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Investigated middle graders' understanding of the significance of distinct U.S. history events using interviews with fifth to eighth graders. Students noted steadily expanding rights and opportunities as a central theme in history but had difficulty incorporating some historical patterns and events into their image of progress. Most described little difference between official and vernacular histories. (SM)

We report the results of investigation of dielectric spectroscopy study of single crystals of Bi12GeO20 and Bi12GeO20 doped with Co nanoparticles. The complex dielectric constant was measured in the temperature interval from 5 to 450 K and frequencies from 1 Hz to 1 MHz. The electrical conductivity of both samples was thermally activated with potential barriers of 0.55 eV and 0.59 eV, respectively. Doped samples had bigger complex dielectric constants and σ′ exhibited slightly steeper temperature dependence than in the pure sample. The dielectric relaxation was observed in pure and doped single crystals and relaxation frequencies showed similar activation energies as electrical conductivities.

Today, combination antiviral therapy with pegylated interferon-alpha and ribavirin (RBV) allows many patients infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) to achieve a sustained virological response, which is equivalent to cure. Data also support the clinical benefit of combination antiviral therapy in patients coinfected with HCV and HIV, and in patients who have received a liver transplant.

The complex dielectric constant/ac electrical conductivity was investigated as a function of frequency and temperature in Pb5Cr3F19. The system undergoes a ferroelectric phase transition at higher temperatures. At lower temperatures the real part of the complex ac electric conductivity was found to follow the universal dielectric response (UDR) σ′ ∝ νs, typical for hopping or tunneling of localized charge carriers. A detailed analysis of the temperature dependence of the UDR parameter s in terms of the theoretical model for tunneling of small polarons revealed that, at low temperatures, this mechanism governs the charge transport in Pb5Cr3F19. The value of the inverse attempt frequency τ0 indicates the femtosecond tunneling of polarons in the system similar to the Büttiker–Landauer transversal time.

Chronic fatigue syndrome is heterogeneous, with wide variation in presenting symptoms, severity of fatigue and degree of functional impairment. Social and role functioning may be significantly impaired capabilities. Cognitive behavioural therapy offers a novel approach to the treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome. It is based on the hypothesis that inaccurate and unhelpful beliefs, ineffective coping behaviour, negative mood states, social problems and pathophysiological processes all interact to perpetuate the disorder. Treatment aims to help patients to re-evaluate their understanding of the disorder and to adopt more effective coping behaviours. Cognitive behavioural model involve the physical and the psychological view. Therapeutic interventions are often useful to start with behavioural interventions and then to move on to cognitive strategies. The principal behavioural intervention is to stabilise and then to gradually increase activity. The principal cognitive interventions are work on negative thoughts, beliefs, and attitudes about disorder.

Studies literature produced from 1920 to 1940 appropriate for children between 9 and 12 years of age. Critiques the values that are transmitted during this period. Maintains that, although children's literature should be integrated into the social studies curriculum, this should be done in a critical way. Includes a bibliography of books reviewed. (SLM)

Focuses on what students read in social studies classrooms. Illustrates the manner in which literature supports students, even young children, in grappling with the dilemmas and choices that people have faced throughout history. (MG)

Background: Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) prophylaxis is often employed to prevent the potentially serious complication of pulmonary embolism (PE). However, little data exist regarding the optimal DVT prophylaxis strategy for living donors undergoing hepatectomy for living donor liver transplantation. Here we present our consensus statement on DVT prophylaxis for living donors undergoing hepatectomy. Objectives: To identify the optimal DVT prophylaxis strategy, which reduces, risk of complications in living liver donors, and enhances recovery. Methods: Systematic review following PRISMA guidelines and recommendations using the GRADE approach derived from an international expert panel. Of interest was the impact of DVT prophylaxis or lack of prophylaxis on living donors undergoing hepatectomy and subsequent rates of DVT, PE, and hemorrhagic complications. PROSPERO ID: CRD42021260720 Results: The review of the literature identified three studies, which directly addressed thrombogenesis following living donor hepatectomy. All studies were observational in nature without randomization into treatments. The rate of DVT‐PE in unscreened living donors with chemoprophylaxis was 5%. Furthermore, thromboelastography of living donors demonstrated sustained hypercoagulability for 50% of donors 10 days postoperatively. In line with CHEST (The American College of Chest Physicians) guidelines of chemoprophylaxis for surgical procedures with 3% or greater risk of DVT‐PE, we conclude that a minimum of 10 days of postoperative chemoprophylaxis with unfractionated heparin or low‐molecular weight heparin is recommended for patients undergoing living donor hepatectomy. The quality of evidence (QOE) for these recommendations based on the GRADE criteria is low, with a Grade of Recommendation of Strong. Conclusions: Chemoprophylaxis for DVT following living donor hepatectomy is associated with reduced adverse thrombotic events, (Quality of Evidence; Low | Grade of Recommendation; Strong). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Hepcidin is a circulating hepatic hormone that regulates iron balance. It has been speculated that hepcidin insufficiency or dysregulation may be the primary defect in genetic hemochromatosis.

Background: The disparity between the number of patients waiting for an organ transplant and availability of donor organs increases each year in Canada. Donation after cardiac death (DCD), following withdrawal of life support in patients with hopeless prognoses, is a means of addressing the shortage with the potential to increase the number of transplantable organs. Methods: We conducted a retrospective, single-centre chart review of organs donated after cardiac death to the Multi-Organ Transplant Program at the London Health Sciences Centre between July 2006 and December 2007. In total, 34 solid organs (24 kidneys and 10 livers) were procured from 12 DCD donors. Results: The mean age of the donors was 38 (range 18-59) years. The causes of death were craniocerebral trauma (n = 7), cerebrovascular accident (n = 4) and cerebral hypoxia (n = 1). All 10 livers were transplanted at our centre, as were 14 of the 24 kidneys; 10 kidneys were transplanted at other centres. The mean renal cold ischemia time was 6 (range 3-9.5) hours. Twelve of the 14 kidney recipients (86%) experienced delayed graft function, but all kidneys regained function. After 1-year follow-up, kidney function was good, with a mean serum creatinine level of 145 (range 107-220) µmol/L and a mean estimated creatinine clearance of 64 (range 41-96) mL/min. The mean liver cold ischemia time was 5.8 (range 5.5-8) hours. There was 1 case of primary nonfunction requiring retransplantation. The remaining 9 livers functioned well. One patient developed a biliary anastomotic stricture that resolved after endoscopic stenting. All liver recipients were alive after a mean follow-up of 11 (range 3-20) months. Since the inception of this DCD program, the number of donors referred to our centre has increased by 14%. Conclusion: Our initial results compare favourably with those from the transplantation of organs procured from donors after brain death. Donation after cardiac death can be an important means of increasing the number of organs available for transplant, and its widespread implementation in Canada should be encouraged. Contexte : L'ecart entre le nombre de patients en attente de transplantation d'organe et la disponibilite d'organes de donneurs se creuse chaque annee au Canada. Le don apres la mort cardiaque (DMC) suivant le retrait du maintien des fonctions vitales chez les patients dont le pronostic est sans espoir permet de lutter contre la penurie et pourrait augmenter le nombre d'organes transplantables. Methodes : Nous avons effectue une etude retrospective unicentrique de dossiers portant sur des organes donnes apres la mort cardiaque par le Programme de transplantation d'organes multiples au Centre des sciences de la sante de London entre juillet 2006 et decembre 2007. Au total, on a preleve 34 organes pleins (24 reins et 10 foies) de 12 donneurs en etat de mort cardiaque. Resultats : Les donneurs avaient en moyenne 38 (intervalle de 18 a 59) ans. Les deces avaient ete causes par un traumatisme craniocerebral (n = 7), un accident vasculaire cerebral (n = 4) et une hypoxie cerebrale (n = 1). Les 10 foies ont ete transplantes a notre centre, ainsi que 14 des 24 reins. Les 10 autres reins ont ete transplantes a d'autres centres. L'ischemie froide du rein a dure en moyenne 6 (intervalle de 3 a 9,5) heures. Chez 12 des 14 receveurs d'un rein (86 %), le greffon a commence a fonctionner tardivement, mais tous les reins ont recommence a fonctionner. Au suivi a 1 an, la fonction renale etait bonne, la concentration moyenne de creatinine serique s'etablissait a 145 (intervalle de 107 a 220) µmol/L et la clairance glomerulaire estimative moyenne, a 64 (intervalle de 41 a 96) mL/min. L'ischemie froide du rein a dure en moyenne 5,8 (plage de 5,5 a 8) heures. Il y a eu un cas de non-fonctionnement primitif qui a oblige a proceder a une autre transplantation. Les 9 autres foies ont bien fonctionne. Un patient a presente une stenose anastomotique biliaire qui est disparue apres la pose d'un stent par endoscopie. Tous les receveurs d'un foie etaient vivants apres un suivi moyen de 11 (intervalle de 3 a 20) mois. Depuis le debut de ce programme de don apres la mort cardiaque, le nombre de donneurs diriges a notre centre a augmente de 14 %. Conclusion : Nos premiers resultats se comparent favorablement a ceux de la transplantation d'organes preleves chez des donneurs apres la mort cerebrale. Le don apres la mort cardiaque peut etre un moyen important d'accroitre le nombre d'organes disponibles pour la transplantation. Il faudrait en encourager la generalisation au Canada., The disparity between the number of patients on transplant waiting lists and the number of organs donated from deceased individuals increases each year in Canada. This organ shortage has prompted [...]

This study examined the provenance of stone tesserae from three Roman mosaics from Celje, Slovenia, using optical microscopy, X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X‐ray diffraction. Nine microfacies were distinguished. Miliolid limestones identified in the white tesserae, and mudstones/laminated wackestones in the black tesserae, suggest they originated from the Karst region. The sparry limestone in the yellow tesserae probably originates from the Mediterranean. The mudstone/wackestone with planktonic foraminifera in the red tesserae originates from an outcrop in southwestern Slovenia. Green tesserae tuffs are of local origin, whereas the white tuffs could originate from Italian Oligo‐Miocene volcanism rhyolites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The temperature- and frequency-dependent electrical conductivity of Ti[O.sub.2]-derived nanotubes pressed to a pellet are measured. The results have shown that a two-channel electrical conductivity mechanism is responsible for the temperature dependence of the electrical conductivity observed in Ti[O.sub.2]-derived nanotubes.

Over the past fifteen years, a great deal of attention has been devoted to the reform of history teaching. Although advocates of reform come from a variety of backgrounds, most [...]