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We examined the effects of various acidic polysaccharides isolated from marine algae on the infection and replication of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1). It was found that sulfated fucan polysaccharides, ascophyllan, and two fucoidans derived from different sources significantly inhibited the early step of HIV-1 (R9 and JR-FL) infection, while they did not affect the late step. The alginate oligomer consisted of uronic acids and sulfated-galactan porphyran showed no significant inhibitory effects. In addition, ascophyllan and two fucoidans inhibited the early step of HBV infection in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, these polysaccharides inhibited the early step of HCV infection but had no inhibitory effects on HTLV-1 replication. To further examine the specificity of these polysaccharides in viral infections, we used vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-G-pseudotyped HIV-1 infection. Ascophyllan, the two fucoidans, and alginate oligomer also potently inhibited VSV-G-pseudotyped HIV-1 infection in HeLa cells. Taken together, these results suggest that the acidic polysaccharides used in this study are capable of inhibiting the early step of viral infections depending on the polysaccharides but not in a strict species-specific manner.

The anti-inflammatory properties of porphyrans (D1-D4) obtained from four discolored nori (Pyropia yezoensis) with different growth backgrounds were studied to examine possible variations in their bioactivities. Elution profiles of the porphyrans on Sepharose 4B indicated that D2-porphyran had relatively lower-molecular-size porphyrans than the other porphyrans. Inhibitory activities of the four porphyrans against nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) secretion by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells were different, whereas no significant differences were observed in the sulfate and anhydrogalactose levels. D2-porphyran showed the highest inhibitory activity against NO and TNF-α secretion by LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, whereas D3- and D4-porphyrans had almost no activity. All porphyrans were efficiently degraded by free radical generated with ascorbate and hydrogen peroxide. The free-radical degradation resulted in a significant increase in the inhibitory activities of the four porphyrans against NO and TNF-α secretion, with varying rates depending on the porphyrans. The ability of D2-porphyran to suppress the receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis in RAW264.7 cells was also significantly enhanced after degradation. Our results suggest that molecular size is an important factor affecting the anti-inflammatory activity of porphyrans, and radical degradation might be a promising procedure to obtain active low-molecular-size porphyrans.

Porphyran is a sulfated polysaccharide extracted from Pyropia, a genus of marine red algae. In this study, the biological activity of porphyran from Pyropia yezoensis as an oral hypolipidemic agent in Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice was investigated. Porphyran lowered serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C/HDL-C) ratio 28 days after administration. Porphyran at a dose of 200 mg kg−1 d−1 can decrease the percentage of body weight gain (BWG) and serum lipid profiles of mice significantly, similar to Zhibituo (a hypolipidemic drug approved by the China Food and Drug Administration in 2009). The mice that have taken porphyran showed an obvious increase in the fecal TC and TG compared with the blank control group. The liver weight, lipid composition (TG and TC), liver damage index (serum alanine aminotransferase, ALT; aspartate aminotransaminase, AST; and alkaline phosphatase, ALP), and hepatocyte morphology results in mice on a high-fat diet imply that dietary administration of porphyran can alleviate liver damage induced by the diet. Therefore, porphyran may be useful as a functional food additive, hypolipidemic, and liver-protective agent.

In the present study various extraction methodologies have been adopted to derive sulfated polysaccharides (SPs) called as porphyran (POR) from low tide (LT) and high tide (HT) samples of Porphyra vietnamensis. Initially various taxonomical differences among LT and HT samples of P. vietnamensis were evaluated. Later on various physico-chemical and antifungal properties were determined. Our results suggested that P. vietnamensis collected during LT yields high percentage of SPs with relatively low molecular weight (MW) and high sulfate content than the HT sample. Among various extraction methodologies alkali modified POR yields low MW polysaccharide but surprisingly with high sulfate content which have shown improved physico-chemical and antifungal properties than chitosan (CS) without any toxicological affects. However, extensive research is further required to explore the molecular pathways inhibited or stimulated in this process.

The chemical and rheological properties of natural and enzymatically hydrolyzed porphyran isolated from Pyropia yezoensis were investigated. The enzymatic hydrolysate was prepared by hydrolysis of porphyran using ${\beta}$ -agarase followed by fractionation based on molecular weight (>300 kDa (...

The dense microbial ecosystem in the gut is intimately connected to numerous facets of human biology, and manipulation of the gut microbiota has broad implications for human health. In the absence of profound perturbation, the bacterial strains that reside within an individual are mostly stable over time1. By contrast, the fate of exogenous commensal and probiotic strains applied to an established microbiota is variable, generally unpredictable and greatly influenced by the background microbiota2,3. Therefore, analysis of the factors that govern strain engraftment and abundance is of critical importance to the emerging field of microbiome reprogramming. Here we generate an exclusive metabolic niche in mice via administration of a marine polysaccharide, porphyran, and an exogenous Bacteroides strain harbouring a rare gene cluster for porphyran utilization. Privileged nutrient access enables reliable engraftment of the exogenous strain at predictable abundances in mice harbouring diverse communities of gut microbes. This targeted dietary support is sufficient to overcome priority exclusion by an isogenic strain4, and enables strain replacement. We demonstrate transfer of the 60-kb porphyran utilization locus into a naive strain of Bacteroides, and show finely tuned control of strain abundance in the mouse gut across multiple orders of magnitude by varying porphyran dosage. Finally, we show that this system enables the introduction of a new strain into the colonic crypt ecosystem. These data highlight the influence of nutrient availability in shaping microbiota membership, expand the ability to perform a broad spectrum of investigations in the context of a complex microbiota, and have implications for cell-based therapeutic strategies in the gut. Finely tuned control of strain engraftment and abundance in the mouse gut microbiota was achieved using the marine polysaccharide porphyran, which could exclusively be used by an introduced subset of wild-type or genetically modified Bacteroides strains.

Sugar O-methylation shields algal polysaccharides against microbial hydrolytic enzymes. Here, we describe cytochrome P450 monooxygenases from marine bacteria that, together with appropriate redox-partner proteins, catalyze the oxidative demethylation of 6-O-methyl-D-galactose, which is an abundant monosaccharide of the algal polysaccharides agarose and porphyran. This previously unknown biological function extends the group of carbohydrate-active enzymes to include the class of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases.

The effects of toasting, simulated gimgui (dried and toasted laver) manufacturing, on lipid oxidation and antioxidant and pigment contents of dried laver (Porphyra spp.) were evaluated by peroxide value (POV) and conjugated dienoic acid (CDA) value measurement, HPLC, and spectrophotometry. Dried laver was toasted for 40 or 300 s at 120℃, or for 2 or 5 s at 250℃. The POV and CDA contents were significantly higher in the toasted samples (0.60-0.69 mmol/kg and 2.17-4.20%, respectively) except in samples toasted at 120℃ for 40 s, compared to those in the non-toasted samples (0.43 mmol/kg and 1.21%, respectively). Chlorophyll was the most stable pigment during toasting (>90% retention), followed by carotenoids (50-77% retention) and phycocyanins and phycoerythrins (13-73% retention). Porphyran was the most stable antioxidant (>95% retention), and polyphenols, the most unstable antioxidant (24-75% retention). Despite the degradation of pigments and antioxidants during toasting, the dried laver still contained health-benefiting components after toasting.

Marine polysaccharides have been found as the principle component in cell wall structures of seaweeds or exoskeletons of crustaceans. Due to numerous pharmaceutical properties of marine polysaccharides such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, antitumor, antiobesity, antidiabetes, anticoagulant, antiviral, immunomodulatory, cardioprotective, and antihepatopathy activities, they have been applied in many fields of biomaterials, food, cosmetic, and pharmacology. Recently, several marine polysaccharides such alginate, porphyran, fucoidan, and chitin and its derivatives have been evidenced as downregulators of allergic responses due to enhancement of innate immune system, alteration of Th1/Th2 balance forward to Th1 cells, inhibition of IgE production, and suppression of mast cell degranulation. This contribution, therefore, focuses on antiallergic properties of marine polysaccharides and emphasizes their potential application as bioactive food ingredients as well as nutraceuticals for prevention of allergic disorders.

Porphyran, a sulfated galactan, is the main cellular polysaccharide in the marine red alga Pyropia yezoensis. In this study, oligo-porphyrans, obtained by acid hydrolysis of porphyran, were investigated for their H2O2-inducing abilities in the defense responses of P. yezoensis. Oligo-porphyrans with average molecular weights (MWs) lower than 1.43 kDa had H2O2-inducing abilities. In contrast, oligo-porphyrans with average MWs of 6.12 kDa triggered no response. The active oligo-porphyrans were fractioned by anion-exchange chromatography. We found that two distinct mechanisms might be involved in the oligo-porphyran-induced H2O2 release in P. yezoensis. Mixtures of mono-sulfated oligogalactans with degrees of polymerization (DPs) ranging from 1 to 3 might induce the response through the oxidation of cellular oligosaccharides, which enable P. yezoensis to resist rotting caused by dense incubation. Mixtures of oligoporphyrans, consisting of 4 similar to 7 monosaccharide residues and 2 similar to 3 sulfate groups, might induce the generation of H2O2 by activation of NADPH oxidase, leading to an oxidative burst in P. yezoensis. The elicitor activity of oligo-porphyrans thus depends on their molecular size.

Objectives: Aim of the present work was to investigate the anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antiulcer effects of red seaweed Porphyra vietnamensis (P. vietnamenis). Materials and Methods: Aqueous (POR) and alcoholic (PE) fractions were successfully isolated from P. vietnamenis. Further biological investigations were performed using a classic test of paw edema induced by carrageenan, writhing induced by acetic acid, hot plate method and naproxen induced gastro-duodenal ulcer. Results: Among the fractions POR showed better activity. POR and PE significantly (p < 0.05) reduced carrageenan induced paw edema in a dose dependent manner. In the writhing test POR significantly (p < 0.05) reduced abdominal writhes than PE. In hot plate method POR showed better analgesic activity than PE. POR showed comparable ulcers reducing potential (p

Porphyran, which structure is similar with carrageenan and agarose, has application potential in drug form developmentas a new pharmaceutical material. Orthogonal experiment was employed to optimizethe porphyran extraction conditions from porphyra yezoensis. The extraction temperature, pH, ratio of liquid to raw material and extraction time were confirmed as 90°C, 11, 30:1 and 3h, respectively.The polysaccharide structure detected by IR spectra was consistent with porphyran, which was suitable for gel formulation preparation.

Fil: Cian, Raul Esteban. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingenieria Quimica. Instituto de Tecnologia de los Alimentos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Santa Fe; Argentina

Porphyran is a sulfated galactan isolated from red algae Porphyra haitanensis, and have been reported to have many kinds of biological activities such as antitumor activity. In order to provide a water-soluble macromolecule prodrug of 5-Fu showing slow release of 5-Fu and reducing side-effect, we carried out fixation of 5-Fu to porphyran at 6-position. In this study, the antitumor and immunomodulation activities of low MW porphyran carrying 5-Fu on transplanted S180 tumor mice were studied. Weight of immune organ, proliferation ratio of lymphocyte concentration of TNF-α and NO from the transplanted S180 tumor mice were also determined. Results indicated that the conjugate could enhance antitumor activity of 5-Fu and improve immunocompetence damaged by 5-Fu.

Effects of light on lipid oxidation, antioxidants, and pigments in dried laver (Porphyra) were studied during storage at 40°C and at a water activity of 0.75 for 15 days. Lipid oxidation was evaluated by measuring peroxide value (POV) and conjugated dienoic acid (CDA) contents, whereas fatty acid composition was analyzed by gas chromatography. Contents of polyphenols, tocopherols, porphyran, chlorophylls, carotenoids, and phycobilins were also monitored. The POV and CDA contents of dried laver lipids increased during storage, whereas contents of eicosapentaenoic acid, pigments, and antioxidants decreased. Light accelerated lipid oxidation as well as degradation of antioxidants and pigments during storage of dried laver. Chlorophyll and polyphenols were the most rapidly degraded among all pigments and antioxidants, respectively, and light had the strongest effect on their degradation. Lipid oxidation of dried laver due to light was highly dependent on the content of a-tocopherol among all minor compounds.

Seaweeds are some of the largest producers of biomass in the marine environment and are rich in bioactive compounds that are often used for human and animal health. Porphyran and carrageenan are natural compounds derived from red seaweeds. The former is a characteristic polysaccharide of Porphyra, while the latter is well known from Chondrus, Gigartina, and various Eucheuma species, all in Rhodophyceae. The two polysaccharides have been found to have anti-cancer activity by improving immunity and targeting key apoptotic molecules and therefore deemed as potential chemotherapeutic or chemopreventive agents. This review attempts to review the current study of anti-cancer activity and the possible mechanisms of porphyran and carrageenan derived from red seaweeds to various cancers, and their cooperative actions with other anti-cancer chemotherapeutic agents is also discussed.

Lipid oxidation and antioxidant degradation in dried laver (Porphyra) were determined during storage at water activities (Aw ) of 0.11, 0.30, 0.51, 0.75, or 0.89 in the dark at 40 °C for 15 d. Lipid oxidation was evaluated by measuring peroxide value (POV) and conjugated dienoic acid (CDA) contents, and fatty acid composition was analyzed by gas chromatography. Contents of polyphenols, tocopherols, and porphyran were determined by spectrophotometry, HPLC, and gravimetry, respectively. The POV and CDA contents of the dried laver lipids increased during storage as Aw increased from 0.11 to 0.30, 0.51, 0.75, and 0.89, whereas the relative content of eicosapentaenoic acid was decreased; however, the contents of polyphenols, α-tocopherol, and porphyran in dried laver showed the reverse phenomena. Lipid oxidation and antioxidant degradation in dried laver sharply increased at an Aw of 0.51. Polyphenols, α-tocopherol, and porphyran contributed to reduction of lipid oxidation in dried laver. The degree of lipid oxidation of dried laver was more dependent on the concentration of α-tocopherol than that of either polyphenols or porphyran during storage in the dark. The results strongly suggest that the quality of dried laver can be improved by preserving tocopherols as much as possible while decreasing A(w) during storage.

The influence of sulfated polysaccharides (λ-, κ-, and κ/β-carrageenan and porphyran) – on platelet activation was studied. Carrageenans were much weaker inhibitors of a coagulation process than heparin, while porphyran had not that effect. Results of the aPTT and PT assays suppose that carrageenans affected mostly intrinsic pathway of coagulation, while their effect on the extrinsic pathway is extremely low (λ and κ/β) or absent (κ, LMW derivative of κ-carrageenan). λ-Carrageenan was the most potent anticoagulant agent in TT, aPTT, PT, and anti-factor Xa activity. This sample was also the strongest inhibitor of collagen-induced platelet aggregation in PRP. Generally, the correlation of anticoagulant and antithrombotic action in PRP is preserved for carrageenans but not for heparin. Carrageenans and porphyran affected platelet adhesion to collagen by influencing glycoprotein VI. Low molecular weight κ-carrageenan had a similar effect on platelet adhesion mediated with both major collagen receptors: integrin α2β1 and glycoprotein VI as native polysaccharide had. Carrageenans resulted in activation of platelets under platelet adhesion mediated by integrin αIIbβ3 with less degree than heparin. The least sulfated κ/β-carrageenan that possessed an inhibiting effect on thrombin- and collagen-induced aggregation of washed platelets and on the PT test but it had no significant effect on TT was the weakest promoter of integrin αIIbβ3 mediated platelet activation. In summary, our study showed that the polysaccharide action was complex, since it depended on its molecular mass, sulfation degree, and monosaccharide contents (3,6-anhydrogalactose). © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 102A: 1431–1438, 2014.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-24T19:37:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dhesmon Lima.pdf: 3726533 bytes, checksum: d3be37b6257d9747cd2404bc48091086 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-26 In this work, glassy carbon paste electrodes (GCPE) were modified with porphyran- capped gold nanoparticles (GCPE/AuNps-PFR) and applied for the determination of an anticancer drug, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), by using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The PFR polysaccharide was isolated from commercial Nori seaweed, and its characterization was carried out by FTIR and 13C-NMR as well as by determining its total sugar and sulfate contents, which resulted in 82.8% and 11.9%, respectively. These experiments confirmed the chemical identity and purity of the extracted polysaccharide, which was used as reducing and capping agent to the synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNps-PFR). The temperature and the concentrations of AuCl4- and PFR for the AuNps-PFR synthesis were optimized by a 23 full factorial design including a central point assayed in triplicate. The smallest particles were produced with 128.7 nm by employing a temperature of 70 °C and concentrations of 2.5 mmol L-1 for AuCl4- and 0.25 mg mL-1 for PFR. The characterization of the AuNps-PFR nanocomposite was performed by UV-VIS, FTIR and DLS spectroscopies, FESEM, zeta potential and XRD. The UV-VIS spectrum showed an absorption at 524 nm (plasmon band), with no significant changes in its shape and absorption frequency for 90 days. This observation suggests that the AuNps-PFR are stable in suspension, which is in good agreement with the zeta potential of -30.5 mV obtained for the sample. The FTIR spectrum revealed that interactions between the AuNps and the PFR may exist, as a consequence of displacements in the frequency of the bands in the AuNps-PFR spectrum compared to that obtained for the PFR individually. The electrochemical characterization of the porphyran modified GCPE (GCPE/PFR) was carried out by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in the presence of the Fe(CN)63-/4- probe, revealing that the polysaccharide had a positive effect on the electrode response, since higher current values and a lower charge transfer resistance for the electrochemical probe redox process were achieved compared to the unmodified GCPE. Even better responses were obtained after the modification of the GCPE with the synthetized AuNps-PFR, as a consequence of the high electrical conductivity and large surface area displayed by the nanocomposite. The 5-FU was oxidized on the GCPE/AuNps-PFR surface according to an irreversible, pH dependent and diffusion controlled mechanism, showing an anodic wave at +1,1 V in BR buffer solution 0.04 mol L-1. The highest current value for 5-FU determination was achieved in BR buffer with pH 8.0, by DPV; therefore, this value was chosen for the further analysis. A linear relationship was observed between the anodic peak potential and the pH of the medium with a slope of -69 mV pH-1, demonstrating that the same number of protons an electrons participate in the 5-FU oxidation mechanism. The GCPE/AuNps-PFR exhibited a linear relationship between the peak current and 5-FU concentration over the range of 29.9 to 234.0 μmol L-1, with low detection (0.66 μmol L-1) and quantification limits (2.22 μmol L-1). Besides the good sensitivity for detecting 5-FU, the modified electrode showed reproducibility, and its response was not influenced by interfering compounds such as glucose, urea, albumin, ascorbic acid, Na+ and K+, suggesting its potential application to determine 5-FU in biologic matrices. The practical utility of the developed sensor was demonstrated for the quantification of 5-FU in pharmaceutical injection sample. A good average recovery percentage of 104.0% was achieved, with an acceptable relative standard deviation of 2.25%. So, these results could confirm the promising analytical performance of the modified electrode for the electroanalysis of 5-FU in real samples. Neste trabalho, eletrodos de pasta de carbono vítreo (EPCV) foram modificados com nanopartículas de ouro estabilizadas no polissacarídeo sulfatado porfirana (PFR) e aplicados para a determinação do agente antitumoral 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), utilizando voltametria de pulso diferencial (VPD). A PFR foi extraída a partir de alga Nori comercial, e sua caracterização foi realizada por FTIR, RMN-13C e pela determinação dos teores de carboidratos totais e de grupos SO42-, os quais resultaram em 82,8% e 11,9%, respectivamente. Tais experimentos confirmaram a pureza e a identidade química do polissacarídeo extraído, que foi empregado como agente redutor e estabilizante para a síntese de nanopartículas de ouro (AuNps-PFR). A temperatura, a concentração do precursor AuCl4- e a concentração de PFR empregadas para a síntese das AuNps-PFR foram otimizadas por meio de um planejamento fatorial 23 com triplicata no ponto central. Um menor tamanho de partícula (128,7 nm) foi alcançado ao se empregar uma temperatura de 70 °C e concentrações de AuCl4- e PFR iguais a 2,5 mmol L-1 e 0,25 mg mL-1, respectivamente. As AuNps-PFR obtidas foram caracterizadas pelas espectroscopias UV-VIS, FTIR e DLS, MEV-FEG, potencial zeta e DRX. O espectro de UV-VIS mostrou uma banda em 524 nm (banda plasmon), que não apresentou variações significativas na forma e frequência de absorção durante 90 dias. Tais observações sugeriram que as AuNps-PFR são estáveis em suspensão, o que corrobora com o potencial zeta de -30,5 mV obtido para a mesma. O espectro de FTIR evidenciou a existência de interações entre as AuNps e a PFR, devido a deslocamentos das bandas apresentadas no espectro das AuNps-PFR em relação ao obtido para a PFR. A caracterização eletroquímica do EPCV/PFR, realizada por voltametria cíclica (VC) e espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica em meio da sonda Fe(CN)63-/4-, evidenciou que o polissacarídeo conferiu aos eletrodos maiores valores de corrente e menor resistência à transferência de carga para o processo redox da sonda eletroquímica em comparação aos eletrodos não modificados. Respostas de corrente ainda maiores foram obtidas ao se empregar o EPCV/AuNps-PFR, como uma consequência da elevada condutividade e alta área superficial apresentada pelas nanopartículas. Por VC, verificou-se que o 5-FU foi oxidado irreversivelmente na superfície do EPCV/AuNps-PFR segundo um mecanismo dependente do pH e controlado por difusão, apresentando um processo anódico em +1,1 V em tampão BR 0,04 mol L-1. O pH do tampão BR para a determinação de 5-FU foi otimizado por VPD, tendo-se observado um máximo de corrente em pH 8,0, valor empregado para a obtenção das curvas analíticas. A relação linear observada entre o potencial de pico e o pH do meio com inclinação de -69,0 mV pH-1 evidenciou que o mesmo número de prótons e elétrons estão envolvidos no processo de oxidação. O EPCV/AuNps-PFR apresentou linearidade de resposta na faixa de 29,9 a 234,0 μmol L-1 de 5-FU, com limites de detecção e de quantificação iguais a 0,66 e 2,22 μmol L-1, respectivamente. Além da boa sensibilidade ao 5-FU, o EPCV/AuNps-PFR apresentou reprodutibilidade de resposta, e não sofreu interferência significativa de compostos como glicose, ácido ascórbico, ureia, albumina e íons Na+ e K+, sugerindo sua potencial aplicação para a determinação de 5-FU em matrizes biológicas. O eletrodo modificado foi aplicado para a quantificação do 5-FU em formulação farmacêutica comercial injetável, tendo-se obtido uma porcentagem média de recuperação igual a 104,0, com desvio padrão relativo dentro dos limites aceitáveis (2,25%). Confirma-se, deste modo, o bom desempenho analítico do sensor e da metodologia voltamétrica desenvolvida para a eletroanálise do 5-FU em amostras reais.

The aim of this study was to establish a toxicologic profile of gold nanoparticles (AuNP) (surface plasmon resonance at 520 nm and average particle size 14 ± 2 nm) synthesized using novel polysaccharide porphyran isolated from marine red algae. The toxicology profile includes in vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo sub-acute oral toxicity study (OECD guideline 407) of porphyran-reduced AuNP. In vitro cytotoxicity study of porphyran-reduced AuNP (10, 50 or 100 µM) was carried out employing normal monkey kidney cell line (VERO), which demonstrated a nontoxic nature of nanoparticles. Further, in vivo sub-acute oral toxicity study was performed with three different doses of AuNP (375, 750, and 1500 ppm kg−1 day−1) in Wistar rats up to 28 days. Results revealed that porphyran-reduced AuNP did not produce any body weight, hematological or biochemical abnormalities in rats. Hence, data indicated that porphyran-reduced AuNP can be considered as potential safe vehicles for drug delivery application.

The chemical structure and antioxidant of natural and ultrasonic degraded polysaccharides from Porphyra yezoensis Udea was investigated. The degraded polysaccharide (PYPSUD) was purified, and F2 (a homogeneous fraction) was obtained. FT-IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectral analysis revealed that F2 have typical porphyran structure. It has a backbone of alternating (1 → 4)-3,6-anhydro-α- l -galactopyranose) units and (1 → 3)-linked β- d -galactose or (1 → 4)-linked α- l -galactose 6-sulfate units. The result ascertained ultrasound degradation did not change the main structure of polysaccharides in the test conditions. Antioxidant proved that the activity of scavenging superoxide and hydroxyl radical is F2 > VC > PSPYUD > PSPY. It was possible that ultrasonic treatment is an effective way for enhancing PSPY's antioxidant activity ascribing to decreasing molecular weight of polysaccharides.

Porphyran (P) was extracted from red algae Porphyra by boiling water. A novel polysaccharide-iron complex (LPPC) was prepared under the alkaline condition by adding a ferric chloride solution to the low molecular weight porphyran (LP) solution. Physicochemical properties and inhibition effect on iron deficiency anemia of this complex were studied. The content of iron(III) in the complex is 21.57% determined with iodometry. The results indicate that LPPC was product required. The complex can increase red blood cell count (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), Serum iron (SI), spleen index, spleen mass and mass of mice with iron deficiency anemia (IDA). Although the structure and deeper mechanisms on hemolytic anemia of LPPC should be further studied, LPPC is hoped to be developed as a late-model iron supplement which has a synergism on anemia.

Enzymatic hydrolysate of porphyran from Porphyra yezoensis was prepared by treatment with ${\beta}$ -agarase. The hydrolysate was fractioned into molecular sizes of $1{\times}8$ ion exchange chromatography. After hydrolysis of porphyran with ${\beta}$ -agarase, 23.2% of the starting porphyran ...

In the present study, we have explored porphyran as a reducing agent for one pot size controlled green synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNps) and further investigated its application as a carrier for the delivery of an anticancer drug. The prepared AuNps showed surface plasmon resonance centered at 520 nm with average particle size of 13±5 nm. FTIR spectra suggested that the sulfate moiety is mainly responsible for reduction of chloroauric acid. The capping of the AuNps with porphyran was evident from the negative zeta potential value responsible for the electrostatic stability. Thus, porphyran acts as reducing as well as capping agent. These AuNps are highly stable in a wide range of pH and electrolyte concentration. Porphyran capped AuNps exhibited enhanced cytotoxicity on human glioma cell line (LN-229) as compared to native porphyran. Consequently, these AuNps have been utilized as a carrier for delivery of the anticancer drug doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX). Spectroscopic examination revealed that DOX conjugated onto AuNps via hydrogen bonding. The release of DOX from DOX loaded AuNps was found to be sixfold higher in acetate buffer (pH 4.5) as compared to physiological buffer (pH 7.4). Further, the DOX loaded AuNps demonstrated higher cytotoxicity on LN-229 cell line as compared with an equal dose of native DOX solution. This established the potential of these AuNps as a carrier for anticancer drug delivery.

Porphyran from the red seaweed Porphyra umbilicalis was degraded with β-porphyranase A derived from the marine flavobacterium Zobellia galactanivorans. β-Porphyranase A produces a new series of sulfated oligosaccharides that we characterized by NMR, HPAEC and size-exclusion chromatography. In contrast to previously used β-agarases, which produce predominantly non-sulfated oligosaccharides of the neoagarobiose series and hybrid oligosaccharides, β-porphyranase A produced oligosaccharides of the α- l -Galp-6-sulfate (1 → 3) s- d -Galp (L6S-G) series and the L6S-G disaccharide was the major final product. The newly identified β-porphyranase A was further used in combination with β-agarase B to revise porphyran polysaccharide structure.

乾海苔を 80% エタノールで脱色後，既報に従い無水条件下でメルカプトリシスし，多糖から構成単糖をジエチルジチオアセタール誘導体として定量的に遊離させ，TMS 化後 GLC で分析した。ガラクトース，6-O-メチルガラクトース，3,6-アンヒドロガラクトース，キシロース，マンノース，グルコースが検出され，それらの定量値から対応する多糖量を求めた。秋芽網海苔，冷凍網海苔ともに，摘採回数の増加につれ，ポルフィラン，キシラン，マンナンの含量が増加し，ポルフィラン中の構成糖組成も変化していた。

Porphyran extracted from Porphyra haitanensis is a sulfated polysaccharide, which possesses excellent antioxidant activities. In this study, we prepared porphyran and alkali-treated porphyran and their derivatives, sulfated porphyran. And then we evaluated their antioxidant and anticoagulant activities in vitro and characterized the relationship between activities and chemical characteristics. The activities were strongly dependant on the degree of sulfation and the position of sulfate. In this study, the antioxidant activities mainly depend on degree of substitution, and the anticoagulant activities mainly depend on the position of sulfate. Further studies are needed to improve our understanding of antioxidant and anticoagulant activities mechanism. (c) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Porphyran, the sulfated polysaccharide from red algae Porphyra haitanensis, possesses excellent bioactivities, especially the immune activity. In order to provide a water-soluble macromolecule prodrug of 5-FU showing slow release of 5-FU, reducing side-effect, we employed porphyran as a drug carrier, and carried out fixation of 5-FU to porphyran at 6-position through acetyl spacer group via ester bond. The chemical characteristic and release behavior of 5-FU from the conjugate obtained were studied in vitro at 37 degrees C in three different medium. The results represented that the release mechanism of all the conjugates was a typical Fickian diffusion. However, further in vivo studies on animal models are necessary to establish the efficiency of the system. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Porphyran extracted from Porphyra haitanensis is a sulfated polysaccharide, which possesses excellent antioxidant activities. In this study, we prepared porphyran and alkali-treated porphyran and their derivatives, sulfated porphyran and acetylated porphyran. Their antioxidant activities including scavenging effect on superoxide radical, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical and reducing power were investigated. The results of chemical analysis and FT-IR spectrums indicated that the modification was successful. And in addition, we found that certain derivative exhibited stronger antioxidant activity than raw material porphyran. The sulfated derivative with certain DS showed stronger antioxidant activity. The acetylated derivative showed the most excellent antioxidant activity in three assays we made, and so this derivative needs to be attended to. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Porphyran extracted from red algae Porphyra haitanensis is a sulfated polysaccharide, which possesses excellent antioxidant activities. In this study, we prepared the acetylated, phosphorylated and benzoylated derivatives of porphyran. And then the antioxidant activities of all the samples were investigated including scavenging effects of superoxide and hydroxyl radicals and reducing power. The results of chemical analysis and FT-IR spectrum showed the modifications of porphyran were successful. And in addition, we found that certain derivative exhibited stronger antioxidant activity than raw material. And the mechanism of the structure-function relationship of these derivatives needs to be attended to. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The growth of Porphyridium cruentum and its porphyran polysaccharide production were measured as functions of light intensity, temperature, light quality (fluorescent, blue, red, and green) and nitrate concentration. The optimum light intensity, temperature, and nitrate concentration for the growth of Porphyridium cruentum and for its polysaccharide production were 1,400 lx, , and 0.03%, respectively. The maximum cell concentration and polysaccharide content under the optimum conditions were 1.95 and 0.23 mg/mL, respectively. Light quality did not influence growth or polysaccharide production. The best results for growth and polysaccharide production were obtained using fluorescent light.

A simple method for the purification of porphyran from laver Porphyra yezoensis was developed to obtain information for the development of food materials with biological functionality. Crude porphyran (CP) was extracted from dried laver in boiling water for 3 h, and then fractionated using cetylpyridinium chloride into an acidic fraction (CP-F1) and a neutral fraction (CP-F2). CP-F1 was fractionated further by fractional ethanol precipitation. Fraction CP-F1-70, precipitated at an ethanol concentration of 61-70% was the major fraction containing 68.1% of the yield from the initial fraction CP-F1. The CP-F1-70 fraction displayed a single band on Sepharose CL-4B with a molecular mass of 550 kDa, indicating a homogeneous polysaccharide. The molar ratio of galactose, 3,6-anhydro-L-galactose, 6-0-methyl-D-galactose and ester sulfate of CP-F1-70 was 1:0.32:0.07:0.53. This method is very useful for rapid and large-scale preparation of purified porphyran because it is compatible with mass production.

The effects of porphyran-chungkookjang on cytotoxicity of human normal cell line (BJ) and human cancer cell lines (AGS and HT-29) were examined. Porphyran, which was prepared from laver (Porphyra yezoensis), decreased the viability of the cancer cells, however, it did not affect the viability of normal cells. Porphyranchungkookjang was prepared by the addition of 5% (w/w) porphyran into chungkookjang which was fermented by starter, Bacillus subtilis DJI. The cytotoxicity effects of the chungkookjang and porphyran-chungkookjang were evaluated with MTT assay. The methanol and the water extract of porphyran-chungkookjang at 1.0 mg/mL showed 23~38% decreases in proliferation of cancer cells (AGS and HT-29). However, the methanol and the water extracts of porphyran-chungkookjang did not inhibit the growth of normal cell. Moreover, the methanol extract of porphryan-chungkookjang at 1.0 mg/mL showed 1.2~1.5 fold higher anticancer effects than that of the chungkookjang.

Compressed hot-water (CHW) extraction method was investigated to obtain a high purity of Porphyran (POR) from lave. The CHW extraction condition was for 15 minutes at 121℃ Following the CHW extraction, three procedure were tried to isolate a solid extract and refine the POR from laver. The first was as follows; the solution of extracts obtained by CHW extraction was dried without father purification. The yield of solid extracts was about 45% base on law laver. Regrettably, the solid extracts was stained brown. The second was as follows; the powder of active carbon was added to the solution of CHW extracts to remove colored impurities. However, the colored impurities were still remained and a portion of activated carbon might be left in the products. The third was as follows; to prevent admixture of colored impurities in the product, pretreatment using acetone to remove lipophilic component against laver was applied before CHW extraction. After CHW extraction, aqueous sodium acetate solution was added to change pH of the obtained aqueous solution to alkaline side and ethyl alcohol was subsequently added to precipitate pure POR. The product obtained by third method was white powder and the yield of product based on law laver was 43%.

The effects of degraded porphyran (P1) and natural porphyran (P) on the lifespan and vitality of Drosophila melanogaster are studied. The porphyrans, added daily to the food medium at 0.2% and 1% concentrations, can significantly increase the lifespan in average of 55.79 and 58.23 d in 0.2% P1 diet females and 1% P1 diet_males, extending by 12.29% and 8.60% over the corresponding controls, respectively. The effects of porphyrans on D. melanogaster in heat-stress condition were also examined, and found a remarkable increase in survival time. The results which are consistently associated with the use of porphyrans are related to their free radical scavenger action. Considerable increase in vitality demonstrated that vitalities of middle-aged fly (assessed by measuring their mating capacity) was observed after porphyrans addition. Therefore, porphyrans are effective in reducing the rate of aging, and P1 in low molecular weight is better than natural P.

Porphyran (Por) prepared from dried nori was applied as a functional modifier of a soybean protein isolate (SPI) to conjugate with SPI from defatted soybean by the Maillard reaction (79% relative humidity and 60 degrees C for 7 days). Two kinds of partially denatured conjugate (Conj 45 and Conj 63) were obtained from the reaction product by sequential extraction at pH 4.5 and pH 6.3, and the respective yield and weight ratios of the SPI and Por moieties were 8.4% and 1:1 for Conj 45 and 11.7% and 1:0.16 for Conj 63. Conj 63 demonstrated improved solubility between pH 5.0 and pH 8.0, while Conj 45 exhibited substantially complete solubility over the pH range of 2.0-8.0. Conj 63 showed more tolerance against digestion with pancreatin than SPI, whereas this was lost after denaturation. Conj 63 and Conj 45 both showed a markedly higher emulsion activity index and emulsion stability than SPI, even at pH 3.0; in particular, Conj 45 exhibited outstanding emulsifying ability. Conj 63 had about a two-fold higher calcium-binding ability than SPI, and Conj 63 and Conj 45 did not aggregate with added Ca2+ and Mg2+. It is believed that Por could be a valuable functional modifier of SPI for providing soybean protein-based liquid foods such as beverages by conjugation through the Maillard reaction.