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Polimedia que muestra casos de estudio de aplicación de la ecuación de Bernoulli para que el estudiante pueda visualizar ejemplos

[EN] Air quality has an efect on a population¿s quality of life. As a dimension of sustainable urban development, governments have been concerned about this indicator. This is refected in the references consulted that have demonstrated progress in forecasting pollution events to issue early warnings using conventional tools which, as a result of the new era of big data, are becoming obsolete. There are a limited number of studies with applications of machine learning tools to characterize and forecast behavior of the environmental, social and economic dimensions of sustainable development as they pertain to air quality. This article presents an analysis of studies that developed machine learning models to forecast sustainable development and air quality. Additionally, this paper sets out to present research that studied the relationship between air quality and urban sustainable development to identify the reliability and possible applications in diferent urban contexts of these machine learning tools. To that end, a systematic review was carried out, revealing that machine learning tools have been primarily used for clustering and classifying variables and indicators according to the problem analyzed, while tools such as artifcial neural networks and support vector machines are the most widely used to predict diferent types of events. The nonlinear nature and synergy of the dimensions of sustainable development are of great interest for the application of machine learning tools.

El objeto de aprendizaje tiene por objetivo mostrar una metodología para determinar el diámetro de una conducción teniendo en cuenta el caudal circulante y la energía disponible. Dicha metodología es acompañada de un caso de estudio

[ES] La incorporación de los sistemas de recuperación energética en los sistemas de distribución de agua es una medida que en los últimos años, se esta analizando e implantando como una medida de mejora de la eficiencia energética y por tanto de la sostenibilidad. El objetivo de este trabajo fin de master es la creación una metodología que permita desarrollar una herramienta de análisis de la regulación de un sistema de recuperación energética. Esta regulación estará basada en los registros de entrada de caudal y consignas de presión establecidas en el sistema de distribución, que establecerán las restricciones de operación. Desarrollada la metodología, así como la herramienta de simulación mediante el uso de Simulink MATLAB, se seleccionará un caso de estudio en un abastecimiento real, con el fin de poder realizar un análisis y un diseño aplicado. Lo que se busca es diseñar una estrategia para que la recuperación de energía no interfiera en el buen servicio que se lleva hasta ahora en los puntos de consumo de la red. La herramienta a desarrollar deberá dar como resultados los parámetros de señal al equipo de regulación en cuanto a números de equipos de recuperación en funcionamiento, velocidad de rotación, así como grado de apertura de los diferentes elementos de regulación. Además, contemplará el análisis energético referente a energías teóricas, recuperada y disipada en el sistema., [EN] The incorporation of energy recovery systems in water distribution systems is a measure that in recent years is being analyzed and implemented as a measure to improve energy efficiency and therefore sustainability. The objective of this thesis is to create a methodology that allows the development of an analysis tool for the regulation of an energy recovery system. This regulation will be based on the input flow registers and pressure setpoints established in the distribution system, which will establish the operating restrictions. Once the methodology has been developed, as well as the simulation tool through the use of Simulink MATLAB, a case study will be selected in a real supply, in order to carry out an analysis and an applied design. What is sought is to design a strategy so that energy recovery does not interfere with the well established service level that has been carried out so far at the consumption points of the network. The tool to be developed must give as results the signal parameters to the regulation equipment in terms of numbers of recovery equipment in operation, rotationonal speed, as well as the opening degree of the different regulation elements. In addition, it will contemplate the energy analysis referring to theoretical, recovered and dissipated energies in the system.

[EN] The pandemic situation due to SARS-Cov-2 obligates to adapt the learning processes in different academic levels. Universitat Politècnica de València (Spain) had to deal with this challenge, where the learning process changed from a face-to-face way to a non-face learning model when the confinement began in March 2020. This caused the need to adapt the teaching process, methods and materials from in-person classes to virtual ones. This contribution shows the adaptation process to face the problems caused by the pandemic and related to the non-face-to-face education through an example in a case study, particularly in the subject called Fluid-Mechanics Engineering. This subject is taught in the third year of the mechanical engineering degree at the Universitat Politècnica de Valencia (Campus of Alcoy). The students enrolled in this subject followed two different teaching procedures and the present research shows how the planning of the subject was adapted when the pandemic situation arose, the different activities developed to adjust to this new context as well as the perception of the students about such an adaptation through the development of an online survey.

[ES] Amb aquest treball es pretén fer una anàlisi de viabilitat d'una xarxa d'abastiment d'aigua potable per al municipi de Massanassa, un municipi al sud de València de 9500 habitants. L'anàlisi ve motivat per fer un ús diferenciat de dos tipus d'aigües amb què compta el municipi. En l'actualitat, el municipi obté el seu abastiment de dos fonts: un aqüífer i la depuradora de Picassent. L'aigua de l'aqüífer presenta uns nivells de nitrats i nitrits que no la fan apta per al seu ús. Aquesta aigua és tractada i posteriorment mesclada amb l'aigua provinent de la depuradora de Picassent, que l'Ajuntament compra a l'EMSHI. L'aspecte diferencial de la proposta radica en no fer aquesta mescla i que cadascuna d'aquestes aigües s'utilitze per a usos distints, circulant per xarxes independents, però que discorren de manera paral·lela i és un projecte que l'Ajuntament de Massanassa, entitat encarregada del subministrament d'aigua, es planteja des de fa temps. Per tal de modelar la xarxa s'utilitzaran plànols d'Autocad, les dades d'abastiment, així com altra informació complementària per definir els diferents paràmetres del model. La informació ha sigut subministrada per l'Ajuntament de Massanassa. Amb tot, es traslladarà la informació dels plànols a un model d'EPANET i caracteritzarà cadascun dels seus diferents elements. Així, s'obtindrà un model on estudiar els diferents paràmetres com cabals en els punts de consum, pèrdues de càrrega i pressions de servei, amb la fi de comprovar la viabilitat d'una xarxa com la que es proposa. Per acabar, es compararà la viabilitat econòmica del projecte, la seva instal·lació i posada en funcionament, comparant-la amb el sistema actual. D'aquesta manera, s'obtindrà una idea aproximada que permetrà a l'Ajuntament prendre una decisió respecte a l'execució o no del projecte, tot i tenint en compte altre tipus de consideracions i motivacions més enllà de l'econòmica, com l'augment del consum de l'aigua embotellada si no es prenen mesures com aq, [EN] The aim of this work is to make a feasibility analysis of a drinking water supply network for the municipality of Massanassa, a municipality south of Valencia with 9500 inhabitants. The analysis is motivated by making a differentiated use of two types of water available to the municipality. At present, the municipality obtains its water supply from two sources: an aquifer and the Picassent water treatment plant. The water from the aquifer has levels of nitrates and nitrites that make it unfit for use. This water is then treated and mixed with water from the Picassent treatment plant, which the city council buys from EMSHI. The differential aspect of the proposal lies in not making this mixture and that each of these waters is used for different uses, circulating through separate networks, but running in parallel and is a project that the City Council of Massanassa, the entity responsible for water supply, has been considering for some time. In order to model the network, AutoCAD plans, supply data and other complementary information will be used to define different parameters of the model. The information has been provided by the Massanassa City Council. The information from the plans will be transferred to an EPANET model and each of its different elements will be characterized. Thus, a model will be obtained with which to study different parameters such as flow at the points of consumption, head losses and service pressures, in order to check the feasibility of a network such as the one proposed. Finally, the economic feasibility of the project, its installation and commissioning will be compared with the current system. In this way, an approximate idea will be obtained that will allow the City Council to make a decision regarding the execution or not of the project, as well as taking into account considerations and motivations beyond the economic one, such as the increase in the consumption of bottled water if measures are not taken to improve the organolept

[ES] El presente proyecto surge de la necesidad de reducir el volumen total de agua de la piscina del polideportivo municipal de la Urbanización Torre de Porta-Coeli, Serra (Valencia). En los últimos años el Ministerio de Sanidad ha informado a los municipios sobre la necesidad de renovar un 2% del llenado total para contribuir a una mejora de salubridad en términos químicos, porcentaje a purgar a diario en estación de verano (junio a septiembre inclusive). En este caso, al tratarse de un volumen de piscina muy elevado (cerca de 2 millones de litros), supone una pérdida diaria de alrededor de 40.000 litros. Es por ello que, para reutilizar este recurso y contribuir a preservar el medio ambiente, el cometido del TFG será actuar sobre las siguientes líneas: -Reducción del volumen del vaso principal (piscina) en un -40%. Equivalente a 1.2 millones de litros, mediante: a) La creación de un depósito de riego adyacente (este recibirá parte del contenido) mediante cimentación por muro de contención. b) Reducción del propio volumen de piscina para contribuir a la disminución del volumen que se debe disipar, además de adaptarla al número de vecinos. -Modificación de instalación hidráulica existente: la red de conexión con depósitos de bomba y filtrado actual se desplazará, y se añadirá la perteneciente al nuevo depósito de riego. Se derivará el 2% del agua desde la piscina al depósito y esta se tratará en la sala de máquinas existente, se conducirá mediante sistema de riego a las zonas verdes y ajardinadas traseras que rodea el recinto donde se ubica la piscina. El depósito dispondrá de una red general y sus derivaciones, para poder distribuirse en las zonas mencionadas. Respecto a la estructura del proyecto, la parte gráfica irá definida por: -Situación actual: Planos en planta y secciones de la piscina actual (AutoCad). -Propuesta de cambio: Propuesta en planos de planta, secciones y detalles constructivos (AutoCad) de división de la piscina para crear el depósito de riego, [EN] This Final Degree Project arises from the need to reduce water losses and maintenance costs that currently take place in the swimming pool of the municipal sports center of the Torre de Porta - Coeli Urbanization, (in the province of Valencia, municipality of Serra). That is why, the objective of the next project will be to carry out a reform of the basin seeking to reduce its capacity and introduce a method of using the water purged during the months of use of the pool. To do this, after analyzing the initial structure of this, a set of minor reforms will be carried out in the basin (modification of the height of the ground) in addition to the implementation of a retaining wall inside the basin itself with the corresponding readjustment of the current network so that it can continue to function normally after the relevant reforms. Thanks to the new wall and a slab used to stagnate the created chamber, this space will be used as an irrigation tank and with this the new corresponding network will be designed in such a way that the use of said tank will be allowed during the months of opening and use of the pool. Regarding the construction section, the CYPE Ingenieros computer software will be used to obtain a first corbel wall design that, later, will be verified that it meets the required specifications. Regarding the slab, a prefabricated one will be used. In relation to the design of the new hydraulic network, a series of modifications and implementations on the current network will be proposed to later simulate it using the EPANET computer program and guarantee its correct operation. To achieve all the aforementioned, compliance with the relevant regulations will be referred.

[EN] The present paper focuses on the selection of parameters that maximize electrical energy production of a horizontal axis wind turbine using Python programming language. The study takes as reference turbines of Villonaco wind field in Ecuador. For this aim, the Blade Element Momentum (BEM) theory was implemented, to define rotor geometry and power curve. Furthermore, wind speeds were analyzed using the Weibull probability distribution and the most probable speed was 10.50 m/s. The results were compared with mean annual energy production of a Villonaco’s wind turbine to validate the model. Turbine height, rated wind speed and rotor radius were the selected parameters to determine the influence in generated energy. Individual increment in rotor radius and rated wind speed cause a significant increase in energy produced. While the increment in turbine’s height reduces energy generated by 0.88%.

Tesis por compendio, [ES] La calidad del aire es un determinante de la salud y bienestar de las poblaciones; su mejora es parte de algunas metas de los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible (ODS) con la Agenda 2030. Al respecto, se han definido a nivel mundial protocolos, acuerdos, convenios y lineamientos de política para lograr avanzar en el cumplimiento de los ODS. Existen además reportes nacionales de avance en la implementación de metas específicas, según la agenda de cada país y en algunos casos en el ámbito de ciudad, cuyos indicadores pueden integrarse en las dimensiones más conocidas del desarrollo sostenible: la dimensión ambiental, la social y la económica. Existe información sobre el monitoreo del estado de la calidad de los recursos y de condiciones del territorio en diversos temas. Sin embargo, no en todos los territorios, en sus diferentes escalas espaciales, se realiza una continua evaluación de su desempeño sostenible y, además factores de deterioro ambiental como la contaminación del aire, son tratados como determinantes aislados con la generación de reportes de su comportamiento y el desarrollo de planes de monitoreo y de mitigación. Del mismo modo, para los diferentes temas que hacen parte de las dimensiones de la sostenibilidad, existen herramientas de modelación para evaluar el comportamiento de sus indicadores; sin embargo, no se cuenta con un instrumento que pronostique el nivel de avance en el desarrollo sostenible y además que identifique la influencia de la calidad del aire en su comportamiento. Las herramientas de aprendizaje automático pueden aportar en la respuesta a dicha situación, al ser instrumentos útiles en el pronóstico del comportamiento de un conjunto de datos. Por consiguiente, el objetivo central de este trabajo doctoral es establecer la incidencia de la calidad del aire sobre el desarrollo urbano sostenible, en sus dimensiones ambiental, social y económica, mediante el uso de herramientas de aprendizaje automático, como soporte para la toma de deci, [CA] La qualitat de l'aire és un determinant de la salut i benestar de les poblacions; la seua millora és part d'algunes metes dels objectius de desenvolupament sostenible (ODS) amb l'Agenda 2030. Sobre aquest tema, s'han definit a nivell mundial protocols, acords, convenis i alineaments de política per a aconseguir avançar en el compliment dels ODS. Existeixen reportes nacionals d'avanç sobre la implementació de metes específiques, segons l'agenda de cada país i en alguns casos en l'àmbit de ciutat, els indicadors de la qual poden integrar-se en les dimensions més conegudes del desenvolupament sostenible: la dimensió ambiental, la social i l'econòmica. Existeix informació sobre el monitoratge de l'estat de la qualitat dels recursos i de les condicions del territori en diversos temes. No obstant això, no en tots els territoris, en les seues diferents escales espacials, es realitza contínua avaluació del seu acompliment sostenible i, a més a més, factors de deterioració ambiental com la contaminació de l'aire, són tractats com a determinants aïllats amb la generació de reportes del seu comportament i el desenvolupament de plans de monitoratge i de mitigació. De la mateixa manera, per als diferents temes que fan part de les dimensions de la sostenibilitat, existeixen eines de modelatge per a avaluar el comportament dels seus indicadors; no obstant això, no es compta amb un instrument que pronostique el nivell d'avanç en el desenvolupament sostenible i a més que identifique la influència de la qualitat de l'aire en el seu comportament. Les eines d'aprenentatge automàtic poden aportar en la resposta a aquesta situació, en ser instruments útils en el pronòstic del comportament d'un conjunt de dades. Per consegüent, l'objectiu central d'aquest treball doctoral és establir la incidència de la qualitat de l'aire sobre el desenvolupament urbà sostenible, en les seues dimensions ambiental, social i econòmica, mitjançant l'ús d'eines d'aprenentatge automàtic, com a suport per, [EN] Air quality is a determinant to the health and well-being of populations; its improvement is part of some of the targets of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) with the 2030 Agenda. In this regard, protocols, agreements, pacts, and policy guidelines have been defined worldwide to progress in the SDGs' achievement. Additionally, there are national progress reports on reaching specific goals, based on each country's agenda. In certain cases, these include city-level reports, whose indicators, both at the national and city levels, can be integrated into the central and best-known dimensions of sustainable development, namely the environmental, social, and economic dimensions. There is information concerning the monitoring of the state of resource quality and territorial conditions in various areas. However, not all territories in their different spatial scales are continuously evaluated for their sustainable performance. Moreover, environmental deterioration factors such as air pollution are handled as isolated determinants with reports generated on their behavior, in addition to developing monitoring and mitigation plans. Likewise, there are modeling tools to evaluate the behavior of different components that are part of the dimensions of sustainability. However, there is no instrument that forecasts the level of progress in sustainable development that also identifies the influence of air quality on its behavior. Machine learning tools can contribute to responding to this situation, as they are able to predict the behavior of a data set. Therefore, the primary objective of this doctoral work is to establish the incidence of air quality on urban sustainable development, in its environmental, social, and economic dimensions, through the use of machine learning tools to support decision-making. This objective entails designing and implementing a methodology to identify the influence of air quality indicators on urban sustainable development. This doctoral thes

[EN] Thousands of deaths associated with air pollution each year could be prevented by forecasting the behavior of factors that pose risks to people's health and their geographical distribution. Proximity to pollution sources, degree of urbanization, and population density are some of the factors whose spatial distribution enables the identification of possible influence on the presence of respiratory diseases (RD). Currently, Bogota is among the cities with the poorest air quality in Latin America. Specifically, the locality of Kennedy is one of the zones in the city with the highest recorded concentration levels of local pollutants over the last 10 years. From 2009 to 2016, there were 8619 deaths associated with respiratory and cardiovascular diseases in the locality. Given these characteristics, this study set out to identify and analyze the areas in which the primary socioeconomic and environmental conditions contribute to the presence of symptoms associated with RD. To this end, information collected in field by performing georeferenced surveys was analyzed through geostatistical and machine learning tools which carried out cluster and pattern analyses. Random forests and AdaBoost were applied to establish hot spots where RD could occur, given the conjugation of predictor variables in the micro-territory. It was found that random forests outperformed AdaBoost with 0.63 AUC. In particular, this study's approach applies to densely populated municipalities with high levels of air pollution. In using these tools, municipalities can anticipate environmental health situations and reduce the cost of respiratory disease treatments.

[EN] Sustainability and efficiency in irrigation are essential in the management of the water- energy-food nexus to reach the Sustainable Development Goals in 2030. In irrigation systems, the reduction of energy consumption is required to improve the system efficiency and consequently the sustainability indicators of the water network. The use of pumps working as turbines (PATs) has been a feasible solution to recover the excess of energy where pressure reduction valves are installed. This research demonstrates the use of PATs under steady and unsteady conditions by analyzing the application in a real irrigation networks located in Vallada (Valencia, Spain). The study shows the possibility of recovering 44 MWh/year using PATs installed upstream of the irrigation hydrants. The real behavior of the PAT operation in a stand¿alone recovery energy solution allowed analysis of the flow, head and efficiency variation as a function of the rotational speed, as well as the minimum capacitance to self-excite the generator and the resistive load of the electrical circuit. The PAT limit is examined in terms of the overpressure induced by a fast closure manoeuvre of hydrants, and the runaway conditions due to the disconnection from the electrical load.

[EN] In the current world economic environment where reducing energy costs is a high priority, it is not surprising that sustainable water and energy management are key topics among the water and electric industry. Specifically, water suppliers, pump manufacturers, and operatives of small hydropower systems, all recognize that pumps working as turbines can be an efficient, simple, and economic approach to generating power and recover the excess of energy in water pressurized systems. In both, variable operating flow rate conditions (ex: presence of different water users) impose the need to augment the range of a proper pump as turbine system. One solution is to associate several pumps as turbines in series to increase the recovered energy. In that context, this work assesses their reliability at transient off-grid conditions by two pumps as turbines connected in series. Each one has an identical self-excited induction generator feeding a three-phase and balanced resistive load. Changes (increase/decrease in values) were applied to the resistive loads and the bank of capacitors at one group only, which allowed examining how changes affect the overall two-group system dynamics. Results show that one change in the first pump as turbine group will significantly affect the other group dynamics. For example, a decrease in load of the first group will affect the flow and head of the other system, until reaching a new equilibrium point. However, as both groups are not mechanically connected, they can achieve different equilibrium speeds. Furthermore, the highest impact occurred in the group where no changes were imposed. The first group maintained its global efficiency value, while the second had its efficiency decreased by about 8%. Similarly, an increase in the capacitance value caused a reduction in its efficiency (lesser but around 2%). Finally, a numerical model was developed and validated through experimental tests to be an applicable prediction model

[EN] The world is continuously searching for ways to improve how water is used for energy. As the population increases, so do the needs for natural resources and, in turn, the needs for energy. This research sought to show how the world has tried to achieve more sustainable forms of pressurized water distribution and to show the results that have been obtained. In this sense, technologies have been used for the production of clean energy, energy recovery instead of dissipation, reprogramming of pumping stations and hybrid systems. In many cases, much lower water and energy requirements are achieved and, in turn, greenhouse gas emissions related to water use are reduced. Sixty-one different water systems were analyzed considering different energy, economic and environmental indicators. The different operation range of these indicators were defined according to sustainable indicators.

[EN] The improvement in energy saving aspects in water systems is currently a topic of major interest. The utilization of pumps working as turbines is a relevant strategy in water distribution networks consisting of pressurized pipes, using these machines to recover energy, generate green energy and reduce leakages in water systems. The need to develop energy studies, prior to the installation of these facilities, requires the use of simulation tools. These tools should be able to define the operation curves of the machine as a function of the flow rate. This research proposes a new strategy to develop a mathematics model for pumps working as turbines (PATs), considering the modified affinity laws. This proposed model, which can be input into hydraulic simulation tools (e.g., Epanet, WaterGems), allows estimation of the head, efficiency, and power curves of the PATs when operating at different rotational speeds. The research used 87 different curves for 15 different machines to develop the new model. This model improves the results of the previously published models, reducing the error in the estimation of the height, efficiency, and power values. The proposed model reduced the errors by between 30 and 50% compared to the rest of the models.

[EN] There is an increasing interest to study the interactions between atmospheric electrical parameters and living organisms at multiple scales. So far, relatively few studies have been published that focus on possible biological effects of atmospheric electric and magnetic fields. To foster future work in this area of multidisciplinary research, here we present a glossary of relevant terms. Its main purpose is to facilitate the process of learning and communication among the different scientific disciplines working on this topic. While some definitions come from existing sources, other concepts have been re-defined to better reflect the existing and emerging scientific needs of this multidisciplinary and transdisciplinary area of research.

[EN] In upcoming years, water demand is expected to boost worldwide, and with that, wastewater generation and the required energy for treatment. Provided that efficiency measures should be implemented at first instance, developments of renewable energy technologies are needed to improve sustainability at wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Based on theoretical analyses of literature data, this article presents a novel perspective of the role that hydropower could play in that energy framework. This research applied a new approach compared to previous studies, considering the introduction of sustainability aspects in the decision-making process, other than economic feasibility. With that aim, a broad search of real case studies was conducted, and suitable Key Performance Indicators based on the energy self-sufficiency concept were selected and applied to the identified cases. The findings suggest that there is not a rule of thumb to determine feasibility for hydropower installation and this technology might deserve more attention. This new perspective can help to raise awareness among policy makers, decision managers, or plant operators, of the possibilities hydropower could offer to the wastewater industry in the pathway towards more sustainable systems.

[EN] The present research depicts an analysis of the implementation of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in the study of pumps such as turbines and PATs. To highlight the benefits of CFDs for PAT studies, results from both experimental tests have been compared to better understand the reproduction error phenomena. For this, data analysis used in successful models has been applied to determine variables and parameters, and to report a low relative error. The results show that most of the studies focused on fixed speed rotation with some cases of variable speed rotation. Furthermore, there is not enough information in the academic literature for PAT of axial and mixed flows with fixed and variable speed. Finally, turbulence models based on Reynolds average Navier-Stokes (RANS) have been used to simulate PATs with fixed speed rotation in most cases.

[EN] Hydropower is a well-known technology, applied worldwide for electricity generation from renewable sources. Within the current framework, some studies have started to consider its application to existing urban water systems, to harness an excess of energy that otherwise would be wasted. This research sought to determine a methodology to assess the potential of hydropower application to wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), regarding different aspects of sustainability. Firstly, previously developed methodologies for potential assessment in this sector at a country level were analyzed. Secondly, data from existing real case studies were gathered from publicly available documents and a theoretical analysis of their actual performance was conducted to validate assumptions made in the previous methodologies. As a result, the proposed new approach suggests adapting methodologies for potential assessment at a lower level, considering possible driving factors, other than economic feasibility. To define the study area, the management model scope should be considered. The power to determine the cut-off point for a WWTP to be considered as a potential site, is proposed to be lowered according to technical feasibility. Additionally, bearing in mind the sustainability concept, social or environmental factors should also be introduced in the methodology, tailored to the region being assessed. This novel perspective could provide a closer approach to the most likely decision-making level for these kinds of strategies in the wastewater industry.

[EN] The use of pumps working as turbines is a new solution, which has been recently analysed to improve the water management in the different water systems. The improvement of sustainability involved with this use should be considered in these networks, and it focuses on the reduction of the consumption energy as well as the reduction of leakages. Both variables have a great influence on the rest of economical, technical and environmental indicators of network behavior, becoming key in their improvement. In this line, the research develops a methodology, which includes the estimation of the leakages in the different junctions and pipes as a function of the injected and registered volume data in the water. The present methodology proposes different operation scenarios according to leakages and it develops a double optimization procedure to locate and select the best recovery machines considering different objective functions. The methodology is applied to a real case study, which has serial data of water registered volume since 2001. The research shows the leakages influence in the operation points as well as the recovered energy. Different sustainable indicators are analysed for the different scenarios according to optimized procedures: The IRLGP index was defined as the ratio between reduction of the leakage volume for each installed power and it reached the annual value of 11,280.8 m3/kW; The optimized procedure establishes the significance to consider the leakages when the hydraulic machines are selected. Their best efficiency points increase to 195% and 205% compared to the ideal scenario without leakages.

[EN] Water is one of the most valuable resources for humans. Worldwide, leakage levels in water distribution systems oscillate between 10% and 55%. This causes the need for constant repairs, economic losses, and risk to the health of users due to possible pathogenic intrusion. There are different methods for estimating the level of leakage in a network, depending on parameters such as service pressure, orifice size, age and pipe material. Sixty-two water distribution networks were analyzed to determine the leakage method used, the calibration method, and the percentage of existing leaks. Different efficiency indicators were proposed and evaluated using this database. Several cases of installation of pumps working as turbines (PATs) in water distribution networks were analyzed in which the use of these recovery systems caused a pressure drop, reducing the level of leaks and recovering energy.

[EN] New technologies for water pressurized systems try to implement the introduction of strategies for the improvement of the sustainable indicators. One of these technologies is the implementation of pumps working as turbines. The use of these recovery machines was proposed some years ago, and the interest in this technology has increased over the last years. The simulation of these machines is necessary when analyzing pressurized water systems, or when optimization procedures are proposed for their management, great care must be taken. In these cases, the knowledge of the operation curves is crucial to reach accurate results. This study proposes different regression expressions to define three operational curves when the machines operate under variable rotational speed. These curves are the best efficiency head, the best power-head and the best power flow. The here proposed methods were compared with other five published methods. The comparison shows the proposed method was the best when it is compared with the rest of the published procedures, reducing the error values between 8 and 20%.

Las redes de distribución de agua conllevan muchas implicaciones energéticas. Desde la captación, hasta los tratamientos, la distribución, el mantenimiento de los niveles de calidad de agua y los sistemas de monitorización, todas estas etapas consumen energía. Es más, esta energía debe asimismo ser disipada para poder controlar el caudal en las diferentes líneas y mantener una regulación adecuada. Por tanto, la energía se consume en las redes, pero también se capta de otros sistemas, tales como bombas o depósitos de cabecera. En el presente objeto de aprendizaje se analizan en qué situaciones de funcionamiento de las redes de distribución de agua es conveniente utilizar bombas en modo turbina como sustitutivos de válvulas o en situaciones en las que hay presión excesiva.

El objeto de aprendizaje obtiene la ecuación de momento cinético y muestra sus aplicaciones

El objeto de aprendizaje aborda el estudio de las pérdidas de carga, mostrando los tipos de pérdidas de carga existentes. Muestra los tipos de carga y que forma de calcular por fricción, así como las pérdidas singulares.

La caracterización de una máquina hidráulica se realiza a través de sus curvas motrices: representaciones en el plano Altura/Caudal; Rendimiento/Caudal y Potencia/Caudal. En ese sentido, el funcionamiento de las bombas funcionando como turbinas no es ajeno a esta caracterización que tiene que ser propuesta de este modo para conocer el funcionamiento de la máquina y poder seleccionarla correctamente. El presente objeto de aprendizaje describe las principales particularidades de las curvas de funcionamiento de las bombas operando como turbinas y su caracterización a través de sus ecuaciones fundamentales.

Las bombas funcionando como turbinas se instalan en las redes con objeto de recuperar energía para que el conjunto del sistema sea más eficiente. Esto se consigue en la mayoría de los casos, sustituyendo una válvula que permite la regulación del sistema con control sobre la presión o sobre el caudal. Cuando esta sustitución se propone, deberá ser la bomba funcionando como turbina la que realice las funciones de regulación, haciendo que el sistema se adecúe a las condiciones de presión y caudal que se requieren aguas abajo del sistema. El objetivo del presente objeto de aprendizaje es proponer los principios de regulación de este tipo de máquinas actuando sobre la curva motriz o resistente de la instalación.

La monitorización de la calidad del aire es necesaria en una gran diversidad de contextos relacionados con la dispersión de contaminantes y la contaminación atmosférica. Esta monitorización debe hacerse a través del registro de mediciones con la instrumentación de las estaciones meteorológicas y el posterior tratamiento de los datos y publicación de los mismos. En el presente objeto se introduce la importancia de las redes de monitorización de la calidad del aire en el marco de la legislación, cumplimiento de niveles máximos, seguimiento de concentraciones de un foco concreto, calibración de modelos y otros aspectos para los que es fundamental este tipo de redes de datos.

El funcionamiento de las bombas en modo turbina conlleva grandes implicaciones energéticas. El hecho de instalar una máquina que ha sido pensada para producir energía hidráulica en modo inverso, produciendo la misma, comporta que la máquina tenga unos rendimientos diferentes y la potencia que es absorbida en modo bomba, sea generada en modo turbina. El objetivo de este objeto de aprendizaje es presentar estos conceptos, identificando energías, potencias y rendimientos en ambos modos, para distinguir su uso y aplicación en las redes de distribución de agua.

Los sistemas de distribución de agua potable tienen por objetivo llevar el agua a los puntos de consumo en unas condiciones de presión, cantidad y calidad suficientes para el consumo humando. En este sentido, los modelos de redes son excelentes instrumentos para la toma de decisiones, pues permiten realizar, a través de la modelación matemática, simulaciones sobre las situaciones de calidad en términos de concentración de cloro como desinfectante o de tiempos de residencia en las redes como indicador de la presencia de diferentes compuestos. El presente objeto de aprendizaje tiene como objetivo la descripción de los principios fundamentales de este tipo de modelos matemáticos de calidad de aguas de consumo.

El objeto de aprendizaje muestra la obtención de la ecuación de conservación de cantidad de movimiento a partir del teorema de arrastre de Reynolds, mostrando su aplicación en sistemas inerciales fijos, móviles y no inerciales

Las bombas funcionando como turbinas (PAT por sus siglas en inglés: Pumps as Turbines) son una alternativa viable para la recuperación energética en las redes. Cuando se dispone de líneas en las que la presión es superior a la que se necesita en los nudos de consumo, existe la alternativa de hacer bajar la presión a través de válvulas, o instalar máquinas para la recuperación energética. Debido a su gran disponibilidad y variedad de puntos de funcionamiento, las bombas funcionando como turbinas son una estrategia plausible para estos propósitos, siempre que se instalen en un punto de funcionamiento adecuado. El presente objeto presenta este tipo de máquinas y las particularidades de su operación en las redes de distribución de agua.

Las redes de distribución de agua son sistemas urbanos cuyo cometido es la distribución de agua potable al conjunto de la población en condiciones de presión, caudal y calidad aceptables. Para ello se requiere que la presión en cabecera de la red sea mucho mayor que las presiones de consumo, con lo que en algunos puntos nos encontramos con exceso de presión. Las bombas funcionando como turbinas se convierten entonces en una alternativa viable tecnológicamente para la recuperación energética. En el presente objeto de aprendizaje se justifica la necesidad de un lado y la viabilidad de otro, de la utilización de bombas funcionando como turbinas como alternativa de recuperación de esta energía, al recuperar la presión que tiene que ser bajada por medio de turbinas, en vez de por medio de valvulería.

El polimedia enumera la ecuación de conservación de la masa aplicada a un depósito presurizados con un fluido compresible y otro incompresible, aplicandola a un caso de estudio.

El contenido del polimedia enumera la ecuación de Euler y Bernoulli aplicadas a fluidos

El polimedia tiene por resultado de aprendizaje enumerar la ecuación de conservación de la masa aplicada a depósitos atmosféricos así como el desarrollo de un caso de estudio

El presente polimedia tiene por objetivo definir la ecuación de conservación de la energía aplicada a un volumen de control.

El polimedia tiene por resultado de aprendizaje enumerar la ecuación de conservación de la masa aplicada a depósitos presurizados así como el desarrollo de un caso de estudio.

El polimedia tiene por resultado de aprendizaje obtener la ecuación de Bernouilli a partir de la ecuación generalizada de la energía

El polimedia enumera la ecuación de conservación general de la masa a partir del Teorema de Arrastre de Reynolds, para poder ser aplicada a casos particulares

El polimedia tiene como resultado de aprendizaje enumerar las ecuación de conservación de masa aplicada a conducciones así como aplicarlas a un caso de estudio.

There has been a constant advance of the labour markets and permanent reorientation towards digital Industry 4.0. Yet, the environments for learning remain unchallenged when it comes to the provision of new professionals across the globe. Therefore, this has created a gap in transversal competences, which has compelled students of higher learning institutions to pursue them. The majority of higher learning institutions have emphasised transversal skills among learners and developed curriculums to accomplish these demands. The primary focus of the study was to attain integration and fusion of transversal skills into the development of specialised curriculum training for foreign language proficiency. The study applied mixed methodology techniques, which combined qualitative and quantitative methods in the study. To guarantee cohesion of the study, four research and monitoring techniques such as course dossiers, needs analysis, task-based activities and adapted competences scales were used. The outcome of the research shows findings provided by the piloting stage of the teaching experience and emphasises the need for student-based skill training.