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The objective of this work to understand the management practices of Abstract: The objective of this work to understand the management practices of forage in dairy production systems with a focus on physical characteristics and management practices, there were 20 semi-structured interviews with producers of milk, using a questionnaire tab for management practices and functional use of the plots. For the physical portions of the forage system were visited (120) and measured size, distance from the center of management and altitude to calculate the slope. To obtain explanatory variables we used five approaches towards construction practices in order to obtain an understanding of the management of forage and the influence of physical characteristics on autonomy in management. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) with 9 original variables grouped two dimensions with an explained variance of 68.36% and eigenvalues of 3.543 (dimension 1, x axis) and 2.609 (2 extent, y-axis) and characterized the occupation of the axes owned by the forage and technological level of the plots (x axis) and intensification of cows per forage area (y axis). The logic of the management of forage observed in ACP revealed that larger farms have a higher number of installments, but such portions are smaller in size and in proportion to the size of the property, compared with properties of smaller sizes. It was possible to reduce the 120 plots studied in five groups using the ACHA (Ascending Hierarchical Classification Analysis). The strategies observed in the analysis of cluster aggregation of parcels forming production systems showed that there is an increase in the size of properties for better supply of MS to the flock (CL1 plots "smaller portions and lower capacity of mechanization" and CL4 "Stepping management of forage plots without the breakdown by category of animal ") and compensation in the flat areas of the property by the formation of plots typically CL4, which are characterized by receiving a high degree of intensification of management and best forage species. On the contrary, it was observed that properties that do not have any limitation as to the slope; increase the intensity of cows per unit forage, but simplifies the management using the same treatment for all treatments. The types of plots showed the diversity configuration of the portions of dairy production system (SPL) and noted that since the physical factors of the environment to the production structure and level of joint developments show the need to formulate different technological packages and tailored to each system, so that plots located in areas with high incidence of slope have less leeway for implementation of agricultural technologies. Objetivou-se com este trabalho entender as práticas na gestão da superfície forrageira em sistemas de produção leiteiros com foco nas características físicas e práticas de manejo, foram realizadas 20 entrevistas semi-estruturadas com produtores de leite, utilizando-se um questionário guia referente às práticas de manejo e uso funcional das parcelas. Para características físicas as parcelas do sistema forrageiro foram visitadas (120) e mensuradas dimensão, distância do centro de manejo e altitude para cálculo de declividade. Para a obtenção de variáveis explicativas utilizou-se cinco abordagens com sentido de construção das práticas a fim de se obter entendimento da gestão da superfície forrageira e a influência das características físicas sobre a margem de manobra na gestão. A Análise de Componentes Principais (ACP) com variáveis 9 originais agruparam 2 dimensões com uma variância explicada de 68,36% e autovalores de 3,543 (dimensão 1, eixo x) e 2,609 (dimensão 2, eixo y) e caracterizou os eixos ocupação da propriedade pela superfície forrageira e nível tecnológico das parcelas (eixo x) e intensificação de vacas por área da superfície forrageira (eixo y). A lógica da gestão da superfície forrageira observada na ACP revelou que propriedades rurais maiores possuem maior quantidade de parcelas, mas tais parcelas são menores em dimensão e em proporção ao tamanho da propriedade, se comparadas com propriedades de tamanhos menores. Foi possível reduzir as 120 parcelas estudadas em 5 grupos utilizando-se a ACHA (Análise de Classificação Hierárquica Ascendente). As estratégias observadas na análise de cluster com agregação das parcelas formando os sistemas de produção demonstraram que há um aumento na dimensão das propriedades para melhoria no suprimento de MS para o rebanho (parcelas CL1 "Parcelas menores e menor capacidade de mecanização" e CL4 "Intensificação de manejo da superfície forrageira das parcelas sem divisão por categoria animal") e compensação nas áreas planas da propriedade pela formação de parcelas tipicamente CL4, na qual, são caracterizadas por receberem alto grau de intensificação de manejo e melhores espécies forrageiras. Ao contrário disso, foi observado que propriedades que não possuem nenhum tipo de limitação quanto à declividade do terreno, aumentam a intensidade de vacas por unidade de superfície forrageira, mas simplificam o manejo utilizando-se do mesmo tratamento para todas as parcelas. A tipologia das parcelas demonstrou a diversidade na configuração das parcelas do sistema de produção leiteiro (SPL) e observou-se que desde fatores físicos do ambiente até estrutura de produção e nível de evolução revelam a necessidade conjunta de formular pacotes tecnológicos diferenciados e adaptados a cada sistema, de forma que parcelas localizadas em regiões com alta incidência de declividade possuem menor margem de manobra para implementação de tecnologias agropecuárias. 60 f

The Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) is under development within the Technical Committee 211 (TC211) of the International Organisation for Standardization (ISO) and identified as ISO 19152. Within the LADM classical cadastral concepts as “parcel” and “boundary” have been extended to be able to include spatial representations of overlapping tenures or claims and also multidimensional objects (3D and 2D/3D, combined with temporal dimensions). Furthermore, a series of new representations are possible apart from topologically well structured parcels (here called spatial units). Text based, sketch based, point based, line-based, polygon based, or topological based representations of spatial units are possible. The topological spatial units are defined by a consistent topological structure (with no gaps, overlaps or intersections), which is in contrast with a set of polygons, where a consistent topological structure is not guaranteed. A line-based spatial unit is represented by a collection of lines which may be collected from different sources or surveys. A point-based spatial unit contains only the coordinates of the unit’s reference point. A text based spatial unit is not represented by coordinates, but has a spatial unit description in words, e.g. the metes and bounds system (a spatial unit description in terms of distance, direction, and landmarks). All these spatial units may have a 3D representation, and a provision is made for a mixture of 2D and 3D spatial units to co-exist. A level is a collection of spatial units with a geometric or thematic coherence. The concept of level is related to the notion of “legal independence” from ‘Cadastre 2014’. This allows for the flexible introduction of spatial data from different sources and accuracies, including utility networks, buildings and other 3D spatial units, such as mining claims, or construction works. The paper explores the LADM spatial component, which is further based on ISO standards, combined with new concepts as “boundary face string” and partially unbounded primitives. Spatial profiles and the different spatial representations are used to demonstrate the flexibility of spatial representations of this domain model; for formal and non formal land administrations systems alike. The first trial implementation of the Queensland (Australia) Digital Cadastral Database (DCDB) for 2D parcel encoding using the line-based spatial profile will be discussed in detail, together with the polygon based spatial profile for the spatial units of the Portuguese land administration.

The economic theory recognizes the necessity of fusion, as an important action of agrarian policy, through which it should be realized the fusion of the land ownership in the peasant households, but in a legislative plan, there is no own disposition, which could norm it as it was done with the other actions which have in view the movement of the land ownership, as are buying, sale, leasing, association and cooperation. From this reason, all efforts in the last period, made for the parcels fusion, have pertained exclusively to the farmers, and they were done through the actions mentioned above. The land fusion, in a conceptual plan, legislative and practical, is presently approached in a diffuse manner, superficial, and, mostly timidly and distortedly. That is why, through this study, even it is synthetic, we are addressing ourselves to the professional readers, but especially to the deciders in the agrarian policy, in the goal of forming up a favorable opinion current, to energize the actions of coagulating the land ownerships in our agriculture The agrarian policy, in an imperative formulation, must put into law, and at the same time, apply the fusion, which should have as finality the solving up of the land parceling problem in the peasant households, in a reasonable time period.

The Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) is under development within the Technical Committee 211 (TC211) of the International Organisation for Standardization (ISO) and identified as ISO 19152. Within the LADM classical cadastral concepts as “parcel” and “boundary” have been extended to be able to include spatial representations of overlapping tenures or claims and also multidimensional objects (3D and 2D/3D, combined with temporal dimensions). Furthermore, a series of new representations are possible apart from topologically well structured parcels (here called spatial units). Text based, sketch based, point based, line-based, polygon based, or topological based representations of spatial units are possible. The topological spatial units are defined by a consistent topological structure (with no gaps, overlaps or intersections), which is in contrast with a set of polygons, where a consistent topological structure is not guaranteed. A line-based spatial unit is represented by a collection of lines which may be collected from different sources or surveys. A point-based spatial unit contains only the coordinates of the unit’s reference point. A text based spatial unit is not represented by coordinates, but has a spatial unit description in words, e.g. the metes and bounds system (a spatial unit description in terms of distance, direction, and landmarks). All these spatial units may have a 3D representation, and a provision is made for a mixture of 2D and 3D spatial units to co-exist. A level is a collection of spatial units with a geometric or thematic coherence. The concept of level is related to the notion of “legal independence” from ‘Cadastre 2014’. This allows for the flexible introduction of spatial data from different sources and accuracies, including utility networks, buildings and other 3D spatial units, such as mining claims, or construction works. The paper explores the LADM spatial component, which is further based on ISO standards, combined with new concepts as “boundary face string” and partially unbounded primitives. Spatial profiles and the different spatial representations are used to demonstrate the flexibility of spatial representations of this domain model; for formal and non formal land administrations systems alike. The first trial implementation of the Queensland (Australia) Digital Cadastral Database (DCDB) for 2D parcel encoding using the line-based spatial profile will be discussed in detail, together with the polygon based spatial profile for the spatial units of the Portuguese land administration.

National audience; Ces recherches sur les ensembles de structures de pierre sous forêt sont mises en œuvre depuis dix ans et sont inté- grées depuis 2003 dans le P.C.R. ‘Vix et son Environnement', dirigé par C. Mordant, S. Wirth et B. Chaume. Les vestiges étudiés sont implantés dans deux milieux géographiques distincts mais contigus : le plateau calcaire recouvert par la forêt domaniale de Châtillon, et les rebords de la Digeanne et du Brevon qui entaillent ce plateau à l'est et au sud. La prospection présente ici des caractères particuliers liés au couvert forestier. Les relevés G.P.S. sont intégrés dans un S.I.G. et constituent la base de cette étude, dans un va et vient constant entre les sorties cartographiées à différentes échelles et l'obser- vation du terrain. Une étude typologique des structures visibles en relief a été faite, appuyée en partie sur l'hypothèse d'une équivalence entre les formes dessinées par les murées de pierre, en forêt, et celles dessinées par les fossés, dans les terres agri- coles (photographie aérienne). En complément des observations spatiales, des séries de structures ont été testées au détecteur à métaux pour apporter des éléments de datation. Après ce bilan méthodologique, les principaux emplacements d'habitat identifiés sont présentés dans leur environnement: des enclos entourant les habitats en matériaux périssables identifiés (dont la description est appuyée sur des dessins de détails) sont présentés – rebords de la Digeanne, rebords du Brevon, sud du plateau – avec leur mobilier archéologique datant et fonctionnel ; des maisons en pierre non taillées à Minot ; deux exemples d'habitats en dur (fermes gallo-romaines) situés sur le plateau, repérés plus anciennement et réactualisés par des relevés G.P.S. Enfin, un chapitre de synthèse tente de faire le point sur les formes des différents enclos d'habitat et des parcellaires. L'étude du matériel permet de cerner les principales périodes d'occupation – laténiennes et gallo-romaines – auxquelles il faut ajou- ter les signes d'une fréquentation plus récente, xvie-xviiie siècle. L'étude du matériel fait émerger des hypothèses de fonctions de ces différentes occupations.

The estimate of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development is that more than 80 percent or close to 8 million tons in 2007, of world freight is transported by sea. Most, if not all, freight transport moves from the producer to the consumer through logistic processes thereby passing a number of nodal points. As for waterborne transport, sea and river ports and terminals form these nodal points where freight is transferred from one mode to another. Chapter one provides data on world maritime transport and explains the different types of cargo that pass which are carried by the world merchant fleet and the cargoes they carry. It also is explained that the former general cargo type of vessels have evolved into vessel designs that have specifically been designed for different types of cargoes. Chapter two provides an extensive overview of the development of the container in terms of what containers are, how dedicated container vessels have developed as well as the impact of containers on logistic processes, including hinterland connections. Chapter three provides an overview of the world port in terms of numbers and classifies the largest ports in the world in terms of total cargoes, containers and dry bulk. Chapter four presents an overview of the indicators used in ports. Chapter five describes how ports around the world are owned and managed. First the major characteristics and functions of ports are described and possible ownership structures are explained. The chapter six not only describes the aspect of emissions, but also describes other forms of pollution sources of the sector, as these are noise, light, dust and soil and water pollution. As is explained in chapter seven, port work has gradually changed from pure physical work to processing control using dedicated and complicated equipment and automated systems. Similarly, the work of seafarers has changed. Chapter eight provides tools as to how cities can cope with this issue; in particular how former port areas can be and have been re-integrated in the city. Chapter nine presents a number of examples comparing rates that were charged in 2008 with those in the same period in 2009. Finally, chapter ten provides a comparison between the World Bank's transport business strategy paper 2008-2012 and the issues presented in this overview of ports and waterborne transport.

Different land consolidation processes have been performed for centuries in all parts of Europe. Their aim was to enlarge family farms' land and to decrease a number of parcels per family farm. During the time, as a result of a prior experience and technological progress, different processes of consolidation have developed. The aims of consolidation have also changed. The process of consolidation is a result of the period in which it takes place (Van den Brink, 2004). After the Second World War, the collectivization of agricultural holdings was carried out in Central, Eastern and South-eastern Europe. After collectivization was completed, followed reallocation, re-parceling and other processes of consolidation of agricultural land based on special regulations (Budanko-Penavić, 2003.). Since the beginning of 1990s the countries in Central, Eastern and South-eastern Europe have begun to implement land and agricultural reforms in order to restructure agricultural holdings to the condition before collectivization. During the long period of time Croatian agriculture was characterized by double structure of ownership. In past, in Socialism, development investments in agriculture were directed toward a small number of large agricultural companies in social ownership. Just as in the majority of former socialist countries, small family farms were marginalized (Sklenicka, 2006). This is the cause of current agricultural holdings structure, characterized by a large number of small family farms which cannot earn income necessary for decent living and for necessary investments into agricultural production. The current structure of ownership still reflects forty years of the rule of Socialism and of implementation of unsuitable inheritance regulations. When it comes to agricultural land, its social component must not be forgotten. The social component is reflected in the age of landowners, their education, the position in society and advisory approach when exchanging or selling land (Coelho et al., 1996.). New generations of farmers are more apt to selling or exchanging the land than elderly generations.

CONTENIDO Editorial Durán P., Jorge A. Artículos Evaluación del escurrimiento y pérdida de suelo en agrosistemas de café. Slipping evaluation and soil lost in a coffee agroecosystems. Arellano G., Rosalva Identificación y sensibilidad in vitro a fungicidas del agente causal de quema de acículas de plántulas de pino caribe. Identification and in vitro sensitivity to fungicides of the causal agent of needle blight on Caribbean Pine seedlling. Carrero, Chrystian y Cedeño, Luis Evaluación de la durabilidad natural e inducida de Pterocarpus acalpucensis, Tabebuia serratifolia y Pinus caribaea en condiciones de laboratorio. Evaluation of the natural and induced durability of Pterocarpus acapulcensis, Tabebuia serratifolia and Pinus caribaea in laboratory. Mora, Néstor y Encinas, Osvaldo Estudio anatómico del leño de 18 especies del género Nectandra Rol. Ex Rottb. Lauraceae. Wood anatomy of eighteen species of Nectandra Rol. Ex Rottb. Lauraceae. León Hernández, Williams J. y Espinoza de Pernía, Narcisana Propuesta para el establecimiento de parcelas de plantaciones forestales de alto valor comercial para la investigación y desarrollo. Proposal for the establishment of high commercial values timber in experimental plantations. Rosso, Franz y Ninin, Pablo Aspectos fenológicos de las cactáceas de la zona xerófila del estado Mérida - Venezuela. Cactaceae phenology of the Mérida xerophytic zone, Venezuela. Rondón Rangel, José Armando y Pulido, Rolando Rectificación de una imagen SPOT con puntos de control obtenidos por GPS-diferencial. Rectification of a Spot satellite image control points obtained by diferential GPS. Pernía P., J. Elvecio y López, Juan I. Clasificación automatizada de la vegetación de la reserva forestal Ticoporo mediante imágenes HRV SPOT. Automated classification of the vegetation of the Ticoporo forest reserve, Barinas state, Venezuela by means of HRV SPOT imageny. Pozzobon B., Ennio N. Evaluación del estado actual del método diseño de los estados limites (LSD) para estructuras de maderas (Capitulo II). Evaluation of the present state of knowledge of the limit states design method (LSD) for timber structures (Chapter II). Escala, Ermin, Thomson, Edward y Contreras Miranda, Wilver Propuesta de un sistema simulador de aserraderos para la industria forestal venezolana. Proposal of a sawmill simulator system for the Venezuelan forestry industry. Quintero M., Maria Alejandra y Rosso, Franz Génesis de suelos sobre depósitos cuaternarios del río Santo Domingo, sector La Vega del Puente, Barinas-Venezuela. Soil genesis on quaternary deposit in La Vega del Puente, Santo Domingo river basin, Barinas-Venezuela. Briceño, Idania, Oballos Salas, Jajaira y Ochoa, Guido Tesis Deslignificación biológica de pulpas soda-AQ de Pinus caribaea, mediante cepas de Daedalea elegans y otros xilofogos del país. Biobliching of Pinus Caribaea soda-AQ pulp using white rot fungi from different Venezuelan forest. Rondón, María Teresa Modelo teórico de evaluación del desempeño empresarial aplicado a la industria del mueble. Teorical method of evaluation the performance of any wooden furniture factory. Caruso, José Mauro Caracterización de las raíces leñosas de la especie Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis y los suelos, en plantaciones afectadas por mortalidad del oriente de Venezuela. Charecterization of woody roots in Pinus caribaea var. Hondurensis and soils, in pine plantation affected by mortality at eastern Venezuela. Lugo S., Leonardo R. Formulación de surfactantes y especies alcalinas en el destintado por flotación. Formulation of surfactants and species alkalines in flotation to desinking. Aguilera, Antonio V. 45-55 frosso@cantv.net ninin@ula.ve semestral Nivel analítico

Parallèlement à une diminution du nombre d’agriculteurs sur le territoire français, les exploitations agricoles sont de plus en plus consommatrices d’espace. Cela induit une dispersion accrue des surfaces exploitées. Ainsi, une même structure agricole peut exploiter des surfaces éloignées de son siège administratif, parfois dans d’autres communes. Il se crée ainsi des « flux agricoles ». La quantification de ces flux répartis dans l’espace géographique, dépend des objets géographiques qu’ils relient (commune, siège d’exploitation, parcelle agricole ou cadastrale) et du découpage territorial considéré, support de l’analyse. Ce peut être la partition communale, comme tout autre découpage thématique. Cet article propose une évaluation de l’ampleur du phénomène de flux agricoles à l’aide des données disponibles à l’échelle de la commune, une définition de ces flux ainsi que quelques hypothèses explicatives de ces flux à l’échelle du territoire des exploitations. There is a paradox : the number of farmers on French territory is decreasing while the space consumed by farming concerns is increasing. This induces an important dispersion of agricultural lands. Thus, any farmer can use lands far from his administrative headquarters, sometimes in other communes. This defines what we call « agricultural flows ». The quantification of these flows, often ditributed in geographical space, depends on the geographical objects to which they refer (commune, administrative location, agricultural or cadastral parcel) and on the territorial partition considered, support for the analysis. This paper proposes : a definition of these agricultural flows, an evaluation of the extent of the phenomenon, using available data, some theoretical explanations about their existence at commune scale. Gleichzeitig zur Abnahme der Zahl der Landwirte in Frankreich steigt der Landverbrauch der Agrarbetriebe mehr und mehr. Damit verbunden ist eine steigende Zerstreuung der Nutzflächen. So kann ein Betrieb weit von seinem Sitz entfernte Flächen nutzen, manchmal in anderen Gemeinden. So entstehen fliessende Veränderungen in der Landwirtschaft. Die Quantifizierung dieses « Flusses » im geographischen Raum hängt von den diesbezüglichen geographischen Objekten ab (Gemeinde, Sitz des Betriebs, Nutzungs- oder Kadasterparzelle) und von dem administrativen Zuschnitt als Grundlage der Analyse. Dies kann die kommunale Gliederung wie jeder andere thematische Zuschnitt sein. Dieser Artikel beabsichtig eine Einschätzung zum Umfang dieses Phänomens eines Flusses mit Hilfe verfügbarer Daten auf Gemeindeebene wie auch eine Definition und erklärende Hypothesen zu diesen Flüssen auf Betriebsebene.