) and secondary OAs (SOAs). A composition-based estimate of PM1 is defined by combining black carbon (BC) and NR-PM1 (C-PM1= BC + NR-PM1). No significant difference was observed in C-PM1 concentrations between sites, OD (142 ± 117 µg m−3) compared to ND (123 ± 71 µg m3), from post-monsoon measurements. A wider variability was observed between seasons, where pre-monsoon and monsoon showed C-PM1 concentrations lower than 60 µg m−3. A seasonal variation in C-PM1 composition was observed; SO42- showed a high contribution over pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons, while NO3- and Cl− had a higher contribution in winter and post-monsoon. The main primary aerosol source was from traffic, which is consistent with the PMF analysis and Aethalometer model analysis. Thus, in order to reduce PM1 concentrations in Delhi through local emission controls, traffic emission control offers the greatest opportunity. PMF–aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) mass spectra will help to improve future aerosol source apportionment studies. The information generated in this study increases our understanding of PM1 composition and OA sources in Delhi, India. Furthermore, the scientific findings provide significant information to strengthen legislation that aims to improve air quality in India.

This work deals with the ion-acoustic shock waves (IASWs) around the critical values in an unmagnetized pair–ions plasma with ( $$\alpha , q$$ )-distributed electrons by formulating the correct stationary solution of Burgers-type equations with higher-order corrections. By considering higher-order correction of the reductive perturbation technique, the modified Burgers(mB)-, and mixed modified Burgers(mmB)-type equations are derived. With the changes of viscosity coefficients of positive and negative ions, the electrostatic IASWs and normalized electric fields are investigated around the critical values. The current studies might be very useful to understand the behavior of shocks around the critical values in the F- and D-regions of Earth’s ionosphere, and the later experimental verification in plasma laboratory.

Regulatory is the heart of the pharmaceutical industries which acts as an interface between the industries and government authorities for the growth and development of the pharmaceutical industry of any country. In 2017, India was a pharmaceutical country valued at USD(United States Dollar)13 billion and accounting for 20 percent of worldwide exports, making the country the main supplier of generic drugs worldwide. Ministry of chemicals and fertilizers, and the Department of Pharmaceutical Products said that the national pharmaceutical market's gross revenue reached approximately US $ 18.12 billion in 2018 (Rs 129,015), growing 9.4% year-on-year and export retention in 2018 was US $ 17.88 billion and 19.14 billion US$ in 2019.The Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has increased by 13.1 percent to Rs 61,398 crore (US $ 8.98 billion) in the Union Budget 2019-20.The Indian pharmaceutical market is facing many difficulties such as central and state regulatory compliance, data integrity, ethics committee in clinical trials, governmental control over the price of medicine, lack of research and so on. We are discussing in our article top 10 pharmaceutical companies in business, their turnover in 2020 and challenge in today's era. We discuss future plans and solutions to problems, so that they can be ranked first in the world.

Diabetes is global health disorder affecting millions of people worldwide with the largest number of diabetic adults in India ranging around 61.3 million people. Use of indigenous foods has been advocated to reduce the incidence of chronic, diet related non-communicable diseases such as diabetes, obesity and CVD. In the present study an approach was made to develop and assess the functional efficacy of sorghum based composite flour mix for a period of 15 days on blood glucose level of alloxan induced diabetes rats. Out of all the seven groups, Group A showed no significant improvement in the blood sugar level at the end of the supplementation period, Group B showed significant increase in the blood glucose level while Group C showed significant decrease in the blood glucose level along with Groups D, E, F and G fed with sorghum based composite flour mix showed significant decrease in the blood sugar level. Thus it can be concluded that the blood glucose lowering effect of sorghum based composite flour may be due to the in situ composition of the composite flour mix which are potential sources of dietary fibres like cellulose, lignin, phytonutrients including tannins, phenolic acids, anthocyanins, phytosterols, polyphenols, and policosanols.

A pot experiment was conducted in the net house of the Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, to examine the effect of different levels of Zn and B on the major biochemical and nutritional quality of tomato fruits. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 replications along with two treatment factors viz., (i) four levels of Zn- like control, Zn @ 4.0 kg ha-1, Zn @ 6.0 kg ha-1 and Zn @ 8.0 kg ha-1; and (ii) three levels of B- like control, B @ 2.0 kg ha-1 and B @ 3.0 kg ha-1. Among the biochemical parameters- lycopene, total acidity, and vitamin C contents in tomato fruits ranged from 3.24-3.76 mg 100 g-1, 0.26-0.36%, and 21.76-26.40 mg 100 g-1 samples, respectively. The study results revealed that the highest amounts of lycopene and vitamin C were recorded from B @ 2.0 kg ha-1. Combined Zn and B applications showed a highly significant effect on total acidity, lycopene, and vitamin C contents of tomato fruits. Similarly, the application of Zn and B alone or in combination significantly affected the major nutrient contents of tomato fruits. The highest amounts of Ca, Mg, Na, K, and P were obtained from the application of Zn @ 4.0 kg ha-1, while the maximum amounts of Fe and Zn were recorded from Zn @ 8.0 kg ha-1 treatment. However, the application of B alone significantly reduced the contents of Ca, P, S, Fe, and Zn in tomato fruits while the contents of Mg, K, and Na remained almost unchanged. Finally, the study results concluded that the combined application of Zn and B (@ 4.0 and 2.0 kg ha-1, respectively) had a significant effect on major nutrients and biochemical characters of tomato fruits.

The fisheries sector in Bangladesh undergoes various post-harvest problems: the high post-harvest loss of fish. As fish is highly perishable, it needs proper handling, processing, and distribution in time. Ice is the major and primary material that is used in Bangladesh for fish preservation. Different methods are used for crushing ice. In the traditional method, ice is crushed with a heavy load by hand. This method is very laborious and most often does not provide a uniform shape. So, an attempt was taken to develop a low-cost ice crusher machine in the Department of Farm Power and Machinery, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. Based on the design and drawing, the machine was manufactured. Necessary materials to construct the machine were collected from the local market. The machine throughput capacity of the developed ice crusher was found 854.85 kg/hr. with an overall loss of 10.5%. Based on the test parameters, the machine performance was found satisfactory. The machine construction cost was estimated as Tk 11048. The operating cost for ice crushing was calculated, and it was found to be Tk 0.07/kg. This machine was simple at construction and the cost is also low, which indicates that the machine is suitable input for ice crushing to the marginal user. Where electricity is not available and large commercial heavy ice crushers are not available, this machine can be very suitable.

Head-on collisional phenomena of ion acoustic (IA) waves in electron–positron–ion magnetized plasmas are investigated through linear and nonlinear analyses. The plasma system is considered collisionless and comprising cold ions, kappa distributed cold electrons, and positrons. Dispersion relation is derived with the aid of the linear perturbation method. The two sided nonlinear Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equations are derived employing extended Poincare-Lighthill-Kuo (ePLK) method. The effects of wave frequency on linear group velocity with species density ratio are studied. Further, the production of ion acoustic solitons in terms of ion gyrofrequency ( $${\omega }_{\mathrm{g}}$$ ), superthermality parameters for electrons ( $${\kappa }_{\mathrm{e}}$$ ), and positrons ( $${\kappa }_{\mathrm{p}}$$ ) is investigated. Additionally, the effects of obliqueness (angle between magnetic field and wave propagation vector) on nonlinearity coefficient and phase shifts with density ratios (positron to electron and ion to electron) are demonstrated.

This experiment was conducted at the central farm of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, [23.740 N latitude and 90.350 E longitude] Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka, Bangladesh, during the period of March to May, 2014 to study the Whitefly and Thrips pest incidence in mungbean and their management practices BARI Mung-5 was used as the test crop for this experiment. The experiment consists of the following treatments: T1: Nitro 505EC (Chloropyrifos+Cypermethrin) @ 2 ml/L of water at 10 days interval; T2: Casper 5 SG (Emamectin Benzoate) @ 2gm/L; T3: Voliam Flexi (Thiamethoxam+Chlorantraniliprole) @ 0.25 ml/L; T4: Tapnor 40 EC (Dimethoate) @ 2.0 ml/L; T5: Allion 2.5 EC (Lamda-Cyhalothrin) @; T6: Admire 200SL (Imidachorpid) @ 0.25 ml/Land T7: Control. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The lowest number of whitefly infestation per plant in the vegetative stage (4.18) and reproductive stage (2.13) was recorded from T6 treatment, whereas the highest (14.44) and (8.10) was recorded from T7 treatment in respective stage. Thrips infestation was higher (6.32) per 5 flower was recorded from T7 treatment whereas lower infestation (1.88) per 10 flower was recorded from T6. The lowest yield per hectare (1.27 ton) was found in T7 and lowest benefit cost ratio (4.16) was found in T5 whereas highest yield per hectare (1.53 ton) was found in T6 and highest benefit cost ratio (12.81) was found in T3 treatment. Among the management practices for controlling whitefly and thrips of mungbean Admire 200SL @ 0.25 ml/L of water was more effective which was followed by Voliam Flexi (Thiamethoxam+Chlorantraniliprole) @ 0.25 ml/L of water Farmers should use Admire 200SL(Imidachorpid) @ 0.25 ml/L of water at 10 days interval for controlling whitefly and thrips in mungbean.

A simulated fracture model was used to determine the ability of the medial and lateral patellar facet views in detecting magnitudes of articular displacement. Transverse patellar fractures were simulated in ten patients. Medial and lateral translation of the distal fragment were evaluated in 1 mm increments and rotational malalignment along the longitudinal axis of the patella was evaluated in 5 mm increments. In comparison to the true lateral view, the utilization of the medial and lateral patellar facet views considerably improves detection of occult articular surface malreduction.

In multi-access edge computing (MEC), most existing task software caching works focus on statically caching data at the network edge, which may hardly preserve high reusability due to the time-varying user requests in practice. To this end, this work considers dynamic task software caching at the MEC server to assist users' task execution. Specifically, we formulate a joint task software caching update (TSCU) and computation offloading (COMO) problem to minimize users' energy consumption while guaranteeing delay constraints, where the limited cache size and computation capability of the MEC server, as well as the time-varying task demand of users are investigated. This problem is proved to be non-deterministic polynomial-time hard, so we transform it into two sub-problems according to their temporal correlations, i.e., the real-time COMO problem and the Markov decision process-based TSCU problem. We first model the COMO problem as a multi-user game and propose a decentralized algorithm to address its Nash equilibrium solution. We then propose a double deep Q-network (DDQN)-based method to solve the TSCU policy. To reduce the computation complexity and convergence time, we provide a new design for the deep neural network (DNN) in DDQN, named state coding and action aggregation (SCAA). In SCAA-DNN, we introduce a dropout mechanism in the input layer to code users' activity states. Additionally, at the output layer, we devise a two-layer architecture to dynamically aggregate caching actions, which is able to solve the huge state-action space problem. Simulation results show that the proposed solution outperforms existing schemes, saving over 12% energy, and converges with fewer training episodes., 32 pages, 10 figures

This work proposes a novel resource allocation strategy for anti-jamming in Cognitive Radio using Active Inference ($\textit{AIn}$), and a cognitive-UAV is employed as a case study. An Active Generalized Dynamic Bayesian Network (Active-GDBN) is proposed to represent the external environment that jointly encodes the physical signal dynamics and the dynamic interaction between UAV and jammer in the spectrum. We cast the action and planning as a Bayesian inference problem that can be solved by avoiding surprising states (minimizing abnormality) during online learning. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed $\textit{AIn}$ approach in minimizing abnormalities (maximizing rewards) and has a high convergence speed by comparing it with the conventional Frequency Hopping and Q-learning.

Objectives Sinonasal mucosal melanoma (SNMM) is an extremely rare and challenging sinonasal malignancy with a poor prognosis. Standard treatment involves complete surgical resection, but the role of adjuvant therapy remains unclear. Crucially, our understanding of its clinical presentation, course, and optimal treatment remains limited, and few advancements in improving its management have been made in the recent past. Methods We conducted an international multicenter retrospective analysis of 505 SNMM cases from 11 institutions across the United States, United Kingdom, Ireland, and continental Europe. Data on clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical outcomes were assessed. Results One-, three-, and five-year recurrence-free and overall survival were 61.4, 30.6, and 22.0%, and 77.6, 49.2, and 38.3%, respectively. Compared with disease confined to the nasal cavity, sinus involvement confers significantly worse survival; based on this, further stratifying the T3 stage was highly prognostic (p Conclusions We present findings from the largest cohort of SNMM reported to date. We demonstrate the potential utility of further stratifying the T3 stage by sinus involvement and present promising data on the benefit of immune checkpoint inhibitors for recurrent, persistent, or metastatic disease with implications for future clinical trials in this field.

Background Molecular genetics has been extremely useful in determining the relation between animal populations and documenting the degrees of genetic variation found within them. The present study was undertaken to evaluate genetic diversity and the relationships between the three camel populations reared in Egypt: Maghrabi, Sudani, and Baladi using mitochondrial 16S sequences and other breeds of camels in the world. Methods Blood samples were collected from camels belonging to these three populations. Genomic DNA was extracted from the collected blood samples and subjected to PCR using specific primers for mitochondrial 16S region. The amplified products were purified using DNA purification kit to remove residual primers and dNTPs. Sequencing was performed in the Macrogen Incorporation. The amplified products were submitted to GenBank/NCBI under accession numbers OM 278349 and OM 278350 Results Sequencing was done on the partial mitochondrial 16S amplified fragments at 530 bp. This amplified area had two haplotypes. There was one substitution (G/A) at nucleotide 309 of the amplified segment. The nucleotide (π) and Hd stand for haplotype diversity, respectively, at 0.00008 and 0.042, and the average number of pairwise nucleotide differences, k, is 0.042, according to Fu’s Fs statistic and Tajima’s D, which is −1.10686. Genetic distance percentages between the three populations under study range from 0.000 to 0.0312. A phylogenetic analysis of Egyptian camel populations and other Camelus dromedarius populations revealed a strong relationship between them. Conclusions This study suggests that the 16S rRNA sequencing in mitochondria plays a critical role in genetic variation studies and analysis of phylogeny between camel populations and breeds.