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Dosages for myelography procedures in dogs are based on a hypothetical proportional relationship between bodyweight and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volume. Anecdotal radiographic evidence and recent studies have challenged the existence of such a defined relationship in dogs. The objectives of this prospective cross-sectional study were to describe CSF volumes using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in a group of clinically healthy dogs, measure the accuracy of MRI CSF volumes, and compare MRI CSF volumes with dog physical measurements. A sampling perfection with application optimized contrast using different flip-angle evolution MRI examination of the central nervous system was carried out on 12 healthy, male mongrel dogs, aged between 3 and 5 years with a bodyweight range of 7.5-35.0 kg. The images were processed with image analysis freeware (3D Slicer) in order to calculate the volume of extracranial CSF. Cylindrical phantoms of known volume were included in scans and used to calculate accuracy of MRI volume estimates. The accuracy of MRI volume estimates was 99.8%. Extracranial compartment CSF volumes ranged from 20.21 to 44.06 ml. Overall volume of the extracranial CSF increased linearly with bodyweight, but the proportional volume (ml/bodyweight kilograms) of the extracranial CSF was inversely proportional to bodyweight. Relative ratios of volumes in the cervical, thoracic, and lumbosacral regions were constant. Findings indicated that the current standard method of using body weight to calculate dosages of myelographic contrast agents in dogs may need to be revised.

This study aims to analyse the spatial features of Hungarian mergers and acquisitions (abbrev. M&A). 730 M&A transactions were investigated, i.e. those which required permission from the Hungarian Competition Authority. A permit is required for M&A if net sales of the companies concerned were over HUF 15 thousand million and there are a minimum two of the companies concerned whose net sales amounted to more than HUF 500 million in the previous business year. The investigation refers to a period from 1997 until the end of 2013, because one can find the relevant decisions on the homepage of the Hungarian Competition Authority only for this period. In the analysis not only the spatial characteristics of M&A deals are examined, but also the sectoral and financial (acquired shares) features. The connection between the different features is also analysed using statistical investigations (e.g. cross-table analysis). The study has three sections. The first part is a literature review, in which spatial characteristics of M&A are overviewed. In the second part of the study, the method applied in the examinations and the results are presented, which are then summarised. In the third part, the results are compared to the period of 1990–1997, and the M&A tendencies of neighbouring countries are described. Hungary was a preferred acquisition target in the period examined: More than 70% of the acquirers were foreign companies. The headquarters of more than 80% of foreign acquirers can be found in a country of the European Union. The acquiring firms bought an average of 81% of the shares in the target companies. On the basis of the statistical results, the conclusion is that the spatial features (headquarters of acquirers and the regional distribution of foreign subsidiaries) had no effect on the acquired share in the target company. An examination of the sector features showed these results. The manufacturing industry has the biggest share (24%), which is followed by the commerce and logistics sector (17%). In the manufacturing sector, most of the acquirers came from Benelux countries, Germany and Italy. Germany (30%) and France (16%) have the biggest share in the commercial sector. Austrian companies carried out the majority of M&A transactions in the finance and real estate sector. The regional distribution of M&A deals intensified the spatial inequalities in Hungary: In 71% of the cases the headquarters of investor companies can be found in Budapest, which is in the Central Hungary Region, where the German subsidiaries acquired the most target companies. The results are representative concerning the fusions which require approval on the basis of threshold values as set by the Hungarian Competition Authority. The features of the investigated M&A transactions show similarities – both from spatial aspects (regions and the place of the headquarters of acquirer companies) and from sectoral aspects – to the features of Hungarian privatisations.

The Budapest Neutron Centre (BNC) is a consortium of institutes to co-ordinate research activities carried out at the Budapest Research Reactor. It hosts two neutron imaging facilities (RAD and NORMA) operated by the Centre for Energy Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and offers access to this scientific infrastructure for the domestic and international users. The radiography station (RAD) at the thermal neutron beamline of the reactor gives a possibility to study relatively large objects by thermal neutron-, gamma- and X-ray radiography, and to benefit from the complementary features of the different radiations. RAD is being extended in 2014 with digital imaging and tomographic capabilities. The image detection is based on suitable converter screens. The static radiography and tomography images are acquired by a new, large area sCMOS camera, whereas the dynamic radiography is accomplished by a low-light-level TV camera and a frame grabber card. The NORMA facility is designed to perform neutron radiography and tomography on small samples using guided cold neutrons. Here two non-destructive techniques are coupled to determine the chemical composition and to visualize the internal structure of heterogeneous objects. The position-sensitive element analysis with prompt-gamma activation analysis (PGAA) and the imaging with neutron radiography/tomography (NR/NT) are integrated into a unique facility called NIPS-NORMA. The goal of such a combination of these methods is to save substantial beam time in the so-called NR/NT-driven PGAI (Prompt Gamma Activation Imaging) mode, in which the interesting regions are first visualized and located, and subsequently the time-consuming prompt-gamma measurements are made only where it is really needed. The paper will give an overview about the technical details of the facilities, and the latest results of selected applications from the fields of archaeometry, engineering and material science.

KA

The noise energy versus strain functions, obtained from bending deformation induced magnetic noises, are different for different twin structures of Ni 2 MnGa single crystals and have two characteristically different stages: unipolar magnetic signals, reflecting the elastic strain induced rearrangement of magnetic domains, as well as bipolar signals, belonging to rearrangements of the martensite variant structure. The critical exponents of the probability density functions of energy and amplitude were larger for samples with highly mobile twin II boundaries than for the other two samples in the bipolar regime. The noise energy is considerably smaller for the motion of twin II boundaries.

Jerky character of austenite/martensite transformation has been investigated in NiFeGaCo shape memory single crystalline samples simultaneously by Differential Scanning Calorimeter, DSC, and by Acoustic-Emission, AE. Statistical analysis of the noise signals resulted in the same energy exponents, e , about 1.7 ± 0.1 for heating, as well as 2.0 ± 0.1 for cooling, from both acoustic emission and thermal signals at low cooling rates (dT/dt = 0.1 K/min). The exponents of peak amplitudes of AE signals are α = 2.5 ± 0.1 and 2.9 ± 0.1 for heating and cooling, respectively. The obtained exponents fulfill the scaling rule ( α −1)/( e −1) = z with z = 2. Optical observation of the transformation confirmed that it takes place by single interface motion, i.e. the jerky character is the result of the stop-and-go type motion of this interface.

Az agy-gerincvelői folyadék vizsgálatának (liquor cerebrospinalis, cerebrospinal fluid – CSF) kutyában is nagy klinikai szerepe van különböző diagnosztikai eljárásokban és betegségekben, például a gerincfestés (myelographia) során és a vízfejűségben (hydrocephalus). Ennek ellenére az összesített térfogatáról nagyon keveset tudunk, az irodalomban csupán becslések kerültek közzétételre. A klinikumban alkalmazott eljárásokban, így a különböző, a CSF-be juttatandó anyagok dózisának meghatározásakor is, egyenes arányossági kapcsolatot feltételeznek a CSF térfogata és a testméretek között, annak ellenére, hogy jelentős klinikai tapasztalat kérdőjelezi meg ezt a megközelítést. Ennek nyomán több olyan tanulmány is megjelent, amely a subarachnoidealis (SA) térbe juttatott kontrasztanyag vagy gyógyszer mennyiségében a testtömeg függvényében felső határt jelöl meg, vagy nem egyenes arányú alapokra helyezi az adagolást. Az ezen eredmények hátterében lévő valódi anatómiai ok: az SA tér és a CSF térfogat változásának mértéke a testméretek függvényében mindeddig nem került meghatározásra, mivel nem állt rendelkezésre az ezek mérésére szolgáló, megbízható és a gyakorlati körülmények között csoportosan végezhető eljárás.

The objective of ArchaeoGates project is to identify the cultural sites submerged under the Danube, to collect and process the data to develop a database (Danube River Submerged Heritage D.A.R.S.H.), with the possibility to extend it to include other river basins and/or lakes. The equipment used in the implementation of the project are side-scan sonar, seismic radar, scuba diver recognitions. For a tangible perception of the discovered cultural patrimony on the bottom of the river, 3D models and projections will be created: these reconstructions of the submerged sites will add an immeasurable value to the area and to the whole Danube Region. The case study is focusing on the Iron Gates area. The recovery of previously unexplored submerged cultural heritage will foster knowledge on cultural heritage and history of Europe, with the goal of preserving and promoting the value of the sites on local, regional, national and international level.

The article, at first, focuses on the newly developed method for grinding of hard and brittle materials, called ELID (electrolytic in- process dressing). The secondary objective is the presentation of the Expert System (ES). ES is based on a Question-Answer format in which the system prompts the user to a series of questions about the material to be machined, manufacturing(grinding) methods, required surface roughness, etc. The answers given by the user identify a situation, and this situation will conduct to an action, finally the system offering the solution for grinding method, processing parameters, etc. The real-time measurement of key grinding process parameters as grinding forces (x, y, and z components) may be collected, displayed, stored and analysed using a PC and specialised Lab View programs.

It is shown that during periodic deformation of martensitic Ni2MnGa single crystalline alloy jerky magnetic noises are emitted. Above a threshold limit in the deformation amplitude, the noise energy per deformation cycle showed increasing tendency with increasing deformation. Energy and amplitude probability distributions of the noise were characterized by power law functions. The energy exponents were independent of the deformation amplitude in the investigated range. The decrease of the noise energy as well as power exponents with increasing magnetic field was interpreted by the decrease of the multiplicity of the martensite variants.