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Parkinson's disease (PD) the second most common and progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting the old aged people. PD caused due to the depletion of population of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in niagro striatal system of brain. Natural and synthetic substances such as 6-hydroxydopamine, Rotenone, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, Paraquat, LPS and cycad were ascertained to be neurotoxic, crossed the blood brain barrier and caused deleterious effects over Dopaminergic neurons. Rotenone (plant derived pesticide) inhibitor of complex I in mitochondrial electron transport chain causes dopaminergic neuron cell death. In the current study, we investigated the effect of MFSE against rotenone induced PD model in rats by behavioural parameters (open field test, narrow beam walking test, hanging test). Rats were administered rotenone by intra-peritoneal route (2.5mg/kg daily) 30days. MFSE treated rats alleviated rotenone induced motor behavioural impairments significantly. It might be due to its positive interaction between dopaminergic neurons mediated through its anti- inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti- epileptic properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myristica fragrans (Myristicaceae) is a tropical evergreen tree that yields the two famous spices: nutmeg and mace. Despite its socio-economic importance, the spatial distribution of its genetic diversity is barely documented. In this aim, 48 nuclear microsatellite markers were isolated of which 14 were polymorphic in M. fragrans. Number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 6. The level of observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.038 to 0.929 across loci. Transferability of these microsatellites in other Myristica species (M. fatua, M. argentea, and M. crassipes) and Myristicaceae species (Horsfieldia palauensis) was tested and successful. These new microsatellites will be useful for future investigation on genetic diversity and population structure of M. fragrans and phylogenetically-related species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Complete elimination of microorganisms from the root canals is the important key for the successful endodontic treatment. Constant emergence of resistant strains and adverse effects of synthetic drugs has led to the search of effective herbal alternatives. Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) is one such spice used for its various medicinal activities.Aims: To evaluate the antimicrobial effect of M. fragrans on common endodontic pathogens of primary tooth.Materials and Methods: Essential oil of nutmeg was extracted by hydrodistillation method, and its phytoconstituents were determined by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), high-performance TLC, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. Minimum inhibitory concentration of essential oil against standard strains of common endodontic pathogens (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mutans, Candida albicans, Lactobacillus casei, Actinomyces viscosus, Prevotella intermedia, and Porphyromonas gingivalis) was determined by serial tube dilution method.Results: Essential oil of M. fragrans was effective against all tested endodontic microorganisms.Discussion: The active components of essential oil of nutmeg such as myristicin, myristic acid, trimyristin, elemicin, and safrole have good antimicrobial activity and are effective against endodontic microorganisms.Conclusion: M. fragrans can be used as an effective medicament in the treatment of endodontic infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of nutmeg, rosemary, and ginger oleoresins against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas, Streptococcus mutans, and Enterococcus. Materials and Methods: The oleoresins used for the study were obtained from Synthite Industries Pvt. Ltd., Kerala, as a gift sample. To test the antibacterial effect of the oleoresin, agar well diffusion method was used and its effect was assessed by measuring the zone of inhibition. Results: All the oleoresins showed very good antibacterial activity. A dose-dependent inhibitory effect was observed with all oleoresins except nutmeg oleoresin against Pseudomonas where low concentration showed better activity. In this study, maximum inhibition was shown by rosemary oleoresin against Pseudomonas followed by nutmeg oleoresin against Enterococcus. Conclusion: The present study concludes that nutmeg oleoresin, rosemary oleoresin, and ginger oleoresins were active against E. coli, Pseudomonas, S. mutans, and Enterococcus. Hence, they may be used for the control of infections caused by these organisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In spices, chemical variability is a known phenomenon. Here, we studied the clove and nutmeg grown in different islands both Andaman and Nicobar groups of islands situated in the Bay of Bengal, India. Essential oils were extracted and profiling was carried out which revealed considerable variations among the collections for essential oil content as well as composition. P-Eugenol was observed in island-grown clove samples in the range of 59.895 to 76.059%, whereas, ß-Caryophyllene and Eugenyl acetate were other important constituents of oil. In case of nutmeg, myristicin, the hallucinogenic compound, was present in the range of 7.070 to 20.331%. Considering the quality of island-grown spices, these crops could be recommended as profitable intercrops in the existing plantations in the islands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nutmeg, a major crop of India provides two important spices. During the monsoon season of 2011, a serious leaf and nut fall occurred in nutmeg plantations and Phytophthora ramorum was reported as the causal organism. P. ramorum being an alien species, the aetiology warranted a detailed investigation. Phytophthora isolated from different endemic locations were studied for morphological and molecular characterization using ITS, ITS-RFLP, MLST, SSCP and hybrid analysis. The isolates showed papillate, ovoid-obovoid sporangia with pedicel length > 20 μm which is distinct from the semi-papillate, caducous sporangia with short pedicel of <5 μm characteristic of P ramorum. The isolates failed to grow at 10 °C or at 37 °C and chlamydopsores were not produced in culture, a characteristic distinct to P. ramorun. MLST analysis placed the isolates in Clade 2 while P. ramorum belongs to Clade 8. P. ramorum has a unique set of morphological characteristics and a unique molecular sequence at the ITS region which delineate it from other Phytopthora species. Among the eight isolates studied, ITS region of six isolates (13–01–13-06) showed similarity to P. meadii and two isolates (13–55 and 98–68) to P. tropicalis. In SSCP, the isolates formed a separate group distinct from P.meadii of cocoa and cardamom. The double peaks in the ITS chromatograms indicated hybridity and further hybrid analysis placed them under P. citrophthora and P. meadii (Cit-Med) lineage. Thus due to the distinct differences from P. ramorum and evidences of shared lineage with P. citrophthora and P. meadii, we propose to call these isolates as P. citromeadii (13–01- 13-06) and P. citrocaptalis (13–55 and 98–68). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The deep‐frying process for plenty of fried products using vegetable oils needs safe and effective antioxidants. In the present exploration, the nutmeg essential oil (NEO) was employed as a potential antioxidant for sunflower oil during the deep‐frying of Chinese Maye at 180°C for 30 hr. In the comparative study, the additions for NEO at 0.12 g/kg, TBHQ at 0.12 g/kg, BHA at 0.08 g/kg, and BHT at 0.08 g/kg to sunflower oil were able to obviously improve its oxidative stability during the deep‐frying process, and their antioxidant effects were in the relative order: TBHQ at 0.12 g/kg > NEO at 0.12 g/kg > BHA at 0.08 g/kg > BHT at 0.08 g/kg (p <.05). Besides, NEO at 0.12 g/kg could markedly ameliorate the sensory properties including flavor, taste, crispness, and overall acceptability of the fried products, Chinese Maye (p <.05 or p <.01). In addition, using antioxidant activity‐guided fractionation, three active compounds including limonene, terpinolene, and geranyl acetate were isolated from NEO. Among them, limonene was demonstrated to not only significantly increase the oxidative stability of sunflower oil in the deep‐frying process, but also significantly increase the sensory properties of the fried products, Chinese Maye (p <.05 or p <.01). Consequently, limonene could be employed as antioxidants in sunflower oil for the deep‐frying of Chinese Maye, and the sunflower oil flavored by NEO could be used as frying oils for its oxidative stability and unique flavor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myristica is the largest and primitive genus of the taxonomically complex family Myristicaceae. DNA barcoding was used to study the evolutionary relationship between Myristica spp. and other genera of Myristicaceae. The barcoding loci namely, rbcL, matK, psbA-trnH, ITS and multilocus combinations were tested to assess their phylogenetic relationship. psbA-trnH locus revealed information regarding the relationship of species in Myristica genus. M. fragrans was found to be closely related to M. beddomei, M. amygdalina, M. andamanica1, whereas M. fatua was found to be distinct from M. malabarica. Gymnocranthera and Knema species were found to share sister relation with other Myristica spp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The study aimed to identify nutmeg compounds that indirectly interact with the endocannabinoid system through inhibition of the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) enzymes. Methods: Thirteen compounds were screened for FAAH and MAGL inhibition. Compounds demonstrating significant FAAH inhibition were evaluated to determine the halfmaximal inhibitory concentration (IC50). The most potent compound was investigated in the elevated plus maze (EPM) rodent anxiety model. Key findings: Three compounds, licarin A (9), 5′‐methoxylicarin A (8) and malabaricone C (6) were most active in inhibiting FAAH with IC50 of 7.02 μm ± 2.02, 4.57 μm ± 0.66 and 38.29 μm ± 6.18, respectively. None of the purified compounds showed significant MAGL inhibition. Because of its relative high potency and selectivity, compound 8 was further evaluated in the EPM animal model of anxiety. The compound showed significant increase in number of open arm entries (P < 0.05) when administered at 120 mg/kg dose. No effect was observed on the locomotor activity. Conclusions: Results collected introduce active nutmeg compounds as potential leads for further development. Of the three compounds, 8 possesses highest potency and FAAH selectivity as well as anxiolytic activity. Furthermore, in vivo testing in appropriate behavioural animal paradigms is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study demonstrates an innovative circular economic process to repurpose agricultural waste, nutmeg fruit rind into an effective adsorbent followed by its value addition/safe disposal, thereby seamlessly aligning with the principles of green chemistry and sustainable waste management. Low-cost bio-sorbents are one of the most promising substances for pollutant removal in water treatment research. Fruit shells and peels are annoying to the environment because they contribute to solid trash after consumption and add to the daunting challenge of municipal solid waste management. This study investigated the potential of nutmeg fruit rind waste, a readily available agricultural byproduct, for the removal of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) from contaminated streams. The findings highlight the significant removal efficiency of Cr(VI) ions through adsorption onto the nutmeg fruit rind waste, underscoring its potential as an affordable and eco-friendly solution for wastewater treatment. The study showed that pH, adsorbent dosage, adsorbate concentration, contact time, and temperature significantly influence adsorption. The insights into the adsorption mechanism revealed that the electrostatic interaction, hydrogen bonding, ion exchange, and surface complexation primarily contributed to the removal of Cr(VI) ions. The kinetics studies matched well with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, and the sorption fits the Sips isotherm, while thermodynamic studies confirmed the spontaneity and exothermic nature of the process. The quantitative removal of Cr(VI) and other co-existing heavy metals from real textile wastewater samples was demonstrated. Finally, the spent adsorbent was subjected to anaerobic digestion to recover biogas and Cr(VI), which offers a sustainable solution to mitigate the contamination risk associated with discarding the spent adsorbent while contributing to resource recovery. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural products have been used by humanity for many centuries to treat various illnesses and with the advancement of technology, it became possible to isolate the substances responsible for the beneficial effects of these products, as well as to understand their mechanisms. In this context, myristicin, a substance of natural origin, has shown several promising activities in a large number of in vitro and in vivo studies carried out. This molecule is found in plants such as nutmeg, parsley, carrots, peppers, and several species endemic to the Asian continent. The purpose of this review article is to discuss data published in the last 10 years at Pubmed, Lilacs and Scielo databases, reporting beneficial effects, toxicity and promising data of myristicin for its future use in medicine. From 94 articles found in the literature, 68 were included. Exclusion criteria took into account articles whose tested extracts did not have myristicin as one of the major compounds.

Myristicafragrans Houtt. (Nutmeg) is a widely known folk medicine across several parts of Asia, particularly used in antimicrobial treatment. Bacterial resistance involves the expression of efflux pump systems (chromosomal norA and mepA) in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Crude extract (CE) and essential oil (EO) obtained from nutmeg were applied as efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs), thereby enhancing the antimicrobial activity of the drugs they were used in. The major substances in CE and EO, which function as EPIs, in a descending order of % peak area include elemicin, myristicin, methoxyeugenol, myristicin, and asarone. Here, we investigated whether the low amount of CE and EO used as EPIs was sufficient to sensitize MRSA killing using the antibiotic ciprofloxacin, which acts as an efflux system. Interestingly, synergy between ciprofloxacin and CE or EO revealed the most significant viability of MRSA, depending on norA and mepA, the latter being responsible for EPI function of EO. Therefore, CE and EO obtained from nutmeg can act as EPIs in combination with substances that act as efflux systems, thereby ensuring that the MRSA strain is susceptible to antibiotic treatment.

Chewable gel tablets are a dosed pharmaceutical form, which can have an active substance, pharmacological effect, or value of nutrition. The texture of these tablets is soft, springy, flexible, and elastic—this is influenced by the chosen ingredients. The aim of this study was to prepare chewable gel tablets with nutmeg essential oil-loaded microcapsules and determine the volatile compounds released from this pharmaceutical form. Gel tablets were prepared by using gelatin as basis, nutmeg essential oil as active compound, and natural ingredients: thyme-sugar syrup, thyme extract, and citric acid as taste and color additives. Texture properties were measured by a texture analyzer. The release of volatile compounds from nutmeg essential oil and gel tablets were analyzed by headspace-gas chromatography with mass spectroscopy in control and artificial saliva conditions in vitro. Nutmeg essential oil microcapsules had influence on the gel tablet’s physical properties (p < 0.05, by comparing tablets without glycerol and relative sample with glycerol); glycerol protects the tablets from the formation of sugar crystals on top and keeps good physical parameters (p < 0.05). A total of 12 volatile compounds were identified in nutmeg essential oil, and the six compounds with the highest amounts were selected as controls. Gel tablets prolong the release time of volatile compounds and reduce the amount of the compounds compared to the microcapsules (p < 0.05).

Determination of superior regional commodity is the first step towards the agriculture development which based on concept of efficiency to achieve comparative and competitive advantage in the face of global trade.Step toward efficiency can be reached by developing commodity that has a comparative advantage in terms of both supply and demand side.The purpose of this study to analyzed the commodity which has the comparative advantage of various commodities that exist in the Kaimana district. Secondary data were collected on estate commodities production data sourced from BPS as well as primary data through a survey of 60 farmer respondents. Data analyzed using LQ (Location Quotient), Domestic Resources Cost Ratio (DRCR) and Private Cost Ratio (PCR). The analysis showed that the highest LQ value for coconut contained in Teluk Etnasub district, in the sub district Buruway cocoa and nutmeg in Kambrau sub district.Coconut, cocoa and nutmeg have a comparative advantage in Kaimana district as shown by DRCR smaller than one. While there is a competitive advantage only in cocoa and nutmeg demonstrated with PCR values smaller than one.

Local ecological knowledge is closely linked to decision-making process for planting tree. The aims of this study are to describe and explain local community’s decision-making process in the selection of shading trees on their lands according to their understanding and knowledge. This study used case study approach. Data was collected through in-depth interviews and observations. The results of the study showed that to manage traditional agroforestry, the community planted nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) as the main crop species and selected the covering trees, such as walnuts (Canarium sp.) and durian (Durio sp.). The reasons in selecting shading trees were as follows: the suitability of biophysical condition; supporting nutmeg growth; ease of maintenance and harvesting activities; parental inheritance; yield diversity; and ease of marketing activities. Learning from the study, the government and relevant stakeholders are expected touse local ecological knowledge to support the development of community forestry.

Phytochemicals are increasingly recognized in the field of healthy aging as potential therapeutics against various aging-related diseases. Nutmeg, derived from the Myristica fragrans tree, is an example. Nutmeg has been extensively studied and proven to possess antioxidant properties that protect against aging and alleviate serious diseases such as cancer, heart disease, and liver disease. However, the specific active ingredient in nutmeg responsible for these health benefits has not been identified thus far. In this study, we present evidence that Nectandrin B (NecB), a bioactive lignan compound isolated from nutmeg, significantly extended the lifespan of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster by as much as 42.6% compared to the control group. NecB also improved age-related symptoms including locomotive deterioration, body weight gain, eye degeneration, and neurodegeneration in aging D. melanogaster . This result represents the most substantial improvement in lifespan observed in animal experiments to date, suggesting that NecB may hold promise as a potential therapeutic agent for promoting longevity and addressing age-related degeneration.

Nutmeg is a traditional spice and medicinal plant with a variety of pharmacological activities. However, nutmeg abuse due to its hallucinogenic characteristics and poisoning cases are frequently reported. Our previous metabolomics study proved the hepatotoxicity of nutmeg and demonstrated that high-dose nutmeg can affect the synthesis and secretion of bile acids and cause oxidative stress. In order to further investigate the hepatotoxicity of nutmeg, normal saline, 1 g/kg, 4 g/kg nutmeg were administrated to male Kunming mice by intragastrical gavage for 7 days. Histopathological investigation of liver tissue, proteomics and biochemical analysis were employed to explore the mechanism of liver damage caused by nutmeg. The results showed that a high-dose (4 g/kg) of nutmeg can cause significant increased level of CYP450s and depletion of antioxidants, resulting in obvious oxidative stress damage and lipid metabolism disorders; but this change was not observed in low-dose group (1 g/kg). In addition, the increased level of malondialdehyde and decreased level of glutathione peroxidase were found after nutmeg exposure. Therefore, the present study reasonably speculates that nutmeg exposure may lead to liver injury through oxidative stress and the degree of this damage is related to the exposure dose.

A taxonomic synopsis of Virola (Myristicaceae) is presented for Mesoamerica. Fourteen species are recognised, amongst them six are described and published as new, based on morphology: V. allenii D.Santam. & Aguilar, sp. nov. from Costa Rica, V. otobifolia D.Santam., sp. nov. from Panama and V. amistadensis D.Santam., sp. nov., V. chrysocarpa D.Santam. & Aguilar, sp. nov., V. fosteri D.Santam., sp. nov. and V. montana D.Santam., sp. nov. from both Costa Rica and Panama. Additionally, a lectotype is designated for V. koschnyi, accompanied by an epitype in view of the fragmentary material. Finally, we recognise V. laevigata and V. nobilis as morphologically distinct species, though these are frequently considered synonymys of V. guatemalensis and V. surinamensis, respectively. Of the fourteen accepted species, twelve of them are endemic to Mesoamerica, while the remaining two species (V. elongata and V. sebifera) extend into South America. Illustrations, species diagnoses and distribution maps for each species are provided, as is an identification key to all species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights from the article: Other spices have been reported to enhance endogenous cannabinoids directly or indirectly as well: Although the compound responsible for nutmeg's hallucinogenic effects at high doses is myristicin, certain nutmeg extracts inhibit anandamide breakdown ([12]). Curcumin, the active ingredient in the spice turmeric, has antidepressant effects in animal models, and chronic, but not acute, administration of 150 mg/kg curcumin significantly raised anandamide levels in a variety of brain regions ([13]). Note that the anandamide hydrolysis inhibitor URB597 also has antidepressant effects in mice and rats ([21]), suggesting that elevation of anandamide may at least partially explain mood elevating effects produced by these ingredients. In contrast, claims that cacao (or chocolate), spices, and other dietary ingredients can potentiate the effects of cannabis, mushrooms, and other psychoactive drugs are discussed widely on the internet, and several commercial combination products are available.

One of the important aspects to support the success of REDD+ programme is the availability of a standard methodology and method to estimate carbon stock in forest or agroforestry land, which is recognized by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). This paper aims to describe and discuss a method to estimate the carbon stocks in agroforestry land in Hutumury Village, Ambon. The formulation of allometric equation for nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt) is used to predict the aboveground biomass of nutmeg-based agroforestry land. The carbon mass equation model was constructed based on a significant relationship between carbon mass of nutmeg tree and its diameters at breast height and tree height. In order to analyse the biomass content, a destructive sampling technique was used. After felling, dimensional measurement was performed for each tree. The results of the study showed that the equation model for estimating aboveground biomass of nutmeg tree was allometric equation of Power, i.e., Y = 134.353 * (D**2.424) or ln (Y) = ln (134.353) + (2.424 * ln (D)) with R2 (adj) = 0.977 and standard error (SE) = 0.183. This allometric equation is a local allometric model and much needed to support REDD+ especially in Maluku Province. In addition, aboveground biomass predictors are easy to determine as only stem diameters are required to be measured mainly in dense forests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nutmeg is an important perennial spice crop, which is dioecious in nature. Vegetative propagation is the norm in commercial propagation of the tree. The existing practice of propagation is grafting and budding which needs good skill and expertise for reasonable success. As an alternative to these two methods, air layering was attempted in matured trees for the first time in the country. Air layering was successful in plagiotropic and orthotropic shoots with 100 per cent survival. This method is cost effective and is easy for adoption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) is widely used to flavour sweet and savoury foods and has been used as a herbal medicine to enhance appetite in Asian countries. Nutmeg oil contains compounds such as myristicin and methyl eugenol. Previously, we found that inhalation of phenylpropanoid compounds increased appetite in mice. These volatile aroma compounds with appetite-enhancing effects have attracted the attention of healthcare professionals who care for older people with dementia because many of these older people have hypophagia, which leads to frailty and becoming bedridden. Thus, appetite-enhancing agents that are inexpensive and easy to administer are particularly desirable. In this study, we showed that the inhalation of nutmeg oil, myristicin and methyl eugenol produced appetite-enhancing effects in mice. Methyl eugenol alone has shown appetite-enhancing effects and locomotor-reducing effects at the same dose. In a previous study, benzylacetone produced those two effects at the same dose and also increased the body weight of mice significantly; methyl eugenol, however, did not because the mice experienced olfactory habituation after repeated inhalations of methyl eugenol. A structure–activity study showed that a carbonyl group on the aliphatic chain prevented habituation to aroma compounds, which is important information for identifying suitable phenylpropanoid compounds for long-term treatment of loss of appetite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brief Background: This study was undertaken to assess the anti-plaque efficacy of Nutmeg mouthwash. The antibacterial properties of nutmeg mouthwash against Prevotella intermedia (Pi), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) in vitro were also assessed. Materials and Methods: In vitro testing of Nutmeg mouthwash against Pi, Pg, and Aa was carried out. Thirty periodontally healthy subjects between the age group of 21-23 years (mean age 22 years) were enrolled in the cross sectional 4-day plaque re-growth study and were divided into two groups and assigned one mouthwash for each group. Mouthwashes were labelled as A and B. Mouthwash A was a Nutmeg mouthwash; Mouthwash B was commercially available 0.2% Chlorhexidine mouthwash. Subjects were advised to refrain from any kind of mechanical oral hygiene techniques. Plaque index (PI) was checked on day 1 and 5. After a washout period of two weeks, the mouthwashes were switched and cross-over clinical trial was again carried out and plaque scores were taken on day 1 and 5. Results: Pi significantly increased from day 1 to day 5 (P < 0.01) in Groups A and B during all the trails. In inter-group comparison, Nutmeg mouthwash was almost comparable to Chlorhexidine mouthwash. However, chlorhexidine showed superior anti-plaque activity. In vitro test, showed Nutmeg mouthwash (0.01%) was effective against Pi, Pg, and Aa. Summary and Conclusions: Nutmeg mouthwash was found to be potent plaque inhibitor although less efficacous than Chlorhexidine mouthwash. It can serve as a good alternative for the patients who prefer natural products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nutmeg is neurotoxic in rats and possibly neurotoxic also in hu- mans. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of nutmeg on the primary visual occipital cortex of adult male rat and to evaluate the possible protective role of vitamin C.Materials and Methods: Fifty Sprague-Dawley adults male rats were randomly divided into three main groups; control, nutmeg-treated (500 and 1000 mg/kg/ /day) and protected groups (nutmeg + vitamin C [500 mg/kg/day]). All rats were treated orally by gavage for 5 days per week for 6 weeks. At the end of the experiment, primary visual occipital cerebral cortex was subjected to histological, immunohistochemical and genetic analyses.Results: Our results revealed toxic effects of nutmeg on the primary visual occipital cerebral cortex in adult male albino rat. This was indicated by histopathological alterations, including pyknotic nuclei surrounded with vacuolations by light micro- scopic studies and degenerations of organelles by electron microscopic studies. In addition, we detected an increase in immunoreactivity for GFAP and caspase-3 by immunohistochemical assessments. Apoptotic bands appeared in genetic studies. Co-administration of vitamin C ameliorated nutmeg-induced toxic alterations on the primary visual occipital cerebral cortex.Conclusions: Nutmeg administration caused histopathological and genetic changes in the primary visual occipital cerebral cortex in adult male albino rats. These changes were improved by co-administration of vitamin C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Massive outbreak of Xylosandrus crassiusculus and Diuncus corpulentus (Coleopera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae: Xyleborini) on clove (Syzygium aromaticum) and nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) is reported from Kerala, India. Infestation results in drying up of branches and death of trees. This is the first report of the ambrosia beetle genera Xylosandrus and Diuncus on clove and nutmeg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Nutmeg is a plant grown in tropical region for its seeds distinct flavor, nutritive value and health benefits. Despite extensive studies on nutmeg seed metabolites composition, much less is known regarding volatiles composition in the seed outgrowth mace and fruit and or roasting impact on its flavor. A volatile extraction method was applied for the first time to reveal for nutmeg distinct aroma using headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled to mass spectrometry. A total of 53 volatiles were identified belonging to various classes viz. , aromatic ethers, monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. Compared to seeds and mace tissue, fruit was found more enriched in the key flavor “myristicin” 40%. In contrast, monoterpene hydrocarbons amounted as major volatile forms in seeds. Compared to nutmeg fruit, roasted seeds showed a distinct aroma composed of ( E )-isoeugenol 16% and methoxyeugenol 11% not detected in fresh seed concurrent with lower anti-nutrient alkaloid levels. GC–MS was further utilized to localize primary metabolites ( i.e., sugars and organic acids) and revealing for free sugars abundance in seeds at 47% versus enrichment of organic acids 58% viz. malic acid in fruit, and accounting for the later less palatable taste. This study provides the most comprehensive map for sensory metabolites distribution in nutmeg. Highlights • Metabolites profiling of nutmeg fruit, seed & mace. • 112 peaks were detected viz. aroma, sensory & anti-nutrients. • Fruits metabolome was distinct from that of seeds and mace. • Roasting impacted seed aroma profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nutmeg is an inexpensive, readily available spice used in a variety of recipes. However, the use of nutmeg powder as a recreational drug for its hallucinogenic effects is resulting in an increase in overdose rates. We encountered a male patient being hospitalized after ingesting 75 g of commercially available nutmeg powder with the intent of committing suicide. There are no available reports documenting the toxic or comatose-fatal blood concentrations or time-course of drug action in cases of nutmeg poisoning. Therefore, to improve patient management, we endeavored to determine the blood serum levels and time-course of the major psychoactive compounds (safrole, myristicin, and elemicin) present in nutmeg. We designed a simple and reliable method using the MonoSpin® extraction kit and gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry to detect the presence of these psychoactive compounds in human serum. The method had detection and quantitation limits of 0.14–0.16 and 0.5 ng/mL (lowest calibration points), respectively. The calibration curves displayed excellent linearity (0.996–0.997) for all three compounds at 0.5–300 ng/mL blood concentrations. The intra- and inter-day precision values for quality assurance were in the ranges of 2.4–11 % and 2.5–11 %, respectively; bias ranged from − 2.6 % to 2.1 %. Blood serum levels of safrole, myristicin, and elemicin were measured at admission (approximately 8 h post-ingestion) and approximately 94 h after a post-admission fluid therapy to evaluate their biological half-lives. We developed this method to obtain information on the psychoactive constituents of nutmeg and, thereby, determine the toxicokinetic parameters of nutmeg in a case of nutmeg poisoning. • Nutmeg, a common spice, is also used as a recreational psychoactive drug. • Our method detects safrole, myristicin, and elemicin from nutmeg in human serum. • The serum is prepared using MonoSpin® C18 FF cartridges and subjected to GC–MS/MS. • We validated the method and applied it in a nutmeg-poisoning case. • We determined the toxicokinetic parameters of nutmeg in a case of nutmeg poisoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Myristica fragrans is an evergreen aromatic tree cultivated in many tropical countries. Nutmeg, the dried ripe seed of M. fragrans, is a popular spice used in sweet and savory cooking, and a variety of drinks. Objective: Nutmeg has a variety of pharmaceutical effects and in this study its effects on immune responses were evaluated. Methods: Six groups (each group 8) of Wistar rats were treated as follows: Even groups received Nutmeg extract at dose 300 mg per kg of body weight intraperitoneally (IP), daily up to 12 days. Odd groups received PBS instead of nutmeg extract. The rats of groups 1 and 2 were immunized IP with 1.35×109 Sheep RBC (SRBC) in days 1 and 6. The rats of groups 3 and 4, were immunized IP with 1.35×109 SRBC in days 1 and subcutaneously in right foot pad with 2.7×107 SRBC in a volume of 0.1 ml on the day 9. Titer of anti-SRBC antibody in the groups 1 and 2 and lysozyme and alternative complement pathway activity of groups 5 and 6 were evaluated on day 13. The swelling of footpads in groups 3 and 4 were measured at 24, 48, and 72 hours after challenge with SRBC and these rats euthanized on day 13 and theirs foot were examined histopathologically for infiltration of inflammatory cells. Results: The result showed that nutmeg extract significantly increase anti SRBC titer (P=0.005), inhibit inflammatory cells infiltration (P< 0.001) but has not any effect on serum lysozyme or complement activity (P=0.4). Conclusion: In conclusion nutmeg extract shows a significant suppression on cell mediated immunity and stimulatory effect on humeral immune response to SRBC in Wistar rats.

Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) essential oil has antimicrobial, antiseptic, antiparasitic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. We have recently demonstrated that hydrodistillation of nutmeg essential oil by applying magnesium aluminometasilicate as an excipient significantly increases both the content and amount of bioactive substances in the oil and hydrolats. In this study, we aimed to compare the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activity of hydrolats and essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation in the presence and absence of magnesium aluminometasilicate as an excipient. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method revealed that magnesium aluminometasilicate did not significantly improved antioxidant activity of both essential oil and hydrolat. Antibacterial efficiency was evaluated by monitoring growth of 15 bacterial strains treated by a range of dilutions of the essential oil and the hydrolats. Essential oil with an excipient completely inhibited the growth of E. faecalis, S. mutans (referent), and P. multocida, whereas the pure oil was only efficient against the latter strain. Finally, the anti-inflammatory properties of the substances were assessed in a fibroblast cell culture treated with viral dsRNR mimetic Poly I:C. The essential oil with an excipient protected cells against Poly I:C-induced necrosis more efficiently compared to pure essential oil. Also, both the oil and the hydrolats with aluminometasilicate were more efficient in preventing IL-6 release in the presence of Poly I:C. Our results show that the use of magnesium aluminometasilicate as an excipient might change and in some cases improve the biological activities of nutmeg essential oil and hydrolats.

Introduction: Myristica fragrans (Mace) is one of the commonly used Indian spices. It was used in traditional medicine to treat digestive problems, rheumatism, hyperlipidaemia, diarrhoea and insomnia. More food intake than required on a daily basis, can lead to overweight Body Mass Index (BMI 25-30) or Obesity (BMI >30). Herbal supplements and diet based therapies for weight loss are among the most common in Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) modalities. Myristica fragrans (M. fragrans) contains Tetrahydrofuran (THF), Lignans. Saponins, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins and terpenoids. These chemical compounds are believed to have anti-obesity properties. Hence, Mace extract was selected to observe its effect on food intake and body weight. Aim: To evaluate the effect of M. fragrans extract on food intake and body weight in normal and obese wistar albino rats. Materials and Methods: Healthy albino rats (male/female) weighing between 150-180 gm were selected and randomly divided into five groups with six rats each. Body weight of all rats was recorded on day one. From day one to day 35 (five weeks), Body weight (BW) and Food intake (FI) capacity of an individual rat per day and for 35 days was measured in all the groups before treatment with M. fragrans extract. Group-I (Control) was treated with standard pellet diet and normal saline, Group-II (Test 1) with M. fragrans extract 200 mg/kg and Group-III (Test 2) with Myristica fragrans Extract (MFE) 400 mg/ kg for 35 days (day 36 to day 70). Group IV (Test 3) and V (Test 4) were given Cafeteria Diet (CD) to induce obesity for first five weeks and last five weeks treated with M. fragrans Extract in the doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg respectively. On day 70, FI capacity and BW of each rat was measured statistically using SPSS Statistics 20.0 (IBM software) for the analysis. Animals were observed for FI capacity and BW for 70 days (first 35 days and last 35 days). Results: Repeated measures One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated that, after 35 days of treatment (between 36- 70 days), there was a significant reduction of FI capacity and BW in Group III and V, and slightly reduced in Group-II and IV in a dose dependent manner (p

Aim: The aim of the study is to prepare the dual gel using nutmeg and Tulsi and then the evaluation of the antimicrobial properties and cytotoxic potential., Materials and Methods: The Nutmeg Tulsi gel preparation has been done with a mixture of equal amounts of nutmeg and Tulsi powder. To the above-mentioned mixture, 5 mL of the concentrate is added and mixed thoroughly until the gel formation is done. The antimicrobial property is checked in the Porphyromonas gingivalis organism (p>0.05). The cytotoxic potential is checked in the Brine variety of the shrimp. The statistical analysis is done using a Paired t-test., Results: The results stated that the Nutmeg Tulsi gel at a concentration of 100 microgram/mL showed a greater zone of inhibition (4.1±0.09 mm) when compared with doxycycline and has high antimicrobial potential in both Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans  and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Conclusion: The antimicrobial property of Nutmeg Tulsi gel has been demonstrated to be effective against P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans . This suggests that it could be used as an affordable and effective "adjunct" alongside standard care for managing periodontal conditions., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2023, Sindhusha et al.)

Traditional beverages can be made from the spices and can be processed further as instant powder drinks such as bandrek drink. The expiration date statement on the food packaging is a mandatory according to the Food Act No.7/1996 and the Government Regulation No. 69/1999 about Food Labelling and Advertising. The aim of this research was to estimate or to predict the shelf-life of instant bandrek drink produced at Sinarsari village and nutmeg syrup at Dramaga village, Dramaga district, Bogor regency. Shelf-life estimation of the two products was done by accelerated shelf-life testing method. Instant bandrek was predicted to have shelf-life for 341 days (11 months) when stored at 80% RH, 30 °C, while the nutmeg syrup would be expired in 34-47 days when stored at 30 °C.

A reliable and efficient protocol for isolation and amplification of genomic DNA from dried mace of Myristica fragrans, was developed. The yield of genomic DNA was 231.4 µg g-1 and 306.8 µg g-1, respectively for the samples procured from the farm and market. The absorbance ratio at A260/A280 was greater than 1.8 indicating the good quality of DNA. Complete restriction digestion and PCR amplification of genomic DNA further confirmed the quality of isolated DNA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a nephrotoxic mycotoxin and one of the common contaminants of various foodstuffs. OTA contamination of ginger, turmeric, liquorice and nutmeg was determined using HPLC-fluorescence technique after immunoaffinity column clean-up. Limit of quantification (LOQ) and limit of detection (LOD) for OTA were 0.05 and 0.015 µg/kg, respectively. Nine out of 13 (69.2%) ginger samples, four out of 7 (57.1%) liquorice samples twelve out of 12 (100%) turmeric samples and seven out of 7 (100%) nutmeg samples contained OTA in the ranging from 0.05 to 2.1, 0.7 to 121.3, 0.2 to 16.3 µg/kg and 0.1 to 43.7 µg/kg, respectively. Overall, one liquorice (121.3 µg/kg), one turmeric (16.3 µg/kg) and two nutmeg (32-43.7 µg/kg) samples were contaminated with OTA exceeded the permisble limits established by EU. Overall, this is the first report on the OTA contamination of botanical products and we observed preliminary results which would contribute to the further studies in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a nephrotoxic mycotoxin and one of the common contaminants of various foodstuffs. OTA contamination of ginger, turmeric, liquorice and nutmeg was determined using HPLC-fluorescence technique after immunoaffinity column clean-up. Limit of quantification (LOQ) and limit of detection (LOD) for OTA were 0.05 and 0.015 µg/kg, respectively. Nine out of 13 (69.2%) ginger samples, four out of 7 (57.1%) liquorice samples twelve out of 12 (100%) turmeric samples and seven out of 7 (100%) nutmeg samples contained OTA in the ranging from 0.05 to 2.1, 0.7 to 121.3, 0.2 to 16.3 µg/kg and 0.1 to 43.7 µg/kg, respectively. Overall, one liquorice (121.3 µg/kg), one turmeric (16.3 µg/kg) and two nutmeg (32-43.7 µg/kg) samples were contaminated with OTA exceeded the permisble limits established by EU. Overall, this is the first report on the OTA contamination of botanical products and we observed preliminary results which would contribute to the further studies in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nutmeg (NM) and citrus peel (CP) extracts are potential sources of phytochemicals high in antioxidant activity. The synergistic effect of the extracts when incorporated as a binary mixture (NM-CP) demonstrated high antioxidant activity, exceeding the expected values indicating possible interactive synergism. This effect prompted us to investigate the potential of NM, CP and NM-CP extracts in imparting oxidative stability to meat balls during frozen storage. NM-CP was evaluated at two concentrations 0.5% (NMCP) and 1.0% (NMCP1). Meat balls with added salt (MS) and control (without any salt and antioxidant) served as control. Binary mixture (NM-CP) at 1% showed a stronger inhibitory effect on lipid oxidation in comparison to the NMCP and individual extracts NM and CP. However, with respect to protein oxidation, both concentrations (NMCP and NMCP1) exhibited higher inhibitory activity than the individual counterparts. Color, flavor and sensory scores further confirmed the efficacy of NM-CP in extending the storage life of frozen meat. Synergistic effect of binary extract NMCP in retarding lipid and protein oxidation in meat balls could be of practical value for meat processors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) or fragnant nutmeg is an important commodity that has been used in the food and pharmaceutical industries, hence its quality should be monitored. The objectives of this study were (1) to investigate the effect of postharvest handling of nutmeg, i.e. origin, drying and storage on the quality of nutmeg, in terms of fungal infection (including Aspergillus flavus) and total aflatoxin content, (2) to recommend proper (appropriate) postharvest handling method (Good Handling Practice) of nutmeg to ensure its good quality during storage. Nutmeg fruits were obtained using two methods, i.e. harvesting nutmeg by picking ripe fruits from the tree and collecting those which had fallen on the ground. Drying of nutmeg was conducted using sun-drying on tarpaulin which was put on the ground or smoke-drying until its moisture content was reduced by 10%. Nutmeg was stored for two and four months under warehouse conditions. The results showed that appropriate postharvest handling method of nutmegs could ensure their good quality in terms of the percentage of damaged kernels, fungal infection and aflatoxin contamination, i.e. nutmeg should be harvested directly from the tree, dried using smoke-drying and stored with its shell. Nutmeg obtained by picking should not be mixed with fallen fruits which have been in contact with the soil. The highest A. flavus infection and aflatoxin contamination were found in nutmeg that had been fallen on the ground. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Staphylococcus aureus is the leading cause for foodborne diseases. Extensive use of antibiotics has led to emergence of antibiotic-resistant S. aureus. Hence, interest on natural plant-based alternative which limits the use of synthetic chemicals is growing. The present work evaluated the antibacterial capacity of garlic, aloe vera, galangal, pineapple peel, neem, papaya leaf, lemongrass, peppermint, nutmeg and clove separately extracted with hexane, ethanol and water to a final concentration of 10% w/v against ampicillin+penicillin-resistant isolates of S. aureus in vitro. Streptomycin was used as a drug control against the resistant isolates; BRS023, BRS068 and DRS072. According to the interpretive standards for inhibition zone diameter provided by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, isolates BRS068 and DRS072 were considered resistant (≤ 12 mm), and isolate BRS023 was considered intermediate (13-14 mm). Against these isolates, all crude plant extracts exhibited varying degrees of inhibition. However, a coherent trend was observed in the inhibition between resistant and intermediate isolates regardless of plants and solvents used. It was also found that extraction solvent types impacted the resulting antibacterial activity. In terms of positive inhibition, the solvents were ranked in the order of hexane (77%) > water (73%) > ethanol (57%). 10% hexane extract of galangal gave the overall highest inhibition zones (17.8 ± 1.4 mm) closely followed by 10% ethanol extract of nutmeg (16.3 ± 1.1 mm). Further phytochemical analyses of the antibacterial compounds from galangal and nutmeg, and their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) are needed. Potential applications of plant-based antibacterial compounds as natural, cost-effective and less-toxic food preservatives against drug-resistant foodborne pathogens should be explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]