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This paper investigates the problem of inter-cell interference (ICI) in Long Term Evolution (LTE) mobile systems, which is one of the main problems that causes loss of packets between the base station and the mobile station. Recently, different frequency reuse methods, such as soft and fractional frequency reuse, have been introduced in order to mitigate this type of interference. In this paper, minimizing the packet loss between the base station and the mobile station is the main concern. Soft Frequency Reuse (SFR), which is the most popular frequency reuse method, is examined and the amount of packet loss is measured. In order to reduce packet loss, a new hybrid frequency reuse method is implemented. In this method, each cell occupies the same bandwidth of the SFR, but the total system bandwidth is greater than in SFR. This will provide the new method with a lot of new sub-carriers from the neighboring cells to reduce the ICI which represents a big problem in many applications and causes a lot of packets loss. It is found that the new hybrid frequency reuse method has noticeable improvement in the amount of packet loss compared to SFR method in the different frequency bands. Traffic congestion management in Intelligent Transportation system (ITS) is one of the important applications that is affected by the packet loss due to the large amount of traffic that is exchanged between the base station and the mobile node. Therefore, it is used as a studied application for the proposed frequency reuse method and the improvement in the amount of packet loss reached 49.4% in some frequency bands using the new hybrid frequency reuse method.

Objectives: The aim of this study is assessment of plasma apelin levels in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) before and after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods: The present study is conducted on 40 patients who underwent PCI, beside 20 healthy subjects with no risk factors or any evidence of CAD. After history taking each subject in the study underwent an electrocardiography, echocardiography for calculation of the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). 22 patients underwent PCI with drug eluting stent (DES), while 18 patients underwent PCI with bare metal stents. Plasma apelin level was estimated for the control group, before, and 24 h after PCI in the patient’s group. Results: Baseline plasma apelin level was higher in the control group versus the PCI group (385.4 ± 94.86 vs. 286.8 ± 52.93 ng/ml, p

Objective: To learn more about reproductive physiology of adult female Arabian horses over a period of 24 months and to examine the effect of breed’s difference between Arabian and European female horses over a period of 36 months on the circulatory levels of both metabolic hormones (IGF-1 and leptin). Methods: Thirty female Arabian mares and 22 European non pregnant brood mares exported from Swedish and Germany of ages from 3 to 7 years belonging to Mubarak Police Academy (Abaseia horse farm) was used. Rectal ultrasonography was conducted in Arabian horses to monitor ovarian activity which classified into cyclic ovarian activity, no ovarian activity, and ovarian tumor, pregnancy and postpartum mares were also included in this study. Blood samples from these mares were collected and analyzed for progesterone and Leptin, IGF-1 and Nitric oxide (NO). In the same time, blood samples were collected from Arabian and foreign breeds for IGF-1 and leptin analysis Results: There are significant increase in the IGF-1 (778.1±15.7 ng/mL and NO concentrations (39.83±9.15 μM/mL) in case of ovarian tumor. Significant decrease in leptin concentration was recorded (0.61±0.31 ng/mL) in case of postpartum cases. Inactive ovaries mare and pregnant one recorded significant increase in progesterone levels (10.1±1.46 and 22.6±2.0 ng/mL, respectively). On other hand Leptin recorded significant decrease in Arabian horses than European horses (0.86± 0.14 vs. 1.73±1.34), while IGF-1 have no significant change between two breeds. Conclusion: The knowledge of the normal and abnormal metabolic and sex hormones concentrations will help us to understand the role of these hormones in reproductive physiological and additionally, potential diagnostic and prognostic uses in both human and veterinary medicine, and will provide information for further research on this equine breeds as well as in human diseases.

Introduction: The development of ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR) after myocardial infarction (MI) may impose hemodynamic load during a period of active left ventricular remodeling and promote heart failure (HF). The aim of our study was to evaluate left ventricular (LV) long axis contraction assessed by both mitral annular plane systolic excursion (MAPSE) and peak systolic velocity (Sa) in patients with ischemic MR after acute MI. Methods: Thirty-eight patients with a first attack of acute MI were classified into two groups. Group I comprised 18 patients with MI and ischemic MR, and group II comprised 20 patients with MI without IMR. Twenty age-matched subjects were considered as the control group (group III). Measurement of MAPSE from M-mode tracing of the mitral annulus in apical 4- and 2-chamber view, and pulsed wave tissue Doppler imaging (PW-TDI) of the 4 sides of the mitral annulus for assessment of the Sa velocity were done. Results: A significant decrease of MAPSE was observed in 4 sides in patients with acute MI with IMR compared to MI without IMR and control group (P

Background: Patients with Wolff–Parkinson–White (WPW) syndrome are prone to develop a variety of tachyarrhythmias which may lead to unpleasant, disabling symptoms and in extreme, sudden cardiac death (SCD). The aim of our study was to evaluate the clinical significance of corrected QT dispersion (QTcd) as a noninvasive predictor of paroxysmal tachyarrhythmias in patients with WPW syndrome. Patients and methods: The study population comprised 40 patients with WPW syndrome presented to the emergency department by paroxysmal tachyarrhythmias. They were classified into 3 groups; group I: 18 patients presented with regular narrow QRS complex tachycardia, group II: 10 patients presented with regular wide QRS complex tachycardia, group III: 12 patients presented with irregular wide QRS complex tachycardia. All patients were subjected to clinical evaluation, 12-lead electrocardiography (ECG) analysis during the attack of paroxysmal tachyarrhythmia to define its type and after reversion to sinus rhythm for the measurement of QTcd, echocardiography, laboratory investigations and 24-h ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring. Results: There was a significant increase of QTcd, QTmax, QTmin, Delta wave duration, QRS duration, and QRS amplitude in patients with group III compared to either group I and group II (P

Abstract: In this paper the synthesis of some substituted 1,3,4-oxadiazole, 1,3,4-thiadiazoles and 1,2,4-triazoles is reported. 4-Chlorophenol was treated with chloroacetic acid to give 4-chlorophenoxy acetic acid (C1) which was reacted with thionyl chloride followed by methyl alaninate (C3) to give the methyl ester (C4). The ester (C4) was converted to corresponding hydrazide (C5) by it's reaction with hydrazine hydrate in ethanol. Hydrazide (C5) was treated with carbon disulfide in alcoholic potassium hydroxide to give substituted 1,3,4-oxadiazole (C6), while the reaction of hydrazide (C5) with ally isothiocyanate and with phenyl isothiocyanate gave substituted thiosemicarbazides (C7) and (C13) respectively. Thiosemicarbazides (C7 and C13) were converted to substituted 1,3,4-thiadiazoles (C8 and C14) and 1,2,4-triazoles (C9 and C15) by their reactions with concentrated sulfuric acid and with aqueous sodium hydroxide solution respectively. The reaction of acid hydrazide (C5) with ammonium thiocyanate gave thiosemicarbazide (C10) from which substituted 1,3,4-thiadiazole (C11) and 1,2,4-triazole (C12) were synthesized by it's reaction with concentrated sulfuric acid and with aqueous sodium hydroxide solution respectively. The structures of the synthesized compounds were established on the bases of U.V and I.R spectrum analysis and physical measures. Keywords: Thiosemicarbazide, 1,3,4-oxadiazole, 1,3,4-thiadiazole, 1,2,4-triazole.

Aim: To determine the minimal effective dose of Foot and Mouth disease (FMD) serotypes (A, O, SAT2) according toantigenic content (146S) in order to produce a potent trivalent FMD vaccine.Materials and Methods: Monovalent ISA 206 vaccines were prepared with 3 final concentration of 146S (1.6, 2.2, 2.8μg/dose). The vaccine potency was evaluated by the determination of guinea pig protective dose 50 (GPPD )for each 50concentration of 146S for each type of FMD monovalent vaccine where a fourfold dilution of the vaccines was constructedand each dilution was inoculated as 0.5 ml S/C in each of 5 guinea pigs.Results: The obtained results revealed that by using 1.6 μg of 146S for type O Pan Asia-2, AIran O5 and SAT/EGY/2012, theGPPD was 40.4, 19.75 and 31.6 respectively, while the use of 2.2 μg of 146S resulted in GPPD 78.6, 78.6 and 105.8 for the 50 50three types respectively, and by using 2.8 μg of 146S resulted in GPPD 161.7, 105.8 and 161.7 for the three subtypes (A, O, 50SAT2) respectively. So it is clear that the lowest 146S dilution inducing good protection (more than 72 GPPD ) was 2.2 μg for 50each serotype of used FMD monovalent vaccines. Depending on this result, the trivalent vaccine was formulated as 2.2 μg of146S payload from each virus type/dose with equal volume of montanide ISA206 oil as adjuvant. For more confirmation theprepared trivalent vaccine potency was evaluated by Guinea pig protective dose 50 which was found to be 88 GPPD .Also 50mean SNT antibody titer was detected in serum of the test Guinea pigs 1.56, 1.68 and 1.68 log /ml against FMDVserotype O 10Pan Asia-2, AIran O5 and SAT/EGY/2012 respectively in a higher level than the recommended protective titer (PT=1.2). Alsofor further confirmation the formulated trivalent vaccine which contain 2.2 μg/serotype/dose were evaluated in cattle tomeasure the antibody titer against the three serotypes and the antibody against the three serotypes were found to be higher thanthe recommended titer (1.5) which extended for 32 WPVand these results came in parallel manner to the GPPD and antibody 50titer of the Guinea pigs of the prepared trivalent vaccine with 146S (2.2 μg/serotype/dose).Conclusion: It could be concluded that the minimum content of antigenic 146S of FMDVserotype O pan Asia, AIran O5 andSAT2/EGY/2012 should not be less than 2.2 μg/dose/ from each serotype in the trivalent vaccine aiming to induce thepermissible protection in vaccinated livestock.

Background: Myocardial bridge (MB) is defined as a segment of a major epicardial coronary artery the “tunneled artery” that goes intramurally through the myocardium beneath the muscle bridge. Multiple methods have been proposed to assess coronary flow rate among which thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction frame count was a relatively new semiquantitative method. Objectives: Our goal was to determine incidence of MB in the patients undergoing coronary angiography in Mansoura Specialized Hospital, Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory, also to investigate the hypothesis that slow coronary flow rate may be linked to angina or angina like symptoms in patients with MB without stenotic lesions in epicardial coronary arteries using TFC. Patients and methods: Fifteen patients with MB (group I) were retrospectively collected from Mansoura Specialized Hospital, Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory, we review 3000 cases referred to diagnostic coronary angiography to exclude significant coronary artery disease. Fifteen patients with normal coronary angiography served as control (group II). We review the clinical presentations, risk factors, echocardiographic data for both test and control groups. TFC was calculated using a simple continuous index. Results: The incidence of MB in our study was 0.5%. CTFC in LAD was significantly higher in the patients with MB compared with control. No significant correlation between TFC and echocardiographic parameters. Conclusions: Myocardial bridging must be considered especially in patients at low risk for coronary atherosclerosis but with angina like chest pain or established myocardial ischemia. We suggest that coronary blood flow is decreased in the patients with MB compared with the patients having normal coronary.

Abstract The conversion of some acid chlorides to substituted 1,3,4-oxadiazole, 1,3,4-thiadiazoles and 1,2,4-triazoles is reported. Benzoyl chloride and 4- nitrobenzoyl chloride were treated with hydrazine hydrate in ethanol to give acid hydrazides (1,2), The acid hydrazides were converted to 1- substituted thiosemicarbazides (3,4) by this reaction with ammonium thiocyanate in ethanol. The later thiosemicarbazides were cyclized to substituted thiadiazoles (5,6) and triazoles (7,8) by their reaction with concentrated sulphuric acid and sodium hydroxide solution respectively. The hydrazones (9-12) were synthesised from acid hydrazides (1,2) by their reaction with substituted benzaldehyde in dioxane. The cyclization of hydrazones (9-12) with acetic anhydride gave substituted 1,3,4- oxadiazole (13-16). The structures of synthesised compounds were confirmed by IR, UV spectral data and physical means.

Abstract In this paper the synthesis of some substituted 1,3,4-oxadiazoles , 1,3,4-thiadiazoles and 1,2,4-triazoles starting from amino acid and benzoyl chloride is reported. Treatment of glycine or alanine with benzoyl chloride in presence of sodium carbonate gave keto-acid(1,2), which were converted to oxazolinone (3,4) by their reaction with acetic anhydride. Oxazolinone (3,4) were treated with hydrazine hydrate to give acid hydrazides (5,6). Acid hydrazides were converted to substituted thiosemi- carbazides (7,8) by their reaction with phenyl isothiocyanate. Substituted thiosemicarbazides (7,8) were treated with sodium hydroxide and concentrated sulphuric acid give substituted 1,2,4-triazoles (9,10), 1,3,4-thiadiazoles (11,12) respectively while treatment of (7) with mercuric oxide gave 1,3,4-oxadiazoles (13). Treatment of triazoles (9,10) with 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde gave substituted triazoles (14,15). 1-Substituted thiosemicarbazide (16) was obtained from acid hydrazide (5), cyclized with sodium hydroxide to 5-Substituted-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol (17). The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by physical and spectral means.

Background and aim: Appropriate assessment and prevention of cardiovascular (CV) disease is one of the most important medical tasks worldwide. Carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT) is a marker of atherosclerosis, which has been associated with CV events. We examined the associations of a panel of different clinical, laboratory, and ultrasound variables simultaneously and individually with CIMT; to reveal the presence of additional surrogate markers of atherosclerosis to CIMT. Subjects and methods: 407 Consecutive non-diabetic individuals (220 men) who underwent comprehensive CV evaluation were included. The maximum IMT of the common and internal carotid artery on the right and left side of the neck were recorded by ultrasonography, and CIMT was calculated as the average of the four measurements. Ten-year Reynolds risk score (RRS) for CV events was calculated online for men and women. CAVI was measured using a VaSera vascular screening system, and the averages of the right and left CAVI were used for analysis after being adjusted for age. Results: Univariate linear regression models were constructed to test the association of each of the independent variables with the log-transformed CIMT values [Ln (average CIMT) + 2] separately for men and women. Only the variables with non-adjusted p ⩽ 0.1 were included in the final multivariately-adjusted stepwise linear regression model. After multivariate adjustment, only two variables were significantly and independently associated with log-transformed CIMT values in males (the log-transformed Reynolds risk score and the average age-matched CAVI) and females (the average age-matched CAVI and systolic blood pressure). Conclusion: RRS could be a candidate marker of atherosclerosis in men but not in women, while age-adjusted CAVI could be considered a marker of atherosclerosis in both genders.

Background: Myocardial infarction (MI) results in impairment of left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic functions to various degrees. The tissue Doppler image derived Tei index (TDI-Tei index) has recently been used to assess LV function, and like the conventional Tei index, it was also found to be useful for global function. There are a small number of studies which apply TDI-Tei index to assess regional function and whether it varies according to the degree of changes in wall motion in various LV segments. Objectives: This study was conducted to assess the changes of segmental myocardial Tei index by TDI according to the degree of changes of wall motion in the patient with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and its correlation with Tei index derived by conventional Doppler. Patients and methods: This study was carried out on thirty patients with acute STEMI selected from Coronary Care Unit, Cardiology Department, Mansoura Specialized Hospital, Mansoura University, Egypt. The study group was subjected to clinical assessment, electrocardiography (ECG), routine laboratory profile and Doppler echocardiography (conventional and pulsed wave tissue Doppler imaging “PW-TDI”). Tei index was calculated from the sum of isovolumetric contraction time (IVCT) and isovolumetric relaxation time (IVRT), divided by ejection time (ET) which were measured from pulsed wave Doppler imaging of the trans-mitral inflow and LV outflow tracts. Myocardial velocities and TDI-Tei index were measured at basal and mid-segments of LV walts from apical 4, 2 and 5-chamber views using 16-segment model. Average values of myocardial velocities and TDI-Tei indices were obtained from normal, hypokinetic and akinetic segments then compared. Results: The mean values of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), mitral E/A ratio and conventional Tei index were 51.83 ± 5.15%, 1.18 ± 0.15 and 0.63 ± 0.07 ms, respectively. Segmental myocardial TDI-Tei index was correlated positively with conventional Tei index (r = 0.648, P