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Organizations that cooperatively innovate with each other go through the following four co-innovation strategies: autonomous strategy making; cooperative strategy making; founding a co-innovative joint organization; and the realization of innovations. The interfirm network approach is used here to describe and apply these stages to a Dutch construction industry research project.

Research and development projects are better run if management understands how their endeavors affect the interests of stakeholders. A methodology is discussed here for systematically analyzing stakeholder issues.

In the development of knowledge-based economies there are two important issues of concern: one is the extent to which knowledge is shared or diffused and the second is the direction of the diffusion or flow. As globalization of technology increases, multinational enterprises (MNEs) require rapid growth of overseas research and development (R&D) capacity. This leads to two trends: the establishment of overseas R&D facilities and sharing knowledge within host countries. This paper investigated the R&D programs and facilities of foreign firms based in Taiwan and their impact on the flow of knowledge in Taiwan. The major findings reported suggest that the strategic importance of the Taiwanese market is the dominant reason for MNEs to establish overseas R&D units in Taiwan. In addition, foreign R&D investment had a significant impact on Taiwan's knowledge-flow system. From these results some policy suggestions are offered, and implications for future research described. Keywords: Multinational enterprises (MNEs); Overseas R&D organizations; Knowledge flow

The authors investigate collaborative research projects in the LINK program of the United Kingdom. They establish a new measurement of success different from the one used by the LINK program.

Data Envelopment Analysis and a Value Creation Model are used to rank and select research projects from a group of projects. These techniques allow computerization of the decision-making process as well as careful consideration of complex decisions.

While the entire world is consumed with grief over the losses resulting from the 9-11 acts of terror, natural disasters take a toll each and every year. Indeed, as final […]

Research is presented concerning the emphasis which has been given to collective research and the growing number of scientific papers published by collaborating scientists. Competition between scientists is discussed.

Research into the application of real options theory to valuing research in the service sector is presented. It is concluded that options theory represents the most rigorous approach to research evaluation available.

Research describing the wage structure for engineers in Spain is presented. In particular the differences in pay between engineers engaged in research and those in other fields is examined.

Research describing the dynamics of technological innovation in the pharmaceutical industry is presented. The study uses the introduction of new medicines from 1800 as its basis along with company economic data.

A new study investigates whether disciplinary and interdisciplinary research should be reviewed in similar ways.

Experiments are known to be powerful tools in assessing the effectiveness of interventions. Notwithstanding this knowledge, randomized field trials have been little used in criminal justice settings. The researchers discuss their experiences implementing two experiments: one in a courthouse and the other in a police agency. Despite the different settings, common problems surfaced in both randomized field trials. The authors discuss obstacles faced in implementing and running experiments and suggest some strategies for avoiding these problems. It is the researchers' hope that such a candid discussion will help others to design and implement stronger experiments.

The growth of the service sector, at a rate that is 10 times that of non-service industries, has led to an increase in funding for R&D initiatives. The focus of R&D, traditionally in the manufacturing industries, is shifting to service industries such as finance, trade, real estate, engineering , health and insurance. The shift has also resulted in the determination of two of the most important aspects of R&D for services, speed of operation and customer participation.

NCR, the company that brought us the cash register and the ATM, has a glitzy new research division - funded partly by the company's customers. Will it remake technology? Or […]

The ability of long-term research to generate intellectual capital is the reason behind its endurance despite being subjected to cutbacks similar to other corporate expenditures. Arguments for long-term research include its ability to develop new sources of profitability. Other reasons include links to technology development, aid in recruiting quality staff, the discovery of proprietary technology, participation in the scientific community and effects on growth.

Kraft's Research & Development Center is a crucial component of the company's drive to reign supreme in the food industry. In R&D, where science and business converge, people have to [...]

A few years ago, IBM's vaunted Research division went through a stormy upheaval. But the labs have bounced back, and the future looks bright. You hear Bernie Meyerson before you […]

Efficient portfolio management is paramount to adding shareholder value in any organization. However, the art of portfolio management stretches beyond evaluation techniques. More significantly, it is the ability to promote actionable steps utilizing all company assets that allows managers to create shareholder wealth. The strategy table approach to R&D portfolio management helps focus efforts into this realm of action for the following reasons: 1) It generates alternatives where choices will actually be entertained (the equivocal projects); 2) It eliminates unnecessary analysis where no alternatives are under consideration (doomed, favorite projects); 3) It focuses decision makers on portfolio issues rather than project issues; 4) It provides the materials necessary to communicate a recommendation for action. Although significant challenges remain to make this approach commonplace, it appears to be an attractive methodology that should be considered for effective R&D portfolio management.

The effect of transaction-cost related factors on the governance of external research was examined. The transaction costs were studied according to specific attributes to the research and development (R&D) project such as the stage in the R&D process, number of partners implied, technological fields covered and the geographical scope and the duration of the project. The transaction cost theory led to the formulation of the hypothesis that the higher the transaction costs relative to market governance, the more likely that the governance structure will move towards hierarchy.

A well-designed and well-executed case study research constitutes good science. To ensure that a case study is good research, a standard of process rigor must be applied in the design and execution. Among the important elements of this process rigor are the identification of the intent of the case, care in collecting and analyzing data, analytical aids for qualitative data, logical construction of the paper and limitations and questions for further research.

Evaluations of Cooperative Research and Development Agreements (CRADA) between government agencies and private firms reveals that CRADAs are more effective if they draw on the historic missions and capabilities of laboratories rather than on civilian technologies. The study also points out that CRADAs may be made more effective if budgetary and managerial flexibility is increased, if laboratory researchers are made more familiar with user needs, if a high degree of commitment by parties is ensured, and if internal R&D and technical expertise in adopting the technology developed is increased.

Object process methodology may be used for the system modeling of research and development (R&D) domain. This is a tool used to assist R&D meet the needs of clients. To assess the performance of R&D, the object-process analysis (OPA) can be utilized. The elements of the system, its environment and their interaction may be examined using OPA. The framework used in the paper enables the user to analyze the issues that R&D managers should take note in the management, planning and assessment of R&D.

A UK project which researched cigarette smoking amongst working class women with children included a dissemination element. The dissemination phase was considered important because the UK health system is recognized as having a weakness in the dissemination and application of research-based findings. Researchers designed an information pack which was accessible and relevant to health care practitioners working with pregnant women or women with young children. An evaluation phase revealed that the pack had been effective in increasing knowledge of smoking issues and smoking cessation work amongst both practitioner and student groups.

Research collaboration, if perceived in its real context, refers to associated working of researchers to achieve a common goal. This definition, however, is too broad to differentiate it from other collaborative institutions and sectors. Research collaboration offers several benefits such as intellectual championship, joint development of skills, effective transfer of knowledge and the improvement of potential visibility of researches. Recently, collaboration is prevalent in the research industry due to the increasing cost of conducting research, increased specialization demand and the growing significance of interdisciplinary studies.

Academic researchers are faced with the pressure of commercializing their research findings, working with industry, as governments all over the world establish channels to foster the exploitation of science and to champion technology transfer. The victorious commercialization of an educational innovation is largely contingent on the appropriability enclosing the innovation. It is advisable that researchers consider establishing a spin-out company to optimize the return of their work.

Methodologies for choosing research priorities that address the needs of the social environment but remain compatible with the existing structure of an academic institution are not well articulated in current research literature. A proposed step-wise procedure involves the identification of potential research areas as well as the selection of optimal areas by evaluating their academic potentials, technological relevance, local relevance, and consistency and synergy with existing capabilities.

Large industrial development projects can be incorporated into graduate engineering programs to prepare students for R & D careers. The SUNSAT low- earth orbit micro-satellite development project conducted by the Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department of South Africa's Stellenbosch University provided students with applied knowledge of systems engineering as well as project and technology management in engineering organizations. At the same time, the students were able to produce a relatively high level technology product.

The policy study program and research on vocational and technical education and training sponsored by the World Bank and other international agencies were examined. Although the results of the program are available in published form, the process through which these publications are developed is not made known beyond those who were directly involved in the study. This might mislead others into thinking that the policy program research was the only knowledge base of the study. The information that over 900 other studies and reports were also consulted to accomplish the study's aims is as important as the results of the study itself., The outcomes of a policy study are, of course, shaped by the nature of the knowledge base on which it rests, and this knowledge base is in turn largely determined [...]

The blocking strategy uses prior knowledge of sources of variation to improve experimental sensitivity. The experiment is conducted in such a way that the variabilities can be properly measured within blocks. Examples of the method's operation verify its usefulness and flexibility in fostering improvements on a continuous basis. This practical design strategy for experimenters scores over the complete randomization strategy in terms of efficiency and effectiveness.

A model aiming to explain differences in R&D performance among research-intensive companies is introduced. It expounds on the theory of science as a public good, supporting this with a game-theoretic argument for individual firm choices of openness or secrecy regarding scientific information. Firms with a policy of openness are more productive than those opting for secrecy.

Three priority-setting models for government research are proposed as alternatives to existing and restrictive cost-benefit analysis models. They are user-based, institutional and political. The three facilitate a systematic process review based on 'changing outcomes by changing processes.' A discussion of their merits and disadvantages is also given along with examples of public research programs in New Zealand and Australia.