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965 results on '"Paul Ward"'

103. Policy actors' perceptions on applying a SDH approach in child health policy in Australia: A cross‐disciplinary approach (public health and political science)

Author

Cassandra Star, Paul Ward, Matthew Fisher, and Clare Littleton

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Public Administration, Sociology and Political Science, business.industry, Cross disciplinary, media_common.quotation_subject, Public health, Public relations, Child health, Health equity, Political science, Perception, medicine, Social determinants of health, business, media_common
Published
2021
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109. Clustering Students Using Pre-Midterm Behaviour Data and Predict Their Exam Performance

Author

Huanyi Chen, Paul Ward, Mitrovic, Antonija, and Bosch, Nigel

Subjects
ComputingMilieux_COMPUTERSANDEDUCATION
Abstract

Student behaviour should correlate to the course performance. This paper explored different types of clustering algorithms using the pre-midterm student behaviour data. We found meaningful and interpretive results when clustering algorithms generate three clusters. The clusters can be briefly summarized as potential top performance (PTP) students, potential poor performance (PPP) students, and mixed performance (MP) students. We found that PTP students usually submit early and gain a high score, PPP students usually submit late and gain a low score, and MP students usually make most submissions. MP students are hard to cluster. However, we found a good connection between other students' behaviour and performance if we leave out MP students.

Published
2022
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116. Exploring access to, use of and benefits from population-oriented digital health services in Australia

Author

Paul Ward, Toby Freeman, Anthony Lawler, Richard H. Osborne, Matthew Fisher, and Kristen Foley

Subjects
030505 public health, Health (social science), Health Equity, Population Health, 020205 medical informatics, business.industry, Australia, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Equity (finance), Health literacy, Health Promotion, 02 engineering and technology, Population health, Telehealth, Public relations, Digital health, Telemedicine, 03 medical and health sciences, Health promotion, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, eHealth, Humans, Social determinants of health, 0305 other medical science, business
Abstract

Summary The provision of population-oriented, on-demand digital health services in many countries exemplifies the perceived utility of digital health services in supporting population health. Yet, limited knowledge exists regarding the equity of these services. Using mixed-method research, we recruited users of a health website and general practice patients to surveys (n = 441) and telephone interviews (n = 40). We contribute specific evidence investigating barriers to access, use and benefit from digital health services within an equity framework that incorporates social determinant factors, eHealth Literacy and trust. Our research highlights the foundational role of trust in predicting use, showcases which groups are unlikely to benefit from population-oriented digital health services, and proposes strategies to enhance the equity of these services. The theoretical framework we developed serves as a roadmap for future health promotion research and action by outlining the complex and interrelated pathways that can promote and threaten digital health equity.

Published
2020
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117. Alcohol and Flourishing for Australian Women in Midlife: A Qualitative Study of Negotiating (Un)Happiness

Author

Emma R. Miller, Samantha B Meyer, Megan Warin, Kristen Foley, and Paul Ward

Subjects
Sociology and Political Science, 030503 health policy & services, media_common.quotation_subject, Flourishing, Gender studies, 03 medical and health sciences, Negotiation, 0302 clinical medicine, Happiness, 030212 general & internal medicine, Sociology, 0305 other medical science, media_common, Qualitative research
Abstract

This article responds to calls for empirically grounded and critically analytical research on the sociology of happiness. We explore how 35 Australian women in midlife (45–64 years) navigate alcohol use in the context of gendered lifecourses. In response to emerging themes around happiness in and through alcohol consumption during inductive analysis, data were re-analysed using neo-Aristotlean notions of flourishing. This illuminated alcohol consumption for women in midlife vis-á-vis moment-in-time pleasure, lifecourse happiness and management of gendered constraints. Drawing on Ahmed’s concepts of ‘affective economies’ and ‘happiness and unhappiness archives’ we contemporise Aristotle’s notion of flourishing and argue that changing structures of feeling for women in midlife give rise to differing emotions that attach to alcohol use. Understanding the affective reasons for alcohol consumption among this population provides new avenues to think about how alcohol consumption is purposed by women to make and make do with (un)happiness during midlife.

Published
2020
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118. On the Radon-Nikodym Property for Vector Measures and Extensions of Transfunctions

Author

Piotr Mikusiński and John Paul Ward

Subjects
Radon–Nikodym theorem, Pure mathematics, Property (philosophy), General Mathematics, 010102 general mathematics, 010103 numerical & computational mathematics, General Medicine, 0101 mathematics, 01 natural sciences, Mathematics
Abstract

If ( μ n ) n = 1 ∞ \left( {{\mu _n}} \right)_{n = 1}^\infty are positive measures on a measurable space (X, Σ) and ( v n ) n = 1 ∞ \left( {{v_n}} \right)_{n = 1}^\infty are elements of a Banach space 𝔼 such that ∑ n = 1 ∞ ‖ v n ‖ μ n ( X ) < ∞ \sum\nolimits_{n = 1}^\infty {\left\| {{v_n}} \right\|{\mu _n}\left( X \right)} < \infty , then ω ( S ) = ∑ n = 1 ∞ v n μ n ( S ) \omega \left( S \right) = \sum\nolimits_{n = 1}^\infty {{v_n}{\mu _n}\left( S \right)} defines a vector measure of bounded variation on (X, Σ). We show 𝔼 has the Radon-Nikodym property if and only if every 𝔼-valued measure of bounded variation on (X, Σ) is of this form. This characterization of the Radon-Nikodym property leads to a new proof of the Lewis-Stegall theorem. We also use this result to show that under natural conditions an operator defined on positive measures has a unique extension to an operator defined on 𝔼-valued measures for any Banach space 𝔼 that has the Radon-Nikodym property.

Published
2020
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119. Expectations and everyday opportunities for building trust in the food system

Author

Julie Henderson, Emma Tonkin, Paul Ward, Dean McCullum, Trevor Webb, Annabelle Wilson, Samantha B Meyer, and John Coveney

Subjects
0303 health sciences, Food industry, 030309 nutrition & dietetics, business.industry, media_common.quotation_subject, 05 social sciences, Food safety, Deliberation, Business as usual, 03 medical and health sciences, Trustworthiness, Group discussion, Perception, 0502 economics and business, Business, Management and Accounting (miscellaneous), Food systems, 050211 marketing, Marketing, business, Food Science, media_common
Abstract

PurposeConsumers’ trust in food systems is essential to their functioning and to consumers’ well-being. However, the literature exploring how food safety incidents impact consumer trust is theoretically underdeveloped. This study explores the relationship between consumers’ expectations of the food system and its actors (regulators, food industry and the media) and how these influence trust-related judgements that consumers make during a food safety incident.Design/methodology/approachIn this study, two groups of purposefully sampled Australian participants (n = 15) spent one day engaged in qualitative public deliberation to discuss unfolding food incident scenarios. Group discussion was audio recorded and transcribed for the analysis. Facilitated group discussion included participants' expected behaviour in response to the scenario and their perceptions of actors' actions described within the scenario, particularly their trust responses (an increase, decrease or no change in their trust in the food system) and justification for these.FindingsThe findings of the study indicated that food incident features and unique consumer characteristics, particularly their expectations of the food system, interacted to form each participant's individual trust response to the scenario. Consumer expectations were delineated into “fundamental” and “anticipatory” expectations. Whether fundamental and anticipatory expectations were in alignment was central to the trust response. Experiences with the food system and its actors during business as usual contributed to forming anticipatory expectations.Originality/valueTo ensure that food incidents do not undermine consumer trust in food systems, food system actors must not only demonstrate competent management of the incident but also prioritise trustworthiness during business as usual to ensure that anticipatory expectations held by consumers are positive.

Published
2020
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120. Interpolating splines on graphs for data science applications

Author

Joseph D. Ward, John Paul Ward, and Francis J. Narcowich

Subjects
Ideal (set theory), Scale (ratio), Applied Mathematics, 010102 general mathematics, MathematicsofComputing_NUMERICALANALYSIS, Numerical Analysis (math.NA), 010103 numerical & computational mathematics, Function (mathematics), 01 natural sciences, 41A05, 41A15, 41A65, Mathematics - Classical Analysis and ODEs, Kernel (statistics), ComputingMethodologies_SYMBOLICANDALGEBRAICMANIPULATION, Classical Analysis and ODEs (math.CA), FOS: Mathematics, Applied mathematics, Mathematics - Numerical Analysis, 0101 mathematics, Exponential decay, Mathematics
Abstract

We introduce intrinsic interpolatory bases for data structured on graphs and derive properties of those bases. Polyharmonic Lagrange functions are shown to satisfy exponential decay away from their centers. The decay depends on the density of the zeros of the Lagrange function, showing that they scale with the density of the data. These results indicate that Lagrange-type bases are ideal building blocks for analyzing data on graphs, and we illustrate their use in kernel-based machine learning applications., Comment: 17 pages

Published
2020
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121. A sociology of the Covid-19 pandemic: A commentary and research agenda for sociologists

Author

Paul Ward

Subjects
2019-20 coronavirus outbreak, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), 05 social sciences, General Medicine, 0506 political science, Social determinants of health, 03 medical and health sciences, Important research, 0302 clinical medicine, Pandemic, 050602 political science & public administration, 030212 general & internal medicine, Sociology, Social science, Social theory
Abstract

During the early part of 2020, there has been an abundance of critically important research on Covid-19 from medical, epidemiological and virological disciplines. There is now an urgent need for sociologists to engage theoretically and empirically on the social impact of issues related to Covid-19. As we have moved further into 2020, governments around the world have imposed different types of restrictions on social life, in order to quell the spread of Covid-19 and ‘flatten the curve’. These have included imposing various degrees of social isolation and restrictions on things like social gatherings, travel, sport and leisure activities, and going to work/school/university. This commentary explores the ways in which different branches of social theory can shed light on the implications of Covid-19 restrictions for social life ‘as we know it’. The broad fields of social theory in the commentary cover concepts such as risk, trust, fear, uncertainty and happiness. The process of developing the social theory driven research agenda contained within this commentary took a rather unusual route – it started by re-reading Jean-Paul Sartre’s ideas on existentialism, which led to me painting a visual sociology of Covid-19 (an image of my painting is provided), and ultimately to this piece.

Published
2020
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122. Understanding social and environmental factors and their contribution mechanisms to HIV transmission among heterosexual men in Indonesia

Author

Karen Hawke, Nelsensius Klau Fauk, Lillian Mwanri, and Paul Ward

Subjects
virus diseases
Abstract

The number of HIV infection among heterosexual men in Indonesia continues to increase. This paper describes social and environmental factors and the mechanisms through which these factors may have contributed to the transmission of HIV among men in Indonesia. A qualitative design using one-on-one and face-to-face in-depth interviews was employed to collect data from men living with HIV in Yogyakarta and Belu, from June to December 2019. Participants (n=40) were recruited using the snowball sampling technique. The logical model for socio-environmental determinants diagnosis was used to conceptualise the study and discuss the findings. The findings showed that social factors such as peer influence on sex, condom use and injecting drug use were contributing factors for HIV transmission among the participants. Other factors and drivers of HIV transmission included mobility, migration, and the environment the participants lived, worked and interacted, which facilitated their engagement in high-risk behaviours. The findings indicate the need for wide dissemination of information and education about HIV and condoms for men, within communities and migration areas in Indonesia and other similar settings globally in order to increase their understanding of the means of HIV transmission, and condom use for HIV prevention.

Published
2022
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123. Abstract 3150: Computational cohort discovery and coordinator-led validation to navigate potential research candidates to clinical trials

Author

Yonah Ziemba, Kaitlin Parnahay, Paul Ward, Nalan Yurtsever, Sharon Fox, Cheryl Schleicher, Priya Singh-Shiwsankar, Vincent Vinciguerra, Joseph Herman, James M. Crawford, and Daniel A. King

Subjects
Cancer Research, Oncology
Abstract

The purpose of this study was to improve the identification and solicitation of human subject candidates to augment patient enrollment to clinical trials. In the past, our enrollment efforts involved manual mechanisms that began at the time that cancer patients were presented for care, most commonly at our chemotherapy clinics. We reasoned that computational review of pathology records may be far more efficient, allowing us to screen larger numbers of patients, and may allow us to intercept patients at the time of diagnosis, rather than time of care. We thus implemented a new workflow: (1) computational query of pathology database to filter candidates based on key eligibility criteria; (2) validation of the query using a clinical research coordinator, who can then (3) navigate the patient to the trial. As a proof of concept, starting in August of 2022, we selected two gastrointestinal oncology trials, the COBRA and PACES trial, based on trial eligibility that could be easily extracted using pathologic criteria, and because these trials had low enrollment. We designed computational queries to extract cohorts of potential patients whose surgery dates and pathology staging identified potential clinical trial candidates. A coordinator performed chart-review to validate these candidates. The trial coordinator then contacted the patient’s surgical oncologist, facilitated referral to a medical oncologist, and tracked the number of patients approached and consented. Whereas in a 12-month period preceding this new workflow, we had 0 and 1 patients approached for the PACES and COBRA trial, in the 3-month period following the new intervention, we had 8 and 2 patients approached. These data suggest computational cohort building and subsequent navigation have the potential to improve enrollment onto clinical trials and motivate extension of this work to additional trials. Table(s) Trial # of patients approached pre-intervention Computational Criteria Meeting computational criteria Coordinator validation criteria # of patients validated by coordinator # of patients connected with medical oncologist # of patients approached post-intervention PACES 0 Colorectal cancer, stage T0-T3,N0-1 Date Aug 2021 – July 2022 23 Facility location, No evidence of disease on colonoscopy performed 120 -456 days post-surgery, No chemotherapy, No other malignancy 18 8 8 COBRA 1 Colorectal cancer pT3N0resection date August 2022 – October 2022 18 ≥ 12 lymph nodes assessedPatient locationIf the subject appropriate for active surveillanceSurgery within 14-60 days of randomization 4 0 2 Citation Format: Yonah Ziemba, Kaitlin Parnahay, Paul Ward, Nalan Yurtsever, Sharon Fox, Cheryl Schleicher, Priya Singh-Shiwsankar, Vincent Vinciguerra, Joseph Herman, James M. Crawford, Daniel A. King. Computational cohort discovery and coordinator-led validation to navigate potential research candidates to clinical trials [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 3150.

Published
2023
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127. The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010–19 : A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author

Khanh Bao Tran, Justin J Lang, Kelly Compton, Rixing Xu, Alistair R Acheson, Hannah Jacqueline Henrikson, Jonathan M Kocarnik, Louise Penberthy, Amirali Aali, Qamar Abbas, Behzad Abbasi, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari, Hedayat Abbastabar, Michael Abdelmasseh, Sherief Abd-Elsalam, Ahmed Abdelwahab Abdelwahab, Gholamreza Abdoli, Hanan Abdulkadir Abdulkadir, Aidin Abedi, Kedir Hussein Abegaz, Hassan Abidi, Richard Gyan Aboagye, Hassan Abolhassani, Abdorrahim Absalan, Yonas Derso Abtew, Hiwa Abubaker Ali, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Basavaprabhu Achappa, Juan Manuel Acuna, Daniel Addison, Isaac Yeboah Addo, Oyelola A Adegboye, Miracle Ayomikun Adesina, Mohammad Adnan, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Shailesh M Advani, Sumia Afrin, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Manik Aggarwal, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Araz Ramazan Ahmad, Rizwan Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmad, Sohail Ahmad, Sepideh Ahmadi, Haroon Ahmed, Luai A Ahmed, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Tarik Ahmed Rashid, Wajeeha Aiman, Marjan Ajami, Gizachew Taddesse Akalu, Mostafa Akbarzadeh-Khiavi, Addis Aklilu, Maxwell Akonde, Chisom Joyqueenet Akunna, Hanadi Al Hamad, Fares Alahdab, Fahad Mashhour Alanezi, Turki M Alanzi, Saleh Ali Alessy, Abdelazeem M Algammal, Mohammed Khaled Al-Hanawi, Robert Kaba Alhassan, Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali, Liaqat Ali, Syed Shujait Ali, Yousef Alimohamadi, Vahid Alipour, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Motasem Alkhayyat, Sadeq Ali Ali Al-Maweri, Sami Almustanyir, Nivaldo Alonso, Shehabaldin Alqalyoobi, Rajaa M Al-Raddadi, Rami H Hani Al-Rifai, Salman Khalifah Al-Sabah, Ala'a B Al-Tammemi, Haya Altawalah, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Firehiwot Amare, Edward Kwabena Ameyaw, Javad Javad Aminian Dehkordi, Mohammad Hosein Amirzade-Iranaq, Hubert Amu, Ganiyu Adeniyi Amusa, Robert Ancuceanu, Jason A Anderson, Yaregal Animut Animut, Amir Anoushiravani, Ali Arash Anoushirvani, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam, Mustafa Geleto Ansha, Benny Antony, Maxwell Hubert Antwi, Sumadi Lukman Anwar, Razique Anwer, Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor, Jalal Arabloo, Morteza Arab-Zozani, Olatunde Aremu, Ayele Mamo Argaw, Hany Ariffin, Timur Aripov, Muhammad Arshad, Al Artaman, Judie Arulappan, Raphael Taiwo Aruleba, Armin Aryannejad, Malke Asaad, Mulusew A Asemahagn, Zatollah Asemi, Mohammad Asghari-Jafarabadi, Tahira Ashraf, Reza Assadi, Mohammad Athar, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Maha Moh'd Wahbi Atout, Sameh Attia, Avinash Aujayeb, Marcel Ausloos, Leticia Avila-Burgos, Atalel Fentahun Awedew, Mamaru Ayenew Awoke, Tewachew Awoke, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Tegegn Mulatu Ayana, Solomon Shitu Ayen, Davood Azadi, Sina Azadnajafabad, Saber Azami-Aghdash, Melkalem Mamuye Azanaw, Mohammadreza Azangou-Khyavy, Amirhossein Azari Jafari, Hosein Azizi, Ahmed Y Y Azzam, Amirhesam Babajani, Muhammad Badar, Ashish D Badiye, Nayereh Baghcheghi, Nader Bagheri, Sara Bagherieh, Saeed Bahadory, Atif Amin Baig, Jennifer L Baker, Ahad Bakhtiari, Ravleen Kaur Bakshi, Maciej Banach, Indrajit Banerjee, Mainak Bardhan, Francesco Barone-Adesi, Fabio Barra, Amadou Barrow, Nasir Z Bashir, Azadeh Bashiri, Saurav Basu, Abdul-Monim Mohammad Batiha, Aeysha Begum, Alehegn Bekele Bekele, Alemayehu Sayih Belay, Melaku Ashagrie Belete, Uzma Iqbal Belgaumi, Arielle Wilder Bell, Luis Belo, Habib Benzian, Alemshet Yirga Berhie, Amiel Nazer C Bermudez, Eduardo Bernabe, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Neeraj Bhala, Bharti Bhandari Bhandari, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Vijayalakshmi S Bhojaraja, Soumitra S Bhuyan, Sadia Bibi, Awraris Hailu Bilchut, Bagas Suryo Bintoro, Antonio Biondi, Mesfin Geremaw Birega Birega, Habitu Eshetu Birhan, Tone Bjørge, Oleg Blyuss, Belay Boda Abule Bodicha, Srinivasa Rao Bolla, Archith Boloor, Cristina Bosetti, Dejana Braithwaite, Michael Brauer, Hermann Brenner, Andrey Nikolaevich Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko, Christina Maree Buchanan, Norma B Bulamu, Maria Teresa Bustamante-Teixeira, Muhammad Hammad Butt, Nadeem Shafique Butt, Zahid A Butt, Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos, Luis Alberto Cámera, Chao Cao, Yin Cao, Giulia Carreras, Márcia Carvalho, Francieli Cembranel, Ester Cerin, Promit Ananyo Chakraborty, Periklis Charalampous, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Odgerel Chimed-Ochir, Jesus Lorenzo Chirinos-Caceres, Daniel Youngwhan Cho, William C S Cho, Devasahayam J Christopher, Dinh-Toi Chu, Isaac Sunday Chukwu, Aaron J Cohen, Joao Conde, Sandra Cortés, Vera Marisa Costa, Natália Cruz-Martins, Garland T Culbreth, Omid Dadras, Fentaw Teshome Dagnaw, Saad M A Dahlawi, Xiaochen Dai, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Parnaz Daneshpajouhnejad, Anna Danielewicz, An Thi Minh Dao, Reza Darvishi Cheshmeh Soltani, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Saswati Das, Dragos Virgil Davitoiu, Elham Davtalab Esmaeili, Fernando Pio De la Hoz, Sisay Abebe Debela, Azizallah Dehghan, Biniyam Demisse, Fitsum Wolde Demisse, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Afshin Derakhshani, Meseret Derbew Molla, Diriba Dereje, Kalkidan Solomon Deribe, Rupak Desai, Markos Desalegn Desalegn, Fikadu Nugusu Dessalegn, Samuel Abebe A Dessalegni, Gashaw Dessie, Abebaw Alemayehu Desta, Syed Masudur Rahman Dewan, Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne, Meghnath Dhimal, Mostafa Dianatinasab, Nancy Diao, Daniel Diaz, Lankamo Ena Digesa, Shilpi Gupta Dixit, Saeid Doaei, Linh Phuong Doan, Paul Narh Doku, Deepa Dongarwar, Wendel Mombaque dos Santos, Tim Robert Driscoll, Haneil Larson Dsouza, Oyewole Christopher Durojaiye, Sareh Edalati, Fatemeh Eghbalian, Elham Ehsani-Chimeh, Ebrahim Eini, Michael Ekholuenetale, Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo, Donatus U Ekwueme, Maha El Tantawi, Mostafa Ahmed Elbahnasawy, Iffat Elbarazi, Hesham Elghazaly, Muhammed Elhadi, Waseem El-Huneidi, Mohammad Hassan Emamian, Luchuo Engelbert Bain, Daniel Berhanie Enyew, Ryenchindorj Erkhembayar, Tegegne Eshetu, Babak Eshrati, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Juan Espinosa-Montero, Farshid Etaee, Azin Etemadimanesh, Tahir Eyayu, Ifeanyi Jude Ezeonwumelu, Sayeh Ezzikouri, Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe, Saman Fahimi, Ildar Ravisovich Fakhradiyev, Emerito Jose A Faraon, Jawad Fares, Abbas Farmany, Umar Farooque, Hossein Farrokhpour, Abidemi Omolara Fasanmi, Ali Fatehizadeh, Wafa Fatima, Hamed Fattahi, Ginenus Fekadu, Berhanu Elfu Feleke, Allegra Allegra Ferrari, Simone Ferrero, Lorenzo Ferro Desideri, Irina Filip, Florian Fischer, Roham Foroumadi, Masoud Foroutan, Takeshi Fukumoto, Peter Andras Gaal, Mohamed M Gad, Muktar A Gadanya, Abduzhappar Gaipov, Nasrin Galehdar, Silvano Gallus, Tushar Garg, Mariana Gaspar Fonseca, Yosef Haile Gebremariam, Teferi Gebru Gebremeskel, Mathewos Alemu Gebremichael, Yohannes Fikadu Geda, Yibeltal Yismaw Gela, Belete Negese Belete Gemeda, Melaku Getachew, Motuma Erena Getachew, Kazem Ghaffari, Mansour Ghafourifard, Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari, Mohammad Ghasemi Nour, Fariba Ghassemi, Ajnish Ghimire, Nermin Ghith, Maryam Gholamalizadeh, Jamshid Gholizadeh Navashenaq, Sherief Ghozy, Syed Amir Gilani, Paramjit Singh Gill, Themba G Ginindza, Abraham Tamirat T Gizaw, James C Glasbey, Justyna Godos, Amit Goel, Mahaveer Golechha, Pouya Goleij, Davide Golinelli, Mohamad Golitaleb, Giuseppe Gorini, Bárbara Niegia Garcia Goulart, Giuseppe Grosso, Habtamu Alganeh Guadie, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari, Temesgen Worku Gudayu, Maximiliano Ribeiro Guerra, Damitha Asanga Gunawardane, Bhawna Gupta, Sapna Gupta, Veer Bala Gupta, Vivek Kumar Gupta, Mekdes Kondale Gurara, Alemu Guta, Parham Habibzadeh, Atlas Haddadi Avval, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Adel Hajj Ali, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Esam S Halboub, Aram Halimi, Rabih Halwani, Randah R Hamadeh, Sajid Hameed, Samer Hamidi, Asif Hanif, Sanam Hariri, Netanja I Harlianto, Josep Maria Haro, Risky Kusuma Hartono, Ahmed I Hasaballah, S M Mahmudul Hasan, Hamidreza Hasani, Seyedeh Melika Hashemi, Abbas M Hassan, Soheil Hassanipour, Khezar Hayat, Golnaz Heidari, Mohammad Heidari, Zahra Heidarymeybodi, Brenda Yuliana Herrera-Serna, Claudiu Herteliu, Kamal Hezam, Yuta Hiraike, Mbuzeleni Mbuzeleni Hlongwa, Ramesh Holla, Marianne Holm, Nobuyuki Horita, Mohammad Hoseini, Md Mahbub Hossain, Mohammad Bellal Hossain Hossain, Mohammad-Salar Hosseini, Ali Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mihaela Hostiuc, Sorin Hostiuc, Mowafa Househ, Junjie Huang, Fernando N Hugo, Ayesha Humayun, Salman Hussain, Nawfal R Hussein, Bing-Fang Hwang, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Pulwasha Maria Iftikhar, Kevin S Ikuta, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Irena M Ilic, Milena D Ilic, Mustapha Immurana, Kaire Innos, Pooya Iranpour, Lalu Muhammad Irham, Md Shariful Islam, Rakibul M Islam, Farhad Islami, Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail, Gaetano Isola, Masao Iwagami, Linda Merin J, Abhishek Jaiswal, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Mahsa Jalili, Shahram Jalilian, Elham Jamshidi, Sung-In Jang, Chinmay T Jani, Tahereh Javaheri, Umesh Umesh Jayarajah, Shubha Jayaram, Seyed Behzad Jazayeri, Rime Jebai, Bedru Jemal, Wonjeong Jeong, Ravi Prakash Jha, Har Ashish Jindal, Yetunde O John-Akinola, Jost B Jonas, Tamas Joo, Nitin Joseph, Farahnaz Joukar, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Mikk Jürisson, Ali Kabir, Salah Eddine Oussama Kacimi, Vidya Kadashetti, Farima Kahe, Pradnya Vishal Kakodkar, Laleh R Kalankesh, Leila R Kalankesh, Rohollah Kalhor, Vineet Kumar Kamal, Farin Kamangar, Ashwin Kamath, Tanuj Kanchan, Eswar Kandaswamy, Himal Kandel, HyeJung Kang, Girum Gebremeskel Kanno, Neeti Kapoor, Sitanshu Sekhar Kar, Shama D Karanth, Ibraheem M Karaye, André Karch, Amirali Karimi, Bekalu Getnet Kassa, Patrick DMC Katoto, Joonas H Kauppila, Harkiran Kaur, Abinet Gebremickael Kebede, Leila Keikavoosi-Arani, Gemechu Gemechu Kejela, Phillip M Kemp Bohan, Maryam Keramati, Mohammad Keykhaei, Himanshu Khajuria, Abbas Khan, Abdul Aziz Khan Khan, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Gulfaraz Khan, Md Nuruzzaman Khan, Moien AB Khan, Javad Khanali, Khaled Khatab, Moawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh, Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib, Maryam Khayamzadeh, Hamid Reza Khayat Kashani, Mohammad Amin Khazeei Tabari, Mehdi Khezeli, Mahmoud Khodadost, Min Seo Kim, Yun Jin Kim, Adnan Kisa, Sezer Kisa, Miloslav Klugar, Jitka Klugarová, Ali-Asghar Kolahi, Pavel Kolkhir, Farzad Kompani, Parvaiz A Koul, Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana, Ai Koyanagi, Kewal Krishan, Yuvaraj Krishnamoorthy, Burcu Kucuk Bicer, Nuworza Kugbey, Mukhtar Kulimbet, Akshay Kumar, G Anil Kumar, Narinder Kumar, Om P Kurmi, Ambily Kuttikkattu, Carlo La Vecchia, Arista Lahiri, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Judit Lám, Qing Lan, Iván Landires, Bagher Larijani, Savita Lasrado, Jerrald Lau, Paolo Lauriola, Caterina Ledda, Sang-woong Lee, Shaun Wen Huey Lee, Wei-Chen Lee, Yeong Yeh Lee, Yo Han Lee, Samson Mideksa Legesse, James Leigh, Elvynna Leong, Ming-Chieh Li, Stephen S Lim, Gang Liu, Jue Liu, Chun-Han Lo, Ayush Lohiya, Platon D Lopukhov, László Lorenzovici, Mojgan Lotfi, Joana A Loureiro, Raimundas Lunevicius, Farzan Madadizadeh, Ahmad R Mafi, Sameh Magdeldin, Soleiman Mahjoub, Ata Mahmoodpoor, Morteza Mahmoudi, Marzieh Mahmoudimanesh, Rashidul Alam Mahumud, Azeem Majeed, Jamal Majidpoor, Alaa Makki, Konstantinos Christos Makris, Elaheh Malakan Rad, Mohammad-Reza Malekpour, Reza Malekzadeh, Ahmad Azam Malik, Tauqeer Hussain Mallhi, Sneha Deepak Mallya, Mohammed A Mamun, Ana Laura Manda, Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei, Borhan Mansouri, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Lorenzo Giovanni Mantovani, Santi Martini, Miquel Martorell, Sahar Masoudi, Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi, Clara N Matei, Elezebeth Mathews, Manu Raj Mathur, Vasundhara Mathur, Martin McKee, Jitendra Kumar Meena, Khalid Mehmood, Entezar Mehrabi Nasab, Ravi Mehrotra, Addisu Melese, Walter Mendoza, Ritesh G Menezes, SIsay Derso Mengesha, Laverne G Mensah, Alexios-Fotios A Mentis, Andry Yasmid Mera Mera-Mamián, Tuomo J Meretoja, Mehari Woldemariam Merid, Amanual Getnet Mersha, Belsity Temesgen Meselu, Mahboobeh Meshkat, Tomislav Mestrovic, Junmei Miao Jonasson, Tomasz Miazgowski, Irmina Maria Michalek, Gelana Fekadu Worku Mijena, Ted R Miller, Shabir Ahmad Mir, Seyed Kazem Mirinezhad, Seyyedmohammadsadeq Mirmoeeni, Mohammad Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari, Hamed Mirzaei, Hamid Reza Mirzaei, Abay Sisay Misganaw, Sanjeev Misra, Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Esmaeil Mohammadi, Mokhtar Mohammadi, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Reza Mohammadpourhodki, Arif Mohammed, Shafiu Mohammed, Syam Mohan, Mohammad Mohseni, Nagabhishek Moka, Ali H Mokdad, Alex Molassiotis, Mariam Molokhia, Kaveh Momenzadeh, Sara Momtazmanesh, Lorenzo Monasta, Ute Mons, Ahmed Al Montasir, Fateme Montazeri, Arnulfo Montero, Mohammad Amin Moosavi, Abdolvahab Moradi, Yousef Moradi, Mostafa Moradi Sarabi, Paula Moraga, Lidia Morawska, Shane Douglas Morrison, Jakub Morze, Abbas Mosapour, Ebrahim Mostafavi, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, Haleh Mousavi Isfahani, Amin Mousavi Khaneghah, Christine Mpundu-Kaambwa, Sumaira Mubarik, Francesk Mulita, Daniel Munblit, Sandra B Munro, Efrén Murillo-Zamora, Jonah Musa, Ashraf F Nabhan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Shankar Prasad Nagaraju, Gabriele Nagel, Mohammadreza Naghipour, Mukhammad David Naimzada, Tapas Sadasivan Nair, Atta Abbas Naqvi, Sreenivas Narasimha Swamy, Aparna Ichalangod Narayana, Hasan Nassereldine, Zuhair S Natto, Biswa Prakash Nayak, Rawlance Ndejjo, Sabina Onyinye Nduaguba, Wogene Wogene Negash, Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi, Kazem Nejati, Sandhya Neupane Kandel, Huy Van Nguyen Nguyen, Robina Khan Niazi, Nurulamin M Noor, Maryam Noori, Nafise Noroozi, Hasti Nouraei, Ali Nowroozi, Virginia Nuñez-Samudio, Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam, Ogochukwu Janet Nzoputam, Bogdan Oancea, Oluwakemi Ololade Odukoya, Onome Bright Oghenetega, Ropo Ebenezer Ogunsakin, Ayodipupo Sikiru Oguntade, In-Hwan Oh, Hassan Okati-Aliabad, Akinkunmi Paul Okekunle, Andrew T Olagunju, Tinuke O Olagunju, Babayemi Oluwaseun Olakunde, Isaac Iyinoluwa Olufadewa, Emad Omer, Abidemi E Emmanuel Omonisi, Sokking Ong, Obinna E Onwujekwe, Hans Orru, Stanislav S Otstavnov, Abderrahim Oulhaj, Bilcha Oumer, Oluwatomi Funbi Owopetu, Babatunji Emmanuel Oyinloye, Mahesh P A, Alicia Padron-Monedero, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Babak Pakbin, Keyvan Pakshir, Reza Pakzad, Tamás Palicz, Adrian Pana, Anamika Pandey, Ashok Pandey, Suman Pant, Shahina Pardhan, Eun-Cheol Park, Eun-Kee 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Melinda Gates Foundation, Kuwait University (Kuwait), Ministry of Higher Education (Malasia), Lega Italiana per la Lotta ai Tumori, Health Effects Institute (Estados Unidos), Unión Europea. Comisión Europea. European Research Council (ERC), Unión Europea. Comisión Europea. H2020, Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (Portugal), African-German Network of Excellence in Science (AGNES), Federal Ministry of Education & Research (Alemania), Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, Novo Nordisk Foundation, National Institute for Health Research (Reino Unido), National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia), Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, Romanian Ministry of Research Innovation and Digitalization, Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development (Serbia), Sigrid Jusélius Foundation, Finnish Cancer Foundation, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences (India), Xiamen University (Malasia), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (India), Panjab University (India), Sistema Nacional de Investigación (Panamá), Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (Panamá), Ministry of Science and Technology (Taiwan), Lung Foundation Australia, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Wellcome Trust, UNSW Sydney (Australia), ICMR - National Institute of Epidemiology (India), University of Tasmania (Australia), National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (Brasil), Coordenação de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Brasil), Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (Irán), Ain Shams University (Egipto), International Center of Medical Sciences Research (Islamabad), National Institutes of Health (Estados Unidos), University of Oxford (Reino Unido), National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (Irán), Marga und Walter Boll - Stiftung, Ministero della Salute (Italia), IRCCS Materno Infantile Burlo Garofolo (Italia), King College London, Wellcome Trust/DBT India Alliance (India), Public Health, University of St Andrews. School of Medicine, and University of St Andrews. Population and Behavioural Science Division

Subjects
Male, DEATHS, DALY, cancer, risk factors, Medizin, systematic analysis, Global Health, Risk Assessment, Cancer prevention, Global Burden of Disease, RC0254, Risk-attributable cancer deaths, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, RA0421, Risk Factors, RA0421 Public health. Hygiene. Preventive Medicine, Quality-Adjusted Life Year, Neoplasms, cancer, Humans, Global Burden of Disease Study, UK, Medicine(all), MCC, RC0254 Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology (including Cancer), Risk Factor, Smoking, COVID-19, 3rd-DAS, General Medicine, Disability-adjusted life-years, SOCIAL DETERMINANTS, Risk assessments, risk factor, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, 3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine, OBESITY, Cancer burden, Neoplasm, Female, LIFE-STYLE, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, HEALTH, RA, Human, RC
Abstract

Background: Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods: The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings: Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4·45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4·01-4·94) deaths and 105 million (95·0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44·4% (41·3-48·4) of all cancer deaths and 42·0% (39·1-45·6) of all DALYs. There were 2·88 million (2·60-3·18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50·6% [47·8-54·1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1·58 million (1·36-1·84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36·3% [32·5-41·3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20·4% (12·6-28·4) and DALYs by 16·8% (8·8-25·0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34·7% [27·9-42·8] and 33·3% [25·8-42·0]). Interpretation: The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. We are grateful to the surveillance systems, including cancer registries, that generated and shared observed cancer burden data. S M Aljunid acknowledges the Department of Health Policy and Management, College of Public Health, Kuwait University for the approval and support to participate in this research project. H Ariffin acknowledges support from the Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia (grant FRGS/1/2021/SKK0/UM/01/1). F Barra acknowledges support from Lega Italiana per la Lotta contro i Tumori - LILT - Bando 5 x 1000 anno 2019. L Belo and M Carvalho acknowledge the support from FCT in the scope of the project UIDP/04378/2020 and UIDB/04378/2020 of UCIBIO and the project LA/P/0140/2020 of i4HB. A J Cohen was supported by the Health Effects Institute, Boston, MA, USA. J Conde acknowledges financial support from the European Research Council - ERC Starting Grant 848325. V M Costa acknowledges her grant (SFRH/BHD/110001/2015), received by Portuguese national funds through Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT), IP, under the Norma Transitória DL57/2016/CP1334/CT0006. T C Ekundayo was supported by the African-German Network of Excellence in Science (AGNES), the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) and the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation (AvH). N Ghith acknowledges support from a grant from Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF16OC0021856). J C Glasbey is support by a Doctoral Research Fellowship from the National Institute of Health Research (NIHR300175). V K Gupta and V B Gupta acknowledge funding support from National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), Australia. C Herteliu, A Pana, and M Ausloos acknowledge partial support by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, CNDS-UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0084. C Herteliu is also partially supported by a grant of the Romanian Ministry of Research Innovation and Digitalization, MCID, project number ID-585-CTR-42-PFE-2021. S Hussain was supported from Operational Programme Research, Development and Education–Project, Postdoc2MUNI (number CZ.02.2. 69/0.0/0.0/18_053/0016952). M Jakovljevic acknowledges partial support through the grant OI 175 014 of the Ministry of Education Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia. J H Kauppila acknowledges research grants from Sigrid Jusélius Foundation and the Finnish Cancer Foundation. M N Khatib acknowledges support from Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences (deemed-to-be-university). Y J Kim was supported by the Research Management Centre, Xiamen University Malaysia [XMUMRF/2020-C6/ITCM/0004]. S L Koulmane Laxminarayana acknowledges institutional assistance by Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal. K Krishan is supported by the UGC Centre of Advanced Study (Phase II), awarded to the Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. I Landires is a member of the Sistema Nacional de Investigación (SNI), which is supported by Panama’s Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SENACYT). M-C Li was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (MOST 110-2314-B-003-001). G Liu acknowledges support from the CREATE Hope scientific fellowship from Lung Foundation Australia. J Liu acknowledges support from the National Natural Science Foundation (72122001). J A Loureiro was supported by Scientific Employment Stimulus (FCT; CEECINST/00049/2018). E Mathews is supported by a Clinical and Public Health Early Career Fellowship (grant number IA/CPHE/17/1/503345) from the DBT India Alliance/Wellcome Trust Department of Biotechnology, India Alliance (2018–2023). T J Meretoja was supported by an unrestricted grant from Cancer Foundation Finland sr. S Mohammed acknowledges a fellowship grant from Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, outside the submitted work. M Molokhia is supported by the National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Center at Guy’s and St Thomas’ National Health Service Foundation Trust and King’s College London. L Monasta received support from the Italian Ministry of Health at the Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste - Italy (RC 34/2017). U Mons is supported by the Marga and Walter Boll Foundation, Kerpen, Germany. M A Moosavi acknowledges the financial support of National Institute of Genetics Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB). J Musa acknowledges support from the NIH/FICK43TW011416 for research-protected time for cervical cancer research and career development at University of Jos. V Nuñez-Samudio is a member of the Sistema Nacional de Investigación (SNI), which is supported by Panama’s Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SENACYT). O O Odukoya acknowledges support by the Fogarty International Center of the National Institutes of Health under the award number K43TW010704 for research-protected time. The content is solely the responsibility of all the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. A S Oguntade acknowledges funding by a doctoral scholarship from the Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford (Oxford Population Health). J R Padubidri acknowledges Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal for their constant support in research collaborations. R G Pestell acknowledges support from NIH grant W81XWH1810605 Breast Cancer Research, Breakthrough Grant R21 CA235139-01. Z Z Piracha acknowledges the International Center of Medical Sciences Research (ICMSR), Islamabad (44000), Pakistan. R A Radhakrishnan acknowledges support from Wellcome Trust/DBT India Alliance - IA/CPHI/18/1/503927. U Saeed acknowledges the International Center of Medical Sciences Research (ICMSR), Islamabad, Pakistan. A M Samy acknowledges the support from Ain Shams University and the Egyptian Fulbright Mission Program. F Sha was supported by the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program (grant number KQTD20190929172835662). H R Shahsavari acknowledges the Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS) Research Council. A Shetty acknowledges Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal for all the academic support. D A S Silva acknowledges financing in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brazil (CAPES)—Finance Code 001 and D A S Silva is supported in part by CNPq-Brazil (309589/2021-5). L M L R Silva was supported by project CENTRO-04-3559-FSE-000162, Fundo Social Europeu (FSE). Am Singh is supported by the International Graduate Research Scholarship, University of Tasmania. R Suliankatchi Abdulkader acknowledges support from ICMR—National Institute of Epidemiology. B Unnikrishnan acknowledges Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal. H Xiao acknowledges support from the Public Health Sciences Division of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center. X Xu is supported by the University of New South Wales (Australia) Scientia Program. C Yu was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number 82173626) and Wuhan Medical Research Program of Joint Fund of Hubei Health Committee (grant number WJ2019H304). Sí

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2022
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128. The global burden of adolescent and young adult cancer in 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

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Elysia M Alvarez, Lisa M Force, Rixing Xu, Kelly Compton, Dan Lu, Hannah Jacqueline Henrikson, Jonathan M Kocarnik, James D Harvey, Alyssa Pennini, Frances E Dean, Weijia Fu, Martina T Vargas, Theresa H M Keegan, Hany Ariffin, Ronald D Barr, Yana Arturovna Erdomaeva, D Sanjeeva Gunasekera, Yetunde O John-Akinola, Tyler G Ketterl, Tezer Kutluk, Marcio Henrique Malogolowkin, Prashant Mathur, Venkatraman Radhakrishnan, Lynn Ann Gloeckler Ries, Carlos Rodriguez-Galindo, Garik Barisovich Sagoyan, Iyad Sultan, Behzad Abbasi, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari, Hedayat Abbastabar, Michael Abdelmasseh, Sherief Abd-Elsalam, Amir Abdoli, Haimanot Abebe, Aidin Abedi, Hassan Abidi, Hassan Abolhassani, Hiwa Abubaker Ali, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Basavaprabhu Achappa, Juan Manuel Acuna, Isaac Akinkunmi Adedeji, Oyelola A Adegboye, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Shailesh M Advani, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Mohamad Aghaie Meybodi, Bahman Ahadinezhad, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Sajjad Ahmad, Sepideh Ahmadi, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Tarik Ahmed Rashid, Yusra Ahmed Salih, Wajeeha Aiman, Gizachew Taddesse Akalu, Hanadi Al Hamad, Fares Alahdab, Abdulhadi A AlAmodi, Fahad Mashhour Alanezi, Turki M Alanzi, Adugnaw Zeleke Alem, Dejene Tsegaye Alem, Yosef Alemayehu, Fadwa Naji Alhalaiqa, Robert Kaba Alhassan, Saqib Ali, Gianfranco Alicandro, Vahid Alipour, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Motasem Alkhayyat, Sunitha Alluri, Nihad A Almasri, Sadeq Ali Al-Maweri, Sami Almustanyir, Rajaa M Al-Raddadi, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Edward Kwabena Ameyaw, Saeed Amini, Hubert Amu, Robert Ancuceanu, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Tudorel Andrei, Fereshteh Ansari, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam, Davood Anvari, Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor, Jalal Arabloo, Morteza Arab-Zozani, Ayele Mamo Argaw, Muhammad Arshad, Judie Arulappan, Armin Aryannejad, Zatollah Asemi, Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi, Mohammad Reza Atashzar, Prince Atorkey, Alok Atreya, Sameh Attia, Avinash Aujayeb, Marcel Ausloos, Leticia Avila-Burgos, Atalel Fentahun 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Chao Cao, Yin Cao, Giulia Carreras, Ferrán Catalá-López, Francieli Cembranel, Ester Cerin, Raja Chandra Chakinala, Promit Ananyo Chakraborty, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Pankaj Chaturvedi, Akhilanand Chaurasia, Prachi P Chavan, Odgerel Chimed-Ochir, Jee-Young Jasmine Choi, Devasahayam J Christopher, Dinh-Toi Chu, Michael T Chung, Joao Conde, Vera Marisa Costa, Omar B Da'ar, Omid Dadras, Saad M A Dahlawi, Xiaochen Dai, Giovanni Damiani, Emanuele D'Amico, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Parnaz Daneshpajouhnejad, Amira Hamed Darwish, Ahmad Daryani, Fernando Pio De la Hoz, Sisay Abebe Debela, Takele Gezahegn G Demie, Getu Debalkie Demissie, Zeleke Geto Demissie, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Meseret Derbew Molla, Rupak Desai, Abebaw Alemayehu Desta, Deepak Dhamnetiya, Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne, Mandira Lamichhane Dhimal, Meghnath Dhimal, Mostafa Dianatinasab, Mojtaba Didehdar, Mengistie Diress, Shirin Djalalinia, Huyen Phuc Do, Saeid Doaei, Fariba Dorostkar, Wendel Mombaque dos Santos, Thomas M Drake, 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P., Ledda C., Lee S.-W., Lee W.-C., Lee Y.Y., Lee Y.H., Leigh J., Leong E., Li B., Li J., Li M.-C., Lim S.S., Liu X., Lobo S.W., Loureiro J.A., Lugo A., Lunevicius R., Magdy Abd El Razek H., Magdy Abd El Razek M., Mahmoudi M., Majeed A., Makki A., Male S., Malekpour M.-R., Malekzadeh R., Malik A.A., Mamun M.A., Manafi N., Mansour-Ghanaei F., Mansouri B., Mansournia M.A., Martini S., Masoumi S.Z., Matei C.N., Mathur M.R., McAlinden C., Mehrotra R., Mendoza W., Menezes R.G., Mentis A.-F.A., Meretoja T.J., Mersha A.G., Mesregah M.K., Mestrovic T., Miao Jonasson J., Miazgowski B., Michalek I.M., Miller T.R., Mingude A.B., Mirmoeeni S., Mirzaei H., Misra S., Mithra P., Mohammad K.A., Mohammadi M., Mohammadi S.M., Mohammadian-Hafshejani A., Mohammadpourhodki R., Mohammed A., Mohammed S., Mohammed T.A., Moka N., Mokdad A.H., Molokhia M., Momtazmanesh S., Monasta L., Moni M.A., Moradi G., Moradi Y., Moradzadeh M., Moradzadeh R., Moraga P., Morrison S.D., Mostafavi E., Mousavi Khaneghah A., Mpundu-Kaambwa C., Mubarik S., Mwanri L., Nabhan A.F., Nagaraju S.P., Nagata C., Naghavi M., Naimzada M.D., Naldi L., Nangia V., Naqvi A.A., Narasimha Swamy S., Narayana A.I., Nayak B.P., Nayak V.C., Nazari J., Nduaguba S.O., Negoi I., Negru S.M., Nejadghaderi S.A., Nepal S., Neupane Kandel S., Nggada H.A., Nguyen C.T., Nnaji C.A., Nosrati H., Nouraei H., Nowroozi A., Nunez-Samudio V., Nwatah V.E., Nzoputam C.I., Oancea B., Odukoya O.O., Oguntade A.S., Oh I.-H., Olagunju A.T., Olagunju T.O., Olakunde B.O., Oluwasanu M.M., Omar E., Omar Bali A., Ong S., Onwujekwe O.E., Ortega-Altamirano D.V., Otstavnov N., Otstavnov S.S., Oumer B., Owolabi M.O., P A M., Padron-Monedero A., Padubidri J.R., Pakshir K., Pana A., Pandey A., Pardhan S., Pashazadeh Kan F., Pasovic M., Patel J.R., Pati S., Pattanshetty S.M., Paudel U., Pereira R.B., Peres M.F.P., Perianayagam A., Postma M.J., Pourjafar H., Pourshams A., Prashant A., Pulakunta T., Qadir M.M.F.F., Rabiee M., Rabiee N., Radfar A., Radhakrishnan R.A., Rafiee A., Rafiei A., Rafiei S., Rahim F., Rahimzadeh S., Rahman M., Rahman M.A., Rahmani A.M., Rajesh A., Ramezani-Doroh V., Ranabhat K., Ranasinghe P., Rao C.R., Rao S.J., Rashedi S., Rashidi M., Rashidi M.-M., Rath G.K., Rawaf D.L., Rawaf S., Rawal L., Rawassizadeh R., Razeghinia M.S., Regasa M.T., Renzaho A.M.N., Rezaei M., Rezaei N., Rezaeian M., Rezapour A., Rezazadeh-Khadem S., Riad A., Rios Lopez L.E., Rodriguez J.A.B., Ronfani L., Roshandel G., Rwegerera G.M., Saber-Ayad M.M., Sabour S., Saddik B., Sadeghi E., Sadeghian S., Saeed U., Sahebkar A., Saif-Ur-Rahman K.M., Sajadi S.M., Salahi S., Salehi S., Salem M.R., Salimzadeh H., Samy A.M., Sanabria J., Sanmarchi F., Sarveazad A., Sathian B., Sawhney M., Sawyer S.M., Saylan M., Schneider I.J.C., Seidu A.-A., Sekerija M., Sendo E.G., Sepanlou S.G., Seylani A., Seyoum K., Sha F., Shafaat O., Shaikh M.A., Shamsoddin E., Shannawaz M., Sharma R., Sheikhbahaei S., Shetty A., Shetty B.S.K., Shetty P.H., Shin J.I., Shirkoohi R., Shivakumar K.M., Shobeiri P., Siabani S., Sibhat M.M., Siddappa Malleshappa S.K., Sidemo N.B., Silva D.A.S., Silva Julian G., Singh A.D., Singh J.A., Singh J.K., Singh S., Sinke A.H., Sintayehu Y., Skryabin V.Y., Skryabina A.A., Smith L., Sofi-Mahmudi A., Soltani-Zangbar M.S., Song S., Spurlock E.E., Steiropoulos P., Straif K., Subedi R., Sufiyan M.B., Suliankatchi Abdulkader R., Sultana S., Szerencses V., Szocska M., Tabaeian S.P., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tabary M., Tabuchi T., Tadbiri H., Taheri M., Taherkhani A., Takahashi K., Tampa M., Tan K.-K., Tat V.Y., Tavakoli A., Tbakhi A., Tehrani-Banihashemi A., Temsah M.-H., Tesfay F.H., Tesfaye B., Thakur J.S., Thapar R., Thavamani A., Thiyagarajan A., Thomas N., Tobe-Gai R., Togtmol M., Tohidast S.A., Tohidinik H.R., Tolani M.A., Tollosa D.N., Touvier M., Tovani-Palone M.R., Traini E., Tran B.X., Tran M.T.N., Tripathy J.P., Tusa B.S., Ukke G.G., Ullah I., Ullah S., Umapathi K.K., Unnikrishnan B., Upadhyay E., Ushula T.W., Vacante M., Valadan Tahbaz S., Varthya S.B., Veroux M., Villeneuve P.J., Violante F.S., Vlassov V., Vu G.T., Waheed Y., Wang N., Ward P., Weldesenbet A.B., Wen Y.F., Westerman R., Winkler A.S., Wubishet B.L., Xu S., Yahyazadeh Jabbari S.H., Yang L., Yaya S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi V., Yazie T.S., Yehualashet S.S., Yeshaneh A., Yeshaw Y., Yirdaw B.W., Yonemoto N., Younis M.Z., Yousefi Z., Yu C., Yunusa I., Zadnik V., Zahir M., Zahirian Moghadam T., Zamani M., Zamanian M., Zandian H., Zare F., Zastrozhin M.S., Zastrozhina A., Zhang J., Zhang Z.-J., Ziapour A., Zoladl M., Murray C.J.L., Fitzmaurice C., Bleyer A., Bhakta N., Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET), Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE), Microbes in Health and Disease (MHD), NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas (NMS|FCM), HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Helsinki, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities, St. Baldrick's Foundation, NIH - National Cancer Institute (NCI) (Estados Unidos), Epidemiologie, and RS: NUTRIM - R3 - Respiratory & Age-related Health

Subjects
adolescent cancer, global burden of disease, epidemiology, Adult, Male, Adolescent, 3122 Cancers, UNITED-STATES, Disability-Adjusted Life Year, Adolescents, Socioeconomic Factor, Global Health, Global Burden of Disease, Young Adult, Life Expectancy, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Risk Factors, WORLDWIDE, Neoplasms, Cause of Death, Prevalence, Humans, 1112 Oncology and Carcinogenesis, Oncology & Carcinogenesis, Mortality, Cancer burden analyses, Cancer, ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC-LEUKEMIA, disease, Global burden, OUTCOMES, CHILDHOOD-CANCER, Incidence, Risk Factor, the GBD 2019 methodology, Disability-Adjusted Life Years, GBD 2019 Adolescent Young Adult Cancer Collaborators, CARE, Cancer control efforts, Socioeconomic Factors, Oncology, Neoplasm, Female, Young adults, Human
Abstract

Funding: J A Loureiro acknowledges support from Base Funding UIDB/00511/2020 of the LEPABE funded by national funds through the FCT/MCTES (PIDDAC) and Scientific Employment Stimulus (FCT) [CEECINST/00049/2018]. Background: In estimating the global burden of cancer, adolescents and young adults with cancer are often overlooked, despite being a distinct subgroup with unique epidemiology, clinical care needs, and societal impact. Comprehensive estimates of the global cancer burden in adolescents and young adults (aged 15–39 years) are lacking. To address this gap, we analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, with a focus on the outcome of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), to inform global cancer control measures in adolescents and young adults. Methods: Using the GBD 2019 methodology, international mortality data were collected from vital registration systems, verbal autopsies, and population-based cancer registry inputs modelled with mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIRs). Incidence was computed with mortality estimates and corresponding MIRs. Prevalence estimates were calculated using modelled survival and multiplied by disability weights to obtain years lived with disability (YLDs). Years of life lost (YLLs) were calculated as age-specific cancer deaths multiplied by the standard life expectancy at the age of death. The main outcome was DALYs (the sum of YLLs and YLDs). Estimates were presented globally and by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintiles (countries ranked and divided into five equal SDI groups), and all estimates were presented with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). For this analysis, we used the age range of 15–39 years to define adolescents and young adults. Findings: There were 1·19 million (95% UI 1·11–1·28) incident cancer cases and 396 000 (370 000–425 000) deaths due to cancer among people aged 15–39 years worldwide in 2019. The highest age-standardised incidence rates occurred in high SDI (59·6 [54·5–65·7] per 100 000 person-years) and high-middle SDI countries (53·2 [48·8–57·9] per 100 000 person-years), while the highest age-standardised mortality rates were in low-middle SDI (14·2 [12·9–15·6] per 100 000 person-years) and middle SDI (13·6 [12·6–14·8] per 100 000 person-years) countries. In 2019, adolescent and young adult cancers contributed 23·5 million (21·9–25·2) DALYs to the global burden of disease, of which 2·7% (1·9–3·6) came from YLDs and 97·3% (96·4–98·1) from YLLs. Cancer was the fourth leading cause of death and tenth leading cause of DALYs in adolescents and young adults globally. Interpretation: Adolescent and young adult cancers contributed substantially to the overall adolescent and young adult disease burden globally in 2019. These results provide new insights into the distribution and magnitude of the adolescent and young adult cancer burden around the world. With notable differences observed across SDI settings, these estimates can inform global and country-level cancer control efforts. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities, St Baldrick's Foundation, and the National Cancer Institute. publishersversion published

Published
2022
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129. Lifestyle Interventions through Participatory Research: A Mixed-Methods Systematic Review of Alcohol and Other Breast Cancer Behavioural Risk Factors

Author

Jessica A Thomas, Emma Miller, and Paul Ward

Subjects
Community-Based Participatory Research, Alcohol Drinking, alcohol, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, primary prevention, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Breast Neoplasms, Review, breast cancer, Risk Factors, Humans, lifestyle modification, Medicine, Female, participatory research, Life Style
Abstract

Breast cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers in women globally. Sex and advancing age represent the dominant risk factors, with strong evidence of alcohol as a modifiable risk factor. The carcinogenic nature of alcohol has been known for over twenty years; however, this has failed to translate into significant behavioural, practice, or policy change. As a result, women have not benefitted from this research and, by extension, have been exposed to unnecessary breast cancer risk. Participatory research presents a solution to research translation in public health through the collaboration of impacted populations with academics in research. This systematic review examines peer-reviewed research studies where participants were involved in the research process and the outcomes related to breast cancer prevention (either alcohol or broader lifestyle modification). Seven of the eight studies reported positive effects, and the collaboration between academic researchers and impacted populations may have supported positive outcomes. Women were receptive and responsive to participatory approaches, and their participation is important to address socially entrenched behaviours such as alcohol consumption. Participatory research presents opportunities for future interventions to improve (or address) modifiable risk factors for breast cancer.

Published
2022

130. The effect of a high-pressure protocol on penalty shooting performance, psychological, and psychophysiological response in professional football: A mixed methods study

Author

Louise Ellis and Paul Ward

Subjects
Research design, Motivation, Data collection, media_common.quotation_subject, medicine.medical_treatment, Applied psychology, Football, Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation, Bivariate analysis, Athletic Performance, Biofeedback, Perception, Distraction, Soccer, medicine, Anxiety, Humans, Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Attention, medicine.symptom, Psychology, media_common
Abstract

The penalty kick in soccer is arguably one of the most highly visible and high-pressured sporting situations in the world. This study examined the effect of a high-pressure protocol on penalty shooting performance, and the associated psychological and psychophysiological responses to, and perceptions of that protocol. A sequential mixed-method research design was employed wherein the experimental condition consisted of a repeated-measures design with pressure as the within-participants factor (low-pressure, high-pressure). Quantitative data collection was complemented with a semi-structured interview. Twenty professional footballers took part. The Immediate Anxiety Measurement Scale (IAMS) and Pressure Likert-type scale were administered prior to both conditions. The NeXus-10 biofeedback system recorded players' heart rate and respiration rate. Outfield players took five penalty kicks to four targets to the goal, under low and high-pressure. Pressure, cognitive anxiety, and respiration rate significantly increased in the high-pressure condition. After controlling for the level of pressure experienced in the high-pressure condition, bivariate variable error performance significantly increased (i.e., players were more variable in their grouping of shots under stress). Qualitative data indicated the 6-step high-pressure protocol predominantly evoked the distraction mechanism. This research provided first insight into the experiences of professional footballers to a simulated high-pressure penalty protocol.

Published
2021

131. Stigmatized for standing up for my child: A qualitative study of non-vaccinating parents in Australia

Author

Kerrie Wiley, Catherine Helps, Paul Ward, Stacy M Carter, Lesley Barclay, Julie Leask, and Katie Attwell

Subjects
Health (social science), Social stigma, media_common.quotation_subject, Stigma (botany), Grounded theory, Article, Developmental psychology, Qualitative research, medicine, Social isolation, media_common, H1-99, Public health, Health Policy, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Australia, Vaccine refusal, Disadvantaged, Social sciences (General), Stigma, Harm, Feeling, Childhood vaccination, Immunization, medicine.symptom, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270, Psychology
Abstract

Background Vaccine refusal is highly polarizing in Australia, producing a challenging social landscape for non-vaccinating parents. We sought to understand the lived experience of non-vaccinating parents in contemporary Australia. Methods We recruited a national sample of non-vaccinating parents of children, Highlights • Australian non-vaccinating parents describe suffering stigma due to their choices. • Non-vaccinating parents' experiences align with Link & Phelan's stigma theory. • Non-vaccinating parents use various strategies to manage stigma. • Some families report detrimental effects of mandatory vaccine policy. • Mandatory vaccine policy made some more steadfast in their stance.

Published
2021

132. Community-Level Experiences, Understandings, and Responses to COVID-19 in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review of Qualitative and Ethnographic Studies

Author

Paul Ward and Christopher B. Raymond

Subjects
Status quo, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, media_common.quotation_subject, vulnerability, Participatory action research, community ethnography, Context (language use), Agency (sociology), Field research, Humans, Sociology, uncertainty, resilience, Developing Countries, Pandemics, Qualitative Research, media_common, Community resilience, Community engagement, business.industry, SARS-CoV-2, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, risk perceptions, COVID-19, Public relations, Social Status, Critical appraisal, pandemic social science, qualitative, Medicine, Systematic Review, business
Abstract

(1) Background: COVID-19 disruptions offer researchers insight into how pandemics are at once biological and social threats, as communities struggle to construct meaning from novel challenges to their ontological status quo. Multiple epistemes, in which public health imperatives confront and negotiate locally derived knowledge and traditions, vie for legitimacy and agency, resulting in new cultural forms. (2) Methods: To investigate the context and construction of community responses, a systematic review of qualitative literature was conducted with the aim of evaluating those insights provided by empirical, social field research in low- and middle-income countries since the onset of COVID-19. Six scholarly databases were searched for empirical, qualitative, field-based, or participatory research that was published in peer-reviewed journals between December 2019 and August 2021. (3) Results: Twenty-five studies were selected for data extraction, following critical appraisal for methodological rigor by two independent reviewers, and were then analyzed thematically. Faced with unprecedented social ruptures, restrictions in social and physical mobility, and ever-looming uncertainties of infection, financial insecurity, stigma, and loss, communities worldwide reacted in multiple and complex ways. Pervasive misinformation and fear of social rejection resulted in noncompliance with pandemic sanctions, resistance, and increased isolation, allowing the spread of the disease. The meaning of, and understandings about, COVID-19 were constructed using traditional, religious, and biomedical epistemologies, which were occasionally in conflict with each other. Innovations and adaptations, through syntheses of traditional and biomedical discourses and practice, illustrated community resilience and provided models for successful engagement to improve public health outcomes. (4) Conclusion: Local context and community engagement were indispensable considerations when enacting effective public health interventions to meet the challenges of the pandemic.

Published
2021

133. Understanding Barriers to the Access to Healthcare and Rehabilitation Services: A Qualitative Study with Mothers or Female Caregivers of Children with a Disability in Indonesia

Author

Paul Ward, Gregorius Abanit Asa, Nelsensius Klau Fauk, and Lillian Mwanri

Subjects
Belu, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, media_common.quotation_subject, medicine.medical_treatment, Mothers, Developing country, Health Services Accessibility, Article, Faith, Scarcity, Nursing, Health care, medicine, Humans, Child, media_common, Rehabilitation, Distrust, mothers or female caregivers, business.industry, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, children with a disability, Disabled Children, barriers to accessing services, Snowball sampling, Caregivers, Indonesia, Medicine, Female, Psychology, business, Qualitative research, healthcare and rehabilitation services
Abstract

Accessibility to healthcare and rehabilitation services for children with a disability (CWD) is essential to improving their health and wellbeing. However, access to the services, especially in many settings in developing countries with scarcity of resources, is still limited. As part of a qualitative study exploring impacts of caring for CWD on mothers or female caregivers and their coping strategies, this paper describes barriers for access to healthcare and rehabilitation services for CWD in Belu district, Indonesia. One-on-one, in-depth interviews were conducted with 22 mothers or female caregivers of CWD. Participants were recruited using a combination of purposive and snowball sampling techniques. These were supplemented with interviews with two staff of disability rehabilitation centers in Belu to understand any additional barriers. Data analysis was guided by a qualitative data analysis framework. Our analysis identified that lack of affordability of healthcare services (high costs and low financial capacity of mothers) was the key barrier for access to healthcare and rehabilitation services CWD. Religious or faith-based factors, such as being a non-Catholic (Belu is predominantly Catholic), converting from Catholic to other religions, and the belief in children’s disability condition as “God’s will”, were also influencing factors for lack of access to the services. Shortage of staff, distrust in the therapy skills of staff at rehabilitation centers, and unavailability of appropriately trained healthcare professionals were structural or system-related barriers. The findings indicate the need for government-owned and run disability rehabilitation centers (not faith-based), the provision of fully subsidised health insurance to provide free services, and the provision of qualified therapists and healthcare professionals (to build trust) in Belu and other similar settings in Indonesia.

Published
2021

136. Contributors

Author

Akhtar, Wajiha Z., primary, Albert, Steven M., additional, Andresen, Elena M., additional, Barker, Judith C., additional, Bear-Lehman, Jane, additional, Barry, Althea, additional, Beckley, Margaret Newsham, additional, Behr, Shirley Kharasch, additional, Blanchard, Shirley, additional, Bowen, Judith E., additional, Briller, Sherylyn H., additional, Brodrick, Kathleen, additional, Burdick, David C., additional, Cannell, Michael Bradley, additional, Carr, David B., additional, Chippendale, Tracy, additional, Desai, Abhilash K., additional, Medeiros, Kate de, additional, Ellor, James W., additional, Flaherty, Joseph, additional, Furphy, Kimberly A., additional, Gitlin, Laura N., additional, Gonzalez-Snyder, Chris, additional, Grossberg, George T., additional, Han, Areum, additional, Harrison, Clarice, additional, Hayes, Ann M., additional, Henderson-Kalb, Julia, additional, Herning, Margaret M., additional, Hocking, Clare, additional, Hunt, Linda, additional, Hyde, Susan, additional, Jackson, Shirley J., additional, Kempf, Cindy, additional, Turek Koch, Heather, additional, Krieger, Mary, additional, Lach, Helen, additional, Lee, Soo, additional, Levy, Hedva Barenholtz, additional, Lindstrom, Debra, additional, Lo, Daphne, additional, Lohman, Helene, additional, Luetkemeyer, Lisa M., additional, Lysack, Catherine L., additional, McDowd, Joan M., additional, Meltzer, Phyllis, additional, Meret-Hanke, Louise A., additional, Morley, John E., additional, Moss, Miriam S., additional, Mu, Keli, additional, Needham, Carol A., additional, Orr, Linda, additional, Parker, Kathy, additional, Patel, Amish, additional, Paul-Ward, Amy, additional, Piersol, Catherine Verrier, additional, Pollard, Linda, additional, Pollard, Nick, additional, Rowles, Graham D., additional, Royeen, Charlotte B., additional, Sakellariou, Dikaios, additional, Schwartz, Carole, additional, Schwartz, Jaclyn K., additional, Schwarz, Lauren R., additional, Stoffel, Virginia C., additional, Tao, Donghua, additional, Tebb, Susan C., additional, Tumosa, Nina, additional, VanPuymbrouck, Laura, additional, and Whaley, Mirtha M., additional

Published
2016
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139. Knowledge towards breast cancer, and breast self-examination practices and its barriers among university female students in Bangladesh: Findings from a cross-sectional study

Author

Hailay Abrha Gesesew, Mst. Sabrina Moonajilin, Mahmudur Rahman, Rumpa Sarker, Md. Saiful Islam, and Paul Ward

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, medicine.diagnostic_test, Cross-sectional study, business.industry, media_common.quotation_subject, medicine.disease, Shyness, Stratified sampling, Breast cancer, Feeling, Family medicine, medicine, Family history, business, media_common, Aunt, Breast self-examination
Abstract

Early diagnosis of breast cancer is the best approach towards its control that may result in alleviating related mortality and morbidity. This study aimed to evaluate knowledge about breast cancer and both practices and perceived barriers to breast self-examination among female university students in Bangladesh. A cross-sectional study was carried out with 400 female students of Jahangirnagar University, Bangladesh. Participants were sampled from female dormitories at the university from January to April 2020. Proportionate stratified random sampling was conducted to calculate the study sample from each dormitory. A pre-tested, semi-structured self-reported questionnaire was employed to collect data from participants during the survey periods. The questionnaire consists of demographic variables, items about knowledge about breast cancer, breast self-examination practices and its barriers. We applied descriptive and inferential statistics, and data were analyzed using SPSS. Participants aged between 18-26 years and comprised university students of 1st year (20%), 2nd year (24%), 3rd year (22%), 4th year (21%) and Master’s (14.%). 18% of them had reported positive family history (mother, aunt, sister/cousin, grandmother) of breast cancer. The overall mean score of total knowledge items was 15 (SD = 3) out of 43, with an overall correct rate of 34%. The mean score of total knowledge items was significantly higher (ppr = 0.54; p

Published
2021
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140. Effectiveness of educational intervention on breast cancer knowledge and breast self-examination among female university students in Bangladesh: a pre-post quasi-experimental one group study

Author

Hailay Abrha Gesesew, Paul Ward, Mst. Sabrina Moonajilin, Rumpa Sarker, Md. Saiful Islam, and Mahmudur Rahman

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, Obstetrics, Psychological intervention, medicine.disease, Breast cancer screening, Breast cancer, Informed consent, Intervention (counseling), Medicine, Population study, business, Breast self-examination, Cause of death
Abstract

BackgroundBreast cancer is a global health issue and a leading cause of death among women. Early detection through increased awareness and knowledge on breast cancer and breast cancer screening is thus crucial. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of educational intervention program on breast cancer knowledge and practice of breast self-examination among young female students of a university in Bangladesh.MethodsA quasi-experimental one group (pre-post) study design was conducted at Jahangirnagar University in Bangladesh. Educational information on breast cancer and breast self-examination (BSE), demonstration of BSE procedure and leaflets were distributed among 400 female students in common room setting in dormitories after obtaining written informed consent. The stepwise procedures of BSE performance were demonstrated with images. Pre-intervention and 15 days post-intervention assessments were conducted to assess the changes in knowledge on breast cancer and practices of BSE. Mc-Nemar’s tests and paired sampled t-tests were performed to investigate the differences between pre- and post-test stages.ResultsSignificant changes were found in knowledge and awareness about breast cancer and BSE practices after the educational session. The significant differences were measures in the mean scores of pre-test vs. post-test: breast cancer symptoms (2.99±1.05 vs. 6.35±1.15; pppppppConclusionsThis study findings confirm that the study population had poor awareness and knowledge at baseline that was improved significantly after educational session. A nationwide reach-out with community-based interventions is recommended for female population in both rural and urban areas.

Published
2021
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141. Revisiting Candidacy: What might it offer cancer prevention?

Author

Sara Macdonald, Samantha Batchelor, Emma R. Miller, Paul Ward, and Belinda Lunnay

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, media_common.quotation_subject, primary prevention, Disease, Suicide prevention, breast cancer, Nursing, Neoplasms, Epidemiology, medicine, Humans, cancer, candidacy, Public health policy, media_common, lay epidemiology, Cancer prevention, Mechanism (biology), Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Concept Paper, Negotiation, Suicide, Candidacy, modifiable risk factors, Medicine, Psychology
Abstract

The notion of candidacy emerged three decades ago through Davison and colleagues’ exploration of people’s understanding of the causes of coronary heart disease. Candidacy was a mechanism to estimate one’s own or others risk of disease informed by their lay epidemiology. It could predict who would develop illness or explain why someone succumbed to it. Candidacy’s predictive ability, however, was fallible, and it was from this perspective that the public’s reticence to adhere to prevention messages could be explained, as ultimately anybody could be ‘at-risk’. This work continues to resonate in health research, with over 700 citations of Davison’s Candidacy paper. Less explored however, is the candidacy framework in its entirety in other illness spheres, where prevention efforts could potentially impact health outcomes. This paper revisits the candidacy framework to reconsider it use within prevention. In doing so, candidacy within coronary heart disease, suicide prevention, diabetes, and cancer will be examined, and key components of candidacy and how people negotiate their candidacy within differing disease contexts will be uncovered. The applicability of candidacy to address modifiable breast cancer risk factors or cancer prevention more broadly will be considered, as will the implications for public health policy.

Published
2021

142. How might diabetes organisations address diabetes-related stigma? Findings from a deliberative democratic case study

Author

Heath Pillen and Paul Ward

Subjects
Adult, Coping (psychology), Stereotyping, Social stigma, business.industry, Applied psychology, Social Stigma, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Psychological intervention, Stigma (botany), Type 2 diabetes, Disease, medicine.disease, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Health care, Adaptation, Psychological, medicine, Humans, Misinformation, business, Psychology, Qualitative Research
Abstract

INTRODUCTION This study sought to identify how diabetes organisations conceptualize the problem of diabetes-related stigma and how this shapes the selection of stigma-reduction interventions. METHODS A qualitative deliberative democratic methodology was used to access an informed dialogue about what should be done by diabetes organisations to address diabetes-related stigma, drawing from the perspectives of board members, healthcare services staff, and communications and marketing staff from a single state-wide diabetes organisation in Australia (n = 25). RESULTS Participants navigated the stigma concept along two axes: one that drew attention to either disease attributes or personal moral attributes as the object of stigmatisation, and one that positioned stigma as an individual or structural problem. This shaped the selection of stigma-reduction interventions, which included interventions to: (i) reduce the prevalence of stigmatized attributes, (ii) correct misunderstandings about diabetes, (iii) modify representations of persons with diabetes, (iii) enhance coping amongst persons with diabetes and (iv) make healthcare more person-centred and democratic. CONCLUSION This study identified several grievances with 'diabetes-related stigma', which are grievances that can be conceptualized and addressed at both individual and structural levels, and involve correcting misinformation about diabetes or challenging and communicating alternative representations of persons living with diabetes. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION The organisation's management and board were consulted throughout all stages of research development, analysis and reporting. The information and vignettes presented to participants drew from illness narratives obtained from earlier research involving adults with type 2 diabetes. Research participants included adults with various diabetes types.

Published
2021

144. Exploring the potential of citizen science for public health through an alcohol advertising case study

Author

Paul Ward, Jessica Thomas, Joshua Trigg, Emma R. Miller, and Julia Morris

Subjects
Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Health (social science), Adolescent, media_common.quotation_subject, Bachelor, Advertising, Citizen science, medicine, Humans, media_common, Data collection, Community engagement, Citizen Science, business.industry, Public health, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Australia, Reproducibility of Results, Public relations, Middle Aged, Inter-rater reliability, Public participation, Alcohol advertising, Female, Public Health, Psychology, business
Abstract

Summary Citizen science connects academic researchers with the public through combined efforts in scientific inquiry. The importance of involving impacted populations in health research is well established. However, how to achieve meaningful participation and the methodological impact of citizen science needs further examination. We examined the feasibility of using citizen science to understand the impact of alcohol advertising on Australian women through a breast cancer prevention project. Two hundred and eighty-two (‘participants’) citizen scientists completed demographic and behavioural questions via an online survey. The research participants moved into the role of citizen scientists by completing the data collection tasks of capturing and classifying images of alcohol advertising they saw online. Interrater reliability tests found high levels of agreement between citizen scientists and academic researchers with the classification of alcohol advertising brand (Kappa = 0.964, p

Published
2021

145. Migrants and Service Providers’ Perspectives of Barriers to Accessing Mental Health Services in South Australia: A Case of African Migrants with a Refugee Background in South Australia

Author

Erin Green, Hailay Abrha Gesesew, Nelsensius Klau Fauk, Anna Ziersch, Paul Ward, Lillian Mwanri, Enaam Oudih, and Roheena Tahir

Subjects
Mental Health Services, African migrants, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Refugee, barriers, Health literacy, mental healthcare services, Article, Health Services Accessibility, Face-to-face, South Australia, Humans, Sociology, Pandemics, Qualitative Research, Service (business), Transients and Migrants, Refugees, business.industry, SARS-CoV-2, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Australia, COVID-19, Service provider, Public relations, Mental health, Snowball sampling, Communicable Disease Control, Medicine, business, mental health problems, Qualitative research
Abstract

International mobility has increased steadily in recent times, bringing along a myriad of health, social and health system challenges to migrants themselves and the host nations. Mental health issues have been identified as a significant problem among migrants, with poor accessibility and underutilisation of the available mental health services (MHSs) repeatedly reported, including in Australia. Using a qualitative inquiry and one-on-one in-depth interviews, this study explored perspectives of African migrants and service providers on barriers to accessing MHSs among African migrants in South Australia. The data collection took place during the COVID-19 pandemic with lockdown and other measures to combat the pandemic restricting face to face meetings with potential participants. Online platforms including Zoom and/or WhatsApp video calls were used to interview 20 African migrants and 10 service providers. Participants were recruited from community groups and/or associations, and organisations providing services for migrants and/or refugees in South Australia using the snowball sampling technique. Thematic framework analysis was used to guide the data analysis. Key themes centred on personal factors (health literacy including knowledge and the understanding of the health system, and poor financial condition), structural factors related to difficulties in navigating the complexity of the health system and a lack of culturally aware service provision, sociocultural and religious factors, mental health stigma and discrimination. The findings provide an insight into the experiences of African migrants of service provision to them and offer suggestions on how to improve these migrants’ mental health outcomes in Australia. Overcoming barriers to accessing mental health services would need a wide range of strategies including education on mental health, recognising variations in cultures for effective service provision, and addressing mental health stigma and discrimination which strongly deter service access by these migrants. These strategies will facilitate help-seeking behaviours as well as effective provision of culturally safe MHSs and improvement in access to MHSs among African migrants.

Published
2021

147. HIV Care continuum Outcomes: Can Ethiopia Meet the UNAIDS 90-90-90 Targets?

Author

Lillian Mwanri, Paul Ward, Hailay Abrha Gesesew, and Kifle Woldemichael

Subjects
Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Veterinary medicine, Adolescent, United Nations, Alternative medicine, Psychological intervention, Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), UNAIDS 90-90-90, HIV Infections, medicine.disease_cause, Cohort Studies, 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, 0302 clinical medicine, medicine, HIV care continuum, Humans, Public Health Surveillance, 030212 general & internal medicine, Hiv treatment, Child, Retrospective Studies, business.industry, Surrogate endpoint, 030503 health policy & services, Infant, General Medicine, immunologic failure, Jimma, Continuity of Patient Care, Middle Aged, Care Continuum, Health Surveys, Discontinuation, Anti-Retroviral Agents, Family medicine, Child, Preschool, early HIV diagnosis, Patient Compliance, Original Article, Female, University teaching, Ethiopia, 0305 other medical science, business, discontinuation, Program Evaluation
Abstract

BACKGROUND: Ethiopia has pledged to the UNAIDS 90-90-90 framework. However, the achievements of these UNAIDS targets are not assessed in Southwest Ethiopia. Using HIV care and treatment outcomes as surrogate markers, we assessed all targets.METHODS: Complex surrogate makers were used to assess the HIV care continuum outcomes using antiretroviral therapy data in Jimma University Teaching Hospital. Early HIV diagnosis was a surrogate marker to measure the first 90. Numbers of people on HIV treatment and who have good adherence were used to measure the second 90. To measure the third 90, we used immunological success that was measured using numbers of CD4 counts, clinical success using WHO clinical stages and treatment success using immunological and clinical successes.RESULTS: In total, 8172 patients were enrolled for HIV care from June 2003 to March 2015. For the diagnosis target, the prevalence of early HIV diagnosis among patients on ART was 35% (43% among children and 33.3% among adults). For the treatment target, 5299(65%) received ART of which 1154(22%) patients lost to follow-up or defaulted from ART treatment, and 1015(19%) patients on treatment transferred out to other sites. In addition, 17% had fair or good adherence. Finally, 81% had immunological success, 80% had clinical success and 66% treatment success.CONCLUSIONS: The study revealed that Southwest Ethiopia achieved 35%, 65% and 66% of the first, second and third UNAIDS targets, a very far performance from achieving the target. These highlight further rigorous interventions to improve outcome of HIV continuum of care.

Published
2020

148. Co-producing research with communities: emotions in community research

Author

Kate Pahl, Zanib Rasool, Milton Brown, and Paul Ward

Subjects
021110 strategic, defence & security studies, Sociology and Political Science, Process (engineering), media_common.quotation_subject, 05 social sciences, 0211 other engineering and technologies, Media studies, 02 engineering and technology, 050601 international relations, 0506 political science, Power (social and political), Emotional labor, Political Science and International Relations, Conversation, Sociology, media_common
Abstract

In this article we explore the ways in which universities and communities can work together drawing on our experience of a community-university co-produced project called ‘Imagine’. We reflect on our different experiences of working together and affectively co-produce the article, drawing on a conversation we held together. We locate our discussion within the projects we worked on. We look at the experiences of working across community and university and affectively explore these. We explore the following key questions: How do we work with complexity and difference? Who holds the power in research? What kinds of methods surface hidden voices? How can we co-create equitable research spaces together? What did working together feel like? Our co-writing process surfaces some of these tensions and difficulties as we struggle to place our voices into an academic article. We surface more of our own tensions and voices and this has become one of the dominant experiences of doing co-produced research. We explore the mechanisms of co-production as being both a process of fusion but also its affective qualities. Our discussions show that community partners working with academics have to bear the emotional labour; by ‘standing in the gap’ they are having to move between community and university. We also recognise the power of community co-writing as a form that can open up an opportunity to speak differently, outside the constraining spaces of academia.

Published
2020
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150. ‘If your child’s vaccinated, why do you care about mine?’ Rhetoric, responsibility, power and vaccine rejection

Author

Paul Ward, Katie Attwell, and David T. Smith

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Underpinning, business.industry, Public health, media_common.quotation_subject, General Medicine, Public relations, humanities, Child health, Power (social and political), Vaccination, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, 030225 pediatrics, Rhetoric, medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Sociology, business, Social responsibility, media_common
Abstract

The social responsibility logic underpinning vaccination is omnipresent in the rhetoric surrounding its acceptance and rejection. People who reject vaccination are constantly faced with arguments from the vaccinating mainstream to which they must respond. Understanding the conceptual world of vaccine rejection requires us to understand how vaccine sceptics construct answers to complaints that their choices endanger other people. This article analyses interviews with 29 vaccine-sceptical parents who are presented with claims that their choices are not just morally wrong, but dangerous to others. We argue that vaccine rejecters possess power because their decisions can result in the transmission of infectious diseases through their communities. However, they refuse to acknowledge this power because, through a variety of rationalisations, they do not accept the logic of community protection (herd immunity) and social responsibility. Strategies to prompt parents’ consideration of others can include breaking out of the ontologically individualistic framing of the disagreement.

Published
2019
Full Text
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