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This study is an extension of recently reported research concerning the relationships between business simulation game complexity and student perceptions of “learning,”“monotony,” and “appropriateness of challenge.” A game of intermediate-level complexity was used at two education levels. Findings from the current study are compared with findings from an earlier study's intermediate-level complexity game. A number of questions with respect to the earlier findings are raised.

Experienced teachers ( n = 12) and inexperienced education students ( n = 20) from regular and special education participated in microcomputer-simulated spelling lessons involving four pupils who were programmed to misbehave by making off-task comments. During baseline sessions, significant differences were found between the behavior management skills of experienced teachers and those of education students. Over the course of two training sessions (each approximately 20 min. in duration), the education students made significant gains in behavior management skills as indicated by two dependent measures (number of intervention attempts per talkout and mean time per intervention attempt). After training, the education students' management of off-task behavior approximated that of experienced teachers. Gains were maintained over a period of approximately one month. Results suggest that the simulation may be an effective and efficient means of training both regular and special education students in fundamental behavior management skills. Development of more complex computer routines, more difficult and realistic simulations of misbehavior, and tests of generalization of skills to actual classrooms are under way.

As part of a laboratory evaluation, measurements of abrasion loss and tensile enamel--sealant bond strengths have been made on three visible light cured sealants (two filled, one unfilled), two chemically cured sealants (one filled and one unfilled) and an experimental sealant with alumina filler particles. A UV-cured filled sealant was used as a control. The unfilled sealants had abrasion loss approximately twice that of the filled commercial sealants. The experimental sealant, with filler content above 50%, had an abrasion loss approximately half that of the filled commercial sealants. The chemical cured sealants had bond strengths lower than the UV-cured control, while the bond strengths of the two visible light-cured filled sealants and the experimental sealant were not statistically different from either the unfilled visible light-cured sealant or from the UV-cured filled sealant.

Forty-six male and forty-six female third grade children were assigned to one of two experimental conditions. In one condition Ss were told that they were going to take several tests and were than administered three subtests from the nonverbal battery of the WISC. In the second condition Ss were told that they were going to play several games and were than administered the same three subtests. An analysis of variance applied to the resulting summed scores revealed one significant main effect, task definition (p < .01).

Recently, concern has been expressed that the blue light sources used to initiate polymerization of dental material may cause retinal damage. Maximum permissible daily exposure times for four blue light-curing units were calculated using the criteria of the American Conference of Governmental and Industrial Hygienists. For direct viewing of the light sources, maximum permissible exposure varies between 12 and 30 min for the light sources tested. In practice, it is more likely that the operator will be exposed to light reflected from the patient's mouth. This allows a relaxation in maximum permissible exposure to between 40 and 100 min daily. Several manufacturers have now produced safety shields and glasses to protect dental personnel from eye hazards. Three such products were evaluated and results showed that they do eliminate potentially harmful blue light. It is concluded that, given current usage, the risk to most users of blue light polymerizing sources is minimal. However, surgery personnel with cumulative daily exposure times of the order of 1 h should consider the use of appropriate protective eyewear.

A novel lower removable acrylic appliance to investigate the pathogenesis of the incipient carious lesion in enamel is described. Pilot enamel demineralisation and remineralisation studies have been u

There are few available analytical methods with which an industrial hygienist can perform near real-time identification and quantitation of gases and vapors in the workplace. At present, the instruments that come the closest to fulfilling this need are based on either Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy or mass spectroscopy (MS). In order to investigate the applicability of FTIR to the qualitative and quantitative analysis of gas and vapor emissions in the workplace, an investigation was carried out to choose optimal conditions that could maximize the signal from individual target analytes and minimize the potential for interference. In all cases, the limit of detection (LOD) of individual air contaminants was below the threshold limit value (TLV®).

A variety of methods has been employed to produce artificial caries-like enamel lesions. The aim of this paper was to use a pH-cycling regime to compare the de-/remineralization behavior of lesions prepared by two methods. Lesions were produced by use of either an acidified undialyzed gelatin system or a buffered solution. Enamel sections, each containing four lesions, were allocated to four groups (A, B, C, D) and subjected to a daily ph-cycling regime of 16-hour demineralization and eight-hour remineralization. Groups A & B contained gelatin-prepared lesions, whereas Groups C & D contained solution-prepared lesions. To the remineralizing solutions used in Groups B & D, 2 ppm fluoride was added. The mineral content in the lesions was assessed, by means of microradiography/microdensitometry, at baseline and at intervals for six weeks. The lesions in all four groups exhibited net demineralization. In terms of the total mineral lost from the lesion (the Δz parameter), the demineralization rates of the solution-prepared lesions were significantly greater than those of the corresponding gelatin-prepared lesions. All sections in the non-fluoride groups showed subsurface demineralization in initially sound enamel, whereas only one section in the fluoride groups showed an area of mineral loss. Laminations in the mineral content profiles were apparent only in Group D. The results of this study indicate that the method of lesion preparation affects the subsequent behavior of lesions when exposed to de- and remineralizing protocols.

Research has indicated the basic instructional and behavior management skills needed for effective teaching of pupils who need remedial or special education. Notwithstanding this research, teacher training programs seldom if ever provide optimal practice of and feedback on these skills. Progress in teacher training is impeded by practical difficulties in providing systematically planned and controlled experiences with children. Microcomputer simulation of pupils offers one means of addressing some of the practical problems of teacher training. A simulation is described and general findings to date are summarized. Anticipated developments and potential benefits are discussed.

Summary Two experiments tested the maintenance of reaction time (RT) speed as a function of a single presentation of knowledge of results (KR) administered early in a series of RT trials to female university students. The results of Experiment 1 (n = 80) indicated that RT performance deterioration across trials in the KR group was significantly less severe than in a no-KR control group and that Ss' explicit goal-setting during the experiment did not appear to contribute to the KR effect. In Experiment 2 (n = 72) evidence was found that the KR influence of Experiment 1 was anchored to an anticipatory function—that is, KR administered early in a series of trials motivated Ss to try harder than before by leading them to believe that they would receive knowledge of their subsequent performance.

Previous investigations at the Curry School of Education have shown microcomputer-based simulation of classroom interactions to increase participants' use of appropriate instructional techniques with computer-generated pupils. This paper describes the basic operational components of the simulation and introduces recently developed classroom management training options. Undergraduate education students exposed to two brief sessions of the classroom management simulation demonstrated significant mean reductions in the percentage of inappropriate attempts to control disruptive behavior, a characteristic of many handicapped pupils. Participants who received a printed record of their initial performance showed a significantly greater average decrease in inappropriate management techniques during the second session than did those who received no such performance feedback.

During three 13-minute lessons, a group of 61 preservice teachers individually conducted a spelling lesson with 16 computer-defined pupils—pupils who could both emit voice-synthesized replies and visually respond to a teacher's comment or touch. Results revealed that preservice teachers quickly acquired both effective teaching and behavior intervention skills. Third session follow-up results revealed skill maintenance or, in many cases, further improvement. Participant questionnaire responses paralleled the behavioral results. The current simulation's training success was linked to its capacity (1) for creating a realistic teaching environment and (2) for offering participants clear post-teaching feedback.

A microcomputer-based simulation is being developed to assist parents and speech clinicians-in-training in intervening effectively with a stuttering child. The experience centers on the participant's maintenance of an active verbal dialogue with a computer-generated preschool stutterer whose speech-synthesized fluency level can be directly linked to the participant's verbal behavior. In an initial test of the system's evaluation efficacy, the intervention behaviors exhibited by a group of eight experienced speech pathologists were compared with those exhibited by a group of eight entry-level speech pathology students. The experienced group showed superior intervention particularly on rate-of-speech variables. Efforts are also focusing on increasing the system's coding sensitivity and on assessing its potential as a vehicle for the direct training of effective intervention skills.

The important differences between Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and filter infrared (FIR) systems for air monitoring are explored, and the strengths and weaknesses of these technologies when applied to industrial hygiene problems are defined and illustrated with actual workplace air monitoring examples. The discussion of the differences in FTIR and FIR instrumentation is structured around the principal components of these spectrophotometers: the optical, sample, and data handling and interpretation systems. Workplace air monitoring applications that are discussed as illustrations of the relative utility of these systems are remote sensing at a hazardous waste site, emissions from a chemical vapor deposition furnace, irritating odors from resin regeneration, and trichloroethylene and Freon® samples from a degreasing operation. In addition, cautionary notes are given for the application of FTIR by nonspectroscopists. Finally, the direction of future research and technical advances are discussed.

Summary The aim of this study was to measure the rise in temperature during: (i) a single cycle of a curing light unit, (ii) the polymerization of a layer of light-cured lining material, and (iii) the polymerization of a light-cured posterior composite material, and also during combinations of these individual procedures. Experimental work was undertaken in vitro and measurements were made using a thermocouple placed centrally in an insulated PTFE well. Large temperature rises occurred with the use of the curing light alone. The lining material itself did not contribute significantly to the rise in temperature during curing, nor did it provide thermal insulation from the output temperature emitted by the light guide. The presence of a layer of posterior composite reduced the temperature transmitted from the light but the residual temperature rise transmitted was still of such a magnitude as to cause concern regarding possible thermal injury to the pulp.

This article describes a microcomputer-based simulation which was developed to provide elementary teachers-in-training with experiences in realistic instructional interactions (with computer-defined students) before they proceed to classroom encounters with real children. Both the system's hardware base and its functional operations are discussed. Particular attention is directed toward enumerating the types of teacher origin, student participation and teacher consequation that comprise the simulation's interactional cycles. Finally, evidence verifying the utility of the simulation and its projected future applications are presented.

This is the second part of the report on the 1982 literature on dental materials. Included are reviews on impression, cast, die and mould materials, polymeric prosthetic materials, aspects of adhesion, fissure sealants, composite resins, cements and endodontic materials.

Paper chromatography has been used in combination with neutron activation analysis to analyze the polar lubricity additive zinc dihexyldithiophosphate. This additive is shown to contain small but significant quantities of both phosphorous and zinc-containing polar impurities. Results of lubricity tests suggest that these polar impurities are adsorbed preferentially on a metal surface and therefore are available for the lubrication reaction in preference to the zinc dihexyldithiophosphate molecule itself. An acid phosphate-type compound is believed to be the active polar impurity controlling the wear behavior of zinc dihexyldithiophosphate. A chemical lubrication mechanism for zinc dialkyldithiophosphate is proposed. This lubrication mechanism involves the formation of a metal phosphate surface film. The agreement between this mechanism and lubrication data presented by previous investigators is discussed. Presented as an American Society of Lubrication Engineers paper at the ASME/ASLE International Lubric...

72 8-yr.-old indigent children, equally divided according to race and sex, were administered Form A of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test via tape recorder, then randomly assigned to one of three treatment conditions. Treatment 1 Ss received alternate Form B of the Peabody according to standard testing instructions. Treatment 2 children also received the alternative form, except each S was provided with immediate knowledge as to his accuracy on each test item. Treatment 3 was similar to that of Treatment 2, except the correct responses of children in this group were extrinsically rewarded according to a fixed ratio schedule. Analysis of variance of the difference scores yielded a significant effect for race but not for treatment.

Nitrogen in 12 milk samples was measured in 19 laboratories by the Kjeldahl method. Three of the 19 laboratories were excluded from statistical analysis because the nitrogen values they reported differed markedly from those reported by the remaining 16 laboratories. The average standard deviation for the determinations was 0.012% nitrogen, which is equal to 0.077% protein. Analysis of variance indicated that the error due to the laboratories effect was significant when 16 laboratories were considered. When the laboratories were sorted according to various experience criteria, the variations due to laboratories were significant. When the laboratories were blocked according to catalyst used, the variation among laboratories was not significant.

Measurements of choroidal blood flow have been made in 34 anaesthetized rabbits by monitoring the clearance of 85-Krypton from the eye. Systemic blood pressure, blood gases and pH were monitored simultaneously and only flow rates within a narrow physiological range of these parameters are presented. In general, the clearance curves contained four exponential components. The physical explanation of these different components is discussed.

1) Serum complement levels were always low in 40 cases with acute and subacute glomerulonephritis. 2) Serum complement levels were low in 27 of 29 cases with the nephrotic syndrome whether or not underlying glomerulonephritis could be demonstrated. 3) The low complement levels were not due to loss of complement into the urine, lack of formation or anticomplementary factors. 4) Spontaneous remissions of the nephrotic syndrome were preceded in 11 of 13 instances by high fever. Depression of the eosinophil count (4 patients) and a rise in urinary 17-ketosteroids (1 patient) were observed. 5) Complement rose prior to the diuresis in spontaneous remissions, and fell prior to relapses. 6) Rise in serum complement and diuresis occurred independent of changes in plasma protein levels and changes in plasma oncotic pressure. 7) In the nephrotic syndrome large doses of ACTH and oral cortisone led to a rise in complement levels followed by diuresis. Relapses were preceded by a fall in complement. 8) ACTH given for 3 to 8 weeks on 3 successive days of each week after an initial 7 to 10 day course of ACTH was accompanied by long-lasting remissions in 3 out of 6 patients. 9) Oral cortisone given in high doses in a similar schedule after an initial 7 to 10 day course of ACTH was accompanied by long remissions in 16 out of 18 patients when given for 6 to 30 courses. 10) Cortisone maintenance therapy led to a rapid return to normal in the levels of plasma protein and cholesterol and a reduction of proteinuria. 11) Cortisone maintenance therapy did not produce diuresis in 4 patients but prevented relapses in a high percentage of patients. 12) There was no fatality in 29 patients with the nephrotic syndrome observed for from 3 to 40 months during or after maintenance therapy.

In an ABA research design, out-of-seat behavior of 22 first graders was effectively controlled by using common classroom rewards. An automated light display placed at the front of the classroom functioned as a secondary reinforcer for in-seat behavior. The experimental procedures effected a 97.5% decrease in out-of-seat behavior (p

Two thoracic extradural cysts are described which occurred in the same patient. It is suggested that the origin of the cysts may be different, one arising as a developmental abnormality of durai reduplication and the other as a diverticulum of one or both membranes or by the prolapse of arachnoid through a congenital defect in the durai sheath of a nerve root.

The effects of immediate knowledge of results and task definition (test versus experimental exercise) upon answering multiple-choice questions were evaluated in a group of graduate education students. Regarding imme diate ongoing performance, knowledge resulted in a loss of accuracy, and when coupled with defining the task as a test, yielded a lengthening of task completion time. Nervousness in Ss receiving the immediate knowledge was also increased. On a test taken some eight weeks after the administration of the experimental variables, performance of those students having received knowledge on the previous assessment appeared unaffected, while performance of students having been told on the previous assessment that they were completing a no-count ex perimental exercise was significantly depressed. Such findings cast serious doubt on the advisability of using immediate feedback procedures and task labels indiscriminately in assessment applications. SEVERAL RESEARCHERS have reported that immediate item-by-item knowledge of correctness

Summry.-This study investigated the effects of success or failure priming under timed or untimed conditions on (1) perceived cask proficiency, (2) goal setting for subsequent performance and (3) performance on a verbal analogy test given to 160 female undergraduates. Ss who had experienced success perceived higher percentile rankings in a group of peers and set higher goals than Ss who had experienced failure. Priming. whether success or failure, had no effect on test performance, and a post hoc analysis failed to show a relationship between goal-setting and performance. Ic is common for the educator to "prime" students with easy introductory material so as to instill motivation and thus active participation in desired learning tasks. Indeed, Stanley and Hopkins (1972, p. 188) advise teachers in preparing examinations "for motivational purposes, let items 1 and 2 be easy so that almost nobody will miss them." Locke (1968) has offered a theoretical basis for such priming by contending that knowledge of prior performance influences the goal a subject sets for subsequent performance and that this goal, in turn, functions as a major motivational determinant of later performance. In this context, a testee who is aware of success via easy priming will set a high goal for subsequent performance and will then work hard to achieve this goal. The present study addressed priming in relation to possible goal setting with a verbal analogy task. The aim was to investigate the effect of priming, i.e., prior success or failure, on (a) perceived general task proficiency as measured by estimated ranking among peers, (b) specific task goals for subsequent performance, and (c) later performance on the analogy test.

The effect of baseline lesion mineral loss on the remineralization of enamel lesions by a sodium fluoride dentifrice was studied in situ by means of an appliance carrying enamel sections. Artificial lesions of various sizes were created, by means of acidified gelatin, and were then mounted on the appliances of five volunteers. Each brushed twice daily for two min with a 1000 ppm F sodium fluoride dentifrice. Measurements of mineral content were made at baseline and at weekly intervals by microradiographic/microdensitometric techniques. Data from all five volunteers showed a linear increase in remineralization rate with increasing lesion size. Thus, in studies which compare the effects of different remineralizing formulations, care must be taken to ensure that initial lesion sizes are matched, or that the results are expressed as a percentage change in mineral content.

During relatively minor surgical procedures under halothane anaesthesia, an increase in plasma protein-bound iodine concentration was observed. In patients previously given thyroxine labelled with radio-iodine, plasma radioactivity concentrations also increased. There was a concomitant decrease in radioactivity in the liver. The results suggest that anaesthesia leads to a progressive discharge of protein-bound thyroxine from the liver into the plasma. The effect is believed to be reversible.