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Pri gradnji hlevov za govedo je vedno več poudarka na zdravju, udobju in dobrem počutju živali. Upoštevati moramo zoo-higienske normative in živalim omogočiti njihovo naravno vedenje. V prvem delu diplomske naloge smo preučili različne sisteme uhlevitve krav molznic in se seznanili s sodobnimi sistemi molzišč. Preučili smo funkcionalne elemente, ki jih sodoben hlev s prosto rejo govedi mora vključevati. V drugem delu naloge predstavljamo trenutno stanje na družinski kmetiji Bebar. Na kmetiji se ukvarjajo s prirejo mleka in vzrejo govejih pitancev. Stalež živali na kmetiji se giblje okoli 90 glav. Reja krav molznic poteka v zastarelem hlevu na vezano rejo. Pripravili smo idejni načrt rekonstrukcije hleva, ki bo živalim predstavljal večje udobje, hkrati pa zmanjšal ročno delo ljudi. Predlog je, da se obstoječemu hlevu dozida prizidek, v katerem bo 40 globokih ležalnih boksov za krave molznice in molzišče ribja kost 2 x 3. Tla hleva bodo betonska in se bodo čistila z mehanskimi pehali. V novem hlevu bo krmilna miza, porodnišnica in prostor za bolne živali ter boksi za mlado živino. Novorojena teleta bodo nameščena v individualnih boksih zunaj hleva. V nalogi je poleg hleva za krave molznice, podan tudi predlog uhlevitve mlade živine. Building cattle barns nowadays focuses more and more on health, comfort and well-being of the animals. Since we need to take the zoo-hygienic norms into consideration and enable the animals to express their natural behaviour. In the first part of diploma thesis we studied various housing systems for dairy cattle and got familiar with modern milking systems. We studied the functional elements, which need to be included in a modern free barn for the cattle. In the second part of this thesis I present the current state on the family farm Bebar. The main focus of the farm is milk production and fattening of bulls. On the farm we have always around 90 cattle. The rearing of dairy cows is currently happening in the old barn, with a tied-in housing system. We prepared a design for the reconstruction of the barn, which will raise the well-being and comfort of the animals while simultaneously lowering the amount of labour needed for maintenance. The proposal is to build an extension to the existing barn, with 40 deep lying cubicles for dairy cows, as well as a fishbone milking station 2x3. The floor of the barn will be concrete, which will enable us to clean it with mechanical manure pushers. The new part of the barn will hold the feeding area, calving area as well as a separate room for sick animals as well as cubicles for young cattle. New-born calves will be accommodated in separate cubicles outside of the barn. The thesis consists of the dairy barn design as well as the proposal of the young cattle enclosures.

Reja krav molznic je postala vse bolj specializirana. V odnosu do tega žal premalo pozornosti namenjamo vzreji telet. Predvsem na področju kakovosti mleziva v Sloveniji nismo naredili veliko raziskav. Cilj naloge je bil analizirati mlezivo z dveh slovenskih kmetij, kjer se ukvarjajo s prirejo mleka. Analizirali smo kemijsko sestavo mleziva (suha snov, maščobe, imunoglobuline, skupno število somatskih celic,…). Proučili smo tudi vpliv sezone na kakovost mleziva. Vzorce mleziva, zbrane v poletnih mesecih, smo primerjali z vzorci mleziva odvzetih v zimskih mesecih. Dobljene rezultate smo primerjali z rezultati, ki jih navaja literatura in izdelali priporočila za vzrejo telet. Skupno smo zbrali 137 vzorcev od 20 krav rjave pasme, ki smo jih jemali prvih pet dni po telitvi. V povprečju je bilo v mlezivu, zbranem v sedmih zaporednih molžah, 6,43 ± 3,40 % beljakovin od tega 4,77 ± 2,36 % kazeina. V mlezivu je bilo 4,90 ± 1,88 %, maščob in 3,63 ± 0,71 % laktoze. Povprečna vsebnost suhe snovi v analiziranih vzorcih je bila 16,14 ± 4,11 %. Gostota mleziva se je gibala med 1,017 do 1,052 g/cm3. Največjo variabilnost smo ugotovili pri zaščitnih snoveh v mlezivu: pri imunoglobulinih, lizocimu, laktoferinu, alfa laktoglobulinu in beta laktoglobulinu (KV > 60 %), saj se njihove koncentracije najhitreje zmanjšujejo z zaporedno molžo po telitvi. Naši rezultati se niso bistveno razlikovali od rezultatov drugih avtorjev. Samo pri koncentraciji imunoglobulinov smo ugotovili precejšna odstopanja od navedb v literaturi, saj smo izmerili 14,26 g imunoglubulinov g/l, medtem ko v literaturi navajajo, da mora kakovostno mlezivo vsebovati najmanj 50 g imunoglobulinov/l. Razlog za tako odstopanje sicer ni znan, vendar pa menimo, da je do takih odstopanj prišlo zaradi napak pri zamrzovanju, shranjevanju in pripravi vzorcev mleziva. Rearing of dairy cows has become increasingly specialized. Unfortunately, less emphasis was put on calf rearing. There has not been much research done on the quality of colostrum in Slovenia. The aim of this thesis was to analyse colostrum from two Slovenian dairy farms. We analysed the chemical composition of the colostrum (dry matter, fats, immunoglobulin, somatic cell counts, etc.). We also studied how the seasons affected the colostrum quality. Colostrum samples collected in summer months were compared to those collected in winter months. The obtained results were then compared to those stated in the literature. Based on this comparison and our own results we made recommendations for raising calves. In total, 137 samples from 20 cows Brown breed were collected in the first five days after calving. On average, the colostrum (collected in seven consecutive milking’s) contained 6.43 ± 3.40 % proteins, of which 4.77 ± 2.36 % was casein. Colostrum contained on average 4.90 ± 1.88 % fats and 3.63 ± 0.71 % lactose. The average content of dry matter in the analysed samples was 16.14 ± 4.11 %. The density of colostrum ranged from 1.017 to 1.052 g/cm3. The highest variability was found in the protective components of colostrum: immunoglobulins, lysosomes, lactoferin, alpha-lactoglobulin, and beta-lactoglobulin (CV > 60 %), as their concentrations decrease in a higher rate after calving. Our results did not significantly differ from those found in that published in the literature. The concentration of immunoglobulins was the only one that showed significant deviations from the literature: we measured 14.26 g immunoglobulins g/l, while the literature stated that quality colostrum must contain at least 50 g immunoglobulins/l. The reason for such deviations is not known however, we conclude, they happened due to mistakes in the collecting samples, storage of colostrum and preparing samples for analysis.

Na osnovi poglobljenega pregleda literature ugotavljamo, da je potrebno pri načrtovanju hleva za krave molznice upoštevati vidik živali, rejca in okolja. Na kmetiji Cveček (po domače Lacnej) se ukvarjamo s tržno prirejo mleka. Redimo krave črno-bele in lisaste pasme. Trenutno se soočamo s problemom prenaseljenosti živali v obstoječem hlevu. V okviru zmožnosti kmetije in dosedanjih izkušenj s prosto rejo na ležalne bokse, smo se odločili za gradnjo novega hleva za krave molznice na prosto rejo z ležalnimi boksi, s tem, da bomo uvedli sistem avtomatizirane molže (2 molzna robota), kar nam bo omogočilo več časa za oskrbo in nadzor živali. Separacijski boks bo omogočal tudi individualni pristop. Z novim hlevom bomo na kmetiji dosegali boljše reprodukcijske rezultate (manj tihih pojatev, krajša doba med telitvama, …), večjo prirejo kakovostnega mleka kot rezultat več prostora, daljšega zauživanja krme, večjega udobja pri počivanju in manj izločitev (manj poškodb, manj presnovnih motenj, večja higiena, …). Vse to se bo odrazilo v boljših ekonomskih rezultatih kmetije. Po preselitvi krav v novo zgrajeni hlev, bomo obstoječi hlev za krave molznice preuredili v hlev za mlado živino in posebej uredili tudi prostor za teleta. Based on an in-depth literature review, B. Sc. Thesis argues that aspects of animals, breeders, and the environment must be taken into account when planning a new barn for dairy cows. At the farm Cvecek (locally known as Lacnej) we are engaged in the market production of milk. We breed Holstein and Simmental cows. We are currently facing the problem of overcrowding of animals in the existing barn. Within the capabilities of the farm and previous experience with free-barn with cubicles, we decided to build a new freewalk barn for dairy cows with cubicles, by introducing an automated milking system (AMS). This will include 2 milking robots, which will allow us more time for animal care and monitoring of cows. Separation boxing will also allow for an individual approach. With the new barn we will achieve better reproductive results on the farm (less cows with silent heat, the shorter calving interval,…), higher production of quality milk as a result of more space, longer feed consumption, greater comfort at rest, and less excretion (less damage, less metabolic disorders, better hygiene…). All these issues will result in better economic results of the farm. After moving the cows to the newly built barn, we will convert the existing barn for dairy cows into a barn for heifers and also arrange a separate space for calves.

Na kmetijah, ki se ukvarjajo s tržno prirejo mleka, je zagotavljanje dobrega počutja in ustreznega zdravja krav molznic ključnega pomena za uspešno prirejo mleka. Zaradi velikih dnevnih nihanj temperature in vlage ter hitrih vremenskih sprememb, je živalim težko zagotoviti primerno mikroklimo v hlevu. Poleg vremenskih dejavnikov velik problem predstavljajo stari in prenatrpani hlevi za krave molznice. Zato so živali v takih pogojih še toliko bolj izpostavljene neugodni mikroklimi hleva in pojavnosti vročinskega stresa poleti, ki imajo za posledico manjšo mlečnost, slabšo vsebnost mleka, veliko slabšo koncepcijo ob osemenitvi, slabše počutje in zdravje živali. Vse to vodi v ekonomske izgube na kmetiji. V okviru mednarodnega projekta FreeWalk smo na kmetiji Zore v obdobju od leta 2018 do 2020, enkrat mesečno na 9 mestih v hlevu spremljali temperaturo zraka, relativno zračno vlago in hitrost pretoka zraka ter temperaturno vlažnostni indeks (THI). Poleg omenjenih meritev smo v hlevu z datalogerjem beležili temperaturo in vlago s polurnimi zamiki. S pomočjo rezultatov kontrole produktivnosti smo spremljali količino in vsebnosti v mleku v povezavi s parametri mikroklime hleva. Ugotovili smo, da se pri vrednosti THI nad 72, zmanjšajo predvsem vsebnosti maščob in beljakovin v mleku. On dairy farms, ensuring the well-being and proper health of dairy cows is crucial for successful milk production. Due to large daily fluctuations in temperature and humidity and rapid weather changes, it is difficult to provide animals with a suitable microclimate in the barn. In addition to weather factors, big problem for dairy cows are old and overcrowded stables. Therefore, animals in such conditions are even more exposed to the unfavourable microclimate of the barn and the occurrence of heat stress in summer, which results in lower milk yield, poorer milk content, much poorer conception at insemination, poorer animal welfare and health. All this leads to economic losses on the farm. As part of the international FreeWalk project, we monitored air temperature, relative humidity and air flow rate, and the temperature humidity index (THI) at 9 places in the barn of dairy cows at the farm Zore in the period from 2018 to 2020. In addition to the mentioned measurements, temperature and humidity were recorded in the barn with a data logger with half-hour intervals. Using the results of milk recording, we monitored the milk yield and milk content of dairy cows in relation to the microclimate parameters of the barn. We found that when the THI value is above 72, the fat and protein content in milk decreases.

V sklopu diplomske naloge smo na osnovi poglobljenega študija literature preučili sisteme rej goveda, normative za novogradnjo hleva in elemente, ki so potrebni za zagotavljanje dobrega počutja in zdravja živali. V drugem delu naloge smo pripravili načrt hleva za goveje pitance na kmetiji Razboršek. Družinska kmetija Razboršek leži na nadmorski višini 660 m, spada med manjše kmetije. Hlev za govedo, ki ga imamo trenutno v uporabi ni več primeren za nadaljnjo uporabo. Zato smo se odločili, da zgradimo nov hlev za bike pitance na novi lokaciji. Naredili smo načrt za novogradnjo hleva na podlagi pregleda literature in primerov dobrih praks v soseščini. V diplomski nalogi je prikazan tloris hleva za goveje pitance. 3D prikaz novega hleva smo naredili s programom SketchUp. V novem hlevu na prosto rejo bo prostora za 16 živali. S prosto rejo bomo poskrbeli za boljše počutje in boljše zdravstveno stanje živali. Krmljenje bo potekalo na krmilni mizi. Gnojevka bo skladiščena v gnojni jami pod rešetkami. Hlev bo enostaven, zgrajen iz lesa, za zaščito proti vetru bomo uporabili protivetrne mreže. Čeprav je čreda zelo majhna, je novogradnja na naši kmetiji pomembna, saj si bomo s tem olajšali delo, živalim pa bomo omogočili boljše pogoje reje. On the base of study of literature, we examined rearing systems of cattle, norms for the new construction of barns and elements necessary to ensure animal welfare and animal health. In the second part of the thesis, we prepared a design for a barn for fattening bulls on the farm Razboršek. The family farm Razboršek is located at an altitude of 660 m, and is considered as a small farm. The cattle barn we currently have in use is no longer suitable for further use, so we decided to build a new barn for fattening bulls on new location. We made a design for the new construction of the barn based on a review of the literature and examples of good practices in the neighbourhood. In this thesis the ground plan of the barn for fattening bulls is presented. A 3D view of the new barn was made with the Sketch Up software. In the new barn we will have space for 16 animals. Fattening bulls will have free access to feeding alley. The manure will be stored in a manure pit under the grates. With free barn we will contribute to the better health and well-being of the animals. The barn will be very simple, built mostly from the wood and we will use wind nets to protect against the wind. Although the herd is very small, the new construction on our farm is of great importance, as it will make our work easier and provide better conditions for the rearing of animals on our farm.

Na osnovi analize tehničnih karakteristik, programske opreme in podatkov, ki jih molzni roboti nudijo rejcem za namen učinkovitejšega managementa njihovih čred, ugotavljamo, da so med posameznemi molznimi roboti precejšne razlike. Molzni roboti rejcem dajejo različne podatke, ki jih merijo na različne načine. Med seboj se razlikujejo predvsem v podajanju informacij s transponderjev/pedometrov, ki merijo čas prežvekovanja, robot z različnimi moduli omogoča tehtanje krav, preglede brejosti, spremlja vsebnosti mleka. Pri vseh pa je možno meriti aktivnost krav s transponderji/pedometri, z drugimi moduli pa meriti električno prevodnost in barvo mleka ter število somatskih celic v mleku. Molzni roboti se predvsem razlikujejo po njihovi programski opremi. Nekateri imajo hitro pregledne, dostopne in uporabniku prijazne informacije v slovenščini, za nekatere si je potrebno vzeti več časa ali so v tujem jeziku. Zelo pomembno je, da si kmet vsakodnevno vzame čas za pregled podatkov, ki mu jih nudi molzni robot in da ustrezno ukrepa. Ker smo želeli ugotoviti razlike med posameznimi tipi molznih robotov in kaj je bil motiv za izbiro določenega tipa molznega robota, smo opravili poglobljene intervjuje z nekaterimi rejci, saj nas je zanimalo njihovo mnenje o molznih robotih in programski opremi, ki jo določen molzni robot nudi. Na osnovi intervjujev s 5 rejci 4 različnih molznih robotov smo ugotovili, da so vsi zadovoljni z nakupom molznega robota, saj jim robot olajša delo kar se tiče molže, povečala pa se je tudi mlečnost na kravo. Pregledu podatkov na dan namenijo približno pol ure. Zadovoljni so tudi s programsko opremo njihovih molznih robotov. Prisotnost molznega robota v hlevu ne pomeni, da sedaj ne bo več dela v hlevu ampak rejcu omogoča lažji nadzor nad čredo in mu da možnost izboljšanja managementa v čredi krav molznic. Based on the analysis of technical characteristics, software and data that milking robots offer to breeders for the purpose of more efficient management of their herds, we find that there are significant differences between individual milking robots. Milking robots give breeders different data, which they measure in different ways. They differ mainly in the provision of information from transponders / pedometers that measure the time of rumination, the robot with different modules allows weighing cows, pregnancy checks, monitors milk content. In all of them, it is possible to measure the activity of cows with transponders / pedometers, and with other modules to measure the electrical conductivity and color of milk and somatic cells count in milk. Milking robots differ mainly in their software. Some have quickly transparent, accessible and user-friendly information in Slovenian language, for some it is necessary to take more time or they are in a foreign language. It is very important that the farmer takes the time on a daily basis to review the data provided to him by the milking robot and to take appropriate action. Because we wanted to find out the differences between different types of milking robots and what was the motive for choosing a particular type of milking robot, we conducted in-depth interviews with some breeders as we were interested in their opinions on milking robots and software offered by a particular milking robot. Based on interviews with 5 breeders of 4 different type of milking robots, we found that all 5 farmers are satisfied with the purchase of a milking robot, as the robot makes their work easier as far as milking is concerned, and the milk yield per cow has also increased. They spend about half an hour to monitor the data a day. They are also happy with the software of their milking robots. The presence of a milking robot in the barn does not mean that there will be no more work in the barn now, but it gives the breeder easier control over the herd and gives him the opportunity to improve management in the herd of dairy cows.

Molzni roboti v čredah krav molznic so se pojavili pred več kot 20 leti in postopoma prevzeli delo molznika. Razvoj in avtomatizacija molznih robotov je bila v tem času izjemna. Podporna orodja, računalniški programi ter možnost spremljanja količine in kakovosti mleka ob vsaki molži na molznem robotu dajejo rejcu veliko število podatkov in stalen vpogled v spremembe pri kravah v čredi ter omogočajo izboljšave v managementu. Na kmetiji Pr' Čuk smo v letu 2012 zgradili nov hlev za krave molznice črno-bele pasme, kjer molža poteka na molznem robotu znamke Fullwood z nameščenim 'Fullexpert IMA' analizatorjem mleka. S pomočjo le-tega imamo stalen pregled nad čredo in lahko na osnovi količine ter vsebnosti mleka po vsaki molži na molznem robotu prepoznamo znake bolezni, pojatev in druge spremembe pri kravah molznicah v zgodnji fazi. Rezultati, pridobljeni s pomočjo 'Fullexpert IMA' analizatorja mleka na molznem robotu, se dobro ujemajo z uradnimi rezultati kontrole produktivnosti po metodi AT4, kar potrjuje relevantnost in uporabno vrednost teh podatkov za namen izboljšanja vodenja črede. V obravnavanem obdobju smo na molznem robotu v povprečju namolzli 25,5 kg mleka na dan s povprečno vsebnostjo 3,85 % maščob, 3,20 % beljakovin in 4,44 % laktoze ter prevodnostjo 9,06 mmho. Krave so v povprečju opravile 2,54 molž na dan. Celodnevni čas za molžo na molznem robotu je v povprečju znašal 17,4 ± 5,4 minut. Milking machines in herds of milking cows have appeared more than 20 years ago and have gradually replaced hand milking. In that time, the scale of development and automation of milking robots has been astounding. Supporting tools, computer programmes and the ability to monitor the quantity as well as the quality of milk from every milking, are of great help for the user. Namely, these tools give the farmer a large number of useful data, a constant insight into the condition of the herd and a possibility to make necessary managing adjustments. On our farm, called Pr’Čuk, we have built a new barn for our black and white milking cows in 2012. Since then, we have been milking with a Fullwood milking robot with the FullexpertIMA milk analyser. With the help of the latter, we can constantly supervise the condition of each cow in our herd and we can detect early signs of disease, estrus and other changes in cows by monitoring the quantity and content of milk after every milking. The results, obtained with the help of the milking robot and of FullexpertIMA milk analyser, match with those obtained through official productivity control, carried out with the AT4 method. This proves the relevance and usefulness of the data from the milk analyser, which enables relevant improvements in herd management. In the given period, we have milked an average of 25.5 kg of milk daily. On average, this milk contained: 3.85% fat, 3.20% protein and 4.44 ± 0.31% lactose, with a conductance of 9.06 mmho. The cows have undergone an average of 2.54 milking a day, with the daily milking time of 17.4 ± 5.4 minutes.

Zanimanje za uporabo sodobne senzorske tehnologije pri reji krav molznic je vedno večje, predvsem zaradi povečevanja števila živali v posamezni čredi. Poleg pedometrov in ovratnic s senzorji, na tržišče prihajajo tudi ušesne značke s senzorji. Eno takih smo preizkusili tudi v naši raziskavi v okviru mednarodnega projekta 2 ORG-COWS z namenom potrditi uporabnost senzorske tehnologije pri izboljšanju upravljanja v čredi krav molznic ter pravočasnem ukrepanju ob predvidenih in nepredvidenih dogodkih v čredi. Podatke o obnašanju krav molznic s pomočjo Agis senzorjev smo zbirali dve leti pri 74-tih kravah molznicah treh različnih pasem (rjava, črno bela, lisasta) na dveh visokogorskih kmetijah v Idrijskih Krnicah. Na osnovi velikega števila podatkov (N=24.241 dni) zbranih s pomočjo teh senzorjev, smo ugotovili, da so živali v povprečju počivale 7 ur, za prežvekovanje so porabile 7,5 ur, za zauživanje obroka 5,5 ur, za gibanje 2 uri in za povečano aktivnost (obnašanje ob pojatvi) 2 uri. Do sprememb v obnašanju pride ob različnih dogodkih, kot so telitev, pojatev ali pojav bolezni oz. poškodb. Ob telitvi krave manj časa prežvekujejo in so bolj aktivne. V času pojatve so krave bolj aktivne, manj časa pa porabijo za zauživanje krme in prežvekovanje. Uporabnosti senzorske tehnologije za pravočasno prepoznavanje bolezenskega stanja živali nismo mogli potrditi, predvsem zaradi majhnega števila živali, ki so v tem času zbolele. S statističnim modelom, v katerega smo vključili vpliv rejca, pasme, zaporedne laktacije, stadija laktacije in načina reje (paša/hlev) smo pojasnili med 9,21 in 15,48 % variabilnosti za posamezne vzorce obnašanja. Razlike med razredi pri vplivih so bile statistično značilne (p

Cilj diplomske naloge je bil predstaviti različne sisteme uhlevitve krav molznic ter opredeliti prednosti in slabosti posameznega sistema. Zanimalo nas je, kako različni sistemi reje vplivajo na dobro počutje živali, na njihovo zdravje ter proizvodne rezultate. V Sloveniji na govedorejskih kmetijah prevladujejo manjši hlevi z vezano rejo. Na kmetijah, ki se odločajo za povečanje črede in povečanje obsega prireje mleka, pa uvajajo sodobnejše sisteme namestitve živali v prosti reji z ležalnimi boksi ali brez njih. V nalogi predstavljamo različne sisteme reje za krave molznice in mlado živino, bodisi hleve na prosto rejo z ležalnimi boksi, na globokem nastilu ali celo v kombinaciji z izpusti na pašo. Opisujemo tudi novejše sisteme, kot so bolj uporabni kompostni hlevi ter sodobni in inovativni hlevi iz Nizozemske, tako imenovani ''kravji vrtovi''. Predstaviljamo tudi nekaj primerov dobrih praks za doseganje optimalnih pogojev reje glede zdravja in dobrobiti živali, doseganja ustreznih higienskih standardov v hlevu ter pozitivnih in neškodljivih vplivov namestitev živali na okolje. Z upoštevanjem teh dejavnikov lahko optimiziramo določen način reje živali ter dosegamo uspešno proizvodnost v sistemih, ki so živalim in okolju prijazni. The aim of graduation thesis was to present the different housing systems of dairy cows and to identify the advantages and disadvantages of each system. We were interested in how different housing systems of dairy cows effect on animal welfare, animal health and production results. In Slovenia, on farms with cattle are dominated by smaller and tied-in housing system. On the farms that are choosing to enlarge the herd and increase the volume of milk production, they are introducing more modern systems of housing for animals in free barns with or without cubicles. In this graduation thesis we present different housing systems for dairy cows and young stock, either free barn with cubicles, free barn on depth straw or even combination with grazing and access to pasture. We also introduced innovative housing systems such as useful compost barns and modern barns from the Netherlands, the so-called ‘’Cow Garden’’ housing system. We also presented some examples of good practices for achieving optimal housing and rearing conditions in the context of animal health and welfare, achieving adequate hygiene standards in barns and the positive and harmless effects of animal placement on the environment. With these factors in mind we can optimize a particular animal husbandry and achieve successful productivity in systems that are animal and environmentally friendly.

Namen diplomske naloge je bilo ugotoviti, kateri so glavni vzroki za predolgo dobo med telitvama in poslabšanje plodnosti pri kravah molznicah. Rejci namenjajo premalo pozornost managementu in selekciji v njihovih čredah. Za izboljšanje plodnosti bi rejci morali živali selekcionirati na dolgoživost in lastnosti nog. S primerno prehrano in vhlevitvijo vplivamo na optimalno delovanje hormonov, ki so povezani z reprodukcijo. Rejci zaradi vse večjih čred in vedno več dela na njihovih kmetijah premalo pozornosti namenjajo odkrivanju pojatev in imajo premalo časa za opazovanje živali. Na račun tega je veliko pojatev spregledanih. Zelo pomembno je tudi, da redno izvajamo korekcijo parkljev, saj samo zdrave živali, ki nimajo težav pri hoji, lahko izkazujejo znake pojatve. V poletnih mesecih moramo živalim zagotoviti primerno mikro-klimo in z zadostnim zračenjem preprečiti pojav vročinskega stresa. Veliko napak v čredah krav molznic je narejenih v dobi presušitve, saj se posledice teh napak odražajo v slabši plodnosti pri teh kravah v naslednji laktaciji. Prehrana in oskrba živali v dobi presušitve je osnova za prirejo mleka, dobro plodnost in zdravje živali v naslednji laktaciji. Živali po telitvi hujšajo, zato pogosto zapadejo v negativno energetsko bilanco. Zaradi nepravilne oskrbe s hranili pred porodom, lahko živali po telitvi zapadejo v bolezenska stanja kot so ketoza, acidoza, poporodna mrzlica, mastitis, … Z uporabo različnih senzorjev za spremljanje aktivnosti si lahko olajšamo ugotavljanje pojatev v čredi. Plodnost je potrebno z različnimi strategijami izboljšati, saj si rejci na račun slabe plodnosti njihovih krav delajo velike izgube in nepotrebne stroške. The purpose of this graduation thesis was to find out what are the main reasons for too calving interval and deterioration of fertility at dairy cows. Breeders not intend enough attention to management and selection in their herds. To improve fertility, breeders should select animals for their longevity and feet & legs characteristics. With optimal nutrition and housing systems for dairy cows, breeders influence on optimal functioning of hormones, which are important for reproduction and fertility of cows. Due to growing herds and increasing work on their farms, breeders are paying too little attention to discovering animals in heat and they have too little time to observe the animals. That’s the reason that many of cows in heat are overlooked. It is also very important that we regularly perform the correction of hoof, since only healthy animals have no problems with locomotion and they can show signs of heat. During the summer, we have to assure that animals have suitable micro-climate conditions and with appropriate ventilation to avoid heat stress. Many mistakes in dairy herds are made during the drying-off period, as the consequences of these mistakes are reflected in the poor fertility of these cows in the next lactation. The feeding and animal care in the drying-off period is the basis for milk production, good fertility and animal health in the next lactation. Animals lose weight after calving, so they often fall into a negative energy balance. Due to improper nutrient supply before calving, animals after calving may fall into different health problems like ketosis, acidosis, milk fever, mastitis… With using different sensors to monitor activity, we can easier identify cows in heat in our herds. Fertility needs to be improved through different strategies, as breeders incur considerable losses and unnecessary costs at the expense of the poor fertility of their cows.

Pri gradnji in rekonstrukciji hlevov se vedno več poudarka namenja dobremu počutju in ugodju krav molznic v hlevih. Pri načrtovanju hleva je potrebno upoštevati zahteve in zoo-higienske normative, ki bodo živalim zagotavljale čim večji komfort, možnost gibanja in počitka ter izražanja vzorcev normalnega obnašanja. V prvem delu diplomskega dela predstavljamo elemente, ki jih je potrebno upoštevati, da dosežemo zgoraj naštete dejavnike. Predstavljamo različne sisteme namestitve krav molznic in molzišč. V drugem delu diplomskega dela predstavljamo idejni načrt preureditve hleva za krave molznice na družinski kmetiji Šebat, kjer imamo star in nefunkcionalen hlev na vezano rejo. S preureditvijo na prosto rejo bi radi živalim zagotovili večji komfort ter celotni družini olajšali fizično delo v hlevu. Idejni načrt smo naredili za 31 krav molznic in 12 telic. Hlev bi radi preuredili tako, da bi staro stavbo zaradi omejenega prostora čim manj spreminjali. V starem hlevu bi uredili ležalne bokse ter blatni hodnik z rešetkami. Poleg tega bi radi uredili molzišče 'ribja kost' 2 x 3. V načrtu smo pripravili tudi predlog ureditve hleva za mlado živino. In the construction and reconstruction of stables, more and more emphasis is placed on the well being and comfort of dairy cows in the barns. When designing the barn, the requirements and zoo-hygiene standards must be followed to provide the animals with maximum comfort, the ability to move and rest, and to express patterns of their normal behavior. In the first part of the B. Sc. Thesis the elements that must be taken into consideration to achieve all of the above-mentioned factors are presented. We present different housing systems and milking parlours. In the second part of the B. Sc. Thesis we present an outline plan to reconstruct the barn for dairy cows on the family farm Šebat, where we have an old and non-functional tied-in housing system. With the reconstruction to free stall, we would provide bigger comfort for dairy cows and make the family's physical work easier. The conceptual design was made for 31 dairy cows and 12 heifers. We would like to reconstruct the barn in such a way that wouldn't change the old building much because of the limited space around it. We would like to have to set cubicles and passageways with slatted floor for dairy cows. For milking we would like to arrange a ‘fish-bone milking parlour (2 x 3 layout)’. The plan also includes a proposal for the arrangement of a barn for young cattle.

V diplomskem delu smo za obdobje 9 let (od 2010 do 2018) analizirali podatke mlečnosti, plodnosti in dolgoživosti krav molznic na ekološki kmetiji Bogata v Bovcu. V analiziranem obdobju se je število krav molznic na tej kmetiji gibalo med 76 in 106 glav, povprečna mlečnost v standardni laktaciji pa se je gibala med 5.463 kg mleka v letu 2014 do 6.757 kg mleka v letu 2010. Povprečna skupna količina proizvedenega mleka na leto v obravnavanem obdobju je znašala 518.047 kg. Povprečna vsebnost maščobe v mleku je v obravnavanem obdobju znašala 3,57 %, povprečna vsebnost beljakovin pa 3,15 %. Obrat črede se je gibal med 8,3 % v letu 2010 in 25,9 % v letu 2017. Poporodni premor je trajal od 120 dni v letu 2017 do 206 dni v letu 2014, doba med telitvama pa se je gibala med 400 dnevi v letu 2017 in 489 dnevi v letu 2014. V analiziranem obdobju so na kmetiji izločili 163 krav molznic, pri katerih so bili trije najpogostejši vzroki za izločitev in sicer bolezni in poškodbe parkljev ter nog, plodnostne motnje in starost. Povprečna starost izločenih krav ob izločitvi je znašala 2.913 dni, povprečna življenjska mlečnost teh krav pa je znašala 33.942 kg mleka. Izločene krave v tem obdobju so na molzni dan namolzle 17,6 kg mleka, na krmni dan 15,58 kg mleka in na življenjski dan 9,79 kg mleka. Preživitvena sposobnost molznic se je z vsakim dopolnjenim letom po prvi telitvi vztrajno zmanjševala. Od krav, ki so prvič telile v letu 2010, jih je 8 let dopolnilo le 20 %. In the graduation thesis we analysed milk production, fertility and longevity of dairy cows on organic dairy farm Bogata in Bovec for the period of nine years (2010-2018). In this period the number of dairy cows on the farm varied between 76 and 106, the average milk yield in the standard lactation period varied from 5,463 kg in 2014 and 6,757 kg in 2010. The average total milk production in the analysed period was 518,047 kg per year, with the average fat content of 3.57 % and protein content of 3.15 %. Replacement rate varied between 8.3 % in 2010 and 25.9 % in 2017. The period between calving and the next conception date was at its shortest in 2017 with 120 days and the longest in 2014 with 206 days, while the average period between the calving’s was between 400 days in 2017 and 489 days in 2014. In the analysed period there was 163 cows culled from the farm due to the three most common reasons - diseases and damage of hooves and legs, reproduction disorders and age. The cows were culled at the average age of 2,913 days and their average life milk yield was 33,942 kg of milk. In this period the culled cows produced in average 17.6 kg of milk per milking day, 15.58 kg of milk per feeding day and 9.97 kg of milk per life day. The survival of cows was reducing intensively with each year after the first calving. Only 20 % of cows that calved for the first time in 2010 reached the age of 8 years.

Na kmetijah, ki se ukvarjajo s tržno prirejo mleka in rejo krav molznic, se vse več pozornosti namenja dobremu počutju in zdravju visoko-produktivnih krav ter mlade živine. Z najsodobnejšimi sistemi namestitve živali v hlevih na prosto rejo, zagotavljamo živalim čim večji komfort, veliko prostora za gibanje in počitek, dovolj svetlobe preko dneva in zadostno izmenjavo svežega zraka. Vse to prispeva k boljši produktivnosti, večji mlečnosti, boljši plodnosti, zdravju in počutju živali, kar se odraža tudi v večjih prihodkih na taki kmetiji. V diplomski nalogi predstavljamo sodobne sisteme proste reje za krave molznice in mlado živino, različne sisteme molže, ležišč, funkcionalnih področij hleva in zoo-higienske dejavnike hleva. V diplomski nalogi predstavljamo tudi najnovejša sistema proste reje t.i. 'kravji vrt' in 'plavajočo farmo', ki je locirana v pristanišču v Rotterdamu na Nizozemskem. V drugem delu diplomske naloge predstavljamo idejni načrt hleva za 75 visoko-produktivnih krav molznic in hleva za mlado živino. Na kmetiji Maleš imamo trenutno vezano rejo. Radi bi zgradili nov modernejši hlev na prosto rejo, ki bo živalim omogočal boljše pogoje reje, nam pa lažje delo. Poleg hleva bomo zgradili laguno in manjše gnojišče za gnoj iz globokega nastilja. V hlevu bodo nameščena pehala za odstranjevanje gnoja in urina. Za molžo krav molznic bomo uporabili molzni robot. V hlevu bo poseben prostor za krave ob porodu t.i. porodnišnica, ki bo na globokem nastilju. V starem hlevu bomo uredili prostor za mlado živino. On farms dealing with market milk production and breeding dairy cows, more and more attention is paid to the well-being and health of high-productive cows and young stock. With modern loose housing systems for cattle, we provide high comfort for dairy cows, plenty of space for movement and rest, enough light over the day and sufficient exchange of fresh air. It’s all contribute to better productivity, higher milk production, better fertility, health and welfare of animals, which is also reflected in higher income on such farm. In our thesis, modern loose housing system for dairy cows and young cattle, various systems of milking, lying pens, functional areas of barns and zoo-hygienic factors of stables are presented. In the thesis, the newest housing systems for dairy cows, i.e. "the cow garden" and "the floating farm", located in a port in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, are presented. In the second part of the graduation thesis, the conceptual design of a stable for 75 high-productive dairy cows and young cattle is presented. On the family farm Maleš, we currently have tied-in housing system for cattle. We would like to build a new modern free stall for dairy cows and young stock, which will provide the animals better conditions and easier work for us. Next to the stable, we will build a slurry lagoon and a small manure storage. In the stable, there will be a transporter for the removal of manure and urine. A milking robot will be used for milking dairy cows. In the stable will be a special place for cows at calving, i.e. a calving pen with deep straw bedding. In the old stable, we will arrange place for young cattle.

EU je z namenom zaščite in promocije tradicionalnih živil sprejela Uredbo EU št. 1151/2012, v kateri določa živila z evropskimi znaki kakovosti, in sicer z zaščiteno označbo porekla (ZOP/PDO), z zaščiteno geografsko označbo (ZGO/PGI) in zaščiteno tradicionalno posebnostjo (ZTP/TSG). Da bi potrošniki lahko prepoznali navedena zaščitena živila in se za njih odločili pri nakupu, je pomembna uporaba evropskega znaka kakovosti na teh živilih, ki je od leta 2016 obvezna. O tej temi v Sloveniji ni bila izvedena še nobena raziskava, zato smo s to raziskavo skušali zapolniti to raziskovalno vrzel. Namen doktorske disertacije je bil ugotoviti, kakšno je poznavanje in zaznavanje živil z ZOP/PDO ali ZGO/PGI pri slovenskih potrošnikih, saj raziskave na področju proučevanja poznavanja in dojemanja različnih živil z označenimi nacionalnimi in evropskimi znaki kakovosti v Sloveniji še ni bilo. S hedonskimi testi smo ugotavljali vpliv segmentacije in sociodemografskih značilnosti potrošnikov na prepoznavnost in všečnost živil z označbo ZOP/PDO ali ZGO/PGI. Rezultati hedonske senzorične analize na paru zaščitenega in konvencionalnega vzorca sira (sir Tolminc in sir Planika), pršuta (Kraški pršut in Pršut Kras) in medu (Kraški med in med Zlati panj) so pokazali, da ni statistično značilnih razlik med potrošniki v senzoričnem prepoznavanju in všečnosti živil, označenih z nacionalnim in evropskim znakom ZGO/PGI ali ZOP/PDO, glede na segmente in sociodemografske značilnosti. S vprašalnikom, ki smo ga posredovali po pošti in pozneje nadgradili s vprašalnikom preko spleta, smo proučevali odnos potrošnika do živil z označbo ZOP/PDO ali ZGO/PGI ter poznavanje znakov kakovosti na nacionalni in evropski ravni. Ugotovili smo, da slovenski potrošniki bolje poznajo nacionalne znake kakovosti kot evropske. Z uporabo conjoint analize smo preverili, kako lastnosti kot so izvor, označba in cena, vplivajo na odločitev potrošnika pri nakupu. Ugotovili smo, da slovenski potrošniki ne dajejo prednosti slovenskim izdelkom, označenim z ZOP/PDO ali ZGO/PGI, in niso zanje pripravljeni plačati več. Slovenija spada v skupino evropskih držav, ki nimajo tradicije uporabe evropskih shem kakovosti, zato potrošniki slabo poznajo evropske znake kakovosti. Zato je potrebno v promocijske aktivnosti poleg živil z nacionalnimi označbami kakovosti vključiti tudi živila z evropskimi označbami kakovosti in potrošnikom predstaviti tudi evropsko shemo kakovosti. In order to protect and promote traditional food products, the European Union adopted Regulation No. 1151/2012, specifying three groups of foods products bearing the EU quality labels: Protected Designation of Origin (PDO), Protected Geographical Indication (PGI), and Traditional Speciality Guaranteed (TSG). The use of the EU quality logo, mandatory since 2016, allows the consumers to recognise the products from the above quality schemes and ease their purchasing decisions. Since no study has yet been carried out on the knowledge and perception of food products with national and EU quality labels in Slovenia, the present research attempted to fill this gap. The purpose of the PhD thesis was to assess the knowledge and perception of PDO or PGI labelled food products among Slovenian consumers. Hedonic tests were carried out to determine the influence of consumer segmentation and sociodemographic characteristics on the visibility and liking of PDO or PGI labelled food products. The results of a hedonic sensory analysis of protected and conventional samples of cheese (Tolminc and Planika), prosciutto (Kraški pršut and Pršut Kras) and honey (Kraški med and Zlati panj) showed no statistically significant differences (relating to segmentation and sociodemographic characteristics) among the consumers regarding the sensory recognition and the liking of food products bearing national and European PGI or PDO labels. A questionnaire sent by mail and later upgraded via online served to examine consumers’ attitude towards food products labelled PDO and PGI and their knowledge of special quality labels, including those at national and European levels. According to the results, Slovenian consumers are better acquainted with national quality labels than they are with the European ones. A conjoint analysis was performed to examine how origin, designation and price affected the consumers’ purchasing decisions. It was found that Slovenian consumers do not favour Slovenian products labelled with PDO and PGI and are not willing to pay a higher price for such. The results prove that Slovenia belongs to a group of European countries that do not traditionally use EU quality schemes, which is why the consumers are rather unfamiliar with the EU quality labels. Hence, in addition to food products with national quality labels, promotional activities should include a presentation of food products with EU quality labels and European quality schemes.

Počutje živali je zelo pomembna vrednota za rejce in je deležno vedno večje pozornosti potrošnikov. Cilj naloge je bil oceniti počutje krav molznic v različnih sistemih reje, in sicer smo za analizo uporabili podatke o počutju krav molznic v 20 čredah, nastanjenih v hlevih s prosto rejo in ležalnimi boksi (referenčni hlevi), ter primerjali parametre počutja s kravami molznicami, nastanjenimi v 20 kompostnih hlevih (brez ležalnih boksov – pilotni hlevi). Raziskavo smo opravili v zimi 2017/2018 na 40 kmetijah v 6 državah v okviru projekta EraNet SusAn FreeWalk. Živali v kompostnih hlevih so bile bolj umazane od živali v referenčnih hlevih, vendar so imele zato manj poškodb, ran in oteklin kot živali v referenčnih hlevih. Kar se tiče pojava šepavosti, ni bilo razlik med obema sistemoma. Kompostni hlevi imajo večjo ležalno površino na žival, kar omogoča kravam daljši čas počivanja in manj težav pri vstajanju oziroma uleganju. V nalogi prikazujemo tudi rezultate ocen počutja krav molznic na referenčni slovenski kmetiji z ležalnimi boksi in pilotni kmetiji s kompostnim hlevov v primerjavi z drugimi referenčnimi oziroma pilotnimi kmetijami v Evropi. Ugotovili smo, da je treba pri slovenskih kmetijah bolj poudariti izbiro primernega nastilja, strokovno korekcijo parkljev in dimenzije ležalnih boksov. Za doseganje boljših proizvodnih rezultatov in kakovosti počutja krav molznic bi morali kombinirati več različnih sistemov, pri tem pa nameniti več pozornosti nastilju in velikosti ležišč za krave molznice. Animal welfare has a very important significance for breeders and is gaining attention from consumers. The aim of the master thesis was to evaluate the welfare of dairy cows in different housing systems, using the data on the welfare of dairy cows in 20 herds inhabited in free barn with cubicles (reference farms) and comparing welfare parameters with dairy cows settled in 20 compost barns (without cubicles - case farms). Collection of welfare quality indicators was conducted in winter 2017/2018 on 40 farms in 6 countries under the EraNet SusAn FreeWalk project. Dairy cows in compost stables were dirtier than cows in reference stables. However, they had fewer integument alterations throughout the body: hairless patches lesions and swelling than animals in the reference stables. Regarding the occurrence of lameness, there were no differences between both systems. Compost stables have a larger lying surface, which allows cows to have longer and more comfortable rest periods and less difficulty in standing or lying. In this thesis, we also present the results of the welfare quality results for dairy cows on the Slovenian reference farm with cubicles and case farms with compost barns compared to other reference or case farms in Europe. We have found that Slovene farms need to give more emphasis to the choice of suitable bedding material, professional hoof trimming, and the dimensions of cubicles. In order to achieve the best production results and the quality of dairy cows' well-being, it would be necessary to combine several different systems, while increasing the attention to the bedding and size of cubicles for dairy cows.

V okviru magistrske naloge smo analizirali stanje na področju prireje mleka na ih planinah nekoč in danes. Naloga temelji na pregledu zgodovinskih virov in razpoložljivih podatkov ter na virih pridobljenih pri pastirjih in gospodarjih planin. Naredili smo analizo stanja na kamniških planinah, število živali, ki so se na teh planinah pasle, pasemsko strukturo teh živali ter obseg prireje mleka. Zanimalo nas je tudi kakšni proizvodi so se delali iz mleka prirejenega na planinah ter kako se je to mleko tržilo. Analizirati smo stanje in prirejo mleka na kamniških planinah v zadnjih 30 letih. Pri tem smo se osredotočili predvsem na področje Velike, Male in Gojške planine. S pomočjo poglobljenih intervjujev, ki smo jih opravili s 3 predsedniki agrarnih skupnosti, s 6 pastirji in kmetijsko svetovalko, smo želeli ugotoviti kaj so glavni vzroki za zmanjševanje števila krav molznic in prireje mleka na naših planinah ter kakšne možnosti vidijo za bodoči razvoj kamniških planin. Ponudba mleka in mlečnih izdelkov na naših planinah ne pokriva povpraševanja, saj je obiskovalcev na teh planinah vedno več. S primernimi ukrepi bi bilo potrebno vzpodbuditi rejce, da bi na planino namesto krav dojilj in mlade živine, pošiljali krave molznice. Na osnovi virov in primerov dobrih praks iz tujine smo predstavili možnosti za razvoj planšarstva, predelave mleka in revitalizacijo planin v bodoče. Within the framework of the master's thesis, we analysed the situation in the field of milk production on Kamnik Alps in the past and today. The thesis based on an overview of historic sources and currently available data, as well as on sources obtained from herdsmen and farmers, which take care for Kamnik Alps. We analysed the situation of Kamnik Alps, the number of animals grazing on these mountain pastures, the breed structure of these animals, and the volume of milk production there. Types of dairy products produced there and marketing of milk and dairy products on Kamnik Alps were studied. We analysed situation and milk production on Kamnik Alps in last 30 years, focusing mainly on the 'Velika planina', 'Mala planina' and 'Gojška planina'. With the help of in-depth interviews with three presidents of agrarian communities, six herdsmen and a local agricultural adviser, we wanted to find out what are the main reasons for the decreasing numbers of grazing dairy cows and lower milk production in our pastures, and what possibilities they see for the future development of Kamnik Alps. The supply of milk and dairy products on our pasture does not cover demand, as there are more and more visitors to these mountains. By appropriate measures, farmers should be encouraged to send dairy cows to the mountain pasture instead of suckler cows and young cattle. The possibilities for Alpine dairy farming and revitalization of the pasture in the future are presented by looking at foreign sources and examples of good farming practises.

Slovenija je ena najmanjših držav z lastnimi rejskimi programi za populacijo krav lisaste, rjave, črno-bele in mesnih pasem. Uvoz tuje genetike ni vedno najboljša strategija izboljšanja proizvodnih lastnosti zaradi prisotnosti interakcije med genotipom in okoljem. Pri ocenjevanju vpliva okolja na genotip si pomagamo z genetskima parametroma – to sta genetska korelacija in heritabiliteta. Reje, kjer je živalim omogočen visok komfort, kakovostna krma in dober menedžment, imajo odlične pogoje reje oziroma okolja, v večji meri izražajo genotip (visoka genetska korelacija) in stopnja heritabilitete je višja. Analiza proizvodnih rezultatov in nekaterih telesnih ocen potomk bikov črno-bele pasme, ki smo jih glede na izvor razdelili na Slovenske, bike iz Združenih držav Amerike, Kanade, Nemčije in ostalih držav Evrop (ostale države), kažejo na razlike potomk glede na izvor bikov – očeta krav. Potomke slovenskih bikov črno-bele pasme so tako v proizvodnih lastnostih, kot tudi v telesnih ocenah precej podobne potomkam nemških oz. drugih evropskih bikov. V skupini potomk slovenskih bikov črno-bele pasme je zaznati veliko variabilnost v lastnostih. Potomke ameriških in kanadskih bikov so v vseh lastnostih dosegle boljše proizvodne lastnosti in tudi boljše ocene telesnih lastnosti. Ugotovili smo tudi, da so matere potomk ameriških in kanadskih bikov bile precej boljše od povprečja sovrstnic. Zato zaključevanje, da so njihove potomke boljše od ostalih ni možno, tudi zaradi premajhnega števila potomk po severno-ameriških bikih v primerjavi z ostalimi skupinami. Čeprav so matere potomk slovenskih bikov imele v povprečju slabše proizvodne lastnosti in so bile slabše ocenjene, njihove potomke kot rezultat osemenjevanja s slovenskimi biki, ne zaostajajo za potomkami bikov iz drugih evropskih držav. Izvajanje lastne selekcije je smiselno. Slovenia is one of the smallest countries with its own breeding programs for Simmental, Brown, Holstein and Beef breeds. Import of foreign genetics is not always the best strategy to improve performance due to the presence of the genotype x environment interaction. In assessing the impact of the environment on the genotype we can use two genetic parameters – genetic correlation and heritability. Excellent rearing conditions with great comfort, high quality feed and good management provide an environment, where largely reflects the genotype (high genetic correlation) and higher heritability. Analysis of the production results and some conformation traits of the offspring of Holstein bulls, which were divided depending on their origin between Slovenia, USA, Canada, Germany and other European countries, indicates the differences of offspring according to the origin of the bulls – father of cows. The offsprings of Slovenian Holstein bulls are both in performance as well as in conformation traits estimates quite similar to the offsprings of German or other European Holstein bulls. In the group of Slovenian Holstein bulls’ offsprings we detected a lot of variability in properties. The offsprings of the USA and Canadian Holstein bulls have achieved better production properties in all categories and also had better conformation traits. We have also found that the offsprings of USA and Canadian Holstein bulls performed above average compared to their peers. But we can’t conclude that their offspring is better from the rest, also due to the lack of the offspring by North-American bulls compared to other groups. Even though the mothers of Slovenian Holstein offsprings had on average poorer production properties and were not assessed as good, their offspring as a result of insemination with Slovenian bulls did not fall behind of the offsprings of Holstein sires from other European countries. Implementation of own selection is therefore reasonable.

V diplomski nalogi smo naredili pregled literature na temo ekološke prireje mleka in v okviru tega izvedli analizo proizvodnih rezultatov na dveh slovenskih ekoloških kmetijah usmerjenih v tržno prirejo ekološkega mleka. Pri pregledu strokovne literature smo poskušali pridobiti najnovejše ugotovitve vezane na prirejo ekološkega mleka pri nas in drugod in cene ekološkega mleka v nekaterih državah Evropske unije. Opisali smo tudi razlike med ekološkim in konvencionalnim načinom prireje mleka ter razlike v kakovosti ekološkega mleka v primerjavi s konvencionalnim mlekom. V analizo smo vključili dve slovenski ekološki kmetiji, ki se ukvarjata s tržno prirejo ekološkega mleka. Kmetiji sta se za usmeritev v ekološki način kmetovanja odločili leta 1999. Na kmetiji Meden redijo krave rjave pasme, na kmetiji Kocjančič pa krave črno-bele pasme in križanke. Preučili smo proizvodne rezultate prireje ekološkega mleka za obdobje 2010 do 2017 na teh dveh kmetijah. Na obeh kmetijah imajo še veliko možnosti za izboljšave, ki bi pripomogle k izboljšanju proizvodnih rezultatov na obeh kmetijah. Na kmetijah bi lahko bolje izkoriščali travinje (dosejavanje trave, uporaba različnih ekoloških mineralnih gnojil, …), kar bi pripeljalo do bolj kakovostne doma pridelane krme in hkrati višje mlečnosti črede. Lahko bi zmanjšali izgube dohodka z znižanjem starosti krav ob prvi telitvi, skrajšali dobo med dvema telitvama in čas, ki preteče do prve osemenitve. In the thesis, we make a review of the literature related to organic milk production and analysis of organic milk production of two Slovenian organic dairy farms, which are oriented towards the production of organic milk. In the review of literature, we tried to obtain the most recent findings, which has related to the production of organic milk in Slovenia and in the world, and what is the organic milk price in some countries of the European Union. We also mentioned differences between the organic and conventional way of milk production and differences in quality of organic milk compared to conventional milk. In the analysis, we included two Slovenian organic dairy farms that are rearing dairy cows and selling organic milk on the market. In 1999, these two farms decided for the transition to organic farming. Family farm Meden breeds Brown Swiss cows, while in the farm Kocjančič they rear Holstein-Friesian cows and crossbreeds. We examined the production of organic milk for these two farms in the period 2010 - 2017. On both farms, there are still many opportunities for improvement, which could improve production results on both farms. On the farms, they could better use grasslands (attaining grass, application of organic mineral fertilizes, …), which could consequently also lead to better quality of forage and higher milk yields on farms. They could reduce income losses by lowering the heifer age at first calving, shortening the calving interval and days open.

Cilj diplomske naloge je bil prikazati sisteme reje krav molznic in dejavnike, ki vplivajo na njihovo zdravje in počutje. Med te dejavnike, ki so skupaj s priporočenimi normativi opisani v prvem delu naloge, spadajo mikro-klima v hlevu, ležalni boksi oz. prostor za počitek, krmilna miza oz. prostor za zauživanje krme in napajalniki s pitno vodo, tla v hlevu, osvetlitev, molža ter najpogostejša obolenja, ki se pojavljajo pri molznicah: mastitis in obolenja parkljev. V drugem delu naloge smo prikazali sisteme reje na štirih v tržno prirejo mleka usmerjenih kmetijah z območja Koroške regije. Na teh kmetijah smo skupaj z rejci opravili strokovne ocene razmer njihovih hlevov in namestitve krav molznic. Iz rezultatov ocen razmer v hlevih, opravljenih na teh 4 kmetijah ugotavljamo, da so sistemi na prosto rejo živalim udobnejši, kot sistemi na vezano rejo, da se novejši hlevi gradijo s poudarkom na udobju in funkcionalnosti in so zato boljši od starejših hlevov. Ugotovili smo, da se rejci zavedajo pomembnosti udobja (komforta za živali), varne, higienične reje in da takšen sistem reje prinaša boljše proizvodne rezultate ter manj zdravstvenih težav. Zaradi tega rejci strmijo po izboljšanju namestitve njihovih živali in novogradnji hlevov. The goal of graduation thesis was to present the systems of rearing of dairy cows and the factors, which influenced on their health and well-being. In the first part of this thesis recommended standards and factors as micro-climate in the stable, the cubicles respectively the place for resting, feeding alley respectively feeding area, drinking troughs with drinkable water, floor in the barn, lighting, milking, and the most common diseases which emerge among dairy cows: mastitis and hoof diseases are described. In the second part of the thesis, the system of rearing and housing on four dairy farms from the Carinthia region, which are specialized to milk production, are presented. Together with the breeders, we performed the professional evaluation of conditions in their barns and placing their dairy cows and young stock at these farms. Based on results of the analyses that were made on these four farms, we ascertained that free housing systems are more comfortable for the animals in comparison to the tie-stall housing system. Newer barns are built with the emphasis on the comfort and functionality and therefore newer barns are better for dairy cows than older barns. The breeders realize the importance of comfort for animals, safe and hygienic of rearing and that such a system of rearing and housing enables better production results and less problems with health. For this reason, the breeders look for the improvement of accommodation for their animals and they are building new barns.

Mlezivo je prvo mleko po telitvi in je življenjskega pomena za preživetje novorojenega teleta. Po svoji sestavi se precej razlikuje od običajnega mleka. Mlezivo vsebuje protitelesa (imunoglobuline), ki zagotavljajo primarno imunost teleta. Kakovost mleziva izražena na podlagi vsebnosti imunoglobulinov, je odvisna od več dejavnikov, kot so: dolžina suhe dobe, čas prve molže po telitvi, količina mleziva ob prvi molži, starost, pasma, zdravstveno stanje vimena, prepuščanje mleka pred telitvijo, prezgodnja telitev, vročinski stres, higiena molže in krmljenja. Teletom moramo v prvih urah zagotoviti dovolj visoko-kakovostnega mleziva. Koncentracija imunoglobulinov v mlezivu in absorpcijska sposobnost črevesja telet se slabšata iz ure v uro po telitvi, zato je pomembna pravočasna oskrba teleta z mlezivom. Kakovost mleziva na kmetijah lahko ugotavljamo s pomočjo pripomočkov kot sta refraktrometer ali kolostrometer. Za bolj precizne meritve pa uporabljamo laboratorijske analize mleziva. S pomočjo refraktometra ali kolostrometra lahko hitro ugotovimo, ali je mlezivo primerno za napajanje telet, ali ni. Mlezivo odlične kakovosti shranimo v zamrzovalnik in ga uporabimo, kadar nimamo na voljo mleziva primerne kakovosti oziroma v primeru pogina krave ob telitvi. Colostrum is the first milk after calving and is vital for the survival of a new born calf. Its components quite differ from the usual milk. Colostrum contains anti-bodies (immunoglobulins) which provide the calves with primary immunity. The colostrum quality expressed based on immunoglobulin content depends on many factors: the length of the dry period, the time of first milking after calving, the quantity of colostrum at first milking, age (parity), breed, health of the udder, leakage of milk before calving, premature calving (abortus), heat stress, milking and feeding hygiene. Calves need to get enough high quality colostrum in the first hours of their lives. The concentration of immunoglobulin in the colostrum and absorption ability of calf’s intestines deteriorate hour by hour after calving therefore it is important to give calves colostrum in time. Quality of colostrum on farms can be determined with equipment such as refractometer and colostrometer. Laboratory analysis of colostrum is used for more precise measuring. Refractometer and colostrometer help us determine whether colostrum is suitable for feeding calves. High quality colostrum can be stored in a freezer and used when there is not enough quality colostrum available or in the case of cow’s death at calving.

V diplomski nalogi predstavljamo gibanje staleža živali, mlečnost kontroliranih krav, dobo med telitvama, osemenitve krav ter prednosti rjave pasme goveda. Predstavljena je primerjava rejskih programov za rjavo pasmo v Sloveniji z drugimi državami, v katerih je reja rjave pasme goveda bolj razširjena. Te države so Avstrija, Nemčija, Italija, Švica in ZDA. Rejski programi in rejski cilji za rjavo pasmo v vseh omenjenih državah stremijo predvsem k visoki mlečnosti ter kakovosti in vsebnosti ter količini beljakovin v mleku. Poleg tega pa so usmerjeni še k izboljšanju dolgoživosti, plodnosti in zdravja živali. Za namen diplomske naloge smo izvedli anketo, ki smo jo poslali rejcem bikovskih mater rjave pasme. Iz anketnih vprašalnikov smo želeli ugotoviti, kakšne rejske cilje si želijo rejci bikovskih mater rjave pasme v Sloveniji v bodoče. Na osnovi pravilno izpolnjenih 26 vprašalnikov ugotavljamo, da si rejci želijo izboljšati mlečnost krav rjave pasme, dolgoživost, plodnost, lastnosti in zdravje vimena, lastnosti nog in persistenco. Rejci želijo vključiti v selekcijski indeks tudi lastnosti za intenziteto pojatev, zdravje parkljev, boljši izkoristek krme, manjšo pogostnost prebavnih in presnovnih motenj ter manjšo frekvenco poporodnih težav. Rezultati ankete bodo pripomogli k izoblikovanju novega rejskega programa in rejskih ciljev v Sloveniji, ki bodo vključevali tudi genomsko selekcijo za napovedovanje genomskih plemenskih vrednosti in poznavanje pomembnih monogenih lastnosti kot so kapa in beta kazeini, zato, da bi prišli do čim bolj kakovostnih potomk in do čim boljših ekonomskih rezultatov v čredah krav rjave pasme. In this thesis, we presented changes in cattle herd size, the milk production of cows including in milk recording, calving intervals, insemination of cows and the advantages of the brown cattle breed. The breeding programs for the brown cattle breed in Slovenia have been compared to those in other countries in which the breeding of the brown cattle is more widespread, i. e. Austria, Germany, Italy, Switzerland and the USA. The breeding programs for the brown breed in all these countries aim at achieving high milk yield as well as high quality and quantity of proteins in milk. In addition, these breeding goals focus on improving longevity, fertility and animal health in general. For the purpose of this thesis a survey was carried out among Slovenian breeders with bull dams of Brown breed. The survey questionnaires have been used to find out what breeders plans for the future are. On the basis of 26 correctly completed questionnaires it has been established that the breeders of brown cows want to improve the milk yield of brown cows, their longevity, fertility, udder characteristics and its health status, feet and leg conditions and persistence. The breeders want the following characteristics to be included in the selection index: heat intensity, hoof health, better feed efficiency, lower frequency of digestive and metabolic disorders and less postpartum problems. The results of the survey will help to create a new breeding program and breeding goals in Slovenia. It will include also genomic selection for predicting genomic breeding values and the knowledge of important monogenic properties such as kappa and beta-caseins in order to achieve the highest possible quality in progeny which will consequently also lead to the best possible economic results in the herds of brown cows.

Slovenija je kljub svoji majhnosti kulinarično izredno bogata dežela. Običaji in navade slovenskega podeželja ob praznikih ali vsakdanjikih so zelo zanimivi, še bolj pa so zanimive jedi, ki so jih pri tem pripravljali. Cilj naloge je bil predstaviti pozabljene tradicionalne jedi slovenskega podeželja. Opisali smo jedi ter zbrali recepte teh jedi in jih povezali z opravili oz. priložnostmi, ob katerih so te jedi pripravljali. Opravili smo razgovore z lokalnimi strokovnjaki na področju gastronomije in poiskali zgodovinske zapise o teh jedeh. Poskušali smo ugotoviti zakaj te pozabljene tradicionalne jedi nimajo več prostora na jedilnikih v družinah oz. gostilnah. Na ta način smo obogatili obstoječo gastronomsko banko z nekaterimi pozabljenimi tradicionalnimi jedmi slovenskega podeželja. Odkrili smo, da je za Notranjsko značilno veliko tradicionalnih jedi, kot so: polhov golaž, ocvrta ščuka, bloška trojka, grenadir marš, kožarice, krompirjevi žganci in vinski štrukeljci. Jedi, kot je polhov golaž, se pripravljajo samo še zaradi ohranjanja tradicije in zabave. Ščuko, grenadir marš in vinske štrukeljce se ne pripravlja več tako pogosto in nimajo posebnega mesta na jedilnikih družin. Kožarice in bloška trojka pa so se ohranili do danes, saj se pogosto znajdejo tudi na jedilnikih v vsakem letnem času, saj nam zamrzovalne skrinje danes to omogočajo. Bolj bi se morali zavzemati za ohranjanje naše kulinarične dediščine in zaščito receptur ter priprave teh pozabljenih tradicionalnih jedi. Despite its small size, Slovenia is an exceptionally culinary rich country. The customs and habits of Slovenian countryside when celebrating or in everyday life are very interesting, but even more interesting are the dishes that are prepared for the occasions. The aim of the thesis was to collect recipes and present almost forgotten traditional dishes of Slovenian countryside. We collected recipes that related to the occasions at which dishes were prepared. We made face-to-face (F2F) interviews with local experts in the field of gastronomy and researched historical notes about the dishes. We tried to find out why these forgotten traditional dishes do not find themselves more often on standard family and restaurants menus. Due to this investigation, the existing gastronomic bank became richer with some of forgotten traditional dishes of Slovenian countryside. We found out many traditional dishes that originate in Notranjska region, for example: dormouse goulash, fried pike, Bloke tris, "grenadir marš", "kožarice", hard boiled potato and wine dumplings. Dishes such as dormouse goulash are today prepared only for the sake of preserving tradition or entertainment. Fried pike, "grenadir marš" and wine dumplings are also not prepared often they do not have a special place on family menus. On the other hand, "kožarice" and Bloke tris are traditional dishes, which have been preserved during history. We often find them on menus at any time of the year, as freezers keep them available all the time. We should be more obliged to preserving our culinary heritage, protecting recipes and preparing forgotten traditional dishes.

V Sloveniji je zaradi velikega deleža absolutnega travinja govedoreja najpomembnejša živinorejska panoga. Reja govedi za prirejo mleka predstavlja za rejce pomemben vir dohodka, kar se kaže tudi v nenehnem povečevanju staleža krav črno-bele pasme. V diplomskem projektu smo predstavili obstoječe rejske cilje za črno-belo pasmo v Sloveniji in v nekaterih drugih evropskih ter severno-ameriških državah. Ugotavljamo, da med rejskimi cilji za črno-belo pasmo obstajajo nekatere specifične razlike med državami, vendar so vsi rejski cilji za to pasmo usmerjeni v izboljšanje kakovosti mleka, dolgoživosti, plodnosti in zdravja živali. Vse rejske organizacije izpostavljajo potrebo po izboljšanju proizvodnih rezultatov in povečanju odpornosti živali te pasme v smislu trajnostno naravnane in ekonomsko zanimive reje, ki bo pozitivno sprejeta pri potrošnikih. V okviru diplomskega projekta smo želeli ugotoviti tudi kakšne so želje rejcev črno-bele pasme glede bodočih rejskih ciljev za to pasmo. Pri 91 rejcih bikovskih mater črno-bele pasme smo izvedli krajšo anketo na osnovi katere smo ugotovili, da si rejci v rejskih ciljih v bodoče želijo dati večji pomen dolgoživosti, plodnosti, zdravju živali ter telesnim lastnostim vimena in nog. V bodoče si želijo imeti funkcionalne živali, ki bodo bolj odporne na bolezni in druge stresne situacije ter živali, ki bodo sposobne dati veliko količino mleka dolgo časa brez posebnih problemov s čim manjšimi stroški. In Slovenia, there is a high proportion of permanent grassland, therefore cattle breeding is the most important part of livestock husbandry. Breeding of dairy cattle represents an important source of income for the breeders with milk production. That is why the number of Holstein cows constantly growing. In the thesis, we presented the actual breeders' goals for the Holstein breed in Slovenia and in some other European and North American countries. Though there are some specific differences among the breeding objectives in different countries, all of the breeding goals for this breed strive for improvement of the milk quality, longevity, fertility and animal health. All breeding organisations highlight the need to improve production results and to increase the health resistance of this particular breed - with a view to a sustainable and economically attractive farming, which would be positively recognized by the consumers, too. In the frame of this thesis, we wanted to determine the future breeding goals for this particular breed. For this reason, we made a shorter survey among 91 breeders of bull dams for this breed. We found out that in the future they want to give even more importance to longevity, fertility, animal health and conformation traits with emphasis on udder, feet and legs traits. In the future, they want to have functional animals that are more resistant to diseases and other stressful situations and which will be able to produce a large quantity of milk over a longer period at lower costs and without any special problems.

Cilj diplomskega dela je bil proučiti in analizirati vplive telesnih lastnosti na dolgoživost in mlečnost pri mlečnih oz. kombiniranih pasmah govedi. Različne študije navajajo, da imajo lastnosti vimena, okvirja in nog pomemben vpliv tako na mlečnost kot tudi na dolgoživost krav molznic. Tako imajo krave z obsežnim in čvrsto pripetim vimenom, korektnimi nogami in čvrstimi parklji običajno večjo mlečnost in boljšo dolgoživost. Velikost okvirja živali ima pozitiven vpliv na količino prirejenega mleka, po drugi strani pa ima negativen vpliv na dolgoživost živali. Podobno velja za kot in odprtost reber. V nalogo smo vključili analizo slovenskih krav, ki so v svojem življenju priredile preko 100.000 kg mleka. Življenjsko mlečnost preko 100.000 kg mleka je doslej doseglo 129 krav, od tega 96 krav črno-bele pasme, 18 krav rjave pasme, 4 krave lisaste pasme in 11 križank. Največjo povprečno življenjsko mlečnost kot tudi najkvalitetnejše mleko med omenjenimi kravami so dosegle krave lisaste pasme. Analizirana skupina 129 krav je bila v primerjavi z ostalimi sovrstnicami v 1. laktaciji bolje ocenjena za lastnosti okvirja, vimena in nog, kar ugotavljajo tudi v drugih podobnih študijah. Med telesnimi lastnostmi imajo največji vpliv na dolgoživost, življenjsko prirejo mleka ter življenjsko dobo korektni biclji in parklji ter odlična pripetost vimena pod trebuhom, močna centralna vez, primerna globina vimena, ter čim večja višina in širina mlečnega zrcala. The aim of this B. Sc. Thesis was to study and to analyse the influences of conformation traits on longevity and milk production of dairy and dual-purpose cattle breeds. According to different studies, udder traits, stature and feet & leg traits have an important influence on milk yield and longevity of dairy cows. Cows with strong fore udder attachment, correct feet and proper legs usually have higher milk production and better longevity. The size of the stature of the animal is positively related to the milk yield, but on the other hand it has a negative influence on longevity of the animal. The same is considered for the angularity. Slovenian cows, which have given over 100,000 kg of milk in their life, were studied. Until 2016, 129 cows have reached this goal. 96 of them were Holsteins, 18 Brown Swiss, 4 Simmental breed and there were also 11 crossbreed cows, that have yield over 100,000 kg of milk in their life time. Simmental breed cows have reached the highest average lifetime milk, fat and protein production among aforementioned cows. In comparison with the rest of their peers, the analysed group of 129 high-productive cows has achieved better scores for the udder traits, feet & legs traits and stature, when assessed in their first lactation. The same findings have also been established in other similar studies. Proper feet and pasterns, excellent fore udder attachment, strong central ligament, appropriate udder depth, and very high and wide rear udder have the greatest influence on longevity and lifetime milk yield among all type traits.

Tako v Evropi kot v svetu postajajo črede krav molznic vse večje. Zaradi vse večjega števila živali na enem mestu ter zaradi potrebe po izboljšanju managementa v velikih čredah, je potreba po senzorski tehnologiji skoraj neizbežna. Senzorje največkrat povežemo z velikimi čredami, vendar so se zaradi nenehnega razvoja senzorskih in drugih pametnih tehnologij, ter posledično cenovne dostopnosti, le-ti razširili tudi na manjše črede. S pomočjo senzorjev in drugih pametnih tehnologij, kot so robotska molža, avtomatski krmilniki, avtomatsko napajanje in krmljenje telet, ter drugimi avtomatskimi postopki lahko učinkovito spremljamo dogajanja v čredi. S pomočjo senzorskih tehnologij lahko v zgodnji fazi odkrivamo določene zdravstvene težave, kot je npr. šepavost, odkrivamo pojatve, zaznamo začetek telitve, prisotnost stresa in še marsikaj drugega. Namen diplomskega dela je opisati in predstaviti nekaj najpogostejših tehnologij in senzorjev, ki jih rejci uporabljajo v čredah krav molznic, prednosti in slabosti teh senzorskih tehnologij ter predstaviti samo delovanje le teh. V diplomski nalogi želimo predstaviti tudi vpliv uporabe senzorjev ter drugih modernih tehnologij na same proizvodne rezultate ter na izboljšanje managementa v čredi krav molznic. As in Europe as in the world, dairy cattle herds are becoming larger and larger. Due to the increasing number of animals in one place and the need to improve management in large herds, the use of sensory technology is almost inevitable. Sensors are usually associated with large herds, but due to the constant development of sensors and other smart technologies, and consequently affordability, they have been extended to the smaller herds. Using sensors and other smart technologies such as robotic milking, automatic concentrate feeder for cows, automatic calf feeder, and other automated procedures, we can effectively monitor the events in the herd. With the help of sensors technologies, we can detect certain health problems at an early stage, such as, for example, laminitis, we detect oestrus or the beginning of calving, the presence of stress, and much more. The purpose of the B. Sc. Thesis is to describe and present some of the most common technologies and sensors used by breeders in dairy herds, the advantages and disadvantages of these sensors technologies, and to present the usage of them. In this B. Sc. Thesis, we want to present the influence of the use of sensors and other modern technologies on the production results themselves and on the improvement of management in the dairy cow herd.

Kmetija Poljanec je manjša hribovska kmetija, kjer se ukvarjamo z rejo krav dojilj. Trenutno imamo na voljo star hlev, ki ga nameravamo v prihodnje adaptirati. Na podlagi strokovne literature smo v diplomski nalogi proučili potrebne normative pri načrtovanju hleva in predstavili že izdelane idejne načrte različnih sistemov uhlevitve za krave dojilje. S pomočjo zbranih podatkov smo izdelali načrt za preureditev domačega hleva. V nalogi smo predstavili tloris hleva in s pomočjo programa SketchUp narisali 3D skico prenovljenega objekta. V hlevu bo prostora za 12 krav s teleti. Namesto privezov za živali bomo imeli prosto rejo z ležalnimi boksi in možnostjo izpusta. Krmljenje bo potekalo zunaj v izpustu, v primeru slabega vremena pa bomo krmo pokladali v jasli v hlevu. Odstranjevanje gnoja bo potekalo strojno. Po celotni južni strani hleva bodo razporejena okna in tako bomo prispevali k večji osvetlitvi in boljši klimi. Adaptacija je kljub majhnemu številu živali na kmetiji še kako potrebna. S prenovo bomo izboljšali počutje živali in zmanjšali količino ročnega dela, ki ga je potrebno vsako dnevno opravljati v hlevu. Family farm Poljanec is a small hilly farm, where we deal with breeding of suckler cows. Currently we have old barn for suckler cows and young stock, which we plan to adapt in the future. Based on professional literature that we used for this thesis, we have looked into necessary norms and rules, which should be taken in consideration when planning a barn for cattle. We managed to present different practices of housing systems for cattle, particularly the housing of suckler cows. With gathered information, we created a design to adapt our barn for cattle. In the thesis, we presented the design of the barn and with the help of SketchUp we drew a 3D sketch of the modernized facility. In the renovated barn, there will be place for 12 suckler cows with their calves. Instead of tied-in housing system, we will introduce a free stall barn with possibility of release animals outside the barn. The feeding will take place outside the barn, except in case of bad weather we will feed the animals inside the barn, by leaving fodder in the hayrack. Manure removal will be automatized. On the southern side of the barn, there will be windows for better lighting and climate. Even though the number of cows is quite low, the adaptation of the facility is necessary. With the renovation of the facility, we will not only minimize the amount of manual work that is put into successful farming on a daily basis, but we will also improve the animal welfare.

V diplomskem delu smo se osredotočili na analizo trenutno najbolj razširjenih oblik hlevov za krave molznice in posameznih funkcionalnih področij v njih. V Sloveniji še vedno prevladujejo manjši hlevi na vezano rejo. Predstavili in opisali smo hleve na prosto rejo z ležalnimi boksi in hleve na globoki nastilj, ki se v Sloveniji vedno bolj uveljavljajo. Poleg tega smo predstavili tudi kompostne hleve, ki se v Sloveniji doslej še niso uveljavili. Opisali smo tudi ključne dejavnike na katere mora biti rejec pozoren, da lahko zagotovi živalim optimalne pogoje za življenje. Pri tem imamo v mislih osvetlitev hlevov, ki skozi celo leto zagotavlja živalim dovolj svetlobe, nekaj možnih načinov ventilacije, s katero poskrbimo, da zrak v hlevu vedno kroži in s pomočjo katere preprečujemo pojav vročinskega stresa oz. zmanjšamo vročinski stres v času visokih temperatur poleti. Na tržišču se pojavlja veliko različnih tipov molzišč: od molzišča ribja kost za manjše reje do rotolaktorjev, primernih za velike črede. V diplomskem delu smo predstavili različne tipe molzišč, ki so najpogosteje v uporabi, ter opisali in razčlenili njihovo delovanje ter uporabnost glede na velikost črede krav molznic. Opisali smo tudi primer sodobnega in inovativnega hleva iz Nizozemske, kjer se pristopa do reje krav molznic lotevajo precej drugače kot pri nas, kar dobro prikazujejo primeri kot so t.i. “kravji vrt” (Cow Garden). In the B. Sc. we focused on the analysis of the currently most widespread forms of barns for dairy cows and individual functional areas in them. In Slovenia, the most dominant form of barns is still smaller ones with tied-in housing systems. We introduced and described the free barns and barns with deep bedding, that are still the dominant ones in Slovenia. Besides those, we introduced barns with compost bedding system, which is not yet used in Slovenia. We also described key factors that the farmer must keep in mind so that he can guarantee the animals optimal living conditions. With that we mean the lighting of the barn, which throughout the year makes sure that the animals have enough light, some ways of ventilation, with which we make sure that the air in the barn is always circling and which helps to prevent potential heat stress, or reduce it in the time of high summer temperatures. There are more and more types of milking systems on the market every year: from the fish bone, for smaller herds, to rotary milking system for larger ones. In the B. Sc. thesis, we present different types of milking systems that are most commonly in use and describe their workings and functionality depending on the size of the herd. In the assignment, we also described an example of a modern and innovative barn from Netherlands, where they approach cow farming quite differently that we do, which is very well presented by examples like the so called ‘Cow Garden’ barn.

V diplomskem delu smo opisali pomen mlezivo za kvalitetno vzrejo telet, njegovo sestavo in spreminjaje glede na čas po telitvi. Opisali smo metode merjenja kakovosti mlezivo z refraktometrom in kolostrometrom. Navedli smo vzroke zakaj teleta ni priporočljivo krmiti z mastitičnim mlekom. Predstavili smo tudi način in pomen shranjevanja mleziva. Opisali smo sisteme uhlevitve telet oziroma plemenskih telic v posameznih obdobjih vzreje ter pomen individualne uhlevitve telet takoj po rojstvu kjer lahko ostanejo vse do odstavitve. Teleta naj bi odstavili pri telesni masi 100 kg in višini vihra med 90 in 100 cm, pri tem pa morajo imeti pravilno razvite predželodce in želodec, ki omogočajo pravilen razvoj in rast v kasnejših obdobjih vzreje. Najpogostejši bolezni, ki se pojavljata pri teletih, sta pljučnica in driska, ki povzročata največje stroške zdravljenja in izgube telet. Za doseganje ustreznega prirasta telet oziroma plemenskih telic skozi vsa obdobja pa jim moramo nuditi primerno prehrano in neomejen dostop do vode. Prav tako je tudi ključno, da telice semenimo pri ustrezni starosti oziroma telesni masi, da s tem zmanjšamo stroške vzreje. In the thesis, we have described the importance of colostrum for quality breeding of calves, its composition, and its changes according to the time after calving. We have described methods for measuring the quality of colostrum with a reflectometer and a colostrometer. We have presented the reasons why it is not advisable to feed calves with milk, infected with mastitis. We also presented the way and the importance of the storing of colostrum. We have described the housing systems of calves or breeding heifers in particular periods of rearing and breeding, and the importance of the individual housing of calves immediately after birth, where they can remain until weaning. The calves should be weaned when they reach a body weight of 100 kilograms and a hip height of between 90 and 100 centimeters, with a properly developed rumen, abomasum, reticulum and omasum, which allow for proper development and growth in later periods of rearing. The most common diseases that occur in calves are pneumonia and diarrhea, which are causing the highest costs of treatment and loss of calves. To achieve the proper growth of calves or breeding heifers throughout all ages, we must provide them with proper food and unlimited access to water. It is also vital that heifers are inseminated at the appropriate age or body weight, in order to reduce the costs of breeding.

Na kmetiji Pr' Kalan se je pokazala potreba po rekonstrukciji hleva. Na kmetiji redimo krave molznice, goveje pitance in mlado živino v sistemu vezane reje. Na kmetiji bomo ohranili stalež živali, zato potrebe po novogradnji hleva trenutno ni. Želimo si ohraniti obstoječi hlev in le-tega preurediti na prosto rejo, da si bomo olajšali delo. V prvem delu diplomskega dela smo prikazali prednosti in slabosti različnih sistemov ureditve hlevov za krave molznice, goveje pitance, mlado živino in sesna teleta. V drugem delu smo predstavili za nas najbolj optimalne rešitve glede prostora, ekonomike in delovne sile pri rekonstrukciji obstoječega hleva. Da bi živalim zagotovili dovolj prostora, smo kot najprimernejšo rešitev predlagali izpust ob hlevu in v njem ležalne bokse za krave molznice. Ekonomsko stališče rekonstrukcije smo poskušali rešiti z najmanjšimi stroški, z uporabo lastne delovne sile in pomoči prijateljev ter uporabo lesa, ker ga je na kmetiji na voljo dovolj. S preureditvijo hleva za krave molznice in mlado živino pričakujemo boljše počutje živali, saj bodo le te uživale večji komfort, nekoliko lažje delo za rejca ter ugodnejši pogled na rejo s strani potrošnikov. &#8195 On family farm “Pr' Kalan”, which breeds dairy cows, fattening bulls and young cattle in a tied-in housing system, they need to make a reconstruction of the cattle barn. Since the number of cattle on the farm is to remain unchanged, there is no actual need to build a new barn. Our aim is therefore to preserve the existing barn and adapt it to free stall barn to make breeders’ work easier. The first part of the B. Sc. thesis thus presents the advantages as well as disadvantages of different housing systems for dairy cows, fattening bulls, young cattle and calves. The most optimal solutions regarding space, economy and labour in the reconstruction of the existent barn are presented in the second part of the thesis. In order to provide enough space for the animals, the outlet of the barn and the lying pens for the dairy cows are proposed as the most suitable solution. To minimize the costs, the reconstruction is to be carried out by the owners themselves with their friends’ help and using wood since there is an abundance of it available on the farm. With the reconstruction of the existing barn is expected to improve dairy cows’ and young cattle’s welfare as they will enjoy greater comfort, make the breeders’ work a bit easier, as well as help to shape a more favourable view on the farming process from the consumers perspective.

Lisasta pasma je kombinirana pasma usmerjena v prirejo mleka in mesa. V Sloveniji je najštevilčnejša pasma goveda. Rejski program za lisasto pasmo je zastavljen tako, da se pri odbiri bikovskih mater spremljata tako prireja mleka kot tudi prireja mesa. Sestavni del rejskega programa je vzreja in odbira plemenskih bikov lisaste pasme, ki so namenjeni za osemenjevanje ali naravni pripust. Plemenski biki so plod načrtnega osemenjevanja bikovskih mater z elitnimi biki. Elitni biki večinoma izvirajo iz tujih populacij, občasno pa tudi iz domače populacije pozitivno testiranih bikov lisaste pasme. V diplomskem delu smo opisali selekcijsko shemo za lisasto pasmo in podrobneje predstavili življenjski krog pozitivno testiranega bika lisaste pasme. Predstavili smo tudi kriterije za odbiro bikovskih mater, kriterije za odbiro elitnih bikov lisaste pasme in kateri biki so se uporabljali za osemenjevanje bikovskih mater v zadnjih sedmih letih. Število bikovskih mater v zadnjih sedmih letih niha, njihova mlečnost pa se iz leta v leto povečuje. Največ bikovskih mater v zadnjih sedmih letih je bilo odbranih leta 2011, najmanj pa leta 2014. Povprečna mlečnost bikovskih mater lisaste pasme se je od leta 2010 do leta 2016 povečala za 1.000 kg. Največ elitnih bikov za osemenjevanje bikovskih mater je bilo na voljo leta 2015 in to kar 14. V letošnjem letu so med elitnimi biki na voljo tudi štirje genomsko testirani biki. The Simmental breed is a breed of dual-purpose cattle suitable for both milk and meat production. It is the most populous breed of cattle in Slovenia. Breeding program for Simmental breed include monitoring of milk and meat production – this is very important when we select bull dams. The rearing and selection of Simmental breeding bulls, using for insemination or natural matting, is an important part of the breeding program. The breeding bulls are the result of planned insemination of the bull dams with sire bulls. Sire bulls usually originate from foreign populations of Simmental breeding bulls, however, sometimes also from domestic populations of positive proof bulls. In the B. Sc. thesis, we describe selection scheme of Simmental breed and present in detail the life cycle of a positive proof bull. Likewise, we present the criteria for selecting of Simmental bull dams, selection criteria for Simmental Sire bulls and present the bulls used for the insemination of Simmental cattle in the last seven years. The number of Simmental bull dams in last seven years has been fluctuating, whereas their milk yield production is increasing in these years. The highest number of bull dams in last seven years were selected in 2011, while the least in 2014. The average milk yield of Simmental bull dams has increased for 1,000 kg from 2010 to 2016. The largest number of Sire bulls for insemination of bull dams was in 2015, where there were 14 Sire bulls available for insemination. Whereas this year there are also four genomic tested bulls available for insemination of Simmental bull dams.

Cilj vsakega rejca, ki redi visoko-produktivne krave molznice je, da mu bodo krave v življenjski dobi dale čim več kakovostnega mleka in čim večje število zdravih potomcev primernih za pleme oziroma za pitanje. Za doseganje teh ciljev mora rejec vso skrb nameniti vzreji telet že od rojstva dalje, saj se tu začne vzreja krav jutrišnjega dne. Zelo pomemben del doseganja teh ciljev je pravilna vzreja plemenskih telic in kasneje presušenih krav. Kravo je najboljše presušiti 60 dni pred porodom. Kasnejše presuševanje v precejšnji meri vpliva na mlečnost v naslednji laktaciji in na slabšo kakovost kolostruma. Pri kravah, ki imajo manj kot 25 kg mleka, ob presušitvi v vime apliciramo antibiotik in se take krave ne molze več. Krave z več kot 25 kg mleka pa presušimo tako, da jim že 14 dni pred predvideno presušitvijo zmanjšujemo krmila in jih molzemo samo enkrat dnevno. Že v dobi presušitve lahko vplivamo na potek poroda in na uspešnost naslednje obrejitve. Če kravo pravilno presušimo in jo tudi pravilno krmimo, jo dovolj zgodaj pred porodom začnemo ovimljati in imamo ves čas uravnotežen krmni obrok, bomo imeli manjšo verjetnost, da se bodo po porodu pojavljali problemi z zaostajanjem posteljice oziroma poporodnimi mrzlicami. Porod ob nepravilnem ravnanju z brejo kravo lahko spremljajo težave že v času samega poroda, kot tudi po porodu. Če se poroda ne lotimo strokovno in s previdnostjo, lahko izgubimo tako kravo kot teleta. Ko kravo po telitvi ponovno semenimo, je verjetnost za pojav reprodukcijskih motenj veliko večja pri tistih kravah, ki so imele težke telitve in zaplete ob telitvi, kot pri kravah kjer teh problemov ni bilo. The aim of every breeder of high-yielding dairy cows is to breed cows that will, within their lifetime, produce as much quality milk as possible and as many healthy offspring to either for breeding or for fattening. To achieve these goals the breeder should take great care of raising calves from their birth onwards as it is there that the breeding of future cows begins. An important part of this process is proper care of bred heifers and later dried-off cows. The best results are achieved with cows dried off sixty days before calving. Drying-off at a later stage considerably influences milk production in the next lactation and results in a worse colostrum quality. Cows producing less than 25 kg of milk can be dried off by applying an antibiotic in the udder and stopped with milking. Cows producing more than 25 kg of milk are dried off by reduction of concentrate two weeks before the drying off is due and by milking them once daily. During the drying-off period, the breeder can already influence the calving process and the success of the next pregnancy. If the cow is correctly dried off and fed a balanced feed ratio during dry-off period then is less probable that after the calving the cow suffers from placental retention or milk fever. Incorrect handling of the pregnant cow can lead to complications accompanying the birth or following it. If the calving is not attended to professionally and with care, both the cow and the calf can be lost. When the cow is inseminated following the calving, reproductive disorders are more likely to appear in cows that have had difficult calving and complications around calving than at cows where these problems were net present.