Search

This article was written to explain the suitability between the scores of advance learning activities achieved by students with the "gain score" from the results of the pre-test and post-test of HOTS questions. Advance learning activities include, 1)analyzing, 2)communicating/dialogue, 3)discussing/collaborating. Whereas HOTS question is a question that testing students’ creativity and strategy in solving problems and is at the level of C4 (analyzing), C5 (evaluating) and C6 (Creating). EXO OLO TASK Learning Model was applied in this quasi-experimental research for four meetings in class X IS 1. The model was practiced by a model teacher and learning activity data was collected by six observers. The suitability was obtained by percentage analysis and strengthened by correlation test with the help of SPSS version 20. The results showed that, 1) during learning, all students showed consistent basic learning activities; 2) most students had a "gain score" in the medium category. While 24.13% of students were able to reach high categories and only 6.89% of students with low gain scores, 3) 65.51% of students had scores of learning activities that match the "gain score" and 34, 48% did not. The implementation of this model has only been applied in one class and one school so that it is necessary to implement it in broader classes and schools.

This paper investigates the problem of leader-following consensus of a linear multi-agent system on a switching network. The input of each agent is subject to saturation. Low gain feedback based distributed consensus protocols are developed. It is established that, under the assumptions that each agent is asymptotically null controllable with bounded controls and that the network is connected or jointly connected, semi-global leader-following consensus of the multi-agent system can be achieved. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate this result.

We studied the effect of seed transfers on survival, yield and stem defects of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) of North European origin in five parallel provenance trials in Finland. The trials were located at Loppi (60°39′N) in southern Finland, at Kannonkoski (62°58′N), Ilomantsi (62°58′N) and Toholampi (63°47′N) in central Finland and at Rovaniemi (66°21′N) in northern Finland. Four trials were growing on moist upland forest sites and one on agricultural land. The material consisted of altogether 38 stand seed origins from Finland, Sweden, Estonia, Great Britain and Russia ranging between latitudes 53° and 67°N. Survival, height, diameter at breast height, stem volume/ha and number of stem defects per tree were assessed when the trees were 19 years old. Seed transfer distance was calculated either as latitudinal or temperature sum difference between the seed origin and the trial location. According to coefficients of determination (R2), the latitude-based transfer models gave a slightly better fit with the data than the models based on temperature sum differences. Significant differences were found among the origins regarding all studied traits in all trials. In all traits, the pattern of variation in relation to the transfer distance was curvilinear, and the effect of transfer distance was significant. A long transfer from both directions led to a reduction in all measured traits. The optimal transfer distance and direction varied depending on the trait and covariate used in the models. According to the latitudinal model, local or slightly more northern origins had highest survival and lowest number of stem defects. Height growth and yield was at highest with the local or slightly more southern origins. A northward transfer of ca. 2° of latitude increased yield, while a southward transfer or a longer northward transfer, decreased the yield. According to the temperature sum model, origins within the limits of approximately ±200 d.d. compared to the trial location produced the highest yield. Origins with similar or slightly lower temperature sums compared to the trial locations had highest survival and best stem quality. The current seed transfer guidelines for silver birch in Finland, which recommend transfer distances of 150 km or 150 d.d. at maximum in southward or northward direction, seem still valid. Because of the low gain in expected yield by even moderate northward transfers and the uncertainties in the success of more southern origins in varying future climate, we recommend no changes in seed transfer guidelines.

In this paper, the on-body propagation performance measured totally wirelessly with 4-mm-thick and 50 $\,\times\,$ 50 mm size textile monopole antennas is presented. At a relatively low operating frequency 867 MHz, with small size, low gain textile antennas mean channel gain values from $-$ 47 to $-$ 56 dB including the antenna performances were recorded in various on-body propagation scenarios. The majority of the recorded links could be well described with the Nakagami distribution.

In this paper, we study the stabilization of linear critically unstable systems subject to input saturation and multiple unknown input delays. We find tight upper bounds for delays which are inversely proportional to the maximal magnitude of open-loop eigenvalues on the imaginary axis. For delays satisfying these upper bounds, linear low-gain state and finite dimensional dynamic measurement feedbacks are constructed to solve the semi-global stabilization problem. The effectiveness of the proposed design is illustrated by an example.

This paper presents the interacting multiple model (IMM) particle filters with application to navigation sensor fusion. Performance evaluation for various single model nonlinear filters as well as nonlinear filters with IMM framework is carried out. A high gain (high bandwidth) filter is needed to response fast enough to the platform maneuvers while a low gain filter is necessary to reduce the estimation errors during the uniform motion periods. The IMM estimator obtains its estimate as a weighted sum of the individual estimates from a number of parallel filters matched to different motion modes of the platform. Based on a soft-switching framework, the IMM algorithm allows the possibility of using highly dynamic models just when required. The use of an IMM allows exploiting the benefits of high dynamic models in the problem of vehicle navigation. Some results presented in this paper confirm the improvements.

State-of-the-art CSAs employ precision, albeit expensive, thin-film resistors to achieve current sense amplifiers (CSA) with low gain error and high common mode rejection ratio (CMRR). This paper presents a CSA architecture which uses standard, low cost polyslicon resistors in conjunction with a resistor trimming method to obtain similar performance. Binary weighted resistors are enabled by blowing metal fuses in order to adjust both the gain error and the total CMRR of the CSA. Measurements are performed on over 200 chips. The maximum gain error is reduced 20 times, from 1% to 0.05%. Also, the total CMRR of the CSA is increased from a minimum of 65 dB to a lower limit of 100 dB, over a common-mode voltage range up to 48 V.

Near-field scanning using multi-copter based artificial sources could aid calibration of elemental patterns on large Mid Frequency Aperture Array (MFAA) stations, planned for phase 2 of the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) project. Current high-end positioning systems used on multi-copters have an accuracy in the order of centimetres. This study investigates the extent of errors caused by uncertainties in planar positioning during a near-field scan on wide field of view (FoV) antennas. It is found that at planar positioning accuracies of 1 cm, an upper bound far-field error of 10% at 450 MHz to 30 % at 1450 MHz can be expected.

As total inertia of a power system decreases with an increase in wind penetration, it cannot fully recover the frequency following a load perturbation. Control performance standards (CPS) deteriorate due to an increased variability in Area Control Error (ACE). Throughout a day, the operating conditions in a power system changes. As, the fixed gain controllers are only designed for nominal operating conditions, they cannot perform effectively over a long period of time. An adaptive immune based controller is designed in this paper for a two-area power system model which can comply with North American Reliability Council (NERC) CPS criteria and highly reduce the mechanical oscillations in the system. The immune response is compared with the high gain response, low gain response and the optimal gain response calculated through Genetic Algorithm (GA) to prove its effectiveness in a system.

A noise-cancelling sturdy multi-stage noise-shaping (NC-SMASH) structure that cancels first stage quantization error is proposed. Without any modification to existing analog blocks in the traditional sturdy MASH (SMASH) structure, adding digital noise-cancelling filters (NCFs) will cancel the first stage quantization error. This quantization error cancellation, unlike the traditional MASH structure, is less sensitive to analog loop filter matching and digital filters. This is because the leakage of the first stage quantization error is shaped by the overall noise transfer function (NTF) of the proposed NC-SMASH structure. Therefore, this technique allows using low gain opamps without signal-to-noise ratio degradation and reducing the number of the first stage quantization levels. Detailed Matlab simulation results are provided to prove the efficiency of the proposed modulator.

We investigate pulse cleaning behaviors in short-pulse-pumped optical parametric amplifiers (OPA). We theoretically study the contrast enhancement of amplified signal pulse and generated idler pulse, and reveal their dependence on the parametric gain in both the regimes of small signal and saturated amplifications. The signal contrast enhancement is nearly equal to the parametric gain, while the idler contrast is approximately equal to the product of the contrasts of the pump and signal pulses in a low gain OPA and increases with the gain. The effects of group-velocity mismatch and group-velocity dispersion on the contrast enhancement are also investigated. The results presented in this paper are of value for pulse cleaning.

This paper is concerned with a Lyapunov inequality characterization of the eigenstructure assignment-based low gain feedback laws. With this characterization and our earlier characterizations of other low gain feedback design approaches, all existing low gain feedback designs are unified under this Lyapunov inequality framework, which in turn implies that all of these low gain feedback laws are both $L_{\infty}$ and $L_{2}$ low gain feedback. This Lyapunov inequality characterization also leads to a quadratic Lyapunov function for the closed-loop system, which is expected to play an important role in solving other control problems. This characterization also motivates a new Riccati inequality-based low gain feedback design, which not only possesses the appealing features of the existing low gain designs but also is computationally easy to carry out.

Six configurations are proposed in this paper to explore the gain and noise figure (NF) variations under the pumping power effect. I propose a new investigation of gain and NF at different EDFA configurations. Configurations such as SPSS, DPSS, DPSSF, TPDS, TPDSF, and QPDSF are designed, investigated and compared. A continuous progress of gain values is observed from SPSS to QPDSF, and a change of NF values related to configurations is recorded. The NF variations show different behaviors at different configurations. High gain of 59.49 dB and low NF value of 4.22 dB are recorded for the QPDSF configuration and low gain and low NF are recorded for the SPSS configuration.

Microstrip patch antenna (MPA) is suitable for different applications in wireless communications. MPA suffers from low gain and narrow bandwidth. In this paper we improved its bandwidth by inserting multiple slots in its ground plane. We used FR-4 substrate to design this antenna. The dimensions of this antenna are 60mm and 80mm. The dielectric constant is equal to 4.4 and the height is 1.6mm. We inserted up to 12 slots in ground plane with 1mm width. The spacing between slots is 3mm slots were arranged parallel to the feeding line. Simulation was done using HFSS simulator.

For stabilization of linear systems subject to input saturation, there exist four different approaches of low-gain design all of which are independently proposed in the literature, namely direct eigenstructure assignment, H2 and Hoo algebraic Riccati equation (ARE) based methods, and parametric Lyapunov equation based method. It is shown in Wang et al. [2010b] that for continuous-time linear systems, all these methods are rooted in and can be unified under two fundamental control theories, H2 and Hoo theory. In this paper, we extend such a result to a discrete-time setting. Both the H2 and Hoo ARE based methods are generalized to consider systems where all input channels are not necessarily subject to saturation, and explicit design methods are developed.

Desde la perspectiva de la educación basada en competencias, en México, el pertenecer al Sistema Nacional de Bachillerato implica la adopción de estrategias orientadas y centradas en las necesidades de los estudiantes. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la eficacia en el aula de la academia de Física de la Escuela Preparatoria de Tonalá, Jalisco, México, para el logro de actitudes favorables hacia la física y el aprendizaje del concepto de fuerza. Para ello, fue necesario el uso de los factores de concentración y de Hake, con la finalidad de conocer las tendencias en las respuestas y la ganancia en el aprendizaje de conceptos, respectivamente. Los datos fueron obtenidos a partir de la aplicación de dos cuestionarios, la encuesta sobre expectativas hacia la física y la prueba inventario sobre el concepto de fuerza, a alumnos de los cursos de Física I y Mecánica de materiales cerámicos, impartidos en el Bachillerato General por Competencias, durante el primer semestre, y en el Bachillerato Tecnológico en Cerámica, durante el segundo ciclo. El resultado del análisis da información de la baja zona de ganancia en el aprendizaje del concepto de fuerza (G = 0.000 1). El avance en el porcentaje de respuestas favorables hacia la física fue pequeño (1.2 %) en ambos programas de bachillerato, y además hubo una disminución de la pre-prueba a la post-prueba de la actitud favorable en tres grupos. Los patrones de respuesta en la zona aleatoria sugieren que los estudiantes tienen dificultad con el aprendizaje de la física.

The aims of this study were to investigate the improvement of student achievement after given DI model. This research used quasi experimental research. The data collection technique was include test methods for data for student achievement. The data was analyzed using n-gain analyzed (before-after analyzed). Based on these results it can be concluded there is improvement of student achievement after given DI model. The result of the normalized gain score analysis obtained 2 students (6.25%) got high gain score, 14 students (43,75%) got medium gain score and 16 student (50%) got low gain score and overall average gain score students of 0.26 are categorized as low.

To investigate vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) adaptation produced by changes in peripheral vestibular afference, we developed and tested a vestibular “prosthesis” that senses yaw-axis angular head velocity and uses this information to modulate the rate of electrical pulses applied to the lateral canal ampullary nerve. The ability of the brain to adapt the different components of the VOR (gain, phase, axis, and symmetry) during chronic prosthetic electrical stimulation was studied in two squirrel monkeys. After characterizing the normal yaw-axis VOR, electrodes were implanted in both lateral canals and the canals were plugged. The VOR in the canal-plugged/instrumented state was measured and then unilateral stimulation was applied by the prosthesis. The VOR was repeatedly measured over several months while the prosthetic stimulation was cycled between off, low-sensitivity, and high-sensitivity stimulation states. The VOR response initially demonstrated a low gain, abnormal rotational axis, and substantial asymmetry. During chronic stimulation the gain increased, the rotational axis improved, and the VOR became more symmetric. Gain changes were augmented by cycling the stimulation between the off and both low- and high-sensitivity states every few weeks. The VOR time constant remained low throughout the period of chronic stimulation. These results demonstrate that the brain can adaptively modify the gain, axis, and symmetry of the VOR when provided with chronic motion-modulated electrical stimulation by a canal prosthesis.

There are many methods based on linac for THz radiation production. As one of the options for the Beijing Advanced Light, an ERL test facility is proposed for THz radiation. In this test facility, there are 4 kinds of methods to produce THz radiation: coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR), synchrotron radiation (SR), low gain FEL oscillator, and high gain SASE FEL. In this paper, we study the characteristics of the 4 kinds of THz light sources.

Low gain of the smooth-pursuit system causes correcting saccades that are clinically observed as "saccadic pursuit." In contrast, low gain of the vergence system during tracking does not appear to cause "saccadic tracking." To further evaluate whether this clinical observation is caused by a missing interaction of vergence to step and ramp targets, vergence eye movements to step-ramp, step, and ramp targets in 3-dimensional space were tested. Results show that vergence to a step and a ramp stimulus is additive in the step-ramp paradigm, indicating no interaction of both components.

The cervico-ocular reflex (COR) has a low gain in normal animals. In this study, we determined whether COR gain increases were specific to the low/midband frequency range, which is the range over which the angular vestibulo-ocular reflex (aVOR) is compromised by plugging. The gain and phase of the yaw and pitch COR and aVOR were compared in normal monkeys and those with all six semicircular canals or only the lateral canal plugged. During experiments animals sat with the body fixed to a chair and the head fixed in space. The body was oscillated about body-yaw and body-pitch axes over a frequency range of 0.05-6 Hz, with amplitude

This paper proposes a new interval observer design based on a high/low gain concept, developed for the estimation of the input of a bioreactor. In a first step, a high gain bounded error observer is proposed, which is able to estimate the unknown input of the considered system. This observer is useful when an accurate model and noise–free measurements are available. We show that the error of the high gain observer can be dynamically bounded, and then we generate guaranteed bounds on this error through an interval observer. The estimation scheme is then extended to an uncertain framework. Taking advantage of the nature of the interval estimates, we run in parallel various observers using high or low gains values and then we take the best estimates. The method is applied to the input estimation of a simple bioreactor model.

There are various patch antennas used for Wi-Fi and Wi-MAX applications. But, the problems with them are low gain, low power handling capacity and hence, conventional yagi-uda antennas are used. Conventional yagi-uda antennas are used in applications where high gain and directionality are required. Generally, numbers of directors are added to increase gain of these antennas. But, here we present modified yagi-uda antennas, in which the gain and bandwidth can be enhanced by not adding additional directors. In this paper, we initially discuss the designs of various yagi-uda antennas with uniform, non-uniform spacings between directors and then we discuss their gain and bandwidth enhancement by various approaches. Simulation results show that, the proposed techniques can enhance gain as well as bandwidth when compared with the traditional yagi-uda antennas.

In this chapter, we study the discrete-time flocking control problem for a multi-agent system consisting of nonholonomic vehicles. A distributed low gain control law is constructed for each vehicle based on the gradient of an artificial potential function. By a Lyapunov functional analysis, we show that, in the presence of an arbitrarily large communication delay, these low gain feedback laws result in flocking behavior when the low gain parameter is sufficiently small. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control laws by numerical simulation.

In this paper, we described the daily activities of Pygmy hunter-gatherer children living in a foraging forest camp. Our two aims were (1) to clarify their time use and participation in food procurement activities and (2) to evaluate their contribution to food acquisition. The authors accompanied the children on an 8-day hunt and conducted direct observations on six children, focusing on one of them each day (12 h; 06:00–18:00). All foods brought back to the camp were identified and weighed, and their energy and protein values were calculated. Children were considered to be generally physically active, and they participated in food procurement activities about 3 h in a day, which was nearly the same amount of time as the Baka adults spent on those activities. Boys mainly spent their time rat hunting (101.7 min), while girls spent more time bail fishing (120.3 min) than rat hunting (60.0 min). Although the children spent more time foraging and had a greater number of participants engaged in it, the total amount of game that adults obtained was much greater (2787 g obtained by children and 12,273 g by adults). Each game brought back by adults (e.g., tortoises or vipers) was also generally heavier than that of children (e.g., rats or galago). Children often move in groups of four to eight people and perform most food acquisition activities with at least three to four people. Regarding the transition of their activity patterns as they got older, we hypothesized that boys tend to act alone or in smaller units, whereas girls continue to act in groups that contain people of various ages.

In this paper we evaluate experimentally measured signal-to-noise ratio performance of different types of optical amplifiers [V. Josse, M. Sabuncu, N. Cerf, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 163602 (2006); Z.Y. Ou, S.F. Pereira and H.J. Kimble, Phys. Rev. Lett. 70 3239 (1993)]. We pay particular attention to the low gain regime where the quantum limit of the amplifier varies with gain. Independent of the amplifier type the noise performance is remarkably close to the quantum limit. Low gain optical amplifiers are of interest for quantum communication.

System identification is an important means for obtaining dynamical models for process control applications; experimental testing represents the most time-consuming step in this task. The design of constrained, "plant-friendly" multisine input signals that optimize a geometric discrepancy criterion arising from Weyl's Theorem is examined in this paper. Such signals are meaningful for data-centric estimation methods, where uniform coverage of the output state-space is critical. The usefulness of this problem formulation is demonstrated by applying it to a linear problem example and to the nonlinear, highly interactive distillation column model developed by Weischedel and McAvoy. The optimization problem includes a search for both the Fourier coefficients and phases in the multisine signal, resulting in an uniformly distributed output signal displaying a desirable balance between high and low gain directions. The solution involves very little user intervention (which enhances its practical usefulness) and has great benefits compared to multisine signals that minimize crest factor. The constrained nonlinear optimization problems that are solved represent challenges even for high-performance optimization software.

A switched-gain controlled LNA is designed and implemented in 0.18 um CMOS technology for UWB system. In high gain mode, measurement shows a power gain of 12.5 dB, an input IP3 of 0 dBm, while consuming only 8.13 mA of current. In low gain mode, measurement shows a power gain of -8.7 dB, an input IP3 of 9.1 dBm, while consuming only 0 mA of current.

The first-order lag plus integrator plus delay (FOLIPD) processes with low gain are common in the control fields. A new control algorithm, which is called the scorpion algorithm, is proposed to solve the control problem of FOLIPD processes with input saturation. And the engineering scorpion algorithm (ESA) is proposed to achieve the scorpion algorithm application in practical engineering. The stability condition is obtained by means of the describing function method. The genetic algorithm (GA) approach is used to find the best values of ESA's parameters by minimizing the ITAE criterion. Further, the ESA tuning rules are fitted through the regression analysis. It is demonstrated to be effective. The ESA is compared with other control algorithms, showing that the proposed method has a better performance.

The low gain stage of VIIRS Day/Night Band (DNB) on Suomi-NPP is calibrated using onboard solar diffuser. The calibration is then transferred to the high gain stage of DNB based on the gain ratio determined from data collected along solar terminator region. The calibration transfer causes increase of uncertainties and affects the accuracy of the low light radiances observed by DNB at night. Since there are 32 aggregation zones from nadir to the edge of the scan and each zone has its own calibration, the calibration versus scan angle of DNB needs to be independently assessed. This study presents preliminary analysis of the scan-angle dependence of the light intensity from bridge lights, oil platforms, power plants, and flares observed by VIIRS DNB since 2014. Effects of atmospheric path length associated with scan angle are analyzed. In addition, other effects such as light changes at the time of observation are also discussed. The methodology developed will be especially useful for JPSS J1 VIIRS due to the nonlinearity effects at high scan angles, and the modification of geolocation software code for different aggregation modes. It is known that J1 VIIRS DNB has large nonlinearity across aggregation zones, and requires new aggregation modes, as well as more comprehensive validation.

In this paper we provide some new results for L ∞ (l ∞ ) and L 2 (l 2 ) semi-global stabilization of (both continuous-time and discrete-time) linear systems with (magnitude and energy) actuator saturation. For the L ∞ (l ∞ ) and L 2 (l 2 ) low gain feedback solutions established recently to these two problems, this paper provides new Lyapunov inequalities based characterizations of the L ∞ (l ∞ ) and L 2 (l 2 ) low gain feedback. Some new LMIs based solutions to the L ∞ (l ∞ ) and L 2 (l 2 ) semi-global stabilization problems are also established.

A novel and simple helix slow-wave structure (SWS) with low gain fluctuation is present. The high frequency characteristics and beam-wave interaction of this structure are calculated. The simulation results show that the gain of the novel helix traveling wave tube (TWT) is more than 58dB at Ka-band. At the same time, the gain fluctuation of the TWT is less than 6.2dB.

The present paper seeks to continue the analysis in Barbu et al. [Tangential boundary stabilization of Navier–Stokes equations, Memoir AMS, to appear] on tangential boundary stabilization of Navier–Stokes equations, d = 2 , 3 , as deduced from well-posedness and stability properties of the corresponding linearized equations. It intends to complement [V. Barbu, I. Lasiecka, R. Triggiani, Tangential boundary stabilization of Navier–Stokes equations, Memoir AMS, to appear] on two levels: (i) by casting the Riccati-based results of Barbu et al. [Tangential boundary stabilization of Navier–Stokes equations, Memoir AMS, to appear] for d = 2 , 3 in an abstract setting, thus extracting the key relevant features, so that the resulting framework may be applicable also to other stabilizing boundary feedback operators, as well as to other parabolic-like equations of fluid dynamics; (ii) by including, in the case d = 2 this time, also the low-level gain counterpart of the results in Barbu et al. [Tangential boundary stabilization of Navier–Stokes equations, Memoir AMS, to appear] with both Riccati-based and spectral-based (tangential) feedback controllers. This way, new local boundary stabilization results of Navier–Stokes equations are obtained over [V. Barbu, I. Lasiecka, R. Triggiani, Tangential boundary stabilization of Navier–Stokes equations, Memoir AMS, to appear].

In order to test the human angular vestibulo-ocular reflex in the dynamic range of normal head movements, we measured 3-dimensional compensatory eye-movement responses to low-amplitude (10-12 degrees), high-acceleration (3000-4000 degrees/s/s), passive, manually delivered head rotations (head "impulses") in the three planes of the semicircular canals in normal subjects, in subjects who had recovered from surgical unilateral vestibular deafferentation, and in patients after acute unilateral peripheral vestibulopathy, that is, from vestibular "neuritis." We found that canal-plane head impulses away from an intact semicircular canal, that is, toward a lesioned semicircular canal, invariably produce a vestibulo-ocular reflex with permanently low gain, typically less that 0.4 if the lesion is complete. These results are a necessary consequence of primary semicircular canal afferents being driven into inhibitory saturation by rapid angular accelerations. With practice, clinicians can learn to recognize the telltale compensatory saccades that patients with unilateral loss of semicircular canal function will make if asked to look at an earth-fixed target during head impulses in any one of the three semicircular canal planes.

A new technique is introduced to measure linear and angular vestibulo-ocular responses in three dimensions. Using a three-dimensional motion platform, human subjects underwent whole-body rotations and translations. Eye movements were measured with an infrared video recording device and/or with scleral search coils. Subjects were tested with sinusoidal stimulation and impulses under light and dark conditions. The results show that for sinusoidal stimulation, torsion compensatory eye movements (roll stimulation) have a low gain compared to horizontal (yaw) and vertical (pitch) compensatory eye movements. With impulses, we reliably assessed gain and delay for rotations in yaw, pitch, and roll. Under this stimulus condition the gain for roll (torsion eye movements) was also low compared to yaw and pitch (horizontal and vertical eye movements). For translations, the gain of eye-movement responses varied between 0.7 and 1 in the light. In the dark, responses were lower and more variable.

Given the proliferation of touch-sensitive screen technologies, the factors contributing to efficiency of cursor control device were examined to better inform choice and design of Graphical User Interfaces. Fitts' law can be used to describe the relative efficiency of these cursor control devices. Experiment One required 18 participants to move a cursor between targets depicted upon a WACOM PL400 display graphics tablet, over various amplitudes, using a computer mouse or stylus, examining the speed and accuracy of cursor placement. The touch sensitive screen allowed faster acquisition of targets than the mouse. Since the mouse has a higher control/display ratio (gain) than the touch sensitive screen, Experiment Two addressed manipulation of the gain settings on computer mouse performance. Low gain offered some accuracy benefits. Possible posture problems associated with the touch sensitive screen were explored in Experiment Three. Screen orientation had little effect upon cursor positioning performance, suggesting the benefits of the touch sensitive screen can be transferred to user-friendly postures.

Due to relatively small number of microscopic radiators, the noise (spontaneous emission contribution to the radiation field) level in free electron lasers (FELs) is much more than in other types of lasers. The influence of this noise on the FEL linewidth is considered. A low gain optical klystron model is used. It is shown that in the most of practically interesting cases the noise-induced linewidth is negligible.

In this paper low-gain adaptive stabilization of undamped semilinear second-order hyperbolic systems is considered in the case where the input and output operators are collocated. The linearized systems have an infinite number of poles and zeros on the imaginary axis. The adaptive stabilizer is constructed by a low-gain adaptive velocity feedback. The closed-loop system is governed by a non-linear evolution equation. First, the well-posedness of the closed-loop system is shown. Next, an energy-like function and a multiplier function are introduced and the exponential stability of the closed-loop system is analysed. Some examples are given to illustrate the theory. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

We suggest a first-order model to distinguish between nose control (canards) and tail control. We present optimal guidance strategies and demonstrate the superiority of nose control. This simple model enables us to develop simple and robust guidance strategies based on three approaches: unconstrained optimal control, constrained optimal control, and constrained differential games. It turns out that nose control requires low gain and is capable of forcing small miss distance in the presence of a maneuvering target.

A 17-year female was referred for complaints of blurring and decreased vision in the right eye. The patient underwent fundus examination, optical coherence tomography and B-scan ultrasonography. A well-defined, yellow-orange colored lesion was present in the posterior pole. This lesion created an echodense lesion on B-scan even with low gain. The patient was diagnosed with choroidal neovascularization (CNV) associated with choroidal osteoma. The patient was treated with seven consecutive intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injections over 14 months. Intravitreal anti-VEGF was effective for CNV associated with choroidal osteoma. Long- term follow-up is necessary to resolve the fluids, possible development of CNV, and possible of bilateral occurrence.

Low-Gain Avalanche Diodes (LGAD) are silicon detectors with output signals that are about a factor of 10 larger than those of traditional sensors. In this paper we analyze how the design of LGAD can be optimized to exploit their increased output signal to reach optimum timing performances. Our simulations show that these sensors, the so-called Ultra-Fast Silicon Detectors (UFSD), will be able to reach a time resolution factor of 10 better than that of traditional silicon sensors.

International audience; Several solutions of the problem of stabilizing linear systems with bounded control rely on a one-parameter family of low-gain linear control laws u=K(ε)x. This paper presents an online scheduling of the parameter ensuring, in addition to closed-loop stability, the fastest possible transient between two extreme values of ε, chosen for stability and performance, respectively.

In this paper a novel and mismatch-insensitive 1.5-bit MDAC is proposed. This circuit combines three main techniques that lead to a simulated reduction of the power dissipation of the order of 4 times, when compared to the conventional 1.5-bit MDAC circuit. Simulations also have shown that the proposed 1.5-bit MDAC is capable of achieving an SNDR of around 74 dB, i.e. compatible with 12 bits, corresponding to a 25 dB (4 bits) improvement when compared to the classic 1.5-bit MDAC. It is worth noticing that these results are achieved with a low gain, poor linearity and noisy residue amplifier, as all these innacuracies are cancelled thanks to the techniques employed.

A single In 0.49 Ga 0.51 P quantum well sandwiched by In 0.49 Ga 0.51 P/In 0.49 (Ga 0.6 Al 0.4 ) 0.51 P digital alloy structures was investigated in terms of optical modal gain, where gain saturation effects were also considered for both changes in wavelength and stripe length by using a modal gain contour map analysis. We found the gain threshold density is considerably lower by an order of magnitude when compared to the Mott density (∼2 × 10 12 cm −2 ), which can be attributed to a carrier-harvesting effect through the mini-band of the digital alloy.

In practice, it is common that the interconnected subsystems of a large-scale system are controlled by decentralized sampled-data stabilizers. In this case, the problem of using sampled-data output feedback to design global a decentralized stabilizer for the large-scale systems is quite challenging. To solve the problem, in this paper we propose a gain domination method that implements both low- and high- gains to negate the effects of nonlinearities found in a series of interconnected systems. The decentralized stabilizers with low gain and high gain are implemented using sampled-data output feedbacks.