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102. Author Correction: Somatic mosaicism and common genetic variation contribute to the risk of very-early-onset inflammatory bowel disease (Nature Communications, (2020), 11, 1, (995), 10.1038/s41467-019-14275-y)

Author

Serra E. G., Schwerd T., Moutsianas L., Cavounidis A., Fachal L., Pandey S., Kammermeier J., Croft N. M., Posovszky C., Rodrigues A., Russell R. K., Barakat F., Auth M. K. H., Heuschkel R., Zilbauer M., Fyderek K., Braegger C., Travis S. P., Satsangi J., Parkes M., Thapar N., Ferry H., Matte J. C., Gilmour K. C., Wedrychowicz A., Sullivan P., Moore C., Sambrook J., Ouwehand W., Roberts D., Danesh J., Baeumler T. A., Fulga T. A., Carrami E. M., Ahmed A., Wilson R., Barrett J. C., Elkadri A., Griffiths A. M., Zurek M., Strisciuglio C., Elawad M., Lo B., Arancibia-Carcamo C., Bailey A., Barnes E., Bird-Lieberman E. L., Brain O., Braden B., Collier J., East J., Howarth L., Keshav S., Klenerman P., Leedham S., Palmer R., Powrie F., Simmons A., Walker M., Tolkien Z., Kaptoge S., Allen D., Mehenny S., Mant J., Di Angelantonio E., Thompson S. G., Yilmaz B., Juillerat P., Geuking M., Wiest R., Macpherson A. J., Bravo F. D., Brugger L., Carstens O., Bigler U. G., Heimgartner B., Rusticeanu M., Schmid-Uebelhart S., Strebel B., Tatu A., Tutuian R., Oyas O., Ramon C., Stelling J., Franc Y., Fournier N., Pittet V. E. H., Burnand B., Egger M., Golay D., Marot A., Musso L., Rossel J. -B., Seematter V., Sommer J., Vulliamy R., Michetti P., Maillard M. H., Keller C., Nydegger A., Schoepfe A., Archanioti E., Ezri J., Fraga M., Schoepfer A., Muller C., Rogler G., Biedermann L., Blattmann M., Burk S., Dora B., Fried M., Misselwitz B., Mullhaupt B., Obialo N., Pohl D., Raschle N., Scharl M., Vavricka S., Von Kanel R., Zeitz J., Abdelrahman K., Ademi G., Borovicka J., Brand S., Frei R., Haarer J., Knellwolf-Grieger C., Krieger-Grubel C., Kunzler P., Meyenberger C., Meyer P., Rohrich N., Sawatzki M., Schelling M., Semadeni G. -M., Sulz M., Zimmermann D., Aepli P., Criblez D. H., Hess C., Richterich J. -P., Spalinger J., Staudenmann D., Stulz A., Wohrle S., Thomas A., Anderegg C., Kohler H., Kusche R., Antonino A. -T., Arrigoni E., Bengoa J. M., Cunningham S., de Saussure P., Girard L., de Jong D. B., Basturk P., Brunner S., Degen L., Hruz P., Bakker C. K. -D., Niess J., Balsiger B., Haldemann J., Saner G., Seibold F., Bauerfeind P., Becocci A., Belli D., Binek J., Hengstler P., Boehm S., Boldanov T., Buhr P., Koller R., Rueger V., Senning A., Burri E., Buyse S., Cao D. -T., D'Angelo F., Delarive J., Doerig C., Hessler R., Preissler C., Rentsch R., Risti B., Ritz M. A., Steuerwald M., Vogtlin J., Sagmeister M., Sauter B., Schibli S., Sokollik C., Schlauri H., Schnegg J. -F., Seirafi M., Spangenberger H., Stadler P., Staub P., Stenz V., Tempia-Caliera M., Thorens J., Truninger K., Urfer P., Viani F., Vouillamoz D., Zander S., Wyli T., Jostins L., Kennedy N. A., Ahmad T., Lamb C. A., Edwards C., Hart A., Hawkey C., Mansfield J. C., Mowat C., Newman W. G., Tremelling M., Lee J. C., Prescott N. J., Mathew C. G., Lees C. W., McGovern D. P. B., Targan S. R., Botwin G., Mengesha E., Fleshner P., Landers C., Li D., Rioux J. D., Bitton A., Cote-Daigneault J., Daly M. J., Xavier R., Morris K., Boucher G., Cho J. H., Abraham C., Merad M., Sands B., Peter I., Hao K., Itan Y., Duerr R. H., Konnikova L., Schwartz M. B., Proksell S., Johnston E., Miladinova V., Chen W., Brant S. R., Datta L., Silverberg M. S., Schumm L. P., Birch S., Giri M., Gettler K., Sharma Y., Stevens C., Lazarev M., Haritunians T., Snapper S. B., Shah N., Muise A. M., Wilson D. C., Uhlig H. H., Anderson C. A., Serra, E. G., Schwerd, T., Moutsianas, L., Cavounidis, A., Fachal, L., Pandey, S., Kammermeier, J., Croft, N. M., Posovszky, C., Rodrigues, A., Russell, R. K., Barakat, F., Auth, M. K. H., Heuschkel, R., Zilbauer, M., Fyderek, K., Braegger, C., Travis, S. P., Satsangi, J., Parkes, M., Thapar, N., Ferry, H., Matte, J. C., Gilmour, K. C., Wedrychowicz, A., Sullivan, P., Moore, C., Sambrook, J., Ouwehand, W., Roberts, D., Danesh, J., Baeumler, T. A., Fulga, T. A., Carrami, E. M., Ahmed, A., Wilson, R., Barrett, J. C., Elkadri, A., Griffiths, A. M., Zurek, M., Strisciuglio, C., Elawad, M., Lo, B., Arancibia-Carcamo, C., Bailey, A., Barnes, E., Bird-Lieberman, E. L., Brain, O., Braden, B., Collier, J., East, J., Howarth, L., Keshav, S., Klenerman, P., Leedham, S., Palmer, R., Powrie, F., Simmons, A., Walker, M., Tolkien, Z., Kaptoge, S., Allen, D., Mehenny, S., Mant, J., Di Angelantonio, E., Thompson, S. G., Yilmaz, B., Juillerat, P., Geuking, M., Wiest, R., Macpherson, A. J., Bravo, F. D., Brugger, L., Carstens, O., Bigler, U. G., Heimgartner, B., Rusticeanu, M., Schmid-Uebelhart, S., Strebel, B., Tatu, A., Tutuian, R., Oyas, O., Ramon, C., Stelling, J., Franc, Y., Fournier, N., Pittet, V. E. H., Burnand, B., Egger, M., Golay, D., Marot, A., Musso, L., Rossel, J. -B., Seematter, V., Sommer, J., Vulliamy, R., Michetti, P., Maillard, M. H., Keller, C., Nydegger, A., Schoepfe, A., Archanioti, E., Ezri, J., Fraga, M., Schoepfer, A., Muller, C., Rogler, G., Biedermann, L., Blattmann, M., Burk, S., Dora, B., Fried, M., Misselwitz, B., Mullhaupt, B., Obialo, N., Pohl, D., Raschle, N., Scharl, M., Vavricka, S., Von Kanel, R., Zeitz, J., Abdelrahman, K., Ademi, G., Borovicka, J., Brand, S., Frei, R., Haarer, J., Knellwolf-Grieger, C., Krieger-Grubel, C., Kunzler, P., Meyenberger, C., Meyer, P., Rohrich, N., Sawatzki, M., Schelling, M., Semadeni, G. -M., Sulz, M., Zimmermann, D., Aepli, P., Criblez, D. H., Hess, C., Richterich, J. -P., Spalinger, J., Staudenmann, D., Stulz, A., Wohrle, S., Thomas, A., Anderegg, C., Kohler, H., Kusche, R., Antonino, A. -T., Arrigoni, E., Bengoa, J. M., Cunningham, S., de Saussure, P., Girard, L., de Jong, D. B., Basturk, P., Brunner, S., Degen, L., Hruz, P., Bakker, C. K. -D., Niess, J., Balsiger, B., Haldemann, J., Saner, G., Seibold, F., Bauerfeind, P., Becocci, A., Belli, D., Binek, J., Hengstler, P., Boehm, S., Boldanov, T., Buhr, P., Koller, R., Rueger, V., Senning, A., Burri, E., Buyse, S., Cao, D. -T., D'Angelo, F., Delarive, J., Doerig, C., Hessler, R., Preissler, C., Rentsch, R., Risti, B., Ritz, M. A., Steuerwald, M., Vogtlin, J., Sagmeister, M., Sauter, B., Schibli, S., Sokollik, C., Schlauri, H., Schnegg, J. -F., Seirafi, M., Spangenberger, H., Stadler, P., Staub, P., Stenz, V., Tempia-Caliera, M., Thorens, J., Truninger, K., Urfer, P., Viani, F., Vouillamoz, D., Zander, S., Wyli, T., Jostins, L., Kennedy, N. A., Ahmad, T., Lamb, C. A., Edwards, C., Hart, A., Hawkey, C., Mansfield, J. C., Mowat, C., Newman, W. G., Tremelling, M., Lee, J. C., Prescott, N. J., Mathew, C. G., Lees, C. W., Mcgovern, D. P. B., Targan, S. R., Botwin, G., Mengesha, E., Fleshner, P., Landers, C., Li, D., Rioux, J. D., Bitton, A., Cote-Daigneault, J., Daly, M. J., Xavier, R., Morris, K., Boucher, G., Cho, J. H., Abraham, C., Merad, M., Sands, B., Peter, I., Hao, K., Itan, Y., Duerr, R. H., Konnikova, L., Schwartz, M. B., Proksell, S., Johnston, E., Miladinova, V., Chen, W., Brant, S. R., Datta, L., Silverberg, M. S., Schumm, L. P., Birch, S., Giri, M., Gettler, K., Sharma, Y., Stevens, C., Lazarev, M., Haritunians, T., Snapper, S. B., Shah, N., Muise, A. M., Wilson, D. C., Uhlig, H. H., and Anderson, C. A.

Published
2022

103. Effect of an immediate, remote smoking cessation intervention vs usual care among participants enrolled in lung health check: QuLIT2 study.

Author

Parris, W, primary, Philip, K, additional, Kaur-Gill, N, additional, Flannery, D, additional, Buttery, S, additional, Bartlett, E, additional, Devaraj, A, additional, Addis, J, additional, Kemp, S, additional, Chen, M, additional, Derbyshire, J, additional, Morris, K, additional, Laverty, A, additional, and Hopkinson, N, additional

Published
2022
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109. Outpatient Cryptococcal Antigen Screening Is Associated With Favorable Baseline Characteristics and Improved Survival in Persons With Cryptococcal Meningitis in Uganda

Author

Anna E Levin, Ananta S Bangdiwala, Elizabeth Nalintya, Enock Kagimu, John Kasibante, Morris K Rutakingirwa, Edward Mpoza, Samuel Jjunju, Edwin Nuwagira, Rose Naluyima, Paul Kirumira, Cody Hou, Kenneth Ssebambulidde, Abdu K Musubire, Darlisha A Williams, Mahsa Abassi, Conrad Muzoora, Katherine H Hullsiek, Radha Rajasingham, David B Meya, David R Boulware, and Caleb P Skipper

Subjects
Microbiology (medical), Infectious Diseases, Major Article
Abstract

Background It is unknown whether persons with symptomatic cryptococcal meningitis detected during routine blood cryptococcal antigen (CrAg) screening have better survival than persons presenting with overt meningitis. Methods We prospectively enrolled Ugandans with HIV and cryptocococcal meningitis from December 2018 to December 2021. Participants were treated with amphotericin-based combination therapy. We compared outcomes between persons who were CrAg screened then referred to hospital with those presenting directly to the hospital with symptomatic meningitis. Results Among 489 participants with cryptococcal meningitis, 40% (194/489) received blood CrAg screening and were referred to hospital (median time to referral 2 days; interquartile range [IQR], 1–6). CrAg-screened persons referred to hospital had lower 14-day mortality than non–CrAg-screened persons who presented directly to hospital with symptomatic meningitis (12% vs 21%; hazard ratio, .51; 95% confidence interval, .32–.83; P = .006). Fewer CrAg-screened participants had altered mental status versus non–CrAg-screened participants (29% vs 41%; P = .03). CrAg-screened persons had lower quantitative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture burden (median [IQR], 4570 [11–100 000] vs 26 900 [182–324 000] CFU/mL; P = .01) and lower CSF opening pressures (median [IQR], 190 [120–270] vs 225 [140–340] mmH2O; P = .004) compared with non–CrAg-screened persons. Conclusions Survival from cryptococcal meningitis was higher in persons with prior CrAg screening than those without CrAg screening. Altered mental status was the most potent predictor for mortality in a multivariate model. We suggest that CrAg screening detects cryptococcal meningitis at an earlier stage, as evidenced by a favorable baseline risk profile and notably fewer persons with altered mental status.

Published
2022

110. Association of Hyponatremia on Mortality in Cryptococcal Meningitis: A Prospective Cohort

Author

Tugume, Lillian, Fieberg, Ann, Ssebambulidde, Kenneth, Nuwagira, Edwin, Williams, Darlisha A, Mpoza, Edward, Rutakingirwa, Morris K, Kagimu, Enoch, Kasibante, John, Nsangi, Laura, Jjunju, Samuel, Musubire, Abdu K, Muzoora, Conrad, Lawrence, David S, Rhein, Joshua, Meya, David B, Hullsiek, Kathy Huppler, Boulware, David R, Abassi, Mahsa, and Adjunctive Sertraline for HIV-Associated Cryptococcal Meningitis

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Sodium abnormalities are frequent in central nervous system infections and may be caused by cerebral salt wasting, syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion, or medication adverse events. In cryptococcal meningitis (CM), the prevalence of baseline hyponatremia and whether hyponatremia adversely impacts survival is unknown. METHODS: We conducted a secondary analysis of data from 2 randomized trials of human immunodeficiency virus-infected adult Ugandans with CM. We grouped serum sodium into 3 categories

Published
2022

115. Outpatient Cryptococcal Antigen Screening Is Associated With Favorable Baseline Characteristics and Improved Survival in Persons With Cryptococcal Meningitis in Uganda

Author

Levin, Anna E, primary, Bangdiwala, Ananta S, additional, Nalintya, Elizabeth, additional, Kagimu, Enock, additional, Kasibante, John, additional, Rutakingirwa, Morris K, additional, Mpoza, Edward, additional, Jjunju, Samuel, additional, Nuwagira, Edwin, additional, Naluyima, Rose, additional, Kirumira, Paul, additional, Hou, Cody, additional, Ssebambulidde, Kenneth, additional, Musubire, Abdu K, additional, Williams, Darlisha A, additional, Abassi, Mahsa, additional, Muzoora, Conrad, additional, Hullsiek, Katherine H, additional, Rajasingham, Radha, additional, Meya, David B, additional, Boulware, David R, additional, and Skipper, Caleb P, additional

Published
2022
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121. Cerebrospinal Fluid Bacillary Load by Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra Polymerase Chain Reaction Cycle Threshold Value Predicts 2-Week Mortality in Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Associated Tuberculous Meningitis

Author

Enock Kagimu, David B. Meya, Michael Okirwoth, Fiona V Cresswell, Ananta S Bangdiwala, Emily Martyn, Gavin Stead, Matthew F Pullen, Morris K Rutakingirwa, Vincent Wadda, Tyler D. Bold, Nathan C. Bahr, David R. Boulware, and John Kasibante

Subjects
Microbiology (medical), medicine.medical_specialty, Tuberculosis, 030231 tropical medicine, Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), HIV Infections, TB meningitis, medicine.disease_cause, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sensitivity and Specificity, Gastroenterology, Tuberculous meningitis, 03 medical and health sciences, ultra, 0302 clinical medicine, Cerebrospinal fluid, Internal medicine, Humans, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Online only Articles, Csf lactate, Cycle threshold, GeneXpert MTB/RIF, Diagnostic Tests, Routine, business.industry, HIV, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, medicine.disease, AcademicSubjects/MED00290, Infectious Diseases, Increased risk, Molecular Diagnostic Techniques, Tuberculosis, Meningeal, tuberculous meningitis, GeneXpert Ultra, business
Abstract

Background The World Health Organization recommends GeneXpert MTB/RIF Ultra (Xpert Ultra), a fully automated polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, as the initial tuberculous meningitis (TBM) diagnostic test. The assay’s PCR cycle threshold (Ct) values represent the number of PCR cycles required for probe signal to be detected (low Ct value = high bacillary load) and may approximate tuberculosis (TB) bacillary load. We measured the relationship between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) TB bacillary load with mortality. Methods We prospectively enrolled 102 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–positive Ugandans with probable or definite TBM from April 2015 to August 2019. Xpert Ultra Ct tertiles and semi-quantitative categories were separately analyzed as predictors of 2-week mortality. We investigated associations between Ct and baseline clinical and CSF parameters. Results Subjects with Ct values in the low tertile (ie, high bacillary load) had 57% 2-week mortality—worse than the intermediate (17%) and high (25%) Ct tertiles and Xpert Ultra–negative (30%) probable TBM cases (P = .01). In contrast, the reported semi-quantitative Xpert Ultra categorization was less precise; with the medium to low category trending toward worse 2-week survival (42%) compared with very low (28%), trace (26%), and negative (30%) categories (P = .48). Ct tertile was significantly associated with baseline CSF lactate (P = .03). Conclusions High CSF TB bacillary load, as measured by Xpert Ultra Ct tertile, is associated with an almost 2-fold higher 2-week mortality in HIV-associated TBM and is a better predictor than the reported Xpert Ultra semi-quantitative category. Xpert Ultra Ct values could identify TBM patients at increased risk of death who may benefit from enhanced supportive care., High cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) tuberculosis bacillary load, as measured by GeneXpert Ultra cycle threshold tertile, is associated with an almost 2-fold higher 2-week mortality in HIV-associated tuberculosis meningitis and may be a better predictor of outcome than the reported Xpert Ultra semi-quantitative category.

Published
2020
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122. Association of Hyponatremia on Mortality in Cryptococcal Meningitis: A Prospective Cohort

Author

Lillian, Tugume, Ann, Fieberg, Kenneth, Ssebambulidde, Edwin, Nuwagira, Darlisha A, Williams, Edward, Mpoza, Morris K, Rutakingirwa, Enoch, Kagimu, John, Kasibante, Laura, Nsangi, Samuel, Jjunju, Abdu K, Musubire, Conrad, Muzoora, David S, Lawrence, Joshua, Rhein, David B, Meya, Kathy Huppler, Hullsiek, David R, Boulware, Mahsa, Abassi, and Nabila, Youssouf

Subjects
Infectious Diseases, Oncology
Abstract

Background Sodium abnormalities are frequent in central nervous system infections and may be caused by cerebral salt wasting, syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion, or medication adverse events. In cryptococcal meningitis (CM), the prevalence of baseline hyponatremia and whether hyponatremia adversely impacts survival is unknown. Methods We conducted a secondary analysis of data from 2 randomized trials of human immunodeficiency virus–infected adult Ugandans with CM. We grouped serum sodium into 3 categories: Results Of 816 participants with CM, 741 (91%) had a baseline sodium measurement available: 121 (16%) had grade 3–4 hyponatremia ( Conclusions Hyponatremia is common in CM and is associated with excess mortality. A standardized management approach to correctly diagnose and correct hyponatremia in CM needs to be developed and tested.

Published
2022

123. Determinants of cryptococcal antigen (CrAg) screening uptake in Kampala, Uganda: An assessment of health center characteristics

Author

Diksha Srishyla, Gabriel Saemisch, Fred Turya, Elizabeth Nalintya, Samuel Jjunju, Enock Kagimu, Morris K Rutakingirwa, Caleb P Skipper, David R Boulware, David B Meya, and Radha Rajasingham

Subjects
Cryptococcus, Antigens, Fungal, Cross-Sectional Studies, Infectious Diseases, Animals, Humans, Original Article, Uganda, General Medicine, Meningitis, Cryptococcal
Abstract

Cryptococcal antigen (CrAg) screening and pre-emptive antifungal therapy for people with CD4 cell counts Lay summary The objective of this study was to evaluate cryptococcal antigen (CrAg) screening program implementation in Uganda, by type of healthcare center and by distance from the capital city. CrAg screening uptake was not associated with distance from the capital city, or the type of healthcare center.

Published
2022
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124. Single-Dose Liposomal Amphotericin B Treatment for Cryptococcal Meningitis

Author

Jarvis, Joseph N, Lawrence, David S, Meya, David B, Kagimu, Enock, Kasibante, John, Mpoza, Edward, Rutakingirwa, Morris K, Ssebambulidde, Kenneth, Tugume, Lillian, Rhein, Joshua, Boulware, David R, Mwandumba, Henry C, Moyo, Melanie, Mzinganjira, Henry, Kanyama, Cecilia, Hosseinipour, Mina C, Chawinga, Chimwemwe, Meintjes, Graeme, Schutz, Charlotte, Comins, Kyla, Singh, Achita, Muzoora, Conrad, Jjunju, Samuel, Nuwagira, Edwin, Mosepele, Mosepele, Leeme, Tshepo, Siamisang, Keatlaretse, Ndhlovu, Chiratidzo E, Hlupeni, Admire, Mutata, Constantine, van Widenfelt, Erik, Chen, Tao, Wang, Duolao, Hope, William, Boyer-Chammard, Timothée, Loyse, Angela, Molloy, Síle F, Youssouf, Nabila, Lortholary, Olivier, Lalloo, David G, Jaffar, Shabbar, Harrison, Thomas S, Ambition Study Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), Bostwana Harvard AIDS Institute Partneship Gaborone, National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), University of North Carolina Project-Malawi (UNC Project), University of North Carolina [Chapel Hill] (UNC), University of North Carolina System (UNC), University of Cape Town, Mycologie moléculaire - Molecular Mycology, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPC), Centre National de Référence Mycoses Invasives et Antifongiques - National Reference Center Invasive Mycoses & Antifungals (CNRMA), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Université Paris Cité (UPC), CHU Necker - Enfants Malades [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Supported by a grant (TRIA2015-1092) through the European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership, with assistance from the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, as well as by funding from the U.K. Department of Health and Social Care, the U.K. Foreign Commonwealth and Development Office, the U.K. Medical Research Council, and Wellcome Trust, through the Joint Global Health Trials scheme (MR/P006922/1). Funding was also provided by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) through a Global Health Research Professorship (RP-2017-08-ST2-012, to Dr. Jarvis) with aid from the U.K. government to support global health research. Dr. Meintjes was supported by grants (098316, 214321/Z/18/Z, and 203135/Z/16/Z) from the Wellcome Trust and a grant (64787) from the South African Research Chairs Initiative of the Department of Science and Technology and the National Research Foundation of South Africa. Diagnostic testing in Uganda was supported by a grant (R01NS086312) from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Dr. Rhein was supported by a grant (K01 TW010268) from the Fogarty International Center. Liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) was donated by Gilead Sciences., We thank the trial participants and their families and caregivers, as well as all the clinical, laboratory, and administrative staff at all the sites who were not directly involved in the trial, Andrew Nunn, Sayoki Mfinanga, Robert Peck, and William Powderly for serving on the data and safety monitoring committee, and John Perfect, Andrew Kambugu, Saidi Kapigi, and Douglas Wilson for serving on the trial steering committee. We dedicate the trial to the memory of Siphokazi Hlungulu, who worked as a research nurse and study coordinator for the Cape Town Ambition site for the duration of the trial and died before seeing the results published., Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), and Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)

Subjects
wl_200, qv_350, General Medicine, [SDV.MP.MYC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Mycology, wc_245
Abstract

BackgroundCryptococcal meningitis is a leading cause of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related death in sub-Saharan Africa. Whether a treatment regimen that includes a single high dose of liposomal amphotericin B would be efficacious is not known.MethodsIn this phase 3 randomized, controlled, noninferiority trial conducted in five African countries, we assigned HIV-positive adults with cryptococcal meningitis in a 1:1 ratio to receive either a single high dose of liposomal amphotericin B (10 mg per kilogram of body weight) on day 1 plus 14 days of flucytosine (100 mg per kilogram per day) and fluconazole (1200 mg per day) or the current World Health Organization-recommended treatment, which includes amphotericin B deoxycholate (1 mg per kilogram per day) plus flucytosine (100 mg per kilogram per day) for 7 days, followed by fluconazole (1200 mg per day) for 7 days (control). The primary end point was death from any cause at 10 weeks; the trial was powered to show noninferiority at a 10-percentage-point margin.ResultsA total of 844 participants underwent randomization; 814 were included in the intention-to-treat population. At 10 weeks, deaths were reported in 101 participants (24.8%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 20.7 to 29.3) in the liposomal amphotericin B group and 117 (28.7%; 95% CI, 24.4 to 33.4) in the control group (difference, -3.9 percentage points); the upper boundary of the one-sided 95% confidence interval was 1.2 percentage points (within the noninferiority margin; P10 colony-forming units (CFU) per milliliter per day in the liposomal amphotericin B group and -0.42 log10 CFU per milliliter per day in the control group. Fewer participants had grade 3 or 4 adverse events in the liposomal amphotericin B group than in the control group (50.0% vs. 62.3%).ConclusionsSingle-dose liposomal amphotericin B combined with flucytosine and fluconazole was noninferior to the WHO-recommended treatment for HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis and was associated with fewer adverse events. (Funded by the European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership and others; Ambition ISRCTN number, ISRCTN72509687.).

Published
2022
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129. Sulfidation and Reoxidation of U(VI)-Incorporated Goethite: Implications for U Retention during Sub-Surface Redox Cycling

Author

Stagg, O., Morris, K., Townsend, L. T., (0000-0003-4447-4542) Kvashnina, K., Baker, M. L., Dempsey, R., Abrahamsen-Mills, L., Shaw, S., Stagg, O., Morris, K., Townsend, L. T., (0000-0003-4447-4542) Kvashnina, K., Baker, M. L., Dempsey, R., Abrahamsen-Mills, L., and Shaw, S.

Abstract

Over 60 years of nuclear activity have resulted in a global legacy of contaminated land and radioactive waste. Uranium (U) is a significant component of this legacy and is present in radioactive wastes and at many contaminated sites. U-incorporated iron (oxyhydr)oxides may provide a long-term barrier to U migration in the environment. However, reductive dissolution of iron (oxyhydr)oxides can occur on reaction with aqueous sulfide (sulfidation), a common environmental species, due to the microbial reduction of sulfate. In this work, U(VI)-goethite was initially reacted with aqueous sulfide, followed by a reoxidation reaction, to further understand the long-term fate of U species under fluctuating environmental conditions. Over the first day of sulfidation, a transient release of aqueous U was observed, likely due to intermediate uranyl(VI)-persulfide species. Despite this, overall U was retained in the solid phase, with the formation of nanocrystalline U(IV)O2 in the sulfidized system along with a persistent U(V) component. On reoxidation, U was associated with an iron (oxyhydr)oxide phase either as an adsorbed uranyl (approximately 65%) or an incorporated U (35%) species. These findings support the overarching concept of iron (oxyhydr)oxides acting as a barrier to U migration in the environment, even under fluctuating redox conditions.

Published
2022

130. Examining Rectal Spacer Use in Prostate Cancer Radiation Therapy by Treatment Modality: Insights from Medicare Claims Data.

Author

Hankins, R., Morris, K., McGovern, A., Collins, S.P., and Yu, J.B.

Subjects
*COMPOUND annual growth rate, *PROSTATE cancer patients, *CANCER diagnosis, *CANCER radiotherapy, *INTENSITY modulated radiotherapy, *PROSTATE cancer
Abstract

A 2015 randomized controlled trial indicated improved clinical outcomes with rectal spacing prior to prostate radiotherapy, leading to regional Medicare Administrative Contractors approving coverage in 2017. Whether nationwide adoption has plateaued, peaked, and declined, or is entering the exponential phase of growth, remains an open question. This study investigated patterns of rectal spacer utilization by radiation therapy type among a nationally-representative sample of men with prostate cancer in the United States from 2017-2021. The 100% Medicare Standard Analytical Files, which include hospital-based claims from all patients covered by fee-for-service Medicare, were used to identify men aged 65+ who received a prostate cancer diagnosis between January 1, 2017 and December 31, 2021. Eligible patients were required to have received either intensity-modulated radiotherapy, stereotactic body radiation (SBRT), brachytherapy, or proton therapy following their prostate cancer diagnosis. Patients were required to have continuous Medicare fee-for-service enrollment for at least 3 years pre- and 1-year post-radiation therapy index date. Men who received a radical prostatectomy within the 3-year pre-index period or who were diagnosed with any non-prostate cancer malignant neoplasm during the study period were excluded. Included patients were evaluated for the presence of a rectal spacer within 60 days prior to their radiation therapy index date. The proportion of patients receiving radiation therapy for prostate cancer (mean age: 73.1 years) who received a rectal spacer increased from 4% in 2017 to 28% in 2021, irrespective of radiation therapy type (p<0.05). This increase represented a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 2% per year. The most substantial increase was observed among patients receiving SBRT, increasing from 10% in 2017 to 47% in 2021 (CAGR: 16%). Racial identification was significantly associated with rectal spacer utilization, with a higher proportion of White identifying patients receiving rectal spacers compared to Black identifying patients across all radiation therapy types (18.5% vs. 13.1%, p<0.001), with the greatest percentage difference seen among patients who received SBRT (37.2% vs. 25.7%, p<0.001). Rectal spacer utilization increased from 2017 to 2021 among prostate cancer patients receiving radiation therapy, with the most substantial increase observed among patients who received SBRT. Future research should evaluate potential disparities in rectal spacer utilization among various subgroups of prostate cancer patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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132. PLN-74809, a Dual-Selective Inhibitor of Integrins αvβ6 and αvβ1, Shows Dose-Dependent Target Engagement in the Lungs of Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF)

Author

Mooney, J.J., primary, Morris, K., additional, Jacobs, S., additional, Lefebvre, E., additional, Cosgrove, G.P., additional, Wong, S., additional, Bellini, J., additional, Jurek, M., additional, Turner, S., additional, Decaris, M., additional, Jiron, R., additional, Williams, B., additional, Duan, H., additional, Gunn, R., additional, Rizzo, G., additional, Wardak, M., additional, and Guo, H.H., additional

Published
2022
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133. Evaluation of the initial 12 months of a routine cryptococcal antigen screening program in reduction of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis in Uganda

Author

Enock, Kagimu, primary, Julius, Kiwanuka, additional, Griffith, Bridget C., additional, Abila, Derrick Bary, additional, Rutakingirwa, Morris K., additional, Kasibante, John, additional, Kandole, Kiiza Tadeo, additional, Kwizera, Richard, additional, Semeere, Aggrey, additional, and Meya, David B., additional

Published
2022
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134. Neptunium and uranium interactions with environmentally and industrially relevant iron minerals

Author

Townsend, L.T., Smith, K.F., Winstanley, E.H., Morris, K., Stagg, O., Mosselmans, J.F.W., Livens, F.R., Abrahamsen-Mills, L., Blackham, R., and Shaw, S.

Abstract

Neptunium (237Np) is an important radionuclide in the nuclear fuel cycle in areas such as effluent treatment and the geodisposal of radioactive waste. Due to neptunium’s redox sensitivity and its tendency to adsorb strongly to mineral phases, such as iron oxides/sulfides, the environmental mobility of Np can be altered significantly by a wide variety of chemical processes. Here, Np interactions with key iron minerals, ferrihydrite (Fe5O8H·4H2O), goethite (α-FeOOH), and mackinawite (FeS), are investigated using X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) in order to explore the mobility of neptunyl(V) (Np(V)O2+) moiety in environmental (radioactive waste disposal) and industrial (effluent treatment plant) scenarios. Analysis of the Np LIII-edge X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Structure (XANES) and Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) showed that upon exposure to goethite and ferrihydrite, Np(V) adsorbed to the surface, likely as an inner-sphere complex. Interestingly, analysis showed that only the first two shells (Oax and Oeq) of the EXAFS could be modelled with a high degree of confidence, and there was no clear indication of Fe or carbonate in the fits. When Np(V)O2+ was added to a mackinawite-containing system, Np(V) was reduced to Np(IV) and formed a nanocrystalline Np(IV)O2 solid. An analogous experiment was also performed with U(VI)O22+, and a similar reduction was observed, with U(VI) being reduced to nanocrystalline uraninite (U(IV)O2). These results highlight that Np(V) may undergo a variety of speciation changes in environmental and engineered systems whilst also highlighting the need for multi-technique approaches to speciation determination for actinyl (for example, Np(V)O2+) species.

Published
2022

135. In COVID-19 Health Messaging, Loss Framing Increases Anxiety with Little-to-No Concomitant Benefits: Experimental Evidence from 84 Countries

Author

Dorison, C. A., Lerner, J. S., Heller, B. H., Rothman, A. J., Kawachi, I. I., Wang, K., Rees, V. W., Gill, B. P., Gibbs, N., Ebersole, C. R., Vally, Z., Tajchman, Z., Zsido, A. N., Zrimsek, M., Chen, Z., Ziano, I., Gialitaki, Z., Ceary, C. D., Jang, Y., Lin, Y., Kunisato, Y., Yamada, Y., Xiao, Q., Jiang, X., Du, X., Yao, E., Ryan, W., Wilson, J. P., Cyrus-Lai, W., Jimenez-Leal, W., Law, W., Unanue, W., Collins, W. M., Richard, K. L., Vranka, M., Ankushev, V., Schei, V., DePaola, C., Lerche, V., Kovic, V., Križanić, V., Kadreva, V. H., Adoric, V. C., Tran, U. S., Yeung, S. K., Hassan, W., Houston, R., Machin, M. A., Lima, T. J. S., Ostermann, T., Frizzo, T., Sverdrup, T. E., House, T., Gill, T., Fedotov, M., Paltrow, T., Jernsäther, T., Rahman, T., Machin, T., Koptjevskaja-Tamm, M., Hostler, T. J., Ishii, T., Szaszi, B., Adamus, S., Suter, L., von Bormann, S. M., Habib, S., Studzinska, A., Stojanovska, D., Janssen, S. M. J., Stieger, S., Schulenberg, S. E., Tatachari, S., Azouaghe, S., Sorokowski, P., Sorokowska, A., Song, X., Morbée, S., Lewis, S. C., Sinkolova, S., Grigoryev, D., Drexler, S. M., Daches, S., Levine, S. L., Geniole, S. N., Akter, S., Vračar, S., Massoni, S., Costa, S., Zorjan, S., Sarıoğuz, E., Morales Izquierdo, S., Tshonda, S. S., Alves, S. G., Pöntinen, S., Álvarez Solas, S., Ordoñez-Riaño, S., Batić Očovaj, S., Onie, S., Lins, S., Biberauer, T., Çoksan, S., Khumkom, S., Sacakli, A., Ruiz-Fernández, S., Geiger, S. J., FatahModares, S., Walczak, R. B., Betlehem, R., Vilar, R., Doekemeijer, R., Cárcamo, R., Ross, R. M., McCarthy, R., Ballantyne, T., Westgate, E. C., Gargurevich, R., Afhami, R., Ren, D., Monteiro, R. P., Reips, U-D., Reggev, N., Calin-Jageman, R. J., Pourafshari, R., London, R., Oliveira, R., Nedelcheva-Datsova, M., Rahal, R-M., Ribeiro, R. R., Radtke, T., Searston, R., Jai-ai, R., Habte, R., Zdybek, P., Chen, S-C., Wajanatinapart, P., Maturan, P. L. G., Perillo, J. T., Isager, P. M., Kačmár, P., Macapagal, P. M., Maniaci, M. R., Szwed, P., Hanel, P. H. P., Forbes, P. A. G., Arriaga, P., Paris, B., Parashar, N., Papachristopoulos, K., Sebastián-Correa, P., Kácha, O., Bernardo, M., Campos, O., Niño Bravo, O., Galindo-Caballero, O. J., Ogbonnaya, C. E., Bialobrzeska, O., Kiselnikova, N., Simonovic, N., Cohen, N., Nock, N. L., Hernandez, A., Thogersen-Ntoumani, C., Ntoumanis, N., Johannes, N., Albayrak-Aydemir, N., Say, N., Neubauer, A. B., Martin, N. I., Torunsky, N., van Antwerpen, N., Van Doren, N., Sunami, N., Rachev, N. R., Majeed, N. M., Schmidt, N-D., Nadif, K., Corral-Frías, N. S., Ouherrou, N., Abbas, N., Pantazi, M., Lucas, M. Y., Vasilev, Martin R., Ortiz, M. V., Butt, M. M., Kurfali, M., Kabir, M., Muda, R., Tejada Rivera, M. C., Sirota, M., Seehuus, M., Parzuchowski, M., Toro, M., Hricova, M., Alarcón Maldonado, M., Rentzelas, P., Vansteenkiste, M., Metz, M. A., Marszalek, M., Karekla, M., Mioni, G., Bosma, M. J., Westerlund, M., Vdovic, M., Bialek, M., Silan, M. A., Anne, M., Misiak, M., Gugliandolo, M. C., Grinberg, M., Capizzi, M., Espinoza Barría, M. F., Kurfali, M. A., Mensink, M. C., Harutyunyan, M., Khosla, M., Dunn, M. R., Korbmacher, M., Adamkovič, M., Ribeiro, M. F. F., Terskova, M., Hruška, M., Martončik, M., Jansen, M., Voracek, M., Čadek, M., Frias-Armenta, M., Kowal, M., Topor, M., Roczniewska, M., Oosterlinck, M., Braun Kohlová, M., Paruzel-Czachura, M., Sabristov, M., Romanova, M., Papadatou-Pastou, M., Lund, M. L., Antoniadi, M., Magrin, M. E., Jones, M. V., Ortiz, M. S., Manavalan, M., Muminov, A., Kossowska, M., Friedemann, M., Wielgus, M., van Hooff, M. L. M., Varella, M. A. C., Standage, M., Nicolotti, M., Colloff, M. F., Bradford, M., Vaughn, L. A., Eudave, L., Vieira, L., Sanabria Pineda, L. M., Matos, L., Calderón Pérez, L., Lazarevic, L. B., Jaremka, L. M., Smit, E. S., Kushnir, E., Ferguson, L. J., Anton-Boicuk, L., Lins de Holanda Coelho, G., Ahlgren, L., Liga, F., Levitan, C. A., Micheli, L., Gunton, L-A., Volz, L., Stojanovska, M., Boucher, L., Samojlenko, L., Javela Delgado, L. G., Kaliska, L., Labadi, B., Warmelink, L., Rojas-Berscia, L. M., Yu, K., Wylie, K., Wachowicz, J., Desai, K., Barzykowski, K., Kozma, L., Evans, K., Kirgizova, K., Agesin, B. E., Koehn, M. A., Wolfe, K., Korobova, T., Morris, K., Klevjer, K., van Schie, K., Vezirian, K., Damnjanović, K., Krabbe Thommesen, K., Schmidt, K., Filip, K., Staniaszek, K., Grzech, K., Hoyer, K., Moon, K., Khaobunmasiri, S., Rana, K., Janjić, K., Suchow, J. W., Kielińska, J., Cruz Vásquez, J. E., Chanal, J., Beitner, J., Vargas-Nieto, J. C., Roxas, J. C. T., Taber, J., Urriago-Rayo, J., Pavlacic, J. M., Benka, J., Bavolar, J., Soto, J. A., Olofsson, J. K., Vilsmeier, J. K., Messerschmidt, J., Czamanski-Cohen, J., Waterschoot, J., Moss, J. D., Boudesseul, J., Lee, J. M., Kamburidis, J., Joy-Gaba, J. A., Zickfeld, J., Miranda, J. F., Verharen, J. P. H., Hristova, E., Beshears, J. E., Đorđević, J. M., Bosch, J., Valentova, J. V., Antfolk, J., Berkessel, J. B., Schrötter, J., Urban, J., Röer, J. P., Norton, J. O., Silva, J. R., Pickering, J. S., Vintr, J., Uttley, J., Kunst, J. R., Ndukaihe, I. L. G., Iyer, A., Vilares, I., Ivanov, A., Ropovik, I., Sula, I., Sarieva, I., Metin-Orta, I., Prusova, I., Pinto, I., Bozdoc, A. I., Almeida, I. A. T., Pit, I. L., Dalgar, I., Zakharov, I., Arinze, A. I., Ihaya, K., Stephen, I. D., Gjoneska, B., Brohmer, H., Flowe, H., Godbersen, H., Kocalar, H. E., Hedgebeth, M. V., Chuan-Peng, H., Sharifian, M. H., Manley, H., Akkas, H., Hajdu, N., Azab, H., Kaminski, G., Nilsonne, G., Anjum, G., Travaglino, G. A., Feldman, G., Pfuhl, G., Czarnek, G., Marcu, G. M., Hofer, G., Banik, G., Adetula, G. A., Bijlstra, G., Verbruggen, F., Kung, F. Y. H., Martela, F., Foroni, F., Forest, J., Singer, G., Muchembled, F., Azevedo, F., Mosannenzadeh, F., Marinova, E., Štrukelj, E., Etebari, Z., Baskin, E., Garcia, E. O. L., Musser, E., van Steenkiste, I. M. M., Bradshaw, E. L., Ahn, E. R., Quested, E., Pronizius, E., Jackson, E. A., Manunta, E., Agadullina, E., Šakan, D., Dursun, P., Dujols, O., Dubrov, D., Willis, M., Tümer, M., Beaudry, J. L., Popović, D., Dunleavy, D., Djamai, I., Krupić, D., Herrera, D., Vega, D., Du, H., Mola, D., Chakarova, D., Davis, W. E., Holford, D. L., Lewis, D. M. G., Vaidis, D. C., Hausman Ozery, D., Zambrano Ricaurte, D., Storage, D., Sousa, D., Serrato Alvarez, D., Boller, D., Dalla Rosa, A., Dimova, D., Marko, D., Moreau, D., Reeck, C., Correia, R. C., Whitt, C. M., Lamm, C., Singh Solorzano, C., von Bastian, C.C., Sutherland, C. A. M., Overkott, C., Aberson, C. L., Wang, C., Niemiec, C. P., Reimer, C., Karashiali, C., Noone, C., Chiu, F., Picciocchi, C., Eben, C., Brownlow, C., Karaarslan, C., Cellini, N., Esteban-Serna, C., Reyna, C., Ferreyra, C., Batres, C., Li, R., Grano, C., Carpentier, J., Tamnes, C. K., Fu, C. H. Y., Ishkhanyan, B., Bylinina, L., Jaeger, B., Bundt, C., Bulut Allred, T., Vermote, B. J., Bokkour, A., Bogatyreva, N., Shi, J., Chopik, W. J., Antazo, B., Becker, M., Bayyat, M. M., Cocco, B., Chou, W-L., Barkoukis, V., Aczel, B., Baklanova, E., Bai, H., Balci, B. B., Babinčák, P., Soenens, B., Dixson, B. J. W., Mokady, A., Kappes, H. B., Atari, M., Szala, A., Szabelska, A., Aruta, J. J. B., Domurat, A., Arinze, N. C., Modena, A., Adiguzel, A., Monajem, A., El Arabi, K. A., Özdoğru, A. A., Rothbaum, A. O., Torres, A. J. O., Theodoropoulou, A., Skowronek, A., Jurković, A. P., Singh, A., Kassianos, A. P., Findor, A., Hartanto, A., Thibault Landry, A., Ferreira, A., Caetano Santos, A., De la Rosa-Gomez, A., Gourdon-Kanhukamwe, A., Luxon, A. M., Todsen, A. L., Karababa, A., Janak, A., Pilato, A., Bran, A., Tullett, A. M., Kuzminska, A. O., Krafnick, A. J., Urooj, A., Khaoudi, A., Ahmed, A., Groyecka-Bernard, A., Askelund, A. D., Adetula, A., Belaus, A., Charyate, A. C., Wichman, A. L., Stoyanova, A., Greenburgh, A., Thomas, A. G., Arvanitis, A., Forscher, P. S., Mallik, P. R., Primbs, M. A., Miller, J. K., Moshontz, H., Urry, H. L., IJzerman, H., Basnight-Brown, D. M., Chartier, C. R., Buchanan, E. M., Coles, N. A., MÜ, Eğitim Fakültesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Bölümü, Kocalar, Halil Emre, Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação, Organizational Psychology, Jernsäther, Teodor [0000-0002-7030-3299], Tatachari, Srinivasan [0000-0003-1838-2361], Geiger, Sandra J [0000-0002-3262-5609], Butt, Muhammad Mussaffa [0000-0001-5271-111X], Varella, Marco A C [0000-0002-7274-7360], Stephen, Ian D [0000-0001-9714-8295], Kaminski, Gwenael [0000-0001-5300-5655], Bai, Hui [0000-0003-2671-5955], Coles, Nicholas A [0000-0001-8583-5610], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, Center Ph. D. Students, Department of Social Psychology, Tilburg University, and Medical and Clinical Psychology

Subjects
Nudges, Behaviour Change and Well-being, ddc:150, 230 Affective Neuroscience, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, message framing, anxiety, nudges, COVID-19, Message framing, General Medicine, Anxiety
Abstract

Contains fulltext : 284232.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) The COVID-19 pandemic (and its aftermath) highlights a critical need to communicate health information effectively to the global public. Given that subtle differences in information framing can have meaningful effects on behavior, behavioral science research highlights a pressing question: Is it more effective to frame COVID-19 health messages in terms of potential losses (e.g., "If you do not practice these steps, you can endanger yourself and others") or potential gains (e.g., "If you practice these steps, you can protect yourself and others")? Collecting data in 48 languages from 15,929 participants in 84 countries, we experimentally tested the effects of message framing on COVID-19-related judgments, intentions, and feelings. Loss- (vs. gain-) framed messages increased self-reported anxiety among participants cross-nationally with little-to-no impact on policy attitudes, behavioral intentions, or information seeking relevant to pandemic risks. These results were consistent across 84 countries, three variations of the message framing wording, and 560 data processing and analytic choices. Thus, results provide an empirical answer to a global communication question and highlight the emotional toll of loss-framed messages. Critically, this work demonstrates the importance of considering unintended affective consequences when evaluating nudge-style interventions. 26 p.

Published
2022
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137. A Noncentral Analysis of Variance Model Relating Statistical and Practical Significance.

Author

Lai, Morris K.

Abstract

When analysis of variance is used, statistically significant differences may or may not be of practical significance to educators. A large part of the problem is due to the fact that a "zero difference" null hypothesis can always be rejected statistically if the sample size is large enough. If, however, a method based on the noncentral F distribution is used, trivial differences cannot attain statistical significance. The (non-zero) null hypothesis is now rejected at the alpha level when the observed F exceeds the noncentral F cutoff point where the noncentrality parameter delta (sub0) is determined by the minimum practical difference set by the researcher. (Author)

Published
1974

138. The Effects of an Independent Learning System on Student Achievement and Attitudes. Volume III: Student and Teacher Measurement Instruments.

Author

Far West Lab. for Educational Research and Development, San Francisco, CA. and Lai, Morris K.

Abstract

This is one of three volumes presenting the over-all results of a research effort investigating the effects upon student outcomes of training teachers to implement individual study and self-directed study in their classrooms. Sample tests are presented measuring the following variables: (1) social study achievement; (2) work study skills; (3) self concept; (4) student attitudes; (5) level of independence; (6) measurement processes (interviews, observation, and questionnaires); and (7) teacher variables. Procedures for scoring each test are included. (JD)

Published
1976

139. 'Net Benefit,' A Neglected Metaevaluation Criterion.

Author

Lai, Morris K.

Abstract

Evaluation has generally not been accountable in terms of its promoting a "net-benefit." The term "net-benefit" rather than "benefit" is used because a given amount of legitimate benefit may come at the expense of an inordinate expenditure of evaluation resources or energy. If any aspect of an evaluation is unlikely to provide any net-benefit to humanity as far as the overall evaluation is concerned, then it probably shouldn't be done given the relative scarcity of evaluation resources and energy. Examples of net-nonbeneficial energy-wasting evaluation activities include: (1) carrying out overly complex statistical analyses; (2) dissemination and use (or lack thereof) of the draft version of the Standards produced by the Committee on Standards for Educational Evaluation which forbade the draft version to be cited, duplicated, or distributed without written permission of the Chairman of the Standards Committee; and (3) the publication of articles including excess spending of time in adhering to style guidelines. Determining whether an evaluation activity has the potential to lead to net-benefit is clearly not always an easy task, but it is an effort toward achieving accountability. (RL)

Published
1981

140. Consumer's Guide to Educational Evaluation.

Author

Lai, Morris K.

Abstract

Although much has been written about educational evaluation, few guidelines exist for consumers--project directors, school administrators, curriculum developers, legislators, teachers, parents, and boards of education. Several cautions surface from a review of the literature. First, tests that are based on program objectives are most useful to evaluations. Such objectives-based or criterion referenced tests often must be created by the evaluation staff, but test construction is difficult, lengthy, and costly. Second, goals or objectives themselves must be evaluated before program planning. Third, program design should be described in detail and fourth, consumers should know how to select qualified evaluators. Empirical cost data were collected on completed evaluations whose budgets ranged from $400 to $3 million. The data were studied to obtain estimates of costs expected in relation to sample size, number of schools involved, number of test items developed and used, report length, and project staff time. Although a more thorough investigation is needed, these preliminary results should furnish a basis for estimating the cost of a proposed evaluation or determining how much evaluation can be done for x amount of dollars. (CP)

Published
1978

141. Rules of Thumb from the Literature on Research and Evaluation.

Author

Lai, Morris K.

Abstract

Practical advice on frequently asked questions dealing with research and evaluation methodology is presented as rules of thumb, with citations to the author's sources. A statement in the literature is considered a rule of thumb if it meets one of the following criteria: (1) it is specifically called a rule of thumb; (2) it contains numbers in place of algebraic symbols; or (3) it contains a reference to previous successes using a particular level. The rules included here deal with article title, budgeting for research staff, test difficulty and discrimination, distribution, significance, Fisher test, reliability of gain scores, interrater reliability, item construction, testing time, response rate, observation, sample size, sampling, skewness, test wiseness, test-retest reliability, and test revision. (MH)

Published
1979

142. Ethnic Differences in the Nutritiousness of Diets of Hawai'i's Children.

Author

Lai, Morris K. and Shimabukuro, Sandra

Abstract

Data on the nutritional quality of Hawaiian children's diet, arranged by age and ethnic group, are presented in this paper. The data are drawn from a random sampling of the diets of 890 students. Tables show mean nutritional intake and the percent of calories from protein, carbohydrate and fat for elementary, junior high and senior high school levels. The tables reveal a general decrease in the nutritional quality of diets as students get older. In addition, it is shown that secondary level females had the poorest diets, with over 70 percent having iron intakes less than two thirds of the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA). The paper points out that a substantial portion of the surveyed children showed less than two thirds of the FDA for intake of calcium, vitamin A, thiamin, and vitamin C. It is also noted that the study indicated high intakes of sodium, cholesterol, and saturated fatty acids and relatively high caloric intakes from snacks and high sugar foods. (Author/APM)

Published
1981

143. A Statewide Nutrient Analysis of Children's Diets.

Author

Lai, Morris K. and Shimabukuro, Sandy K.

Abstract

A statewide assessment of the nutrition education and training needs of children, teachers, and food service personnel in Hawaiian schools was conducted through surveys of administrators, teachers, food service managers, school nurses, students, parents, community agencies, an evaluation of classroom materials, a literature search, and a 24-hour student diet recall. The literature search and data collection revealed several nutrition-related health and dietary problems of children in Hawaii. Nutrition education was found to be lacking especially at the senior high school level, the grade level at which students also had the poorest diets. Parents felt that nutrition education was important in both the home and school, although some indicated they did not always set a good example for their children. Preschool and lower elementary teachers were more involved in nutrition education than were other teachers; however, many did not take nutrition-related coursework as part of their training. Teachers at all levels generally felt that students were interested in nutrition, parents were not resistant, and cost was not a limiting factor in conducting nutrition education. Administrators teachers, and food service managers agreed that coordination of classroom nutrition activities with the food service program is needed but rarely carried out. It is recommended that training for teachers must provide not only nutrition information but also teaching strategies and support services for improving students' eating habits. It is also recommended that food managers receive training in managerial skills and that training in nutrition should be provided for school nurses and health aides. (JD)

Published
1982

144. Evaluating a Computer Education Program Qualitatively and Quantitatively.

Author

Lai, Morris K.

Abstract

This quantitative/qualitative evaluation of an 80-hour course integrating the SCOPE Computer Program in Mathematics and Science into the curriculum for students, grades 6-12, was conducted to: (1) provide immediate feedback to facilitate improvement of the program; (2) determine course effects; and (3) provide practitioners with an effective method of evaluating microcomputer use in educational settings. Careful evaluations of programs involving computer instruction and education are needed for progress in computer literacy and computer integration into the core curriculum. Data were collected from the 370 participating students, 13 instructors, eight lab assistants, and four program coordinators using pretests, interim feedback forms, posttests, and 40 hours of evaluator observation data. National Assessment of Educational Progress items were part of the test battery. Results showed gains in computer programming skills, mathematical problem-solving, and attitude toward computers. Sex differences were found in cognitive gain, use of computer labs, and discipline. Teacher training was part of the program. The appendix contains the "Formative Evaluation Feedback-SCOPE Session I," designed to assist personnel continuing to conduct the program. Findings and recommendations concerning student behavior, physical facilities, field trips, parent day/parent communication, the curriculum, and instructional strategies are presented. In addition, some unsystematic observations and conclusions are offered. (BS)

Published
1984

145. Summary of the Hawai'i Nutrition Education Needs Assessment.

Author

Hawaii Univ., Honolulu. Curriculum Research and Development Group. and Lai, Morris K.

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine the needs related to nutrition education in the state of Hawaii. Twenty-four-hour diet recalls were obtained from 932 students in grades 5, 8, and 11. Larger percentages of older children than younger children reported diets poor in nutritional quality. Cholesterol intake of males increased with age and was higher than the intake of females. The mean intakes of sodium among junior and senior high females were within the recommended range, but the average intake in other groups exceeded the recommendation. Candy was a major contributor of sugar in the diets of teenage girls, whereas soft drinks accounted for a substantial portion of the sugar consumed by teenage boys. The energy value of between-meal snacks increased dramatically with age. Senior high students consumed nearly 40 percent of their total energy intake as snacks. Ethnic differences in food intake were also noted. Additional data were collected from teachers, parents, community agencies, school administrators, nurses, food service managers, and food service workers. That part of the needs assessment yielded additional "unhealthy" findings. These results provide a firm basis for development of nutrition education curricula oriented toward the specific needs of the target population. (BW)

Published
1982

146. Generic Evaluation--An Approach to Surviving Multi-Project Evaluations.

Author

Lai, Morris K.

Abstract

This paper reports on several generic evaluation methods used by the evaluation office of the Curriculum Research and Development Group of the University of Hawaii (EO-CRDG). Scrivens's (generic) checklist approach was taken one step further by developing generic data collection instruments to be used with any evaluation method: (1) a formative evaluation feedback questionnaire; (2) an observation coding sheet; and (3) a teacher instructional behavior record. The student questionnaire is based on an evaluation form from an American Educational Research Association workshop, Scriven's checklist and EO-CRDG experiences. The one page form includes Likert-type items on course (or class) organization, pace, difficulty, and opportunities to interact or ask questions. Three open-ended questions cover strengths, weaknesses, and other comments. Students assign a letter grade (A-F) to the course. The observation form used is a modified version of the Far West Laboratory for Educational Research and Development. It includes engagement time, active teaching behaviors, student and teacher field notes, and teacher time allocation. Using the State's performance expectations for major subject matter areas, cognitive tests were constructed. For greater efficiency, final reports would include writings that had proven to be successful in communicating in the past. The three generic instruments developed in this study are appended. (PN)

Published
1985

147. A Model for Evaluating Art Education Programs.

Author

Lai, Morris K. and Shishido, Judy

Abstract

A review of the literature about practices in evaluating art education programs led to the design of the new evaluation model described in this paper. The literature review revealed that a growing number of authors advocate qualitative methods, and that a debate exists regarding the combination of qualitative and quantitative data gathering and analysis methods. In addition, the literature search uncovered very few tests which measure student achievement in art. Interest in standardized art testing is a recent phenomenon in the United States and abroad. Other findings uncovered in the literature search included the observation that art education is particularly important at the elementary level because enthusiasm about acquiring skills in art is lacking in adolescents. The description of the evaluation design which emerged from this research starts with an outline of sampling considerations. Evaluation activities that take place in the class are outlined next, followed by brief comments on out-of-class activities. Evaluation instruments listed include: (1) a questionnaire for art resource teachers; (2) forms for teachers' evaluation of student performance (different instruments for different grade levels); (3) an art event survey; (4) a questionnaire for art education teachers; (5) a form for collecting tests developed by art education teachers; (6) a questionnaire for students; (7) a form for interviewing students; and (8) a classroom observation form. (Questionnaires and survey instruments are included). (KA)

Published
1987

148. How the Use of Age-Cluster Norms Can Reveal Otherwise Hidden Findings.

Author

Lai, Morris K.

Abstract

This study was designed to determine the amount of information obtainable when age-cluster norms (whereby student norms are available for 2- to 3-month age-group norms) are used instead of the usual grade-level norm grouping procedures. This distinction is particularly significant for studies of young children. Data included pre- and post-test scores on the Missouri Kindergarten Inventory of Developmental Skills for 12,917 Hawaiian kindergarten students and on the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (Revised) for 6,838 students. The two tests are used as part of the Early Provisions for School Success--a statewide kindergarten program. A parallel secondary analysis was conducted for students of limited English proficiency. For the language tests, the use of age-group norms, as opposed to sole use of cohort norms, resulted in more precise information. On the other subtests, there seems to be less need to be concerned about age-group cluster norms. Eight data tables are included. (TJH)

Published
1989

149. A Comparison of Mathematics Instruction in Tokyo and Hawaii Junior High Schools.

Author

Lai, Morris K. and Whitman, Nancy C.

Abstract

Using items from the Second International Study of Mathematics (1984) and the "effective teaching" literature, this study found differences between Tokyo and Hawaii junior high school teachers in terms of background, instructional behavior, teaching load, use of time, emphasis of objectives, and use of calculators. Hawaii teachers spent more time explaining homework. Classroom discipline was a greater concern for Hawaii teachers than for Tokyo teachers. Calculators were used much less in the Tokyo classes than in the Hawaii classes. Several other significant differences were found. It was noted that the instruments given to the Tokyo and Hawaii teachers were similar but several questions differed. Also, the comparisons were based on both public and private schools in Tokyo and only public schools in Hawaii. Finally, a random sampling of the Tokyo schools was used whereas all Hawaiian schools were invited to respond. (MVL)

Published
1988

150. Improving Elementary School Science Teaching by Cross-Level Mentoring.

Author

Feldman, Arnold I., Campbell, Robert L., and Lai, Morris K.

Abstract

Introduces a project called Teaching Elementary Physical Science (TEPS) which targets the improvement of elementary school science. Uses a cross-level mentoring approach between elementary and secondary school science teachers. Recommends providing opportunities to elementary school teachers to acquire specific teaching skills and self-confidence. (Contains 18 references.) (YDS)

Published
1999

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