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A member of the Poxviridae family of orthopoxviruses, the monkeypox virus, is the causative agent of monkeypox, The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), where the disease is thought to be endemic, is one of the most common locations where it occurs in Central and West African nations. 1958,1959,1962,2003 were the years when monkeypox virus outbreaks seen. In 2022, four MPXV cases were found in India as well. Congo Basin clade of MPXV is more infectious and attenuated than West African clade. In the case of the typical human MPV disease, symptoms such as fever, malaise, headaches, and lymphadenopathy start to manifest 4--17 days after the exposure. The primary method of confirming MPV infection is a positive test for Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) of swabs from lesions of skin or mucosa or scabs. A confirmatory test is also performed if a PCR of a blood sample or Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) yields positive results. supportive care is the core of treatment for mild cases, with an emphasis on pain management, hydration, nourishment, and avoiding bacterial superinfection of skin lesions. Lesions on the skin need to be kept dry and clean. Both topical petroleum jelly and oral antihistamines are effective treatments for pruritis. To prevent MPV infection, people must avoid close contact with those who are thought to be infected because they may be contagious To reduce transmission and to expand understanding of disease burden, surveillance has to be improved. Since eradication is impossible due to the cycle's sylvatic component, prevention becomes crucial as it can be controlled by preventing MSM and isolating oneself who got infected with MPXV. This review gives information about Monkeypox virus, it's epidemiology, virology, pathophysiology, how it can be transmitted, symptoms, prevention and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This case highlights the role of stress as trigger factor of HSV-1 reactivation causing recurrent intraoral herpes mimicking herpes-associated erythema multiforme (HAEM). A 24-year-old female came with chief complaints of pain in the oral cavity followed by painful swallowing and fever. She admitted under stress due to family problems and also had insomnia for the last three years. Extra-oral examination revealed serosanguineous crusts on lips that were painful and easily bleed. Intra-oral examination showed the white-yellowish multiple and coalescent ulcers, irregular, and painful on the left and right buccal mucosa, upper and lower labial mucosa, dorsum of the tongue, the floor of the mouth, and oropharynx. The results of the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS)-21 examination were moderate depression, extremely severe anxiety, and moderate stress. The results of the HSV-1 IgG examination before and after therapy were positive with titer > 200 U/mL. Pharmacological therapy included acyclovir 200 mg tablets, multivitamin, benzydamine HCl lozenges, 0.025% hyaluronic acid mouthwash, 0.9% NaCl, and 100% petroleum jelly. Non-pharmacological therapy included stress management such as self-encouragement and referral to consult with a professional. This therapy generated significant result. In conclusion, stress affects many systems in the body, including the oral cavity. Stress is one of the trigger factors for HSV-1 reactivation which can cause oral manifestation. Early detection of trigger factors is important for better treatment result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skin moisturizing is important in dermatology and cosmetics. Raman microspectroscopy is a well‐suited method to determine water concentration profiles in the stratum corneum (SC) of untreated and formulation‐treated skin in vivo. Until now, the water in the SC was quantified using the ratio of water to proteins, and other SC components were neglected. Here, we apply the tailored multivariate curve resolution‐alternating least squares (tMCR‐ALS) method to improve the quantitative determination of water in the SC of cosmetic oil‐treated skin accounting Raman spectra of proteins, lipids, and oils in the high wavenumber region. We compared the water concentration profiles in the SC of petrolatum‐treated skin calculated using the tMCR‐ALS method and two existing conventional and extended methods, which are both based on the analysis of the water‐to‐protein‐ratio. The results show that in petrolatum‐treated skin, the conventional method calculates an incorrect water profile in the depth of 0–70% of the SC thickness; the extended method shows an incorrect profile in the depth of 0–10% of the SC thickness; the applied tMCR‐ALS method show results, which coincide well with the modern knowledge of the moisturizing effect of cosmetic oils on the SC. Almond, jojoba, and paraffin oils exhibit a similar moisturizing effect that manifests itself in an increase of water concentration in the intermediate SC depth. However, the effect of petrolatum is more pronounced. In the context of treated skin, the proposed method calculates water concentration profiles throughout the SC correctly and thus has a great potential in dermatology and cosmetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The emollients are important ingredients used in skincare formulations that can act as moisturizing agents through their occlusive potential, preventing skin water loss. Consumer interest in natural and sustainable products has grown considerably in the last few years, requiring efforts from the cosmetic industry to design products with raw materials of natural, organic, and sustainable origin. Thus, it is essential to improve the knowledge about the behavior of cosmetic raw materials that can be used as sustainable alternatives to synthetic ingredients. Aim: This work aimed to evaluate the occlusive performance of different vegetable oils used as emollients in skincare cosmetics, through comparative analysis with petrolatum, a synthetic emollient with a high occlusive skin potential. Method: The study included 80 healthy female adult volunteers. TEWL measurements were performed before and after 15 min, 2 and 6 h of emollients application on the forearms of the research participants. All research participants provided written informed consent. Results: The results obtained showed that the vegetable oils were effective in providing an occlusive effect on the skin. When compared to the petrolatum, the vegetable oils did not provide a high immediate skin occlusion effect. However, most of them showed a skin occlusion performance comparable to petrolatum throughout the 6 h time course. Conclusion: Vegetable oils can be used as a sustainable alternative to synthetic emollients, and they are promising in replacing petrolatum in skincare formulations with respect to the occlusion effect of the skin. The vegetable oils did not provide a high immediate skin occlusion effect (15 min post‐application) as the petrolatum, which is known to have increased occlusion properties. However, most of them showed a skin occlusion performance comparable to petrolatum throughout the 6‐hour time course. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was carried out on the effect of surfactant-depressants such as Paraflow, Santopur, poly(alkyl methacrylate), and oxidized petrolatum on the temperatures of dissolution, crystallization, and solidification of solutions of natural and synthetic paraffins in various types of hydrocarbon solvents differing in composition and viscosity. The activity of the depressant should be evaluated relative to paraffin content and development of dispersed structure, which it prevents in the given solvent. Hysteresis was found for the temperatures of the onset of crystallization and dissolution of the paraffin in solvents with added depressant. Paraflow is not considered a micellar surfactant but forms molecular complexes with n-paraffins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the predictors of allergic sensitisation to titanium and nickel in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment.Methods: A total of 250 patients undergoing orthodontic treatment were invited to participate, and 235 were analysed (67% females). A patch test was performed using nickel sulphate, titanium, titanium dioxide, titanium oxalate, titanium nitride, and petrolatum as control. In addition, clinical signs of the oral mucosa, gingiva, tongue, lips, and allergological history were assessed.Results: The predictors of metal allergic sensitisation in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment were adult age (OR = 2.6; 95% CI: 1.2-5.5; p = 0.016), female sex (OR = 3.0; 95% CI: 1.1-7.9; p = 0.025), exfoliative cheilitis (OR = 4.8; 95% CI: 1.9-12.4; p = 0.001), history of contact hypersensitivity (OR = 7.0; 95% CI: 1.3-35.4; p = 0.025), history of contact hypersensitivity to metals (OR = 8.3; 95% CI: 1.4-50.2; p = 0.021), and piercings (OR = 5.4; 95% CI: 2.1-13.9; p = 0.001). When predictors were analysed separately for these two metals, titanium sensitisation predictors were contact hypersensitivity to metals and piercing, whereas nickel sensitisation predictors were age and piercing.Conclusion: A positive patch test alone cannot draw definite conclusions regarding allergy. However, metal allergies in patients with orthodontic appliances could be considered in cases of previous contact hypersensitivity, previous reactions to metals, exfoliative cheilitis, and piercing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dermatitis, like inflammation, is a group of common dermatological symptoms and may be associated with systemic and skin diseases. The objective of the current study is to evaluate the potential anti-inflammatory effect of the topical allopurinol against inflammation like skin dermatitis induced by1-isobutyl-1H-imidazo [4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine (IQA) in mice model. The current study allocated the thirty-two mice into four groups (n=8) as follows: i) control group, mice where a white petroleum jelly base applied topically on the dorsal of mice once daily; ii) induction group, mice were received IQA cream (62.5 mg) of (5%) on their back once daily; and iii) the treatment group, mice were treated with both (62.5 mg) of (5%) IQA and (5%) allopurinol gel topically; the betamethasone group, mice were treated with both (62.5 mg) of (5%) IQA and betamethasone ointment topically. All groups were treated daily for seven days period. The allopurinol-treated group exerted nonsignificant differences compared with the induction group in both visional and histopathological changes. The present study revealed that the allopurinolgel (5%) did not affect skin inflammation-induced by IQA in the laboratory mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: Controversy exists about the addition of sorbitan sesquioleate (SSO) to the European baseline series for concomitant patch testing, particularly with fragrance mix (FM) I and Myroxylone pereirae (MP), which both contain SSO as an emulsifier. Aim: To investigate SSO contact sensitization and concomitant positive patch test reactions to FM I or MP in Turkey. Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of 840 patients consecutively patch tested with SSO 20% petrolatum between 1996 and 2020. Results: The prevalence of SSO sensitization was 0.6% (5 of 840). In four of the five patients, clinical relevance could be established from SSO crossreactants, mainly in moisturizers and topical pharmaceuticals other than corticosteroids. Positive patch test reactions with unknown clinical relevance were observed to FM I or MP (both containing 5% SSO) in 71.4% of patients with a positive/questionable positive reaction to SSO (P < 0.001) and to other patch test allergens containing 1–5% SSO. Conclusions: SSO was a very good indicator for positive patch test reaction with unknown clinical relevance to fragrances and other allergens containing 1–5% SSO. We suggest that SSO should be tested as a negative control with any commercially available patch test allergen containing SSO at any concentration. Moreover, clinicians should be alert for SSO synonyms and for other sorbitan derivatives in product labels, as SSO itself might not be the culprit but an indicator for crossreacting allergens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 2-month-old Somali boy presented to a pediatric dermatology clinic with a widespread rash that had worsened over time. The rash consisted of multiple papules, pustules, and nodules on his trunk, extremities, palms, soles, and scalp. The patient had been initially treated for presumed atopic dermatitis but did not show significant improvement. Further questioning revealed that multiple family members living in the same apartment also had similar rashes. The diagnosis is not provided in the summary. [Extracted from the article]

Objective. Bacterial cellulose (BC) dressing, which can maintain a moist environment and prevent the invasion of pathogens, has become a competitive dressing material for burn wound treatment. This study was conducted to evaluate the treatment efficacy of a novel China-made BC dressing for the treatment of second-degree burn wounds and skin graft donor sites. Methods. 212 patients with second-degree burn wounds or skin graft donor sites were enrolled from two research centers. They were randomly assigned to the BC dressing group (study group) or the Vaseline gauze (VG) dressing group (control group). Wound conditions were assessed before and after treatment. Dressings were changed according to the condition of the wound bed. Healing rate and healing time were recorded as primary endpoints to evaluate the efficacy of BC dressing against VG dressing. Erythema, swelling, exudation, bleeding, subeschar purulence, and pain were assessed as secondary endpoints. Results. 207 participants completed the trial and their wounds all healed within 28 days. The average healing times for superficial and deep secondary burn wounds and skin graft donor sites in the BC group were 8.12, 15.77, and 10.55 days, respectively. In the VG group, the average healing times for superficial and deep secondary burn wounds and skin graft donor sites were 9.30, 15.27, and 11.19 days, respectively. The healing time of superficial burn wounds in the BC group was statistically shorter than that in the VG group. There was no difference in the frequency of dressing changing between two groups. The BC dressing showed equal efficacy with the VG dressing at all secondary endpoints. Conclusion. The novel BC dressing could be used for the management of second-degree burn wounds and skin graft donor sites. With a shorter healing time in superficial secondary burn wound than that of the VG dressing, the BC dressing showed noninferiority in the treatment of superficial and deep secondary burn wounds and skin graft donor sites versus the VG dressing. This study is registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (registry number: ChiCTR1800014377 (http://www.chictr.org.cn)). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current embodiments of negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) create a hermetically sealed chamber at the surface of the body using polyurethane foam connected to a vacuum pump, which is then covered by a flexible adhesive drape. Commercially available NPWT systems routinely use flexible polyethylene films that have a sticky side, coated with the same acrylate adhesives used in other medical devices such as ECG leads and grounding pads. Severe reactions to the acrylate adhesives in these other devices, although uncommon, have been reported. We describe the case of a 63-year-old woman with an intractable leg ulcer resulting from external-beam radiotherapy (XRT). Treatment with a standard commercial NPWT system induced severe inflammation of the skin in direct contact with drape adhesive. We successfully administered prolonged, outpatient NPWT to the patient using an alternative method (first described by Bagautdinov in 1986), using plain polyethylene film and petrolatum. The necessary hermetic seal is achieved by smearing the skin with petrolatum before applying the polyethylene film and activating the vacuum pump. The Bagautdinov method is a practical solution to the problem of adapting NPWT to patients with contact sensitivity or skin tears related to the adhesive compounds in the flexible drapes. Its use of a circumferential elastic wrap to maintain constant pressure on the seal probably limits the Bagautdinov technique to the extremities.

Subgingival presence of remaining excess cement may lead to implant complications and failures. This is a technical report and advice on how to cement implant-supported restorations using a simple and universal method applying liquid petroleum jelly to the peri-implant sulcus after cementation. This simple and user friendly method eliminates excess cement and should be used in the daily practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] The present study systematically investigates the impact of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) variables and oleaginous base characteristics on the in vitro release (IVR) performance of ophthalmic ointments, utilizing dexamethasone as a model drug. The interplay between selected attributes (i.e., particle size distribution, crystallinity, and polymorphic form for API, and rheological factors for compendial-grade white petrolatum) and IVR performance was investigated. APIs from different vendors exhibited variations in crystallinity and polymorphism. Ointments containing amorphous dexamethasone presented higher release amounts/rates compared to crystalline counterparts, emphasizing the role of physical state in release kinetics. Variations in particle size of this lipophilic API (5.4 – 21.2 µm) did not appear to impact IVR performance significantly. In contrast, white petrolatum's rheological attributes, which varied substantially within USP-grade petrolatum, were found to critically affect the drug release rate and extent of the ointment. The study's comprehensive analysis establishes a coherent connection between the quality attributes of both API and petrolatum and IVR, delineating their intricate interdependent effects on ophthalmic ointment performance. These findings provide reference to formulation design, quality control, and regulatory considerations within the pharmaceutical industry, fostering a robust foundational understanding of commonly overlooked quality attributes in ophthalmic ointments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]