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A strong convergent and discriminant pattern exists between matched scales of the Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality and the Dimensional Assessment of Personality Pathology-Basic Questionnaire (DAPP-BQ). Analysis of the instruments' structures shows the existence of five factors, four of which correspond to neuroticism, introversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness. All the scales fail to show similar level of convergence.

Measures of perceived alcohol and tobacco availability to underage middle and high school students have high internal consistency. However, the test-retest correlations of these measures, and single-item measures of reported buying attempts and sources of tobacco and alcohol are low to moderate. There are insignificant differences in the variables of tobacco and alcohol use and availability, and demographics across administrations at different times. Development of measures for assessing availability of tobacco and alcohol to underage population is recommended.

Simulated data for a two-group repeated measurements design were generated with different numbers of equally-spaced measurements interposed between baseline and the end of the study. A standard repeated measurements ANOVA for a split-pilot design was used to test the significance of the between-groups main effect, the Geisser-Greenhouse corrected groups x times interaction, and the difference in linear trends across time. The analyses were repeated with and without baseline measurements entered as a covariate in the model. Monte Carlo results confirmed that increasing the number of repeated measurements across a fixed treatment period generally had negative or neutral implications for power of the tests of significance in the presence of serial dependencies that produced heterogeneous correlations among the repeated measurements.

Alternative forms of a self-report measure of Africentrism were tested through four studies. Psychometric analyses demonstrated that the measure's reliability was significantly above a minimum criterion for group comparisons. Moreover, evidence of the measure's construct validity and known-groups validity was found. A 15-item version of the measure was recommended for future testing.

This paper presents an overview of a useful approach for theory testing in the social sciences that combines the principles of psychometric meta-analysis and structural equations modeling. In this approach to theory testing, the estimated true score correlations between the constructs of interest are established through the application of meta-analysis (Hunter & Schmidt, 1990), and structural equations modeling is then applied to the matrix of estimated true score correlations. The potential advantages and limitations of this approach are presented. The approach enables researchers to test complex theories involving several constructs that cannot all be measured in a single study. Decision points are identified, the options available to a researcher are enumerated, and the potential problems as well as the prospects of each are discussed. (Reprinted by permission of the publisher.)

The Holden Psychological Screening Inventory was considered reliable in its evaluation of 84 forensic psychiatric adult patients for psychopathology. The inventory was also compared to results received usingJackson's Basic Personality Inventory and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. It can be used with nonclinical and clinical populations.

The main aim of a scale development is to provide a valid measure for a construct. An important role can be played by factor analysis in guaranteeing the unidimensionality and discriminant validity of scales. In the choice scale items, the aim is more for unidimensionality, than for internal consistency. Theoretical principles can be used to optimize the construct validity of psychological measurement scales and subscales.

Further research on rat problem-solving behavior confirms that Anderson's (1993, 1995) findings differed due to strain differences and not because of psychometric properties of the test batteries. The performance of male rats in seven laboratory tests confirms that unlesioned rats show no evidence of the intelligence (g) factor. A direct relationship exists between the number of brain structures required to mediate test performance and the g loading of a test. Psychometric g factor can be the appropriate measure for detecting neuropsychological deficit, as it is sensitive to most brain lesions.

Two studies challenging the empirical basis of the Law of Diminishing Returns show that it is actually half of the First Law of Intelligence. The law depends on the high correlations found in samples at the lower end of the ability continuum. The law fails to take the task difficulty factor into account. Results also assert that correlations on perceptual speed measures are similar for the high and low ability groups.

Confirmatory factor analysis in two large samples (N=411 and N=1,235) was conducted to examine the convergent and discriminant validity of the 74-item (revised) and 41-item (reduced) versions of the substitutes for leadership scales recently developed by Podsakoff, Niehoff, MacKenzie, and Williams (1993), and Podsakoff, MacKenzie, and Fetter (1993). Following this, the reliabilities and subscale intercorrelations of the two versions of the scale were compared in order to determine how faithfully the 41-item version represents the 74-item scale. Next, the reliabilities of both versions were compared with the reliability of Kerr and Jermier's (1978) original scale, and their nomological validity was evaluated. The overall pattern of results indicated that both versions were reasonably reliable and valid, and both were better than Kerr and Jermier's original scale. (Reprinted by permission of the publisher.)

A study of the psychometric status of Marital Coping Inventory (MCI) in 60 newlywed couples, using Conflict, Self-Blame, Positive Approach and Self-Interest subscales, revealed the reliability and validity of MCI. Wives used Conflict and Self-Blame strategies more, while all measures intercorrelated among spouses. Higher scores on Conflict and Self-Interest were correlated with low marital satisfaction. Positive Approach also had a negative relation to marital satisfaction. The Avoidance subscale had low internal consistency across gender.

The sentence-picture verification task has received a great deal of attention over the years, and it has been a source of many interesting findings concernin the relationships between individual differences in people's abilities, task performance and strategy selection. However, there are a number of problems wit interpreting data from this task as it appears to be particularly difficult to reliably classify subjects into distinct strategy groups. The purpose of this work was to review the various classification systems used by previous researchers and assess their validity. No system was found to be without problems, and it is suggested that previous conclusions derived from this task may not be justified., The sentence-picture verification task is an important paradigm that has been used to investigate the relationship between individual differences in cognitiv abilities and strategy selection. Interesting findings have come to [...]

Extraction of good psychometric g, the general factor denoting the common source of variance in mental ability tests, is possible through different methods, making the recommendation of a single method for the identification difficult. The identification requires the use of independent variables, factor analysis, principal factor analysis and oblaque rotation of factor and the reflection of each variable to arrive at a hypothetical value and checking it with Linear Structural Relations.

This target article by Estes (1950) sparked the mathematical learning theory movement, which took seriously the goal of predicting quantitative details of behavioral data from standard learning expe The central constructs of Estes's theory were stimulus variability, stimulus sampling, and stimulus-response association by contiguity, all cast within a framework enabling predictions of response probabilities and latencies. The math models enterprise flourished during the period 195019 5 and provided successful quantitative accounts of data from Pavlovian and instrumental conditioning probability learning, verbal learning, concept identification, and other standard learning paradigms. The techniques have been assimilated into the armamentarium of theoretical psychology. Stimulus sampling theory has faded away as it has been transformed into modern descendants such as connectionism and information-processing models of cognition.

This Thurstone (1927a) article developed a representational measurement model of comparative judgment; estimated discrimination probabilities yield scale values that imply values of other proba not yet observed, if the model provides a true representation. In practice, the accuracy of such inferences is captured by 'goodness-of-fit' statistics. The specific representational measureme model developed can yield magnitude measurement on psychological dimensions for which no corresponding physical dimensions exist (e.g., favorability of 'attitude toward'). This revolutionar article led to the development of many other representational measurement models. As opposed to psychophysics, however, the introduction of 'true measurement' in social, attitudinal, and personali psychology did not yield the rapid progress Thurstone envisioned, and currently this specific model is seldom used in these areas.

Following a brief summary of the major ideas and assumptions of Thurstone's (1927a) 'A Law of Comparative Judgment' and a discussion of its historical context, this article reviews the subsequen major developments of this model in the sensory area. They are grouped as (a) response criteria, which Thurstone incorrectly believed to be of little significance, (b) several interpretations of th underlying continuum, (c) extensions of his formalism to choice and absolute identification, (d) the possibility of non-Gaussian distributions, and (e) extensions to multidimensional representations.

Factor analyses of results of the Cognition Checklist (CCL) given to 1,907 outpatients with DSM-III-R disorders and 290 university students justified the division of the CCL into 12-item Anxiety (CCL-A) and 14-item Depression (CCL-D) subscales for outpatients and partially justified this division for students. The CCL-D correlated more noticeably with depression symptom measures and the CCL-A with anxiety symptom measures, confirming expected discriminant and convergent validity coefficients. While the CCL is suited to measure depression and anxiety in a primarily white sample of psychiatric outpatients, it is inadequate for primarily white Canadian undergraduates.

Results of four studies of the psychometric properties of the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS) reveal that it is a sound and dependable instrument for measuring avoidance-, emotion- and task-oriented coping. The studies analyzed the stability factor structure of the CISS in 483 adults and 832 college students, the connection between two established measures of general coping styles and the CISS, the CISS's association with measures of psychopathology and the relationship between situation-specific coping responses in two separate stressful conditions and CISS-determined coping style.

Conscious perception is substantially overestimated when standard measurement techniques are used. That overestimation has contributed to the controversial nature of studies of unconscious perception. A process-dissociation procedure (L. L. Jacoby, 1991) was used for separately estimating the contribution of conscious and unconscious perception to performance of a stem-completion task. Unambiguous evidence for unconscious perception was obtained in 4 experiments. In Experiment 1, decreasing the duration of a briefly presented word diminished the contribution of both conscious and unconscious perception. In Experiments 2-4, dividing attention reduced the contribution of conscious perception while leaving that of unconscious perception unchanged. Discussion focuses on the measurement of awareness and the relation between perception and memory.

Two studies supported hypotheses that (a) published scales tapping coping through processing and expressing emotion are confounded with psychopathology; (b) previously demonstrated relations between emotional approach coping (EAC) and maladjustment are partially spurious; and (c) EAC, when tapped by items uncontaminated by distress, is beneficial under specific conditions. In Study 1, 194 psychologists rated a majority of published items, but no author-constructed EAC item, as indicative of pathology. Study 2 assessed relations of confounded and unconfounded EAC scales to 171 young adults' adjustment during stressful events. Confounded items evidenced weaker discriminant validity with distress measures than did unconfounded items, and they were weaker predictors of later maladjustment when initial adjustment was controlled than when it was not. Unconfounded EAC predicted improved adjustment for women and poorer adjustment for men over time.

The psychometric properties of the African Self-Consciousness (ASC) scale is analyzed by the application of the ASC scale to a noncollege, heterogeneous population of African Americans. The application indicates the perfect validity of the ASC scale. The validity is also confirmed by the principal axes factor analyses of Baldwin and Bell. The scale is valid psychometrically and is capable of indicating several information.

The development of methods for demonstrating clinical (in addition to statistical) significance has been referred to as one of the major advances in outcome research. In a recent article, Speer (1992; Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60, 402-408) suggested that the Reliable Change (RC) Index neglects possible confounding of improvement rate estimates by regression to the mean, to which latter's existence he concludes when a negative correlation between initial score and amount of change is observed. Speer (1992) proposed an alternative method that incorporates an adjustment which minimizes this confound when statistical regression has been empirically shown to be present. In the present paper, it is argued that both the rationale for arriving at this alternative method and the method itself are erroneous. Introducing |RC.sub.ID~, the present authors provide a modification and refinement of the RC Index by improving the pre-post difference score, taking into account regression to the mean due to measurement unreliability. Further advantages of the |RC.sub.ID~ Index are briefly discussed.

This study investigated the reliability and construct validity of the Children's Depression Scale. Data were gathered from an Australian sample of male and female students with a mean age of 14.9 years (N = 202). Factor analysis using principal components was conducted to develop a revised version of the scale. Four factors met the stipulated criteria and accounted for 54% of the variance. The revised subscales, three with five items and one with four items, were shown to have strong construct and face validity and high reliability. further work on this measure is necessary to refine it for future research.

Schmidt and Hunter (1989) critiqued the within-group interrater reliability statistic (r sub wg) described by James, Demaree, and Wolf (1984). Kozlowski and Hattrup (1992) responded to the Schmidt and Hunter critique and argued that r sub wg is a suitable index of interrater agreement. This article focuses on the interpretation of r sub wg as a measure of agreement among judges' ratings of asingle target. A new derivation of r sub wg is given that underscores this interpretation. (Reprinted by permission of the publisher.)

Social and mental phenomena are slippery creatures, rapidly mutating and subject to dynamics that make them hard to catch in our research nets. Mattaini and Kirk (1991) have provided an [...]

The purpose of the present study is to assess the internal consistency and construct validity of three instruments measuring the use of influence tactics. Instruments by Frost and Stahelski (1988) and Hinkin and Schriesheim (1989) had been developed to be psychometrically sound measures of the French and Raven (1959) bases of power. Kipnis and Schmidt (1982a) developed a new typology to measure organizational influence, the Profile of Organizational Influence Strategies (POIS). Four hundred seventy-nine undergraduate students completed these instruments to describe the influence tactics used by their supervisor. Results indicated that the Hinkin and Schriesheim instrument has greater internal consistency and a more precisely defined factor structure than the Frost and Stahelski instrument. The corresponding scales of the two instruments measuring the French and Raven power bases are not highly correlated, suggesting that the two instruments are not equivalent. Furthermore, the pattern of correlations between scales of the three instruments suggests that neither the French and Raven nor the POIS typology fully represents the structure of influence tactics.

The present study was concerned with investigating the nature of assessment center exercises. Bem and Funder's (1978) technique of classifying and comparing situations in behavioral terms was applied to the measurement of exercises in an assessment center with ratings reflecting exercise factors. Six assessors created templates for each of the four exercises. Intercorrelations between the mean template ratings suggested that the exercises were not viewed as similar situations. Moreover, some relationship was found between exercise similarity and performance consistency. It is proposed that these differences in exercise content may be responsible for the inability to find cross-situational consistencies in candidate behavior in a typical assessment center. Practical implications and extensions of this study are discussed.

The aim of this study was to determine whether a group of 48 patients with obsessions and compulsions differed from a group of 26 patients with obsessions alone, on the basis of demographic variables, variables relating to obsessive-compulsive neurosis, psychological variables and treatment outcome. It was found that they differed significantly in the following areas: marital status, level of education, age at onset of complaints, psychoactive medication taken when admitted for treatment, severity of obsessive-compulsive complaints, depression and intelligence. No difference was found as far as treatment outcome was concerned. Patients suffering from obsessions alone, would appear to form a distinct sub-group within the group of obsessive-compulsive patients as a whole.

This paper reports an attempt to replicate and extend a study by Rose and Staats (Behavior Research and Therapy, 26, 489-494, 1988) and reviews their attempts to find support for two subtypes of depression as predicted by the Staats-Heiby theory of unipolar depression. Due to methodological and analytical problems in the work by Rose and Staats (1988) it was felt that the conclusions they drew were unjustified. In this study 160 university students completed the Mood Related subscales of the Pleasant (PES-MR) and Unpleasant Event Schedules (UES-MR) and the Beck Depression Inventory. Overall, the contention that different subtypes of depression could be differentiated on the basis of the interaction between frequency of events and the affective value of events was not supported. However, there was some support for the role of pleasant event frequency, unpleasant event frequency, and event unpleasantness in depression. The results indicate that the relationship between event frequency and hedonic strength differs between the PES-MR and UES-MR. It is argued that the research methodology and analyses used could not adequately assess the hypotheses generated from the Staats-Heiby model.

The source of interference with color-naming emotional words in clinical anxiety was investigated using word sets that were varied in valence and in their judged relationship to the concerns of anxious patients. Results showed that neither valence nor general emotionality was of critical importance in predicting extent of interference. In contrast, words that were judged to be highly related to likely concerns or relevant threats caused more interference than those which were not, irrespective of their positive or negative valence. These results suggest the need to modify earlier formulations of emotional Stroop effects, and may help to explain the variable results obtained in previous investigations.

The construction of the Pain-Related Self Statements Scale (PRSS) and the Pain-Related Control Scale (PRCS) is described. The PRSS assesses situation-specific aspects of patients' cognitive coping with pain, while the PRCS measures general attitudes towards pain. The reliability and validity of these scales were determined in a sample of 120 chronic pain patients suffering from various rheumatic disorders, 213 patients who suffered from chronic back pain, 44 patients with temporomandibular pain and dysfunction and 38 healthy controls. The analysis of the PRSS yielded two scales termed 'Catastrophizing' and 'Coping'; the PRSC consists of the subscales 'Helplessness' and 'Resourcefulness'. All four subscales were demonstrated to be valid and sensitive to change, and they are closely related to pain intensity and interference from pain experiences.

Analysis of unmarried college students' responses about dating aggression using a modified Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS) has revealed little difference from the results of an earlier study focusing on married couples. The component structure of CTS responses was similar for male and female subjects. Two studies on CTS analyzed the component structure in a sample of unmarried college students. The response pattern of male and female subjects was compared and the replicability of the results examined. Results of the study indicated that CTS-based indices for determining dating and marital aggression need to be examined closely.

This article outlines a general, argument-based approach to validation, develops an interpretive argument for a placement test as an example, and examines some key properties of interpretive arguments. Validity is associated with the interpretation assigned to test scores rather than with the test scores or the test. The interpretation involves an argument leading from the scores to score-based statements or decisions, and the validity of the interpretation depends on the plausibility of this interpretive argument. The interpretive arguments associated with most test-score interpretations involve multiple inferences and assumptions. An explicit recognition of the inferences and assumptions in the interpretive argument makes it possible to identify the kinds of evidence needed to evaluate the argument. Evidence for the inferences and assumptions in the argument supports the interpretation, and evidence against any part of the argument casts doubt on the interpretation.

The origins and later history of 4 articles that have been frequently cited are discussed. Evidence is offered that a large citation count does not imply that an article's intended message has been widely understood and appreciated.

The diathesis-stress and causal mediation components of the hopelessness theory of depression (Abramson, Metalsky, & Alloy, 1989) were tested using a prospective methodology. Measures of the 3 vulnerability factors posited by the theory (cognitive diatheses about cause, consequences, and self) were completed by 152 Ss at Time (T) 1. Ss completed measures of depressive symptoms, anxious symptoms, and hopelessness at T1 and again at T2, 5 weeks later. Naturally occurring stressors were assessed at T2 (covering the T1-T2 interval). Consistent with the diathesis-stress component, each Cognitive Diathesis X Stress (CD X S) interaction predicted onset of depressive symptoms from T1 to T2. In contrast, the CD X S interactions predicted neither state nor trait anxiety. In addition, 2 of the 3 CD X S interactions (those involving cause and self, but not consequences) were partially mediated by hopelessness. Implications for future work on the hopelessness theory of depression are discussed.

In 2 studies, the Inclusion of Other in the Self (IOS) Scale, a single-item, pictorial measure of closeness, demonstrated alternate-form and test-retest reliability; convergent validity with the Relationship Closeness Inventory (Berscheid, Snyder, & Omoto, 1989), the Sternberg (1988) Intimacy Scale, and other measures; discriminant validity; minimal social desirability correlations; and predictive validity for whether romantic relationships were intact 3 months later. Also identified and cross-validated were (a) a 2-factor closeness model - Feeling Close and Behaving Close - and (b) longevity-closeness correlations that were small for women versus moderately positive for men. Five supplementary studies showed convergent and construct validity with marital satisfaction and commitment and with a reaction-time-based cognitive measure of closeness in married couples; and with intimacy and attraction measures in stranger dyads following laboratory closeness-generating tasks. In 3 final studies most Ss interpreted IOS Scale diagrams as depicting interconnectedness.

A general model of faking on self-report personality test items is proposed and empirically evaluated. The model predicts that differential test item response latencies should be faster for schemacongruent test answers than for noncongruent responses. Thus, individuals faking good should take relatively longer to endorse socially undesirable test item content than desirable test item content. Conversely, individuals faking bad should endorse socially desirable test item content relatively slower than undesirable test item content. Support for the model was found to generalize across personality inventories and across populations of university students and maximum security prisoners. Conflicting results from previous research are viewed in terms of the model. Further testing of the model's generality and practical relevance is discussed.

Fundamental measurement and models are developed by autonomous or 'intelligent' agents which can internally represent parts of the external worldand can interact with this world by using effector and receptor systems. The key to the development of measurement concepts is that there is some empirical structure that has to be represented numerically as embodied by the axiomatic measurement theory.

Measurement theory is an important tool in research psychology. One of its concepts, the representational viewpoint of measurement suggests that numerical representation is guided by theoretial construction which may be viewed as scales of representation relations. The scales used in psychological rsearch may not be equivalent to those of physicists but they also have attributes of uniqueness and homogeneity. Measurement theory also deems meaningfulness of scientific statements, models and statistics important since this concept affects the predictability of psychological data.

ALCOVE (attention learning covering map) is a connectionist model of category learning that incorporates an exemplar-based representation (Medin & Schaffer, 1978; Nosofsky, 1986) with error-driven learning (Gluck & Bower, 1988; Rumelhart, Hinton & Williams, 1986). ALCOVE selectively attends to relevant stimulus dimensions, is sensitive to correlated dimensions, can account for a form of base-rate neglect, does not suffer catastrophic forgetting, and can exhibit 3-stage (U-shaped) learning of high-frequency exceptions to rules, whereas such effects are not easily accounted for by models using other combinations of representation and learning method.

The purpose of this article is to provide simple but accurate methods for comparing correlation coefficients between a dependent variable and set of independent variables. The methods are simple extensions of Dunn & Clark's (1969) work using the Fisher z transformation and include a test and confidence interval for comparing two correlated correlations, a test for heterogeneity, and a test and confidence interval for a contrast among k (>2) correlated correlations. Also briefly discussed is why the traditional Hotelling's t test for comparing correlated correlations is generally not appropriate in practice.

The Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire is a self-report personality inventory measuring three major personality dimensions: Novelty Seeking, Harm Avoidance, and Reward Dependence. Normative data, based on a U.S. national probability sample of 1,019 adults, are presented and the psychometric properties of the questionnaire are discussed.

English-language versions of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (Form G) measure of psychological type and the NEO-FFI measure of the Big Five personality factors were completed by 57 Polish university students fluent in the English language. The pattern of correlations between MBTI and NEO-FFI scales for the Polish sample was compared to the pattern of correlations for measures of these same constructs reported for Americans. Four of the five significant relationships between MBTI and NEO-FFI scales reported in the American sample were also recorded in the Polish sample: MBTI Extraversion-Introversion with NEO Extraversion, MBTI Sensing-Intuition and MBTI Judging-Perceiving with NEO-Openness, and MBTI Judging-Perceiving with NEO Conscientiousness. Pending replication with a larger, more representative sample, this preliminary study supports the validity of psychological type in Polish society.