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Multiple-speed gearboxes with computer controlled automatic gear selection devices are a common possible choice in cars. Robotized gear insertion of one tenth of a second is possible. Economical and weight consideration are to be made to verify if it is convenient to use a smaller engine and a larger gearbox with a wider choice of speeds. In this paper, an automotive application for a public transport vehicle based on a Class S chassis with the choice of common-rail direct injection engines. This choice is particular unfavorable for the multispeed gearbox since common-rail engines have very flat specific fuel consumption curves. The lumped mass model implemented is conceived to estimate velocity, acceleration and fuel consumption starting from aerodynamic, inertia and thermodynamic data of the vehicle. The estimated data of performance and fuel consumption were compared with measured values. A Genetic elitarian Algorithm (GA) was used to optimise the engine choice and the gearbox speeds distribution. A maximum reduction of 15% was then calculated with a 16-speeds gearbox and a 140 HP/300Nm engine in comparison with the standard 5-speeds 204 HP/500Nm engine. This fuel reduction was obtained on the mixed city-motorway cycle. In this case, maximum speed is limited to 180km/h and the 0-100km/h acceleration is reduced to 11s (from the original 8.6s). The weight remains almost unaltered since the 204 HP engine is heavier than the 140 HP and this largely compensates the gearbox weight increase. The multiple speed solution seems to be very interesting also for public transports vehicles and for trucks. © 2015 Pushpa Publishing House, Allahabad, India.

Electric turbocompounding in racing spark ignition engine is focused on transient operation. Classical compressor and turbine maps should be adapted for this particular condition. Electric turbocompounding has limited torque and power available on the electric side. For this reason, an ad hoc solution should be devised. A low inertia solution is proposed in this paper with the advantage of minor modifications on existing commercial highly optimized turbochargers. A large advantage over the current solution may be achieved. In this solution, a very low inertia electric/motor generator is magnetically coupled to the turbocharger on the compressor side of the shaft. The electromagnetic coupling acts also as a torque limiter allowing extremely large slips between turbocharger and generator shafts.

Starting from a good automotive engine is always a good idea, also for brand new automotive design. In the case of automotive to aircraft conversions, the automotive engine is modified as little as possible. This approach has several advantages: reduced development time, good reliability and availability of cheap and worldwide spare parts. What it may appear a good idea is to tune up the original ECU (electronic control unit) by using one of the several softwares available on the market. However, this approach is not feasible even for ultra light aircrafts. This is due to the lack of control on the software of these ECUs. In fact, automotive software timing or ECU set-up is performed in the following way. The final ECU manufacturer (who holds the responsibility of the hardware and the software in the final car ECU) supplies to the car manufacturer a “development ECU” with a “development Software”. This system is tuned on the engine and on the car to fulfill the car manufacturer requirement. When the tuning is considered satisfactory, the “maps” (the data inputted by the manufactured) are given to the ECU manufacturer. This later translates the data into the software of a “production ECU”, that is given back to the car manufacturer for final validation prior to serial production of ECU and car. In this case, even the car manufacturer does not have a full control of what happens inside his ECU. This is logical since the full responsibility is given to the ECU part supplier. So the tuning of a serial production ECU is more than a true programming. Results are unpredictable to a certain extent that depends on the level of knowledge of the person who performed the tuning and of the software house that implemented the software. The software that truly runs on serial production ECU is a well kept secret of the ECU manufacturer, since it is the knowledge of ECU. The simpler is the software the less expensive will be the ECU and the larger the profits of the ECU supplier. Tricks are hidden inside the ECU to obtain these results; these tricks multiplied per millions of ECU give the supplier a competitive advantage. So, even the car manufacturer has a limited control on what happens inside the real-time software of the ECU, what emerges is the engine and the car behavior. Aircraft conversions require the replacement of ECU, wirings and sensors with appropriate units. This assembly with its own software constitutes the aircraft FADEC.

2, 12, Walailak Journal of Science and Technology

MEZZO DI TRASPORTO INNOVATIVO

Basing on a paper which explores the adoption of an innovative system approach to a more sustainable and innovative design, the present paper wants to apply the same approach to a real case, inside of a famous Italian sportscar factory. A case study in this factory was developed and decodified gaining improved understanding of innovative system design and those factors that substantially influence its success.

This paper presents a novel concept of container mobile housing system denominated ZETHa (Zero Energy Temporary Habitation). It is based on the LESP (Low Exergy Structured Panel) concept, in which the acclimatization is realized by water recirculation inside the external walls of the building and the ZEBRA concept (Zero Energy Consumption Building totally Renewable Addicted). A general plant and building design has been produced with the aim to minimize the presence of thermal bridges. The calculations of energy dispersion have been performed both in the wall and in the whole building. The energetic contribution of renewable energy plants has been evaluated to obtain a totally passive building. This evaluation will also consider energy needs by appliances.Copyright © 2012 by ASME

This paper introduces an improved Electronic Stability Program for cars that can deal with the sudden burst of a tyre. The Improved Electronic Stability Program(IESP) is based on a fuzzy logic algorithm. The IESP collects data from the same sensors of a standard ESP and acts on brakes/throttle with the same actuators.

This paper introduces a method to simplify a non linear problem in order to use linear finite element analysis. This approach improves calculation time by two orders of magnitude. It is then possible to optimize the geometry of the components even without supercomputers. In this paper the method is applied to a very critical component: the aluminium alloy piston of a modern common rail diesel engine. The method consists in the subdivision of the component, in this case the piston, in several volumes, that have approximately a constant temperature. These volumes are then assembled through congruence constraints. To each volume a proper material is then assigned. It is assumed that material behaviour depends on average temperature, stress magnitude and stress gradient. This assumption is valid since temperatures varies slowly when compared to pressure (load & stress). In fact pressure propagates with the speed of sound. The method is validated by direct comparison with non linear simulation of the same component, the piston, taken as an example. In general, experimental tests have confirmed the cost-effectiveness of this approach.

Immediately before Wold War II (WWII), piston engine cooling has become a resource instead of a problem. The Meredith paper defined a static engine that converted the heat dissipated by the engine into thrust. Some solutions (see the De Havilland Mosquito, Messerschmidt BF 109F, Supermarine Spitfire…) used hot air also to improve the efficiency of flaps. In any case the Meredith effect proved to be effective even at the relatively low speed of F1 racing cars. The main problem proved to be a design. In recent times turbodiesel piston common rail engines are coming back into the aircraft field. However the experience coming from the racing car field cannot be directly applied to the flying machines for many different reasons. First of all racing rules usually ban moving flaps and variable geometry intake and exhausts, that are commonplace in aircraft (see for example supersonic air intakes). Moreover racing cars are relatively “dirty” reversed wing air machines, very different from the slender and elegant aircrafts. Then the cooling system arrangement should be adapted to the necessity of the diesel engines and of the high altitudes. This paper starts from the existing historical and new solutions and demonstrates that many improvements are still possible to improve the overall propulsion efficiency of new flying machines.

A main problem in aircraft engines is the evaluation of residual life to TBO. The algorithm described in this paper calculates with good reliability the residual life to TBO of a petrol piston engine. The method was tested on small last-generation naturally-aspirated-avio piston engine, and has demonstrated to be effective in several experimental tests. This method is implemented directly in the FADEC or ECU of the engine with very few lines of C-Code. The method can be used also in many industrial engines. This innovative method assumes that only two main factors (load and wear) affect engine durability or Time Between Overhauls (TBO). These two factors are considered as separate and combined with the worst case criteria. The load is assumed to follow a logarithmic law and a formula similar to the Miner’s law for material fatigue is used, making possible to calculate the “load curve” with the knowledge of only two points. The “wear” curve is related to elapsed engine cycles, and is easy to implement since it is related to technological. The resulting algorithm is very simple and can be implemented in very few software lines with data collected from the already existing sensors.

Sistema albero motore a maschette portanti (1) comprendente: un albero motore eccentrico (13), che comprende un asse di rotazione (11), un asse di perni di biella (12), almeno un cilindro principale (10), almeno preferibilmente un cilindro di raccordo (2) ed almeno un cilindro di sopporto (3), caratterizzato dal fatto che l’asse di rotazione (11) è asse del cilindro di sopporto (3) e che l’asse di perni di biella (12) è asse del cilindro principale (10) e che l’asse di rotazione (11) e l’asse di perni di biella (12) sono paralleli ma non coincidenti; almeno una biella (7) che comprende un foro di biella di albero (8) all’interno del quale è inserito il cilindro principale (10) dell’albero motore eccentrico (13); almeno una maschetta (4) che comprende un foro di maschetta (5) all’interno del quale è inserito il cilindro principale (10) dell’albero motore eccentrico (13); almeno un alloggiamento di biella (6) sull’albero motore eccentrico (13) per alloggiare almeno una biella (7).

L’invenzione consiste in un meccanismo finalizzato a ottenere la variazione controllabile dell’ampiezza di un moto che può essere riconducibile ad una rotazione o ad una traslazione. Tale risultato è ottenuto mediante l’imposizione di un moto di traslazione assiale di un membro (già in moto di rotazione su tale asse) riconducibile ad un albero a camme troco-coniche eccentriche. La trasmissione del movimento ai membri cedenti del meccanismo è affidata a contatti fra le parti tronco coniche in roto-traslazione e i mezzi bilancieri opportunamente conformati per ottimizzare il contatto (superficie di contatto riconducibile ad una porzione di cilindro, eventualmente mantenuta a contatto con il rispettivo volume tronco conico, tramite l’impiego di un membro elastico).

Pasta alimentare lunga comprendente un nucleo centrale pieno (1) di sezione trasversale circolare in un solo pezzo con almeno due denti (2) longitudinali, paralleli, equidistanti angolarmente non più di 180° l’uno dall’altro e separati da rispettive scanalature (3), caratterizzata dal fatto che ciascuno dei suddetti denti presenta in sezione trasversale una forma sostanzialmente a trapezio isoscele con gli angoli raccordati.

QFD and TRIZ are important and famous methodologies to design. This work can show what are the main honours and the principal defects about them and their applications. An example was used to demonstrate this assumption, the following one. A mechanical device to control kart’s tire pressure was developed. This valve must blow air when temperature’s tire and pressure raise with a not acceptable shape deformation and a corresponding modification of the vehicles trim. With the new solution, drivers can drive faster and more safetly. Two design methods have been utilized: QFD and TRIZ. The first one, Quality Function Deployment, offers a clarification tool for organizing the information flow in a structured way, and TRIZ, Theory of Inventing Problem Solving, is an efficient tool in the discovering the solution principles. With TRIZ’s table, technical and physical contraddiction are put in evidence and eliminated to improve the robustness of the device. The two methods interact one another and offer the best path for the development of a new design.

We have designed a new kind of armchair with an hiding table, useful for many purpoes, in particular for hosting a notebook. This project was developed by some handmade scketches, to explain some solutions, then we started to work with 3D models too. Third step was the rendering of the obtained models, to see how our chair can be placed in the real world, considering natural lights, material and so on. The mechanical device for the hiding table is very simple. The table is installed on two rails and can be lifted or hided, so the chair has two configurations: first, like any other armchair; second, with table lifted which can be used as a support for a notebook.

This work is a sample of designing a simple object, just like a coffee machine, using innovative methodologies as Quality Function Deployment an Value Analysis.

The aim of this work is to indicate a methodology of “design for aesthetics”, through the realization of a particular city-car body. We had to realize a good looking car, without forgetting the importance of mechanical and economical aspects. The result we have got is very interesting, in fact the city-car obtained is a sum of beauty, economics and intelligence. The method followed is very similar to those methods used by the most famous firms of design products, just like Pininfarina, Giugiaro Design, Bertone, etc.. This method is illustrated in the paragraphs below.

The KAD (Knowledge Aided Design) tool is developed to predict the performance of an F1 car in different driving conditions and with different configurations. The regulations to put in trimming a car, also in the exasperated technology of the competitions, still demand a remarkable dose of luck and an elevated number of tests. It is then important to know a set of regulations close to the optimal trim before testing the car on the track. The difficult phase of this process is to evaluate the lap time. As a matter of fact driving style, track conditions and car behavior should be simulated. The optimisation of the fuzzy controller that simulates the pilot for an F1 racing car is difficult due to handling problems and velocity of response. For this purpose a specific Genetic Algorithm (GA) was conceived and tuned to work with a lumped mass model of an F1 racing car for the optimization of the fuzzy controller that simulates the pilot. A new mutation and a new crossover operator were defined to complement the standard crossover and mutation operators of the basic Holland’s GA. This was necessary in order to increase the overall performance of the fuzzy pilot. This approach was tested on an F1 car due to the huge amount of data available ( Donnarumma, 1998 , Moelenbein, 1989 ; Lee and Takagi, 1993 ).

This work is the outcome of a partnership between the Department of Industrial Engineering of the University of Bologna and the Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute of Bologna. The aim of this collaboration is using medical engineering tools during orthopedic surgeries. This article focuses on the design and construction of a custom-made surgical guide for cubitus varus. The guides are special aids that allow surgeons to perform operations smoothly, to achieve the planned result and to reduce the risk of inaccuracy. They are obtained with an additive manufacturing process that starts from a 3D digital model of the patient's bone obtained from CT scans and allow designing patient-specific templates using specific software as the Creo Parametric CAD. For the proper functioning of the guide the internal shape must correspond to the external profile of the patient's bone. In this way, the tool obtained fits exactly to the bone and it is possible to direct the cutting during surgery in a very specific direction as identified in the preoperative planning phase.

ACCELERATORE DI FLUSSO PER DISPOSITIVI UTILIZZATORI A FLUSSO LIBERO QUALI, AD ESEMPIO NON ESCLUSIVO, TURBINE IDRAULICHE E EOLICHE

The present paper is about a family car project that starts from a study of the characteristics of the type of car taken into consideration and from an analysis of the environment carried out through an historical research on the models on the market from the 30s to the mid-90s, and their classification. The market analysis was carried out by answering six questions from the QFD and by developing the tables of relative importance and interrelation through which the most important and the most independent requirements to be attributed to the innovative family project were obtained. The competitor analysis was made through a research on the models currently on the market, the development of the benchmarking, and the what/how matrix from which the final requirements and project objectives were determined. The brand was selected, the budget was drawn up over a 12-month period and the car’s product architecture was defined. The SDE was carried out through an aesthetic analysis of the existing models, the sketches for each type of style and the selection of the final sketches. The development of the product, instead, consisted in the prototyping of a 1:18 scale model of the car through 3D printing.

SISTEMA PER LA GENERAZIONE DI MOTI DI SWIRL PER MOTORI ALTERNATIVI DOTATI DI DUE INIETTORI PER CILINDRO

SISTEMA E PROCEDIMENTO DI TRASMISSIONE DATI MEDIANTE SEGNALI ACUSTICI

MACCHINA AVVOLGITRICE AUTOMATICA CON SISTEMA BOBCAT

Procedimento di cottura della pasta comprendente almeno le fasi di fornire pasta (1) in un mezzo contenitore (3), fornire un mezzo fluido (2) nel mezzo contenitore (3), riscaldare rapidamente almeno una volta il mezzo contenitore (3) comprendente la pasta (1) ed il mezzo fluido (2), fornire la pasta (1) ben cotta, caratterizzato dal fatto che la fase di riscaldare rapidamente è definita shock termico, la fase di riscaldare rapidamente ha una durata preferibilmente, ma non limitatamente, inferiore alla metà del tempo indicato normalmente su confezioni industriali, la fase di riscaldare rapidamente viene effettuata ad una temperatura compresa preferibilmente ma non limitatamente tra i 60° Celsius ed i 200° Celsius, la pasta (1) ben cotta è la pasta (1) cotta nel modo desiderato dall’utente.

Active antiskid systems for high performance motorbikes are difficult to implement due to the necessity to combine performance, equilibrium, handling and safety. In order to design and optimize a fuzzy controlled antiskid system for motorbikes, a fuzzy model of the pilot was applied to a lumped-mass model of the motorcycle (two different models have been considered). The fuzzy model acts on the steering angle to control trajectory, yaw angle, yaw velocity and roll angle.

Common rail systems are conventionally employed in diesel and gasoline engines. Pressure, precision and velocity are key factors for correct engine power management. Current systems are based on digital computers and PID control systems. When anomalies occur, recovery strategies are used and engine performance is significantly reduced. Then technical assistance is required to restore normal condition. For safety reasons this approach cannot be used in aeronautical, naval and energy-supply applications. In some cases it is necessary to utilize all the possible energy from the power unit causing significant life-reduction of the engine. In this case a progressive reduction strategy should be used and injection law should be reduced accordingly. For this purpose injection control based on fuzzy logic is more effective . In this case, traditional PID control systems are substituted by fuzzy logic control. A reference map is introduced in the Full Authority Digital Electronic Control, this map is interpreted by the fuzzy logic control system that adapts the injection law to the current engine situation. For example, if fuel temperature tends to increase over the normal level, injection pressure is reduced by the fuzzy control system and injection time is increased to obtain the maximum possible power output. This approach can be easily implemented with very simple and effective fuzzy logic controllers. This method has been experimented on a common-rail test bed and results are compared with traditional “binary recovery strategy” FADEC. Maximum power output is slightly reduced since fuzzy controllers are less effective than PID in “near reference” conditions. However, when anomalies take place or are simply beginning to appear the fuzzy FADEC behaviour is more effective and preserves engine performance more effectively. Aim of this paper it to define rules and fuzzy controllers to optimize the performance of a diesel engine in various operating conditions with particular attention to the power output.

MOTORE FUORIBORDO ECOLOGICO TERRESTRE

PROCEDIMENTO DI TRASFORMAZIONE DI MOTORE AUTOMOBILISTICO O MOTOCICLISTICO IN MOTORE AVIO (AVIONIZZAZIONE)

MOTORE A PISTONI CON COLLETTORE DI ASPIRAZIONE COMPRENDENTE UN GENERATORE DI VORTICE O GENERATORE DI SWIRL A SPIRALE CONVERGENTE O CONICA O CILINDRO CONVERGENTE

This work is a sample of designing a simple object, just like a coffee machine, using innovative methodologies as Quality Function Deployment, Value Analysis and Design for Assembly. These are three methods which serve to improve quality during the process of design; they are part of the famous designing technique which is named Concurrent Engineering. The first one, QFD, is structuring all the information which come along with each design project; the second one, Value Analysis, is about the evaluation of all the costs that our project implicates; the last one, Design for Assembly, is a methodology oriented to direct the design process towards the exemplification of all the components' shapes: in this way, we can obtain a product easy to be assembled.

Il sistema funziona per la combustione di materiale biologico e non, spezzettato, anche polverizzato o in pellet. E noto che sia il preriscaldamento, la tostatura o la parziale o totale “carbonizzazione” rendono la combustione piu’ efficiente riducendo il residuo, permettendo la combustione di una pluralità di combustibili, alcuni dei quali non altrimenti utilizzabili. Il miglioramento della qualità del combustibile così ottenuta, anche in termini di tonalità termica, consente una combustione più facile, efficiente e regolabile, consentendo un miglior controllo delle emissioni, riducendo in particolare il CO, i COx, gli NOx, il particolato. La combustione ad altissima temperatura e il successivo immediato raffreddamento per il preriscaldamento e/o la tostatura e/o la totale e parziale carbonizzazione ,elimina inoltre la formazione di diossina. La soluzione tecnica proposta in questo elaborato è una delle tante possibili per questo principio di funzionamento, in quanto, per motivi di compattezza, consente solo la tostatura e la parziale carbonizzazione superficiale del combustibile.

Pasta alimentare lunga comprendente un nucleo centrale pieno (1) di sezione trasversale circolare in un solo pezzo con almeno due denti (2) longitudinali, paralleli, equidistanti angolarmente non più di 180° l’uno dall’altro e separati da rispettive scanalature (3), caratterizzata dal fatto che ciascuno dei suddetti denti presenta in sezione trasversale una forma sostanzialmente a trapezio isoscele con gli angoli raccordati.

A mechanical device to control kart’s tire pressure was developed. This valve must blow air when temperature’s tire and pressure raise with a not acceptable shape deformation and a corresponding modification of the vehicles trim. With the new solution, drivers can drive faster and more safetly. Two design methods have been utilized: QFD and TRIZ. The first one, Quality Function Deployment, offers a clarification tool for organizing the information flow in a structured way, and TRIZ, Theory of Inventing Problem Solving, is an efficient tool in the discovering the solution principles. With TRIZ’s table, technical and physical contraddiction are put in evidence and eliminated to improve the robustness of the device. The two methods interact one another and offer the best path for the development of a new design.

This work aims to present the application of mechanical modeling software in three dimensions in the medical field, analyzing the procedures used by the engineer to support the orthopedic surgeon in preoperative planning. The first step of the procedure involves CT examinations in patients selected for surgery: DICOM images are managed in post-processing to obtain multiplanar reconstructions of the bone lesion to be treated. The files are then optimized, made shareable and imported into CREO's work platform; this is part of a family of CAD software products for mechanical design, developed by PTC, and is the fundamental application dedicated to parametric modeling. The result will be a faithful representation of the anatomical part both before and after surgical procedure, screening all the intermediate phases. The doctor will assess different lines of action according to the results, than he will communicate them to the engineer who, consequently, will correct and regenerate the model. The method finds its power in the dialogue between engineer and doctor: In complex cases closer collaboration is needed while, for the evaluation of less demanding injuries, the exam could be assigned as a remote project which, once completed, is returned to the medical facility of competence.

This work is a sample of designing a simple object, just like a coffee machine, using innovative methodologies as Quality Function Deployment, Value Analysis and Design for Assembly. These are three methods which serve to improve quality during the process of design; they are part of the famous designing technique which is named Concurrent Engineering. The first one, QFD, is the structuralization of all the information which come along with each design project; the second one, Value Analysis, is about the evaluation of all the costs that our project implicates; the last one, Design for Assembly, is a methodology oriented to direct the design process towards the exemplification of all the components’ shapes: in this way, we can obtain a product easy to be assembled.

A main problem in aircraft engines is the evaluation of residual life to TBO. The algorithm described in this paper calculates with good reliability the residual life to TBO of a petrol piston engine. The method was tested on small last-generation naturally-aspirated-avio piston engine, and has demonstrated to be effective in several experimental tests. This method is implemented directly in the FADEC or ECU of the engine with very few lines of C-Code. The method can be used also in many industrial engines. This innovative method assumes that only two main factors (load and wear) affect engine durability or Time Between Overhauls (TBO). These two factors are considered as separate and combined with the worst case criteria. The load is assumed to follow a logarithmic law and a formula similar to the Miner’s law for material fatigue is used, making possible to calculate the “load curve” with the knowledge of only two points. The “wear” curve is related to elapsed engine cycles, and is easy to implement since it is related to technological. The resulting algorithm is very simple and can be implemented in very few software lines with data collected from the already existing sensors.