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850 results on '"K. McCormick"'

101. Manipulating earthworm abundance using electroshocking in deciduous forests

Author

Scott L. Pitz, Dennis F. Whigham, L. Xia, M. Bernard, Chih-Han Chang, John P. O'Neill, Katalin Szlavecz, and Melissa K. McCormick

Subjects
Abiotic component, Deciduous, Ecology, Abundance (ecology), Earthworm, Soil water, Soil Science, Ecosystem, Biology, Plant litter, biology.organism_classification, Temperate rainforest, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract

Earthworms influence the biotic and abiotic characteristics of soils, but studying these effects in situ is challenging. Secondary forests in the Mid-Atlantic have abundant earthworm communities. To investigate the interaction of earthworms with the below- and aboveground part of the ecosystem, we manipulated earthworm densities in 1 m 2 enclosures located at 12 study sites within four different-aged forest stands at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center (SERC) in Maryland, USA. The treatment plots were created by trenching around the perimeter and lining the trenches with fiberglass mesh before backfilling. Two types of untrenched plots served as control and leaf litter treatment plots. Enclosures were electroshocked between four and nine times over a two-year period to remove earthworms and to compare densities among treatment and untrenched plots. Earthworms were weighed and identified to determine whether removal by electroshocking varied depending on body size or ecological grouping. Earthworm abundances were 30–50% lower in reduced-density enclosures than in high density enclosures; however, the efficiency of the exclusion treatments varied by earthworm size and ecological group. Manipulating earthworm populations in temperate forests to assess their influence on ecological functions is feasible using electroshocking, but careful planning is essential given the amount of effort required to set up and maintain the desired experimental conditions.

Published
2013

102. First Nitrogen-seeding Experiments in JET with the ITER-like Wall

Author

Ch. Linsmeier, D. Douai, M. Brix, A. Drenik, A. Meigs, M. Clever, G. Calabrò, E. Joffrin, Efda-Jet Contributors, M. Reinelt, G. Sips, K. McCormick, K. Lawson, M. Oberkofler, S. Marsen, B. Sieglin, R. Neu, U. Kruezi, S. Brezinsek, T. Dittmar, Francisco L. Tabarés, J. W. Coenen, C. Giroud, A. Martin Rojo, M. Stamp, S. Romanelli, Stamp, M., Calabro, G., and EFDA-JET Contributors

Subjects
Ammonia production, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Jet (fluid), Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, Impurity, Plasma parameters, Nuclear engineering, chemistry.chemical_element, General Materials Science, Seeding, Atomic physics, Nitrogen
Abstract

In this contribution we present results from the first N2 seeding experiments in JET performed after installation of the ITER-like Wall. Gas balance measurements for seeded L-mode discharges indicate very strong N2 retention as well as a potential increase in D2 retention. The possible influence of ammonia production on this apparent retention is discussed. Plasma parameters and impurity content were monitored throughout the seeded discharges as well as during subsequent clean-up discharges. These experiments give first insight into phenomena related to the use of nitrogen as seeding gas in JET with the ITER-like Wall, such as ammonia production and nitrogen legacy. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Published
2013

104. Precision optical navigation guidance system

Author

K. McCormick, Ahmad Fallahpour, L. Volfson, Alan E. Willner, D. Johnson, Dmitry Starodubov, M. Dellosa, and P. Nolan

Subjects
Optical navigation, Precision approach radar, Fixed wing, Computer science, Duplex (telecommunications), ComputerApplications_COMPUTERSINOTHERSYSTEMS, Guidance system, Simulation
Abstract

We present the new precision optical navigation guidance system approach that provides continuous, high quality range and bearing data to fixed wing aircraft during landing approach to an aircraft carrier. The system uses infrared optical communications to measure range between ship and aircraft with accuracy and precision better than 1 meter at ranges more than 7.5 km. The innovative receiver design measures bearing from aircraft to ship with accuracy and precision better than 0.5 mRad. The system provides real-time range and bearing updates to multiple aircraft at rates up to several kHz, and duplex data transmission between ship and aircraft.

Published
2016

105. Rapid detection of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia using combined three-hour short-incubation matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight MS identification and Alere Culture Colony PBP2a detection test

Author

David Schaus, Johannes Andries Delport, John K. McCormick, Ivor Mohorovic, Michael John, Sandi Burn, and Robert Lannigan

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Microbiology (medical), Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Penicillin binding proteins, Time Factors, 030106 microbiology, Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia, Bacteremia, medicine.disease_cause, Staphylococcal infections, Microbiology, Sensitivity and Specificity, Chromatography, Affinity, 03 medical and health sciences, Bacterial Proteins, Predictive Value of Tests, medicine, Humans, Penicillin-Binding Proteins, Incubation, business.industry, General Medicine, biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition, Staphylococcal Infections, bacterial infections and mycoses, medicine.disease, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus aureus, Predictive value of tests, Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization, business
Abstract

Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bloodstream infection is responsible for significant morbidity, with mortality rates as high as 60 % if not treated appropriately. We describe a rapid method to detect MRSA in blood cultures using a combined three-hour short-incubation BRUKER matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight MS BioTyper protocol and a qualitative immunochromatographic assay, the Alere Culture Colony Test PBP2a detection test. We compared this combined method with a molecular method detecting the nuc and mecA genes currently performed in our laboratory. One hundred and seventeen S. aureus blood cultures were tested of which 35 were MRSA and 82 were meticillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA). The rapid combined test correctly identified 100 % (82/82) of the MSSA and 85.7 % (30/35) of the MRSA after 3 h. There were five false negative results where the isolates were correctly identified as S. aureus, but PBP2a was not detected by the Culture Colony Test. The combined method has a sensitivity of 87.5 %, specificity of 100 %, a positive predictive value of 100 % and a negative predictive value of 94.3 % with the prevalence of MRSA in our S. aureus blood cultures. The combined rapid method offers a significant benefit to early detection of MRSA in positive blood cultures.

Published
2016

106. Eye safe single aperture laser radar scanners for 3D acquisition

Author

L. Volfson, T. M. Finegan, Dmitry Starodubov, P. Nolan, and K. McCormick

Subjects
Laser scanning, business.industry, Computer science, Aperture, Beam steering, ComputingMethodologies_IMAGEPROCESSINGANDCOMPUTERVISION, Ranging, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Laser, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, 010309 optics, Optics, Lidar, Radar engineering details, law, 0103 physical sciences, Radar, 0210 nano-technology, business
Abstract

The single aperture implementation of laser radars in combination with beam scanning solutions enables low cost, compact and efficient laser systems for 3D acquisition. The design benefits include the lack of dead zones, improved stability and compact footprint for the system implementation. In our presentation we focus on the scanning solution development for 3D laser radars that is based on all solid state magneto-optic design. The novel solid-state scanner implementation results are presented. Keywords Laser radar, eye safe, 3D, range finder 1. INTRODUCTION The use of 3D capable laser radars for drone vision and driverless cars is quickly changing the ranged sensors field. The use of 2D beam scanning solutions in combination with the high repetition ranging for laser radars delivers 3D acquisition capability [1] (see Figure 1). Mechanical means of beam steering for the laser radars have a number of limitations that include slow scanning speed, mechanical inertia and limited lifetime

Published
2016

107. Swift Intrahepatic Accumulation of Granulocytic Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in a Humanized Mouse Model of Toxic Shock Syndrome

Author

Peter A. Szabo, Ankur Goswami, S. M. Mansour Haeryfar, John K. McCormick, Arash Memarnejadian, Paula J. Foster, and Christiane L. Mallett

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Genetically modified mouse, Male, T cell, medicine.medical_treatment, Inflammation, chemical and pharmacologic phenomena, Mice, Transgenic, Biology, 03 medical and health sciences, Major Articles and Brief Reports, Enterotoxins, Mice, 0302 clinical medicine, medicine, Superantigen, HLA-DR4 Antigen, Immunology and Allergy, Animals, Humans, Cell Proliferation, Immunosuppression Therapy, CD11b Antigen, Superantigens, Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells, Toxic shock syndrome, Immunosuppression, medicine.disease, Shock, Septic, 3. Good health, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Disease Models, Animal, 030104 developmental biology, Infectious Diseases, medicine.anatomical_structure, Liver, Humanized mouse, Immunology, Myeloid-derived Suppressor Cell, Female, medicine.symptom, Reactive Oxygen Species, 030215 immunology, Granulocytes
Abstract

Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) and other superantigen-mediated illnesses are associated with 'systemic' immunosuppression that jeopardizes the host's ability to fight pathogens. Here, we define a novel mechanism of 'local' immunosuppression that may benefit the host. Systemic exposure to staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) rapidly and selectively recruited CD11b(+)Gr-1(high)Ly-6C(+) granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) to the liver of HLA-DR4 transgenic mice. Hepatic MDSCs inhibited SEB-triggered T cell proliferation in a reactive oxygen species-dependent manner, and ex vivo-generated human MDSCs also similarly attenuated the proliferative response of autologous T cells to SEB. We propose a role for MDSCs in mitigating excessive tissue injury during TSS.

Published
2016

108. Erratum to: Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition) (Autophagy, 12, 1, 1-222, 10.1080/15548627.2015.1100356

Author

Klionsky, D.J. Abdelmohsen, K. Abe, A. Abedin, M.J. Abeliovich, H. Arozena, A.A. Adachi, H. Adams, C.M. Adams, P.D. Adeli, K. Adhihetty, P.J. Adler, S.G. Agam, G. Agarwal, R. Aghi, M.K. Agnello, M. Agostinis, P. Aguilar, P.V. Aguirre-Ghiso, J. Airoldi, E.M. Ait-Si-Ali, S. Akematsu, T. Akporiaye, E.T. Al-Rubeai, M. Albaiceta, G.M. Albanese, C. Albani, D. Albert, M.L. Aldudo, J. Algül, H. Alirezaei, M. Alloza, I. Almasan, A. Almonte-Beceril, M. Alnemri, E.S. Alonso, C. Altan-Bonnet, N. Altieri, D.C. Alvarez, S. Alvarez-Erviti, L. Alves, S. Amadoro, G. Amano, A. Amantini, C. Ambrosio, S. Amelio, I. Amer, A.O. Amessou, M. Amon, A. An, Z. Anania, F.A. Andersen, S.U. Andley, U.P. Andreadi, C.K. Andrieu-Abadie, N. Anel, A. Ann, D.K. Anoopkumar-Dukie, S. Antonioli, M. Aoki, H. Apostolova, N. Aquila, S. Aquilano, K. Araki, K. Arama, E. Aranda, A. Araya, J. Arcaro, A. Arias, E. Arimoto, H. Ariosa, A.R. Armstrong, J.L. Arnould, T. Arsov, I. Asanuma, K. Askanas, V. Asselin, E. Atarashi, R. Atherton, S.S. Atkin, J.D. Attardi, L.D. Auberger, P. Auburger, G. Aurelian, L. Autelli, R. Avagliano, L. Avantaggiati, M.L. Avrahami, L. Azad, N. Awale, S. Bachetti, T. Backer, J.M. Bae, D.-H. Bae, J.-S. Bae, O.-N. Bae, S.H. Baehrecke, E.H. Baek, S.-H. Baghdiguian, S. Bagniewska-Zadworna, A. Bai, H. Bai, J. Bai, X.-Y. Bailly, Y. Balaji, K.N. Balduini, W. Ballabio, A. Balzan, R. Banerjee, R. Bánhegyi, G. Bao, H. Barbeau, B. Barrachina, M.D. Barreiro, E. Bartel, B. Bartolomé, A. Bassham, D.C. Bassi, M.T. Bast, R.C., Jr. Basu, A. Batista, M.T. Batoko, H. Battino, M. Bauckman, K. Baumgarner, B.L. Bayer, K.U. Beale, R. Beaulieu, J.-F. Beck, G.R., Jr. Becker, C. Beckham, J.D. Bédard, P.-A. Bednarski, P.J. Begley, T.J. Behl, C. Behrends, C. Behrens, G.M.N. Behrns, K.E. Bejarano, E. Belaid, A. Belleudi, F. Bénard, G. Berchem, G. Bergamaschi, D. Bergami, M. Berkhout, B. Berliocchi, L. Bernard, A. Bernard, M. Bernassola, F. Bertolotti, A. Bess, A.S. Besteiro, S. Bettuzzi, S. Bhalla, S. Bhattacharyya, S. Bhutia, S.K. Biagosch, C. Bianchi, M.W. Biard-Piechaczyk, M. Billes, V. Bincoletto, C. Bingol, B. Bird, S.W. Bitoun, M. Bjedov, I. Blackstone, C. Blanc, L. Blanco, G.A. Blomhoff, H.K. Boada-Romero, E. Böckler, S. Boes, M. Boesze-Battaglia, K. Boise, L.H. Bolino, A. Boman, A. Bonaldo, P. Bordi, M. Bosch, J. Botana, L.M. Botti, J. Bou, G. Bouché, M. Bouchecareilh, M. Boucher, M.-J. Boulton, M.E. Bouret, S.G. Boya, P. Boyer-Guittaut, M. Bozhkov, P.V. Brady, N. Braga, V.M.M. Brancolini, C. Braus, G.H. Bravo-San-Pedro, J.M. Brennan, L.A. Bresnick, E.H. Brest, P. Bridges, D. Bringer, M.-A. Brini, M. Brito, G.C. Brodin, B. Brookes, P.S. Brown, E.J. Brown, K. Broxmeyer, H.E. Bruhat, A. Brum, P.C. Brumell, J.H. Brunetti-Pierri, N. Bryson-Richardson, R.J. Buch, S. Buchan, A.M. Budak, H. Bulavin, D.V. Bultman, S.J. Bultynck, G. Bumbasirevic, V. Burelle, Y. Burke, R.E. Burmeister, M. Bütikofer, P. Caberlotto, L. Cadwell, K. Cahova, M. Cai, D. Cai, J. Cai, Q. Calatayud, S. Camougrand, N. Campanella, M. Campbell, G.R. Campbell, M. Campello, S. Candau, R. Caniggia, I. Cantoni, L. Cao, L. Caplan, A.B. Caraglia, M. Cardinali, C. Cardoso, S.M. Carew, J.S. Carleton, L.A. Carlin, C.R. Carloni, S. Carlsson, S.R. Carmona-Gutierrez, D. Carneiro, L.A.M. Carnevali, O. Carra, S. Carrier, A. Carroll, B. Casas, C. Casas, J. Cassinelli, G. Castets, P. Castro-Obregon, S. Cavallini, G. Ceccherini, I. Cecconi, F. Cederbaum, A.I. Ceña, V. Cenci, S. Cerella, C. Cervia, D. Cetrullo, S. Chaachouay, H. Chae, H.-J. Chagin, A.S. Chai, C.-Y. Chakrabarti, G. Chamilos, G. Chan, E.Y.W. Chan, M.T.V. Chandra, D. Chandra, P. Chang, C.-P. Chang, R.C.-C. Chang, T.Y. Chatham, J.C. Chatterjee, S. Chauhan, S. Che, Y. Cheetham, M.E. Cheluvappa, R. Chen, C.-J. Chen, G. Chen, G.-C. Chen, G. Chen, H. Chen, J.W. Chen, J.-K. Chen, M. Chen, M. Chen, P. Chen, Q. Chen, Q. Chen, S.-D. Chen, S. Chen, S.S.-L. Chen, W. Chen, W.-J. Chen, W.Q. Chen, W. Chen, X. Chen, Y.-H. Chen, Y.-G. Chen, Y. Chen, Y. Chen, Y. Chen, Y.-J. Chen, Y.-Q. Chen, Y. Chen, Z. Chen, Z. Cheng, A. Cheng, C.H.K. Cheng, H. Cheong, H. Cherry, S. Chesney, J. Cheung, C.H.A. Chevet, E. Chi, H.C. Chi, S.-G. Chiacchiera, F. Chiang, H.-L. Chiarelli, R. Chiariello, M. Chieppa, M. Chin, L.-S. Chiong, M. Chiu, G.N.C. Cho, D.-H. Cho, S.-G. Cho, W.C. Cho, Y.-Y. Cho, Y.-S. Choi, A.M.K. Choi, E.-J. Choi, E.-K. Choi, J. Choi, M.E. Choi, S.-I. Chou, T.-F. Chouaib, S. Choubey, D. Choubey, V. Chow, K.-C. Chowdhury, K. Chu, C.T. Chuang, T.-H. Chun, T. Chung, H. Chung, T. Chung, Y.-L. Chwae, Y.-J. Cianfanelli, V. Ciarcia, R. Ciechomska, I.A. Ciriolo, M.R. Cirone, M. Claerhout, S. Clague, M.J. Cl� ria, J. Clarke, P.G.H. Clarke, R. Clementi, E. Cleyrat, C. Cnop, M. Coccia, E.M. Cocco, T. Codogno, P. Coers, J. Cohen, E.E.W. Colecchia, D. Coletto, L. Coll, N.S. Colucci-Guyon, E. Comincini, S. Condello, M. Cook, K.L. Coombs, G.H. Cooper, C.D. Cooper, J.M. Coppens, I. Corasaniti, M.T. Corazzari, M. Corbalan, R. Corcelle-Termeau, E. Cordero, M.D. Corral-Ramos, C. Corti, O. Cossarizza, A. Costelli, P. Costes, S. Cotman, S.L. Coto-Montes, A. Cottet, S. Couve, E. Covey, L.R. Cowart, L.A. Cox, J.S. Coxon, F.P. Coyne, C.B. Cragg, M.S. Craven, R.J. Crepaldi, T. Crespo, J.L. Criollo, A. Crippa, V. Cruz, M.T. Cuervo, A.M. Cuezva, J.M. Cui, T. Cutillas, P.R. Czaja, M.J. Czyzyk-Krzeska, M.F. Dagda, R.K. Dahmen, U. Dai, C. Dai, W. Dai, Y. Dalby, K.N. Valle, L.D. Dalmasso, G. D'amelio, M. Damme, M. Darfeuille-Michaud, A. Dargemont, C. Darley-Usmar, V.M. Dasarathy, S. Dasgupta, B. Dash, S. Dass, C.R. Davey, H.M. Davids, L.M. Dávila, D. Davis, R.J. Dawson, T.M. Dawson, V.L. Daza, P. de Belleroche, J. de Figueiredo, P. de Figueiredo, R.C.B.Q. de la Fuente, J. De Martino, L. De Matteis, A. De Meyer, G.R.Y. De Milito, A. De Santi, M. de Souza, W. De Tata, V. De Zio, D. Debnath, J. Dechant, R. Decuypere, J.-P. Deegan, S. Dehay, B. Del Bello, B. Del Re, D.P. Delage-Mourroux, R. Delbridge, L.M.D. Deldicque, L. Delorme-Axford, E. Deng, Y. Dengjel, J. Denizot, M. Dent, P. Der, C.J. Deretic, V. Derrien, B. Deutsch, E. Devarenne, T.P. Devenish, R.J. Di Bartolomeo, S. Di Daniele, N. Di Domenico, F. Di Nardo, A. Di Paola, S. Di Pietro, A. Di Renzo, L. Di Antonio, A. Díaz-Araya, G. Díaz-Laviada, I. Diaz-Meco, M.T. Diaz-Nido, J. Dickey, C.A. Dickson, R.C. Diederich, M. Digard, P. Dikic, I. Dinesh-Kumar, S.P. Ding, C. Ding, W.-X. Ding, Z. Dini, L. Distler, J.H.W. Diwan, A. Djavaheri-Mergny, M. Dmytruk, K. Dobson, R.C.J. Doetsch, V. Dokladny, K. Dokudovskaya, S. Donadelli, M. Dong, X.C. Dong, X. Dong, Z. Donohue, T.M., Jr. Donohue-Jr, T.M. Doran, K.S. D'orazi, G. Dorn, G.W., II Dosenko, V. Dridi, S. Drucker, L. Du, J. Du, L.-L. Du, L. du Toit, A. Dua, P. Duan, L. Duann, P. Dubey, V.K. Duchen, M.R. Duchosal, M.A. Duez, H. Dugail, I. Dumit, V.I. Duncan, M.C. Dunlop, E.A. Dunn, W.A., Jr. Dupont, N. Dupuis, L. Durán, R.V. Durcan, T.M. Duvezin-Caubet, S. Duvvuri, U. Eapen, V. Ebrahimi-Fakhari, D. Echard, A. Eckhart, L. Edelstein, C.L. Edinger, A.L. Eichinger, L. Eisenberg, T. Eisenberg-Lerner, A. Eissa, N.T. El-Deiry, W.S. El-Khoury, V. Elazar, Z. Eldar-Finkelman, H. Elliott, C.J.H. Emanuele, E. Emmenegger, U. Engedal, N. Engelbrecht, A.-M. Engelender, S. Enserink, J.M. Erdmann, R. Erenpreisa, J. Eri, R. Eriksen, J.L. Erman, A. Escalante, R. Eskelinen, E.-L. Espert, L. Esteban-Martínez, L. Evans, T.J. Fabri, M. Fabrias, G. Fabrizi, C. Facchiano, A. Færgeman, N.J. Faggioni, A. Fairlie, W.D. Fan, C. Fan, D. Fan, J. Fang, S. Fanto, M. Fanzani, A. Farkas, T. Faure, M. Favier, F.B. Fearnhead, H. Federici, M. Fei, E. Felizardo, T.C. Feng, H. Feng, Y. Feng, Y. Ferguson, T.A. Fernández, Á.F. Fernandez-Barrena, M.G. Fernandez-Checa, J.C. Fernández-López, A. Fernandez-Zapico, M.E. Feron, O. Ferraro, E. Ferreira-Halder, C.V. Fesus, L. Feuer, R. Fiesel, F.C. Filippi-Chiela, E.C. Filomeni, G. Fimia, G.M. Fingert, J.H. Finkbeiner, S. Finkel, T. Fiorito, F. Fisher, P.B. Flajolet, M. Flamigni, F. Florey, O. Florio, S. Floto, R.A. Folini, M. Follo, C. Fon, E.A. Fornai, F. Fortunato, F. Fraldi, A. Franco, R. Francois, A. François, A. Frankel, L.B. Fraser, I.D.C. Frey, N. Freyssenet, D.G. Frezza, C. Friedman, S.L. Frigo, D.E. Fu, D. Fuentes, J.M. Fueyo, J. Fujitani, Y. Fujiwara, Y. Fujiya, M. Fukuda, M. Fulda, S. Fusco, C. Gabryel, B. Gaestel, M. Gailly, P. Gajewska, M. Galadari, S. Galili, G. Galindo, I. Galindo, M.F. Galliciotti, G. Galluzzi, L. Galluzzi, L. Galy, V. Gammoh, N. Gandy, S. Ganesan, A.K. Ganesan, S. Ganley, I.G. Gannagé, M. Gao, F.-B. Gao, F. Gao, J.-X. Nannig, L.G. Véscovi, E.G. Garcia-Macía, M. Garcia-Ruiz, C. Garg, A.D. Garg, P.K. Gargini, R. Gassen, N.C. Gatica, D. Gatti, E. Gavard, J. Gavathiotis, E. Ge, L. Ge, P. Ge, S. Gean, P.-W. Gelmetti, V. Genazzani, A.A. Geng, J. Genschik, P. Gerner, L. Gestwicki, J.E. Gewirtz, D.A. Ghavami, S. Ghigo, E. Ghosh, D. Giammarioli, A.M. Giampieri, F. Giampietri, C. Giatromanolaki, A. Gibbings, D.J. Gibellini, L. Gibson, S.B. Ginet, V. Giordano, A. Giorgini, F. Giovannetti, E. Girardin, S.E. Gispert, S. Giuliano, S. Gladson, C.L. Glavic, A. Gleave, M. Godefroy, N. Gogal, R.M., Jr. Gokulan, K. Goldman, G.H. Goletti, D. Goligorsky, M.S. Gomes, A.V. Gomes, L.C. Gomez, H. Gomez-Manzano, C. Gómez-Sánchez, R. Gonçalves, D.A.P. Goncu, E. Gong, Q. Gongora, C. Gonzalez, C.B. Gonzalez-Alegre, P. Gonzalez-Cabo, P. González-Polo, R.A. Goping, I.S. Gorbea, C. Gorbunov, N.V. Goring, D.R. Gorman, A.M. Gorski, S.M. Goruppi, S. Goto-Yamada, S. Gotor, C. Gottlieb, R.A. Gozes, I. Gozuacik, D. Graba, Y. Graef, M. Granato, G.E. Grant, G.D. Grant, S. Gravina, G.L. Green, D.R. Greenhough, A. Greenwood, M.T. Grimaldi, B. Gros, F. Grose, C. Groulx, J.-F. Gruber, F. Grumati, P. Grune, T. Guan, J.-L. Guan, K.-L. Guerra, B. Guillen, C. Gulshan, K. Gunst, J. Guo, C. Guo, L. Guo, M. Guo, W. Guo, X.-G. Gust, A.A. Gustafsson, Å.B. Gutierrez, E. Gutierrez, M.G. Gwak, H.-S. Haas, A. Haber, J.E. Hadano, S. Hagedorn, M. Hahn, D.R. Halayko, A.J. Hamacher-Brady, A. Hamada, K. Hamai, A. Hamann, A. Hamasaki, M. Hamer, I. Hamid, Q. Hammond, E.M. Han, F. Han, W. Handa, J.T. Hanover, J.A. Hansen, M. Harada, M. Harhaji-Trajkovic, L. Harper, J.W. Harrath, A.H. Harris, A.L. Harris, J. Hasler, U. Hasselblatt, P. Hasui, K. Hawley, R.G. Hawley, T.S. He, C. He, C.Y. He, F. He, G. He, R.-R. He, X.-H. He, Y.-W. He, Y.-Y. Heath, J.K. Hébert, M.-J. Heinzen, R.A. Helgason, G.V. Hensel, M. Henske, E.P. Her, C. Herman, P.K. Hernández, A. Hernandez, C. Hernández-Tiedra, S. Hetz, C. Hiesinger, P.R. Higaki, K. Hilfiker, S. Hill, B.G. Hill, J.A. Hill, W.D. Hino, K. Hofius, D. Hofman, P. Höglinger, G.U. Höhfeld, J. Holz, M.K. Hong, Y. Hood, D.A. Hoozemans, J.J.M. Hoppe, T. Hsu, C. Hsu, C.-Y. Hsu, L.-C. Hu, D. Hu, G. Hu, H.-M. Hu, H. Hu, M.C. Hu, Y.-C. Hu, Z.-W. Hua, F. Hua, Y. Huang, C. Huang, H.-L. Huang, K.-H. Huang, K.-Y. Huang, S. Huang, S. Huang, W.-P. Huang, Y.-R. Huang, Y. Huang, Y. Huber, T.B. Huebbe, P. Huh, W.-K. Hulmi, J.J. Hur, G.M. 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Published
2016

109. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition)

Author

Klionsky, D.J. Abdelmohsen, K. Abe, A. Abedin, M.J. Abeliovich, H. Arozena, A.A. Adachi, H. Adams, C.M. Adams, P.D. Adeli, K. Adhihetty, P.J. Adler, S.G. Agam, G. Agarwal, R. Aghi, M.K. Agnello, M. Agostinis, P. Aguilar, P.V. Aguirre-Ghiso, J. Airoldi, E.M. Ait-Si-Ali, S. Akematsu, T. Akporiaye, E.T. Al-Rubeai, M. Albaiceta, G.M. Albanese, C. Albani, D. Albert, M.L. Aldudo, J. Algül, H. Alirezaei, M. Alloza, I. Almasan, A. Almonte-Beceril, M. Alnemri, E.S. Alonso, C. Altan-Bonnet, N. Altieri, D.C. Alvarez, S. Alvarez-Erviti, L. Alves, S. Amadoro, G. Amano, A. Amantini, C. Ambrosio, S. Amelio, I. Amer, A.O. Amessou, M. Amon, A. An, Z. Anania, F.A. Andersen, S.U. Andley, U.P. Andreadi, C.K. Andrieu-Abadie, N. Anel, A. Ann, D.K. Anoopkumar-Dukie, S. Antonioli, M. Aoki, H. Apostolova, N. Aquila, S. Aquilano, K. Araki, K. Arama, E. Aranda, A. Araya, J. Arcaro, A. Arias, E. Arimoto, H. Ariosa, A.R. Armstrong, J.L. Arnould, T. Arsov, I. Asanuma, K. Askanas, V. Asselin, E. Atarashi, R. Atherton, S.S. Atkin, J.D. Attardi, L.D. Auberger, P. Auburger, G. Aurelian, L. Autelli, R. Avagliano, L. Avantaggiati, M.L. Avrahami, L. Azad, N. Awale, S. Bachetti, T. Backer, J.M. Bae, D.-H. Bae, J.-S. Bae, O.-N. Bae, S.H. Baehrecke, E.H. Baek, S.-H. Baghdiguian, S. Bagniewska-Zadworna, A. Bai, H. Bai, J. Bai, X.-Y. Bailly, Y. Balaji, K.N. Balduini, W. Ballabio, A. Balzan, R. Banerjee, R. Bánhegyi, G. Bao, H. Barbeau, B. Barrachina, M.D. Barreiro, E. Bartel, B. Bartolomé, A. Bassham, D.C. Bassi, M.T. Bast, R.C., Jr. Basu, A. Batista, M.T. Batoko, H. Battino, M. Bauckman, K. Baumgarner, B.L. Bayer, K.U. Beale, R. Beaulieu, J.-F. Beck, G.R., Jr. Becker, C. Beckham, J.D. Bédard, P.-A. Bednarski, P.J. Begley, T.J. Behl, C. Behrends, C. Behrens, G.M.N. Behrns, K.E. Bejarano, E. Belaid, A. Belleudi, F. Bénard, G. Berchem, G. Bergamaschi, D. Bergami, M. Berkhout, B. Berliocchi, L. Bernard, A. Bernard, M. Bernassola, F. Bertolotti, A. Bess, A.S. Besteiro, S. Bettuzzi, S. Bhalla, S. Bhattacharyya, S. Bhutia, S.K. Biagosch, C. Bianchi, M.W. Biard-Piechaczyk, M. Billes, V. Bincoletto, C. Bingol, B. Bird, S.W. Bitoun, M. Bjedov, I. Blackstone, C. Blanc, L. Blanco, G.A. Blomhoff, H.K. Boada-Romero, E. Böckler, S. Boes, M. Boesze-Battaglia, K. Boise, L.H. Bolino, A. Boman, A. Bonaldo, P. Bordi, M. Bosch, J. Botana, L.M. Botti, J. Bou, G. Bouché, M. Bouchecareilh, M. Boucher, M.-J. Boulton, M.E. Bouret, S.G. Boya, P. Boyer-Guittaut, M. Bozhkov, P.V. Brady, N. Braga, V.M.M. Brancolini, C. Braus, G.H. Bravo-San-Pedro, J.M. Brennan, L.A. Bresnick, E.H. Brest, P. Bridges, D. Bringer, M.-A. Brini, M. Brito, G.C. Brodin, B. Brookes, P.S. Brown, E.J. Brown, K. Broxmeyer, H.E. Bruhat, A. Brum, P.C. Brumell, J.H. Brunetti-Pierri, N. Bryson-Richardson, R.J. Buch, S. Buchan, A.M. Budak, H. Bulavin, D.V. Bultman, S.J. Bultynck, G. Bumbasirevic, V. Burelle, Y. Burke, R.E. Burmeister, M. Bütikofer, P. Caberlotto, L. Cadwell, K. Cahova, M. Cai, D. Cai, J. Cai, Q. Calatayud, S. Camougrand, N. Campanella, M. Campbell, G.R. Campbell, M. Campello, S. Candau, R. Caniggia, I. Cantoni, L. Cao, L. Caplan, A.B. Caraglia, M. Cardinali, C. Cardoso, S.M. Carew, J.S. Carleton, L.A. Carlin, C.R. Carloni, S. Carlsson, S.R. Carmona-Gutierrez, D. Carneiro, L.A.M. Carnevali, O. Carra, S. Carrier, A. Carroll, B. Casas, C. Casas, J. Cassinelli, G. Castets, P. Castro-Obregon, S. Cavallini, G. Ceccherini, I. Cecconi, F. Cederbaum, A.I. Ceña, V. Cenci, S. Cerella, C. Cervia, D. Cetrullo, S. Chaachouay, H. Chae, H.-J. Chagin, A.S. Chai, C.-Y. Chakrabarti, G. Chamilos, G. Chan, E.Y.W. Chan, M.T.V. Chandra, D. Chandra, P. Chang, C.-P. Chang, R.C.-C. Chang, T.Y. Chatham, J.C. Chatterjee, S. Chauhan, S. Che, Y. Cheetham, M.E. Cheluvappa, R. Chen, C.-J. Chen, G. Chen, G.-C. Chen, G. Chen, H. Chen, J.W. Chen, J.-K. Chen, M. Chen, M. Chen, P. Chen, Q. Chen, Q. Chen, S.-D. Chen, S. Chen, S.S.-L. Chen, W. Chen, W.-J. Chen, W.Q. Chen, W. Chen, X. Chen, Y.-H. Chen, Y.-G. Chen, Y. Chen, Y. Chen, Y. Chen, Y.-J. Chen, Y.-Q. Chen, Y. Chen, Z. Chen, Z. Cheng, A. Cheng, C.H.K. Cheng, H. Cheong, H. Cherry, S. Chesney, J. Cheung, C.H.A. Chevet, E. Chi, H.C. Chi, S.-G. Chiacchiera, F. Chiang, H.-L. Chiarelli, R. Chiariello, M. Chieppa, M. Chin, L.-S. Chiong, M. Chiu, G.N.C. Cho, D.-H. Cho, S.-G. Cho, W.C. Cho, Y.-Y. Cho, Y.-S. Choi, A.M.K. Choi, E.-J. Choi, E.-K. Choi, J. Choi, M.E. Choi, S.-I. Chou, T.-F. Chouaib, S. Choubey, D. Choubey, V. Chow, K.-C. Chowdhury, K. Chu, C.T. Chuang, T.-H. Chun, T. Chung, H. Chung, T. Chung, Y.-L. Chwae, Y.-J. Cianfanelli, V. Ciarcia, R. Ciechomska, I.A. Ciriolo, M.R. Cirone, M. Claerhout, S. Clague, M.J. Clària, J. Clarke, P.G.H. Clarke, R. Clementi, E. Cleyrat, C. Cnop, M. Coccia, E.M. Cocco, T. Codogno, P. Coers, J. Cohen, E.E.W. Colecchia, D. Coletto, L. Coll, N.S. Colucci-Guyon, E. Comincini, S. Condello, M. Cook, K.L. Coombs, G.H. Cooper, C.D. Cooper, J.M. Coppens, I. Corasaniti, M.T. Corazzari, M. Corbalan, R. Corcelle-Termeau, E. Cordero, M.D. Corral-Ramos, C. Corti, O. Cossarizza, A. Costelli, P. Costes, S. Cotman, S.L. Coto-Montes, A. Cottet, S. Couve, E. Covey, L.R. Cowart, L.A. Cox, J.S. Coxon, F.P. Coyne, C.B. Cragg, M.S. Craven, R.J. Crepaldi, T. Crespo, J.L. Criollo, A. Crippa, V. Cruz, M.T. Cuervo, A.M. Cuezva, J.M. Cui, T. Cutillas, P.R. Czaja, M.J. Czyzyk-Krzeska, M.F. Dagda, R.K. Dahmen, U. Dai, C. Dai, W. Dai, Y. Dalby, K.N. Valle, L.D. Dalmasso, G. D'amelio, M. Damme, M. Darfeuille-Michaud, A. Dargemont, C. Darley-Usmar, V.M. Dasarathy, S. Dasgupta, B. Dash, S. Dass, C.R. Davey, H.M. Davids, L.M. Dávila, D. Davis, R.J. Dawson, T.M. Dawson, V.L. Daza, P. de Belleroche, J. de Figueiredo, P. de Figueiredo, R.C.B.Q. de la Fuente, J. De Martino, L. De Matteis, A. De Meyer, G.R.Y. De Milito, A. De Santi, M. de Souza, W. De Tata, V. De Zio, D. Debnath, J. Dechant, R. Decuypere, J.-P. Deegan, S. Dehay, B. Del Bello, B. Del Re, D.P. Delage-Mourroux, R. Delbridge, L.M.D. Deldicque, L. Delorme-Axford, E. 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Pardo, J. Parekh, V.V. Parenti, G. Park, J.-I. Park, J. Park, O.K. Parker, R. Parlato, R. Parys, J.B. Parzych, K.R. Pasquet, J.-M. Pasquier, B. Pasumarthi, K.B.S. Patterson, C. Pattingre, S. Pattison, S. Pause, A. Pavenstädt, H. Pavone, F. Pedrozo, Z. Peña, F.J. Peñalva, M.A. Pende, M. Peng, J. Penna, F. Penninger, J.M. Pensalfini, A. Pepe, S. Pereira, G.J.S. Pereira, P.C. de la Cruz, V.P. Pérez-Pérez, M.E. Pérez-Rodríguez, D. Pérez-Sala, D. Perier, C. Perl, A. Perlmutter, D.H. Perrotta, I. Pervaiz, S. Pesonen, M. Pessin, J.E. Peters, G.J. Petersen, M. Petrache, I. Petrof, B.J. Petrovski, G. Phang, J.M. Piacentini, M. Pierdominici, M. Pierre, P. Pierrefite-Carle, V. Pietrocola, F. Pimentel-Muiños, F.X. Pinar, M. Pineda, B. Pinkas-Kramarski, R. Pinti, M. Pinton, P. Piperdi, B. Piret, J.M. Platanias, L.C. Platta, H.W. Plowey, E.D. Pöggeler, S. Poirot, M. Polčic, P. Poletti, A. Poon, A.H. Popelka, H. Popova, B. Poprawa, I. Poulose, S.M. Poulton, J. Powers, S.K. Powers, T. 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Rogov, V.V. Rohn, T.T. Rohrer, B. Romanelli, D. Romani, L. Romano, P.S. Roncero, M.I.G. Rosa, J.L. Rosello, A. Rosen, K.V. Rosenstiel, P. Rost-Roszkowska, M. Roth, K.A. Roué, G. Rouis, M. Rouschop, K.M. Ruan, D.T. Ruano, D. Rubinsztein, D.C. Rucker, E.B., III Rudich, A. Rudolf, E. Rudolf, R. Ruegg, M.A. Ruiz-Roldan, C. Ruparelia, A.A. Rusmini, P. Russ, D.W. Russo, G.L. Russo, G. Russo, R. Rusten, T.E. Ryabovol, V. Ryan, K.M. Ryter, S.W. Sabatini, D.M. Sacher, M. Sachse, C. Sack, M.N. Sadoshima, J. Saftig, P. Sagi-Eisenberg, R. Sahni, S. Saikumar, P. Saito, T. Saitoh, T. Sakakura, K. Sakoh-Nakatogawa, M. Sakuraba, Y. Salazar-Roa, M. Salomoni, P. Saluja, A.K. Salvaterra, P.M. Salvioli, R. Samali, A. Sanchez, A.M.J. Sánchez-Alcázar, J.A. Sanchez-Prieto, R. Sandri, M. Sanjuan, M.A. Santaguida, S. Santambrogio, L. Santoni, G. Dos Santos, C.N. Saran, S. Sardiello, M. Sargent, G. Sarkar, P. Sarkar, S. Sarrias, M.R. Sarwal, M.M. Sasakawa, C. Sasaki, M. Sass, M. Sato, K. Sato, M. Satriano, J. Savaraj, N. Saveljeva, S. Schaefer, L. Schaible, U.E. Scharl, M. Schatzl, H.M. Schekman, R. Scheper, W. Schiavi, A. Schipper, H.M. Schmeisser, H. Schmidt, J. Schmitz, I. Schneider, B.E. Schneider, E.M. Schneider, J.L. Schon, E.A. Schönenberger, M.J. Schönthal, A.H. Schorderet, D.F. Schröder, B. Schuck, S. Schulze, R.J. Schwarten, M. Schwarz, T.L. Sciarretta, S. Scotto, K. Scovassi, A.I. Screaton, R.A. Screen, M. Seca, H. Sedej, S. Segatori, L. Segev, N. Seglen, P.O. Seguí-Simarro, J.M. Segura-Aguilar, J. Seiliez, I. Seki, E. Sell, C. Semenkovich, C.F. Semenza, G.L. Sen, U. Serra, A.L. Serrano-Puebla, A. Sesaki, H. Setoguchi, T. Settembre, C. Shacka, J.J. Shajahan-Haq, A.N. Shapiro, I.M. Sharma, S. She, H. Shen, C.-K.J. Shen, C.-C. Shen, H.-M. Shen, S. Shen, W. Sheng, R. Sheng, X. Sheng, Z.-H. Shepherd, T.G. Shi, J. Shi, Q. Shi, Q. Shi, Y. Shibutani, S. Shibuya, K. Shidoji, Y. Shieh, J.-J. Shih, C.-M. Shimada, Y. Shimizu, S. Shin, D.W. Shinohara, M.L. Shintani, M. Shintani, T. Shioi, T. Shirabe, K. Shiri-Sverdlov, R. Shirihai, O. Shore, G.C. Shu, C.-W. Shukla, D. Sibirny, A.A. Sica, V. Sigurdson, C.J. Sigurdsson, E.M. Sijwali, P.S. Sikorska, B. Silveira, W.A. Silvente-Poirot, S. Silverman, G.A. Simak, J. Simmet, T. Simon, A.K. Simon, H.-U. Simone, C. Simons, M. Simonsen, A. Singh, R. Singh, S.V. Singh, S.K. Sinha, D. Sinha, S. Sinicrope, F.A. Sirko, A. Sirohi, K. Sishi, B.J.N. Sittler, A. Siu, P.M. Sivridis, E. Skwarska, A. Slack, R. Slaninová, I. Slavov, N. Smaili, S.S. Smalley, K.S.M. Smith, D.R. Soenen, S.J. Soleimanpour, S.A. Solhaug, A. Somasundaram, K. Son, J.H. Sonawane, A. Song, C. Song, F. Song, H.K. Song, J.-X. Song, W. Soo, K.Y. Sood, A.K. Soong, T.W. Soontornniyomkij, V. Sorice, M. Sotgia, F. Soto-Pantoja, D.R. Sotthibundhu, A. Sousa, M.J. Spaink, H.P. Span, P.N. Spang, A. Sparks, J.D. Speck, P.G. Spector, S.A. Spies, C.D. Springer, W. Clair, D.S. Stacchiotti, A. Staels, B. Stang, M.T. Starczynowski, D.T. Starokadomskyy, P. Steegborn, C. Steele, J.W. Stefanis, L. Steffan, J. Stellrecht, C.M. Stenmark, H. Stepkowski, T.M. Stern, S.T. Stevens, C. Stockwell, B.R. Stoka, V. Storchova, Z. Stork, B. Stratoulias, V. Stravopodis, D.J. Strnad, P. Strohecker, A.M. Ström, A.-L. Stromhaug, P. Stulik, J. Su, Y.-X. Su, Z. Subauste, C.S. Subramaniam, S. Sue, C.M. Suh, S.W. Sui, X. Sukseree, S. Sulzer, D. Sun, F.-L. Sun, J. Sun, J. Sun, S.-Y. Sun, Y. Sun, Y. Sun, Y. Sundaramoorthy, V. Sung, J. Suzuki, H. Suzuki, K. Suzuki, N. Suzuki, T. Suzuki, Y.J. Swanson, M.S. Swanton, C. Swärd, K. Swarup, G. Sweeney, S.T. Sylvester, P.W. Szatmari, Z. Szegezdi, E. Szlosarek, P.W. Taegtmeyer, H. Tafani, M. Taillebourg, E. Tait, S.W.G. Takacs-Vellai, K. Takahashi, Y. Takáts, S. Takemura, G. Takigawa, N. Talbot, N.J. Tamagno, E. Tamburini, J. Tan, C.-P. Tan, L. Tan, M.L. Tan, M. Tan, Y.-J. Tanaka, K. Tanaka, M. Tang, D. Tang, D. Tang, G. Tanida, I. Tanji, K. Tannous, B.A. Tapia, J.A. Tasset-Cuevas, I. Tatar, M. Tavassoly, I. Tavernarakis, N. Taylor, A. Taylor, G.S. Taylor, G.A. Taylor, J.P. Taylor, M.J. Tchetina, E.V. Tee, A.R. Teixeira-Clerc, F. Telang, S. Tencomnao, T. Teng, B.-B. Teng, R.-J. Terro, F. Tettamanti, G. Theiss, A.L. Theron, A.E. Thomas, K.J. Thomé, M.P. Thomes, P.G. Thorburn, A. Thorner, J. Thum, T. Thumm, M. Thurston, T.L.M. Tian, L. Till, A. Ting, J.P.-Y. Ting, J.P.Y. Titorenko, V.I. Toker, L. Toldo, S. Tooze, S.A. Topisirovic, I. Torgersen, M.L. Torosantucci, L. Torriglia, A. Torrisi, M.R. Tournier, C. Towns, R. Trajkovic, V. Travassos, L.H. Triola, G. Tripathi, D.N. Trisciuoglio, D. Troncoso, R. Trougakos, I.P. Truttmann, A.C. Tsai, K.-J. Tschan, M.P. Tseng, Y.-H. Tsukuba, T. Tsung, A. Tsvetkov, A.S. Tu, S. Tuan, H.-Y. Tucci, M. Tumbarello, D.A. Turk, B. Turk, V. Turner, R.F.B. Tveita, A.A. Tyagi, S.C. Ubukata, M. Uchiyama, Y. Udelnow, A. Ueno, T. Umekawa, M. Umemiya-Shirafuji, R. Underwood, B.R. Ungermann, C. Ureshino, R.P. Ushioda, R. Uversky, V.N. Uzcátegui, N.L. Vaccari, T. Vaccaro, M.I. Váchová, L. Vakifahmetoglu-Norberg, H. Valdor, R. Valente, E.M. Vallette, F. Valverde, A.M. Van den Berghe, G. Van Den Bosch, L. van den Brink, G.R. van der Goot, F.G. van der Klei, I.J. van der Laan, L.J.W. van Doorn, W.G. van Egmond, M. van Golen, K.L. Van Kaer, L. Campagne, M.L. Vandenabeele, P. Vandenberghe, W. Vanhorebeek, I. Varela-Nieto, I. Vasconcelos, M.H. Vasko, R. Vavvas, D.G. Vega-Naredo, I. Velasco, G. Velentzas, A.D. Velentzas, P.D. Vellai, T. Vellenga, E. Vendelbo, M.H. Venkatachalam, K. Ventura, N. Ventura, S. Veras, P.S.T. Verdier, M. Vertessy, B.G. Viale, A. Vidal, M. Vieira, H.L.A. Vierstra, R.D. Vigneswaran, N. Vij, N. Vila, M. Villar, M. Villar, V.H. Villarroya, J. Vindis, C. Viola, G. Viscomi, M.T. Vitale, G. Vogl, D.T. Voitsekhovskaja, O.V. von Haefen, C. von Schwarzenberg, K. Voth, D.E. Vouret-Craviari, V. Vuori, K. Vyas, J.M. Waeber, C. Walker, C.L. Walker, M.J. Walter, J. Wan, L. Wan, X. Wang, B. Wang, C. Wang, C.-Y. Wang, C. Wang, C. Wang, C. Wang, D. Wang, F. Wang, F. Wang, G. Wang, H.-J. Wang, H. Wang, H.-G. Wang, H. Wang, H.-D. Wang, J. Wang, J. Wang, M. Wang, M.-Q. Wang, P.-Y. Wang, P. Wang, R.C. Wang, S. Wang, T.-F. Wang, X. Wang, X.-J. Wang, X.-W. Wang, X. Wang, X. Wang, Y. Wang, Y. Wang, Y. Wang, Y.-J. Wang, Y. Wang, Y. Wang, Y.T. Wang, Y. Wang, Z.-N. Wappner, P. Ward, C. Ward, D.M.V. Warnes, G. Watada, H. Watanabe, Y. Watase, K. Weaver, T.E. Weekes, C.D. Wei, J. Weide, T. Weihl, C.C. Weindl, G. Weis, S.N. Wen, L. Wen, X. Wen, Y. Westermann, B. Weyand, C.M. White, A.R. White, E. Whitton, J.L. Whitworth, A.J. Wiels, J. Wild, F. Wildenberg, M.E. Wileman, T. Wilkinson, D.S. Wilkinson, S. Willbold, D. Williams, C. Williams, K. Williamson, P.R. Winklhofer, K.F. Witkin, S.S. Wohlgemuth, S.E. Wollert, T. Wolvetang, E.J. Wong, E. Wong, G.W. Wong, R.W. Wong, V.K.W. Woodcock, E.A. Wright, K.L. Wu, C. Wu, D. Wu, G.S. Wu, J. Wu, J. Wu, M. Wu, M. Wu, S. Wu, W.K.K. Wu, Y. Wu, Z. Xavier, C.P.R. Xavier, R.J. Xia, G.-X. Xia, T. Xia, W. Xia, Y. Xiao, H. Xiao, J. Xiao, S. Xiao, W. Xie, C.-M. Xie, Z. Xie, Z. Xilouri, M. Xiong, Y. Xu, C. Xu, C. Xu, F. Xu, H. Xu, H. Xu, J. Xu, J. Xu, J. Xu, L. Xu, X. Xu, Y. Xu, Y. Xu, Z.-X. Xu, Z. Xue, Y. Yamada, T. Yamamoto, A. Yamanaka, K. Yamashina, S. Yamashiro, S. Yan, B. Yan, B. Yan, X. Yan, Z. Yanagi, Y. Yang, D.-S. Yang, J.-M. Yang, L. Yang, M. Yang, P.-M. Yang, P. Yang, Q. Yang, W. Yang, W.Y. Yang, X. Yang, Y. Yang, Y. Yang, Z. Yang, Z. Yao, M.-C. Yao, P.J. Yao, X. Yao, Z. Yao, Z. Yasui, L.S. Ye, M. Yedvobnick, B. Yeganeh, B. Yeh, E.S. Yeyati, P.L. Yi, F. Yi, L. Yin, X.-M. Yip, C.K. Yoo, Y.-M. Yoo, Y.H. Yoon, S.-Y. Yoshida, K.-I. Yoshimori, T. Young, K.H. Yu, H. Yu, J.J. Yu, J.-T. Yu, J. Yu, L. Yu, W.H. Yu, X.-F. Yu, Z. Yuan, J. Yuan, Z.-M. Yue, B.Y.J.T. Yue, J. Yue, Z. Zacks, D.N. Zacksenhaus, E. Zaffaroni, N. Zaglia, T. Zakeri, Z. Zecchini, V. Zeng, J. Zeng, M. Zeng, Q. Zervos, A.S. Zhang, D.D. Zhang, F. Zhang, G. Zhang, G.-C. Zhang, H. Zhang, H. Zhang, H. Zhang, J. Zhang, J. Zhang, J. Zhang, J.-P. Zhang, L. Zhang, L. Zhang, L. Zhang, M.-Y. Zhang, X. Zhang, X.D. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhao, M. Zhao, W.-L. Zhao, X. Zhao, Y.G. Zhao, Y. Zhao, Y. Zhao, Y.-X. Zhao, Z. Zhao, Z.J. Zheng, D. Zheng, X.-L. Zheng, X. Zhivotovsky, B. Zhong, Q. Zhou, G.-Z. Zhou, G. Zhou, H. Zhou, S.-F. Zhou, X.-J. Zhu, H. Zhu, H. Zhu, W.-G. Zhu, W. Zhu, X.-F. Zhu, Y. Zhuang, S.-M. Zhuang, X. Ziparo, E. Zois, C.E. Zoladek, T. Zong, W.-X. Zorzano, A. Zughaier, S.M.

Published
2016

110. The SaeRS two-component system is a direct and dominant transcriptional activator of toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 in Staphylococcus aureus

Author

Miren L. Baroja, Christine A. Herfst, Gregor Reid, Daniel A. Gillett, John K. McCormick, Jingru Li, Stacey X. Xu, and Katherine J. Kasper

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Staphylococcus aureus, endocrine system, Bacterial Toxins, 030106 microbiology, Regulator, Biology, medicine.disease_cause, Microbiology, Enterotoxins, 03 medical and health sciences, Bacterial Proteins, parasitic diseases, medicine, Transcriptional regulation, Promoter Regions, Genetic, Staphylococcus aureus delta toxin, Molecular Biology, Regulation of gene expression, Superantigens, Toxic shock syndrome, Toxic shock syndrome toxin, Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial, Articles, medicine.disease, bacterial infections and mycoses, body regions, bacteria, Protein Kinases, Exotoxin
Abstract

Toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1) is a Staphylococcus aureus superantigen that has been implicated in both menstrual and nonmenstrual toxic shock syndrome (TSS). Despite the important role of TSST-1 in severe human disease, a comprehensive understanding of staphylococcal regulatory factors that control TSST-1 expression remains incomplete. The S. aureus exotoxin expression (Sae) operon contains a well-characterized two-component system that regulates a number of important exotoxins in S. aureus , although regulation of TSST-1 by the Sae system has not been investigated. We generated a defined deletion mutant of the Sae histidine kinase sensor ( saeS ) in the prototypic menstrual TSS strain S. aureus MN8. Mutation of saeS resulted in a complete loss of TSST-1 expression. Using both luciferase reporter experiments and quantitative real-time PCR, we demonstrate that the Sae system is an important transcriptional activator of TSST-1 expression. Recombinant SaeR was able to bind directly to the tst promoter to a region containing two SaeR consensus binding sites. Although the stand-alone SarA transcriptional regulator has been shown to be both a positive and a negative regulator of TSST-1, deletion of sarA in S. aureus MN8 resulted in a dramatic overexpression of TSST-1. As expected, mutation of agr also reduced TSST-1 expression, but this phenotype appeared to be independent of Sae. A double mutation of saeS and sarA resulted in the loss of TSST-1 expression. This work indicates that the Sae system is a dominant and direct transcriptional activator that is required for expression of TSST-1. IMPORTANCE The TSST-1 superantigen is an exotoxin, produced by some strains of S. aureus , that has a clear role in both menstrual and nonmenstrual TSS. Although the well-characterized agr quorum sensing system is a known positive regulator of TSST-1, the molecular mechanisms that directly control TSST-1 expression are only partially understood. Our studies demonstrate that the Sae two-component regulatory system is a positive transcriptional regulator that binds directly to the TSST-1 promoter, and furthermore, our data suggest that Sae is required for expression of TSST-1. This work highlights how major regulatory circuits can converge to fine-tune exotoxin expression and suggests that the Sae regulatory system may be an important target for antivirulence strategies.

Published
2016

111. Importance of Vaginal Microbes in Reproductive Health

Author

Jingru Li, Gregor Reid, Alan D. Bocking, and John K. McCormick

Subjects
Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Reproductive medicine, law.invention, Probiotic, law, Lactobacillus, medicine, Lactobacillus iners, Humans, Reproductive health, biology, business.industry, Obstetrics and Gynecology, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Antimicrobial, Reproductive Health, medicine.anatomical_structure, Vagina, Immunology, Female, Bacterial vaginosis, business
Abstract

Over 250 species of bacteria have been detected in the vagina using genomic sequencing. Lactobacillus iners and L crispatus dominate in most women who have a clinically healthy status. Unfortunately, the abundance profiles can change dramatically with significant increases in pathogens associated with bacterial vaginosis (BV) and aerobic vaginitis (AV). The BV microbiota have at least 4 different abundance profiles, indicating this is a complex condition, yet one that is treated with essentially 2 antimicrobial agents which were never designed for eradicting these organisms in dense biofilms. Future studies will uncover which abundance profiles are particularly associated with a risk of preterm labor, and hopefully identify the mechanisms involved in the switch from healthy to a BV or AV state. The use of probiotic lactobacilli vaginally and orally has shown great promise in helping to restore and maintain a healthy vagina, and studies have shown that certain strains have the capacity to interfere with the inflammatory pathway leading to preterm delivery. There is enormous need for new diagnostic and therapeutic modalities, especially to save the lives of millions of babies in resource-disadvantaged countries.

Published
2012

112. Limitations on orchid recruitment: not a simple picture

Author

D. Lee Taylor, Dennis F. Whigham, John P. O'Neill, Robert K. Burnett, Katarina Juhaszova, and Melissa K. McCormick

Subjects
education.field_of_study, Orchidaceae, biology, Host (biology), fungi, Population, Tulasnella, food and beverages, Ceratobasidiaceae, Edaphic, biology.organism_classification, Abundance (ecology), Germination, Botany, Genetics, education, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract

Mycorrhizal fungi have substantial potential to influence plant distribution, especially in specialized orchids and mycoheterotrophic plants. However, little is known about environmental factors that influence the distribution of mycorrhizal fungi. Previous studies using seed packets have been unable to distinguish whether germination patterns resulted from the distribution of appropriate edaphic conditions or the distribution of host fungi, as these cannot be separated using seed packets alone. We used a combination of organic amendments, seed packets and molecular assessment of soil fungi required by three terrestrial orchid species to separate direct and indirect effects of fungi and environmental conditions on both seed germination and subsequent protocorm development. We found that locations with abundant mycorrhizal fungi were most likely to support seed germination and greater growth for all three orchids. Organic amendments affected germination primarily by affecting the abundance of appropriate mycorrhizal fungi. However, fungi associated with the three orchid species were affected differently by the organic amendments and by forest successional stage. The results of this study help contextualize the importance of fungal distribution and abundance to the population dynamics of plants with specific mycorrhizal requirements. Such phenomena may also be important for plants with more general mycorrhizal associations.

Published
2012

113. Nasopharyngeal Infection of Mice with Streptococcus pyogenes and In Vivo Detection of Superantigen Activity

Author

Joseph J, Zeppa, Adrienne T, Wakabayashi, Katherine J, Kasper, Stacey X, Xu, S M Mansour, Haeryfar, and John K, McCormick

Subjects
Disease Models, Animal, Mice, Superantigens, Nasopharyngitis, Streptococcus pyogenes, T-Lymphocyte Subsets, Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta, Animals, T-Cell Antigen Receptor Specificity, Lymph Nodes, Lymphocyte Activation, Bacterial Load
Abstract

Streptococcus pyogenes is a globally prominent human-specific pathogen that is responsible for an enormous burden of infectious disease. Despite intensive experimental efforts to understand the molecular correlates that contribute to invasive infections, there has been less focus on S. pyogenes carriage and local infection of the nasopharynx. This chapter describes an acute nasopharyngeal infection model in mice that is utilized in our laboratory to study the role of superantigen toxins in the biology of S. pyogenes. We also describe a method to detect superantigen-specific T cell activation in vivo.

Published
2015

114. Nasopharyngeal Infection of Mice with Streptococcus pyogenes and In Vivo Detection of Superantigen Activity

Author

Stacey X. Xu, Katherine J. Kasper, S. M. Mansour Haeryfar, John K. McCormick, Joseph J. Zeppa, and Adrienne T. Wakabayashi

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, business.industry, T cell, medicine.disease_cause, Virology, Microbiology, 03 medical and health sciences, Local infection, 030104 developmental biology, 0302 clinical medicine, Carriage, medicine.anatomical_structure, In vivo, Infectious disease (medical specialty), Streptococcus pyogenes, Superantigen, medicine, business, Pathogen, 030215 immunology
Abstract

Streptococcus pyogenes is a globally prominent human-specific pathogen that is responsible for an enormous burden of infectious disease. Despite intensive experimental efforts to understand the molecular correlates that contribute to invasive infections, there has been less focus on S. pyogenes carriage and local infection of the nasopharynx. This chapter describes an acute nasopharyngeal infection model in mice that is utilized in our laboratory to study the role of superantigen toxins in the biology of S. pyogenes. We also describe a method to detect superantigen-specific T cell activation in vivo.

Published
2015

115. CD1d‐independent activation of mouse and human i NKT cells by bacterial superantigens

Author

John K. McCormick, Delfina M. Mazzuca, Jacqueline L. Hayworth, Ian Welch, Saman Maleki Vareki, and S. M. Mansour Haeryfar

Subjects
Male, Staphylococcus aureus, Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta, T cell, Immunology, Galactosylceramides, Mice, Transgenic, chemical and pharmacologic phenomena, Lymphocyte Activation, Major histocompatibility complex, Cell Line, Enterotoxins, Interferon-gamma, Mice, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Antigen, parasitic diseases, HLA-DR4 Antigen, Superantigen, medicine, Animals, Humans, Immunology and Allergy, Cells, Cultured, 030304 developmental biology, Mice, Knockout, 0303 health sciences, MHC class II, Hybridomas, Superantigens, biology, T-cell receptor, hemic and immune systems, Cell Biology, Flow Cytometry, Mice, Inbred C57BL, medicine.anatomical_structure, CD1D, biology.protein, Natural Killer T-Cells, Female, Cytokine secretion, Interleukin-4, Antigens, CD1d, 030215 immunology
Abstract

Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells are infrequent but important immunomodulatory lymphocytes that exhibit CD1d-restricted reactivity with glycolipid Ags. iNKT cells express a unique T-cell receptor (TCR) composed of an invariant α-chain, paired with a limited range of β-chains. Superantigens (SAgs) are microbial toxins defined by their ability to activate conventional T cells in a TCR β-chain variable domain (Vβ)-specific manner. However, whether iNKT cells are directly activated by bacterial SAgs remains an open question. Herein, we explored the responsiveness of mouse and human iNKT cells to a panel of staphylococcal and streptococcal SAgs and examined the contribution of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II and CD1d to these responses. Bacterial SAgs that target mouse Vβ8, such as staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), were able to activate mouse hybridoma and primary hepatic iNKT cells in the presence of mouse APCs expressing human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR4. iNKT cell-mediated cytokine secretion in SEB-challenged HLA-DR4-transgenic mice was CD1d-independent and accompanied by a high interferon-γ:interleukin-4 ratio consistent with an in vivo Th1 bias. Furthermore, iNKT cells from SEB-injected HLA-DR4-transgenic mice, and iNKT cells from SEB-treated human PBMCs, showed early activation by intracellular cytokine staining and CD69 expression. Unlike iNKT cell stimulation by α-galactosylceramide, stimulation by SEB did not induce TCR downregulation of either mouse or human iNKT cells. We conclude that Vβ8-targeting bacterial SAgs can activate iNKT cells by utilizing a novel pathway that requires MHC class II interactions, but not CD1d. Therefore, iNKT cells fulfill important effector functions in response to bacterial SAgs and may provide attractive targets in the management of SAg-induced illnesses.

Published
2011

116. Coupling between JET pedestal ne–Te and outer target plate recycling

Author

M. Beurskens, S. Jachmich, H. Thomsen, M. Stamp, Jet-Efda Contributors, Wojciech Fundamenski, K. McCormick, A. Boboc, C. Giroud, G. Maddison, T. Eich, S. Brezinsek, and David Moulton

Subjects
Coupling, Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Jet (fluid), Range (particle radiation), Pedestal, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Divertor, Power deposition, Photon flux, General Materials Science, Atomic physics, Ion
Abstract

Systematic scans using D 2 gas puffing and impurity-seeding (Ne, N 2 ) have been carried out on ELMy-H and Advanced-Tokamak-like discharges to study power deposition amelioration at the divertor target plates in preparation for the JET ITER-Like Wall (ILW). Hereby it has been discovered that the recycling ion fluxes I div to the outer target plate exhibit a clear connection to pedestal n e and T e , whereby the D α photon flux Φ Dα from the outer divertor serves here as an approximate measure of I div . Φ Dα can be expressed as ( n e / T e ) β with β = 2.5/3 depending on the scenario (EH/AT). This coupling between SOL and pedestal across the edge transport barrier (ETB) is associated with a close connection between n e and T e in the ETB over the entire range of operational parameters, with the slope of log T e vs. log n e being ∼0.9/1.24 for ET/AT scenarios, respectively.

Published
2011

117. Mechanisms of Phragmites australis invasion: feedbacks among genetic diversity, nutrients, and sexual reproduction

Author

Heather M. Baron, Karin M. Kettenring, Melissa K. McCormick, and Dennis F. Whigham

Subjects
Ecology, Nutrient management, food and beverages, Introduced species, Biology, Invasive species, Mesocosm, Plant ecology, Phragmites, symbols.namesake, Nutrient, Agronomy, symbols, Allee effect
Abstract

Summary 1. A fundamental challenge to invasion ecology is to determine what factors cause an exotic species to spread rapidly long after the initial introduction. The increase of a resource (e.g. nitrogen) could trigger an expansion, but in other instances, species have overcome biological limitations (e.g. an Allee effect) like accumulating sufficient genetic diversity for successful reproduction. Understanding the ecological mechanisms governing plant invasions, such as nutrient enrichment or Allee effects, can be used to improve invasive plant management. 2. We used the invasive, introduced grass Phragmites australis as a model to evaluate the role of nutrient enrichment and Allee effects in invasion. Based on recent studies that demonstrated the importance of sexual reproduction in this plant’s spread, we chose to focus our efforts on reproductive output. We examined the effects of patch-level genetic diversity on viable seed production across watersheds of the Chesapeake Bay, USA, with differing levels of anthropogenic development (a proxy for nutrient enrichment). In an outdoor mesocosm experiment, we treated Phragmites plants originating from forested and developed watersheds with elevated vs. ambient nutrients and cross vs. self-pollination and determined the effects on viable seed, floret and inflorescence production. 3. The proportion of viable seeds produced at field sites varied widely and was not directly related to watershed development. Instead, seed viability was positively related to patch-level genetic diversity, and patches in more developed watersheds had higher genetic diversity. Also, plants in larger patches produced a higher proportion of viable seeds. In the mesocosm experiment, seed viability was substantially higher for out-crossed plants. Elevated nutrients resulted in greater floret and inflorescence production, particularly for plants originating from developed vs. forested watersheds. 4. These findings have important management implications: small populations should be controlled before they accumulate sufficient genetic variation for prolific viable seed production, and landscape-scale nutrient management could further limit reproductive output. 5. Synthesis and applications. Our research shows how nutrient enrichment and a weak Allee effect can interact across multiple scales to impact invasion success and how understanding the ecological mechanisms governing plant invasions can be used to better inform invasive plant management.

Published
2011

118. Genetic diversity in the invasive Rubus phoenicolasius as compared to the native Rubus argutus using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers

Author

Anne F. Innis, Irwin N. Forseth, Melissa K. McCormick, and Dennis F. Whigham

Subjects
Rubus phoenicolasius, Genetic diversity, Ecology, biology, Introduced species, biology.organism_classification, Analysis of molecular variance, Invasive species, food.food, food, Rubus argutus, Genetic marker, Evolutionary biology, Microsatellite, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract

Invasive species are one of most significant factors in human-influenced global change. Management actions that prevent the spread and impacts of invasive species require knowledge of their ecological and genetic characteristics. The genetic characteristics of the invasive wine raspberry, Rubus phoenicolasius Maxim. (Rosaceae) and the native sawtooth blackberry, Rubus argutus Link, were examined in two forest habitats on the Maryland Coastal Plain. Using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers we quantified the genetic diversity of both species. We analyzed genetic diversity using analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) and found less genetic diversity in the invasive species, R. phoenicolasius, with variation between sites was 0.418 between sites and 0.075 within sites as compared to the native, R. argutus, where the variation between sites was 1.538 and 0.370 within sites. The lower genetic diversity in the invasive may be due to a history of limited introductions or frequent self-fertilization and clonal reproduction.

Published
2011

119. Life history strategy in herbaceous perennials: inferring demographic patterns from the aboveground dynamics of a primarily subterranean, myco-heterotrophic orchid

Author

John P. O'Neill, Richard P. Shefferson, Dennis F. Whigham, and Melissa K. McCormick

Subjects
education.field_of_study, Perennial plant, Ecology, media_common.quotation_subject, fungi, Population, food and beverages, Demographic transition, Herbaceous plant, Biology, Fecundity, biology.organism_classification, Life history theory, Corallorhiza odontorhiza, Botany, Reproduction, education, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, media_common
Abstract

Myco-heterotrophs are non-photosynthetic plants that parasitize mycorrhizal fungi for their nutritional requirements, especially carbon. Because green plants sprout both to photosynthesize and to reproduce, the lack of photosynthesis in myco-heterotrophs suggests that these plants need only to sprout to reproduce. Further, they may be long-lived, with fitness favoring high, stable survival over frequent reproduction and leading to size-biased reproduction. We hypothesized that sprouting would be rare and would always lead to flowering in a ten-year monitoring study of a myco-heterotrophic plant, the autumn coral root Corallorhiza odontorhiza. We also postulated that these plants would exhibit strong size-based flowering patterns. We tested these hypotheses by parameterizing a variety of mark–recapture models of survival, fecundity, and demographic transitions among two life history stages: flowering and non-sprouting (vegetatively dormant). We further developed and tested novel models estimating the influence of reproduction on demographic transitions one, two, and three years after flowering. Our results suggested that this population is typically subterranean, with only a small proportion of living plants actually sprouting in any given year. Plants typically flowered and fruited when they sprouted (flowering frequency > 0.99), supporting our first hypothesis that sprouting occurs only in concert with reproduction. We also found that reproduction was associated with long-term reproductive demographic impacts – plants that flowered more in the past three years were more likely to continue doing so than those that flowered only once. Our use of ‘memory’ mark–recapture models, in which transitions across years are allowed to vary with demographic events occurring across several previous years, proved a powerful means of testing for their long-term impacts of reproductive events.

Published
2011

120. Ecosystem effects of non-native earthworms in Mid-Atlantic deciduous forests

Author

Jaclyn K. Saunders, Timothy R. Filley, Taylan Morcol, Katalin Szlavecz, Dennis F. Whigham, Melissa K. McCormick, Csaba Csuzdi, and L. Xia

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Ecology, Earthworm, Introduced species, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, Biology, Plant litter, biology.organism_classification, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Soil respiration, Deciduous, Abundance (ecology), 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Ecosystem, Species richness, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract

In many mid-Atlantic forests where both native and non-native earthworms exist, it is the non-native species that are the dominant component of the soil macrofauna. Few earthworm ecology studies, however, focus attention on these forest systems in order to determine the relative ecological roles and potential interactions of the native and non-native earthworms. In a series of field samplings and experimental manipulations we collected data on the effects of earthworms on below-and aboveground ecosystem processes. Earthworm abundance and the ecological processes measured were dynamic in space and time across the range of study sites. Leaf litter decay rates doubled at sites that had abundant non-native earthworms. Earthworms also altered the abundance of soil fungi, the activity of extracellular enzymes, soil respiration, and the growth of tree seedlings but the effects varied among sites depending on differences in land-use history and forest age. Red oak seedling growth was less at sites that had abundant earthworms but tulip poplar and red maple seedlings grew equally well with and without abundant earthworms. These preliminary results suggest that non-native earthworms have significant ecosystem effects, even in forests where native earthworms still occur. Land use history, however, plays an important role in determining what those effects will be, and these effects are likely to be dynamic, depending on the abundance of non-native earthworms.

Published
2011

121. The T Cell Receptor β-Chain Second Complementarity Determining Region Loop (CDR2β) Governs T Cell Activation and Vβ Specificity by Bacterial Superantigens

Author

Michael Peirce, Fraser Pollard, John K. McCormick, Eric J. Sundberg, A. K. M. Nur-ur Rahman, Christine A. Herfst, Joaquín Madrenas, Katherine J. Kasper, Aaron W. Wyatt, and Daniel A. Bonsor

Subjects
Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta, T-Lymphocytes, T cell, Immunology, Bacterial Toxins, Exotoxins, chemical and pharmacologic phenomena, Complementarity determining region, Biology, Crystallography, X-Ray, Lymphocyte Activation, Biochemistry, Cell Line, Microbiology, Enterotoxins, Bacterial Proteins, parasitic diseases, medicine, Superantigen, Humans, Protein Structure, Quaternary, Site-directed mutagenesis, Molecular Biology, Superantigens, T-cell receptor, Toxic shock syndrome, Cell Biology, T lymphocyte, medicine.disease, Complementarity Determining Regions, Protein Structure, Tertiary, Cell biology, body regions, medicine.anatomical_structure, Mutagenesis, Function (biology)
Abstract

Superantigens (SAgs) are microbial toxins defined by their ability to activate T lymphocytes in a T cell receptor (TCR) β-chain variable domain (Vβ)-specific manner. Although existing structural information indicates that diverse bacterial SAgs all uniformly engage the Vβ second complementarity determining region (CDR2β) loop, the molecular rules that dictate SAg-mediated T cell activation and Vβ specificity are not fully understood. Herein we report the crystal structure of human Vβ2.1 (hVβ2.1) in complex with the toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) SAg, and mutagenesis of hVβ2.1 indicates that the non-canonical length of CDR2β is a critical determinant for recognition by TSST-1 as well as the distantly related SAg streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin C. Frame work (FR) region 3 is uniquely critical for TSST-1 function explaining the fine Vβ-specificity exhibited by this SAg. Furthermore, domain swapping experiments with SAgs, which use distinct domains to engage both CDR2β and FR3/4β revealed that the CDR2β contacts dictate T lymphocyte Vβ-specificity. These findings demonstrate that the TCR CDR2β loop is the critical determinant for functional recognition and Vβ-specificity by diverse bacterial SAgs.

Published
2011

122. What is the quality of life in the oldest old?

Author

Bradley F. Boeve, Robert J. Ivnik, Ruth H. Cha, Joan K. McCormick, Teresa A. Rummans, Eric G. Tangalos, Ronald C. Petersen, Maria I. Lapid, V. Shane Pankratz, and Glenn E. Smith

Subjects
Male, Gerontology, medicine.medical_specialty, Visual Analog Scale, Neuropsychological Tests, Article, Quality of life, Activities of Daily Living, medicine, Humans, Dementia, Cognitive Dysfunction, Prospective Studies, Cognitive skill, Functional ability, Geriatric Assessment, Depression (differential diagnoses), Aged, 80 and over, Geriatrics, Depression, Cognition, medicine.disease, Psychiatry and Mental health, Clinical Psychology, Quality of Life, Female, Geriatric Depression Scale, Geriatrics and Gerontology, Psychology
Abstract

Background: Maintaining and improving quality of life has become a major focus in geriatric medicine, but the oldest old have received limited attention in clinical investigations. We aimed to investigate the relationship between self-perceived and caregiver-perceived quality of life (QOL), cognitive functioning, and depressive symptoms in the oldest old.Methods: This IRB-approved prospective study recruited community dwellers aged 90–99 years old. Collected data included neurological evaluation, DSM III-R criteria for dementia, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Dementia Rating Scale (DRS), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Record of Independent Living (ROIL), and QOL assessment using the Linear Analogue Self Assessment (LASA).Results: Data on 144 subjects (56 cognitively normal (normal), 13 mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 41 dementia (DEM), 34 dementia with stroke and parkinsonism (DEMSP)) over a three-year period were analyzed. Mean ages ranged from 93 to 94 years, and the majority were female with at least high school education. Overall functional ability was higher in groups without dementia (p < 0.0001). All subjects reported high overall QOL (range 6.76–8.3 out of 10), regardless of cognitive functioning. However, caregivers perceived the subjects’ overall QOL to be lower with increasing severity of cognitive impairment (p < 0.0001). Lower GDS scores correlate with higher self-perceived overall QOL (ρ = −0.38, p < 0.0001).Conclusions: In our community sample of the oldest old, there was a fairly high level of overall QOL, whether or not cognitive impairment exists. Individuals perceive their QOL better than caregivers do, and the difference in subjects’ and caregivers’ perception is more pronounced for the groups with dementia. QOL is more strongly correlated with depressive symptoms than with dementia severity.

Published
2011

123. Lactobacillus reuteri -produced cyclic dipeptides quench agr -mediated expression of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 in staphylococci

Author

Jingru Li, Nathan A. Magarvey, John K. McCormick, Wenliang Wang, and Stacey X. Xu

Subjects
Limosilactobacillus reuteri, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacterial Toxins, Gene Expression, Virulence, Cell Communication, Enterotoxin, Biology, medicine.disease_cause, Virulence factor, Microbiology, Enterotoxins, Bacterial Proteins, Lactobacillus, medicine, Humans, Superantigens, Multidisciplinary, Probiotics, food and beverages, Quorum Sensing, Toxic shock syndrome, Dipeptides, Biological Sciences, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, Shock, Septic, Menstruation, Lactobacillus reuteri, Staphylococcal exotoxin, Vagina, Trans-Activators, bacteria, Female
Abstract

The production of the staphylococcal exotoxin toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) by Staphylococcus aureus has been associated with essentially all cases of menstruation-associated toxic shock syndrome (TSS). In this work, we show that the human vaginal isolate Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14 produces small signaling molecules that are able to interfere with the staphylococcal quorum-sensing system agr , a key regulator of virulence genes, and repress the expression of TSST-1 in S. aureus MN8, a prototype of menstrual TSS S. aureus strains. Quantitative real-time PCR data showed that transcription from the P tst promoter, as well as the P2 and P3 promoters of the agr system from all four agr subgroups of S. aureus , was strongly inhibited in response to growth with L. reuteri RC-14 cultural supernatant. Alterations in the transcriptional levels of two other virulence-associated regulators sarA and saeRS were also observed, indicating a potential overall influence of L. reuteri RC-14 signals on the production of virulence factors in S. aureus . S. aureus promoter- lux reporter strains were used to screen biochemically fractionated L. reuteri RC-14 supernatant, and the cyclic dipeptides cyclo( l -Phe- l -Pro) and cyclo( l -Tyr- l -Pro) were identified as the signaling molecules. The results from this work contribute to a better understanding of interspecies cell-to-cell communication between Lactobacillus and Staphylococcus , and provide a unique mechanism by which endogenous or probiotic strains may attenuate virulence factor production by bacterial pathogens.

Published
2011

124. DO THE SPATIAL FEATURES OF AN ADJUNCT DISPLAY THAT READERS COMPLETE WHILE READING AFFECT THEIR UNDERSTANDING OF A COMPLEX SYSTEM?

Author

Erin M. McTigue, Matthew T. McCrudden, and Montana K. McCormick

Subjects
General Mathematics, media_common.quotation_subject, Complex system, Affect (psychology), Science education, Adjunct, Education, Nonverbal communication, Chart, Reading (process), Mathematics education, Psychology, Relevant information, media_common
Abstract

We varied the spatial features of adjunct displays that depicted a complex scientific system (i.e. human circulatory system). University students (n = 47), who were assigned randomly to a display condition before reading, selected relevant information from the text and wrote it (a) next to a list of definitions (list condition), (b) inside boxes organized to coincide with the sequence of blood flow (chart condition), or (c) on a picture of the heart (pictorial condition). Students in the chart and pictorial conditions had higher scores on 2 learning tests. Results supported the nonequivalence hypothesis, which states that a spatial display can promote learning more effectively than a list because a display’s nonverbal (e.g. spatial) features explicitly depict relationships among a system’s components. The results have implications for science educators.

Published
2010

125. Spread of invasive Phragmites australis in estuaries with differing degrees of development: genetic patterns, Allee effects and interpretation

Author

Dennis F. Whigham, Heather M. Baron, Karin M. Kettenring, and Melissa K. McCormick

Subjects
geography, Genetic diversity, geography.geographical_feature_category, Ecology, food and beverages, Estuary, Wetland, Plant Science, Biology, Invasive species, Phragmites, symbols.namesake, Genetic variation, symbols, Microsatellite, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Allee effect
Abstract

Summary 1. The distribution of genetic variation can be interpreted to understand the timing and mechanisms of invasive species spread. Allee effects, positive relationships between fitness and density or number of conspecific individuals, can play a substantial role in determining the time lag between initial introduction and invasive spread and can produce genetic patterns in invading populations that can be interpreted to learn about factors affecting invasion mechanisms. 2. We examined the distribution of genetic variation in the invasive wetland grass Phragmites australis in the Chesapeake Bay, USA. We used microsatellite analysis to examine the reproductive mode (clonal vs. seed) by which the invasive haplotype of P. australis has spread and the distribution of genetic variation within and among brackish wetlands in nine subestuaries of the Chesapeake Bay. Watersheds associated with the subestuaries were dominated by forests, anthropogenic development or mixed forests and development. 3. Our results suggest that the invasive haplotype of P. australis has spread primarily sexually by seed, rather than clonally, and genetic diversity of patches within subestuaries increased while genetic similarity decreased with increasing development in the surrounding watershed. 4. This suggests a pattern whereby greater genetic diversity of patches may promote more rapid spread due to recruitment of multiple seedlings into a disturbed patch. 5. Synthesis. Evaluation of patterns of genetic distribution can help to identify factors affecting invasion in different environments and so inform management.

Published
2010

126. Evolution of host breadth in broad interactions: mycorrhizal specificity in East Asian and North American rattlesnake plantains (Goodyera spp.) and their fungal hosts

Author

Tomohisa Yukawa, Charles C. Cowden, Toshimasa Hashimoto, Richard P. Shefferson, Yuki Ogura-Tsujita, and Melissa K. McCormick

Subjects
Ecological niche, Phylogenetic inertia, Ceratobasidium, Phylogenetic tree, Ecology, fungi, Ceratobasidiaceae, Biology, biology.organism_classification, Taxon, Phylogenetics, Genetics, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Goodyera
Abstract

Host breadth is often assumed to have no evolutionary significance in broad interactions because of the lack of cophylogenetic patterns between interacting species. Nonetheless, the breadth and suite of hosts utilized by one species may have adaptive value, particularly if it underlies a common ecological niche among hosts. Here, we present a preliminary assessment of the evolution of mycorrhizal specificity in 12 closely related orchid species (genera Goodyera and Hetaeria) using DNA-based methods. We mapped specificity onto a plant phylogeny that we estimated to infer the evolutionary history of the mycorrhiza from the plant perspective, and hypothesized that phylogeny would explain a significant portion of the variance in specificity of plants on their host fungi. Sampled plants overwhelmingly associated with genus Ceratobasidium, but also occasionally with some ascomycetes. Ancestral mycorrhizal specificity was narrow in the orchids, and broadened rarely as Goodyera speciated. Statistical tests of phylogenetic inertia suggested some support for specificity varying with increasing phylogenetic distance, though only when the phylogenetic distance between suites of fungi interacting with each plant taxon were taken into account. These patterns suggest a role for phylogenetic conservatism in maintaining suits of fungal hosts among plants. We stress the evolutionary importance of host breadth in these organisms, and suggest that even generalists are likely to be constrained evolutionarily to maintaining associations with their symbionts.

Published
2010

127. Modelling with COREDIV Code of JET ILW Configuration

Author

K. McCormick, G. Telesca, R. Zagórski, and W. Fundamenski

Subjects
Jet (fluid), Materials science, Tokamak, Nuclear engineering, Numerical modeling, chemistry.chemical_element, High density, Plasma, Tungsten, Condensed Matter Physics, law.invention, chemistry, law, Code (cryptography), Atomic physics
Abstract

In this paper we present integrated numerical modeling for the first time applied to AT discharges with tungsten wall using the COREDIV code. We concentrate on numerical simulations of Ne seeded scenarios in the new ILW JET configuration. Results show that the JET operating space might be limited, with tungsten wall, to high density plasmas (© 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Published
2010

128. The Literacy Needs of Adolescents in Their Own Words

Author

Gilda Martinez, Elizabeth A. Dicembre, Darlene Fewster, Sharon M. Pitcher, and Montana K. McCormick

Subjects
Early adolescence, media_common.quotation_subject, Pedagogy, Psychology, Humanities, Home school, Literacy, Education, media_common
Abstract

By featuring the stories of seven students, the authors of this article hope to prompt administrators and teachers to examine the literacy instruction in their schools and make practical changes to meet adolescents' needs. Concerned about these statistics that only 31% of the eighth-grade students on the NAEP 2007 reading assessment performed on the proficient level or above, a university research team of educators conducted a multiple-case study, creating a collection of snapshots of adolescent students' literacy needs, and compared their needs to the instruction the students received in their schools. From these seven cases, the team determined that all of the students needed comprehension instruction, then developed suggestions for some practical changes that schools could make to meet adolescents' needs and involve parents. بناء على الاهتمام بالإحصائيات التي تذكر أن 31% فقط من طلاب الصف الثامن أدى أداء على مستوى الكفاءة أو فوق ذلك على الاختبار القرائي عام 2007 التابع لبرنامج التقييم الوطني للتقدم التعليمي أجرى فريق بحثي من المعلمين دراسة متعددة الحالات نتجت عن مجموعة لقطات لحاجات الطلاب المراهقين في معرفة القراءة والكتابة وقارن حاجاتهم بالتعليم الذي تعرض الطلاب له في مدارسهم. ومن هذه الحالات السبعة استنتج الفريق أن كل الطلاب احتاجوا إلى تعليم الاستيعاب ثمة طرح اقتراحات لبعض التغييرات العملية التي قد تنفذها المدارس لسد حاجات المراهقين وإشغال الوالدين. 统计数字显示，在2007年美国国家教育进展评估的阅读评估中，第八年级的学生只有百分之三十一能够达到或超过熟练程度。一组大学教育工作研究人员注意到这问题，因而进行了一个多个案研究，收集有关青少年学生读写文化需要的资料，并把此学生需要与学生在学校所接受的教学作比较。该研究组根据七个个案研究，确定所有个案学生均需要阅读理解教学，并作出建议，让学校改变其教学实践，以切合青少年的教学需要及促进父母对其子女教育的参与。 Interessee par la statistique selon laquelle seuls 31% des eleves de huitieme annee de l'evaluation de la NAEP de 2007 ont atteint ou depasse le niveau de competence, une equipe universitaire de recherches a effectue une etude de cas multiple, en constituant une collection d'instantanes sur ce dont ont besoin ces adolescents en litteratie, puis a compare ces besoins a l'enseignement qu'ils ont recu dans leur ecole. Partant de ces sept cas, l'equipe a conclu que tous les eleves avaient besoin d'un enseignement de la comprehension, puis fait des suggestions d'ordre pratique que les ecoles puissent mettre en œuvre afin de repondre aux besoins des adolescents et impliquer les parents. Оценка чтения, проведенная NAEP (Общенациональное оценивание процесса обучения) в 2007 году, показала, что только 31% восьмиклассников демонстрируют хорошие и отличные навыки. Группа университетских преподавателей, обеспокоенная такой статистикой, предприняла кейс-исследование, сделав срез потребностей семи подростков в плане развития грамотности и сравнив эти потребности с тем обучением, которые они получают в школах. Полученные данные свидетельствуют о том, что всем им необходимо дополнительное обучение для лучшего понимания прочитанного. В статье представлены предложения исследователей: что можно изменить в практике школьного обучения, чтобы удовлетворить потребности подростков и привлечь родителей к учебному процессу. Preocupados por el hecho que solo 31% de los estudiantes de octavo grado que tomaron el NAEP 2007 de lectura mostraron ser por lo menos competentes, un grupo de investigadores universitarios hizo un estudio de varios casos, creando una coleccion de estampas de lo que necesitan los estudiantes adolescentes para leer. Tambien compararon lo que les hacia falta con la instruccion que habian recibido en sus escuelas. De estos siete casos, el grupo pudo determinar que todos los estudiantes necesitaban ser instruidos en la comprension. De ahi, el grupo sugirio algunos cambios practicos que las escuelas pueden hacer para ayudar a los estudiantes e incluir a los padres.

Published
2010

129. Phragmites australis (Common Reed) Invasion in the Rhode River Subestuary of the Chesapeake Bay: Disentangling the Effects of Foliar Nutrients, Genetic Diversity, Patch Size, and Seed Viability

Author

Melissa K. McCormick, Heather M. Baron, Karin M. Kettenring, and Dennis F. Whigham

Subjects
geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Ecology, Pollination, Seed dispersal, food and beverages, Wetland, Introduced species, Estuary, Aquatic Science, Biology, Invasive species, Phragmites, Nutrient, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract

The invasion and expansion of the introduced haplotype of Phragmites australis across North America is of growing concern. Previous studies in the Chesapeake Bay region found that Phragmites was more abundant, had higher foliar nitrogen, and produced more viable seeds in brackish wetland subestuaries with more anthropogenic development of the watershed. Here, we focus on a different scale and address issues related to the invasion of Phragmites within a single subestuary, the Rhode River. We evaluated patterns in seed viability, foliar nutrient concentrations, patch size, and genetic variation in ten Phragmites patches in wetlands that occur in the side of the subestuary that is surrounded by forest and 10 patches in wetlands that are in the side of the subestuary that has extensive anthropogenic development. Seed viability varied from 0–60% among the 20 patches but did not differ significantly between patches on the developed vs. forested sides of the Rhode River. Foliar nutrients also did not differ between patches on the two sides of the Rhode River. Seed viability, however, was negatively related to foliar nutrients. Most Phragmites patches consisted of >1 genotype. Larger patches had multiple genotypes, and patches with more genotypes produced more viable seeds. Our study indicates that the Rhode River subestuary behaves as one system with no differences in the measured Phragmites variables between the forested vs. developed sides of the watershed. Our findings also suggest a cyclical process by which Phragmites can spread: larger patches contain more genetic diversity, which increases the chances for cross-fertilization. The subsequent increased production of viable seeds can increase local levels of genetic diversity, which can further facilitate the spread of Phragmites by seed.

Published
2009

130. Extent and Reproductive Mechanisms of Phragmites australis Spread in Brackish Wetlands in Chesapeake Bay, Maryland (USA)

Author

Dennis F. Whigham, Heather M. Baron, Karin M. Kettenring, and Melissa K. McCormick

Subjects
geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Ecology, Pollination, Brackish water, Chesapeake bay, Wetland, Biology, Invasive species, Phragmites, Environmental Chemistry, Landscape ecology, General Environmental Science
Abstract

The number of patches of non-native Phragmites australis in brackish tidal wetlands in the Rhode River subestuary increased from 5 in 1971–72 to 212 in 2007, and the area covered by the patches increased more than 25 times during the same time interval. Genetic analysis of the patches showed that the expansion has primarily been from seed, and genetic similarities between patches indicate that most cross-pollination occurs within a distance of 50 m. Comparison of patches in different parts of the subestuary indicate that the expansion of Phragmites australis has occurred at the scale of the entire subestuary and not the scale of subsections of the subestuary dominated by differing upland land-uses.

Published
2009

131. Abundance and distribution of Corallorhiza odontorhiza reflect variations in climate and ectomycorrhizae

Author

Dennis F. Whigham, Melissa K. McCormick, Janie J. Becker, Sarah Werner, Thomas D. Bruns, D. Lee Taylor, John P. O'Neill, and Hanne N. Rasmussen

Subjects
Orchidaceae, biology, Ecology, fungi, Ceratobasidiaceae, biology.organism_classification, Ectosymbiosis, Ectomycorrhiza, Corallorhiza odontorhiza, Abundance (ecology), Botany, Tomentella, Mycorrhiza, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract

The abundance and reproductive activity of orchids have been linked to variations in weather conditions, but few investigators have examined the relationships between orchid flowering dynamics and the distribution and abundance of mycorrhizal fungi. We quantified the abundance of flowering individuals of Corallorhiza odontorhiza, a mycoheterotrophic orchid, over a 14-year period and mapped the distribution of individuals in six of the 14 years. For two seasons, we conducted intensive and extensive studies of the mycorrhizal fungi that were associated with C. odontorhiza. The annual abundance of flowering plants was statistically related to growing-season precipitation and winter temperature, and the distribution of individuals within the study plot was related to the abundance and distribution of appropriate host fungi. We used DNA sequencing to identify ectomycorrhizal root tips that hosted Tomentella fungi that could potentially support C. odontorhiza. We found that Tomentella spp. were distributed thro...

Published
2009

132. Main chamber high recycling on ASDEX upgrade

Author

R. Fischer, R. Dux, K. McCormick, and A. Scarabosio

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Tokamak, Chemistry, Divertor, Baffle, Fusion power, Instability, law.invention, Nuclear physics, Pressure measurement, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Nuclear reactor core, ASDEX Upgrade, law, General Materials Science, Atomic physics
Abstract

Main chamber recycling has been quantified over a wide range (Ip = 0.6–1.1 MA, Bt = −3 to −1.9 T, ne = 0.3–1 × 1020 m−3, Ptot = 2.5–20 MW), both inter-ELM and during type-I ELMs. A vertical CO2 interferometer channel registers densities δneLV2 in excess of those expected from core/SOL parameters. δneLV2 is localized at the inner, lower divertor baffle in the main chamber. Its behavior follows the neutral fluxes measured by a nearby pressure gauge. Particle fluxes to the inner wall as well as densities exhibit parallel behavior. δneLV2 can be as high as 8 × 1019 m−2 and the ELM perturbation itself as large as 9 × 1019 m−2. ne at the inner wall reaches 2.5 × 1020 m−3 and fluxes ∼6 × 1023 s−1. For controlled conditions δneLV2 is linear with ne and increases with Ptot. A ne threshold increasing with Ip exists below which δneLV2 ∼ 0, corresponding to a Greenwald density

Published
2009

133. Self-consistent modeling of impurity seeded JET advanced tokamak scenarios

Author

R. Zagorski, K. McCormick, G. Telesca, W. Fundamenski, Jet-Efda Contributors, M. Beurskens, and G. Arnoux

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Jet (fluid), Tokamak, Computer simulation, Divertor, chemistry.chemical_element, Mechanics, Plasma, Fusion power, law.invention, Nuclear physics, Neon, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Nuclear reactor core, chemistry, law, General Materials Science
Abstract

The influence of neon and nitrogen seeding on the divertor heat load in JET tokamak is studied in terms of the numerical simulations of the whole device by the self-consistent core–edge code COREDIV and results are presented for advanced tokamak scenarios. First, the code has been applied to simulate two JET shots (#69980, #69987) characterized by different radiation levels. With this basis the code is used next to provide guidance for the JET experiments in terms of: effects on the heat load at the target plates for various x-point positions with respect to the target plates, and the effect of higher plasma and separatrix density, as well as effects of pure or mixed Ne/ N 2 -seeding.

Published
2009

134. Earthworms, stand age, and species composition interact to influence particulate organic matter chemistry during forest succession

Author

David Gamblin, Grace Conyers, Timothy R. Filley, Susan E. Crow, Katalin Szlavecz, Diane E. Stott, and Melissa K. McCormick

Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification, Biomass (ecology), biology, Ecology, Chemistry, Soil organic matter, fungi, Earthworm, Bulk soil, food and beverages, biology.organism_classification, Lumbricus rubellus, Litter, Environmental Chemistry, Ecosystem, Organic matter, Earth-Surface Processes, Water Science and Technology
Abstract

The landscapes colonized by invasive earthworms in the eastern U.S. are often patchworks of forest stands in various stages of successional development. We established six field sites in tulip poplar dominated forests in the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center in Edgewater, MD, that span mid (50–70 years-three plots) and late (120–150 years-three plots) successional stages where younger sites had greater earthworm density and biomass than older sites and were dominated by non-native lumbricid species. In particular Lumbricus rubellus, a litter-feeding species, was abundant in mid successional forests. Here, we separated particulate organic matter (POM) from the bulk soil by a combination of size and density fractionation and found that patterns in soil POM chemistry were similar to those found previously during litter decay: in younger forests with high abundance of earthworms, organic carbon normalized cutin- and suberin-derived substituted fatty acid (SFA) concentration was lower and lignin-derived phenols greater than in older forests where earthworms were less abundant. The chemistry of the dominant litter from mid versus late successional tree species did not fully explain the differences in POM chemistry between age classes. Instead, the differences in leaf body versus petiole and leaf versus root chemistry were the dominant drivers of POM chemistry in mid versus late successional stands, although aspects of stand age and tree species also impacted POM chemistry. Our results indicate that preferential ingestion of leaf body tissue by earthworms and the subsequent shifts in sources of plant biopolymers in soil influenced POM chemistry in mid successional forests. These results indicate that invasive earthworm activity in North American forests contributes to a shift in the aromatic and aliphatic composition of POM and thus potentially influences carbon stabilization in soil.

Published
2008

135. Molecular Requirements for MHC Class II α-Chain Engagement and Allelic Discrimination by the Bacterial Superantigen Streptococcal Pyrogenic Exotoxin C

Author

Mohammed M. Nooh, Eric J. Sundberg, Malak Kotb, John K. McCormick, Joaquín Madrenas, Katherine J. Kasper, Wang Xi, and A. K. M. Nur-ur Rahman

Subjects
Genetics, MHC class II, CD74, T-Lymphocytes, Immunology, T-cell receptor, Histocompatibility Antigens Class II, Exotoxins, chemical and pharmacologic phenomena, Biology, MHC restriction, Lymphocyte Activation, Epitope, Cell Line, Epitopes, Jurkat Cells, Bacterial Proteins, MHC class I, biology.protein, Superantigen, Humans, Immunology and Allergy, Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs, Epitope Mapping, Alpha chain
Abstract

Superantigens (SAgs) are microbial toxins that bind to both TCR β-chain variable domains (Vβs) and MHC class II molecules, resulting in the activation of T cells in a Vβ-specific manner. It is now well established that different isoforms of MHC II molecules can play a significant role in the immune response to bacterial SAgs. In this work, using directed mutational studies in conjunction with functional analyses, we provide a complete functional map of the low-affinity MHC II α-chain binding interface of the SAg streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin C (SpeC) and identify a functional epitope in the β-barrel domain that is required for the activation of T cells. Using cell lines that exclusively express individual MHC II isoforms, our studies provide a molecular basis for the selectivity of SpeC-MHC II recognition, and provide one mechanism by how SAgs are capable of distinguishing between different MHC II alleles.

Published
2008

136. Germination Ecology of the Boreal-Alpine Terrestrial OrchidDactylorhiza lapponica(Orchidaceae)

Author

Melissa K. McCormick, Dag-Inge Øien, Dennis F. Whigham, and John P. O'Neill

Subjects
Orchidaceae, Peat, biology, Soil seed bank, Ecology, Dactylorhiza lapponica, Seed dormancy, food and beverages, Sowing, Plant Science, biology.organism_classification, Orchid mycorrhiza, Germination, Botany, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract

In order to reveal some of the germination requirements of The boreal-alpine terrestrial orchid Dactylorhiza lapponica, several experiments were carried out on seeds collected from the Solendet, nature reserve, central Norway. Seeds were sown in seed packets made of nylon cloth and deployed in situ vertically in the peat in order to study the temporal pattern of seed germination and determine if the seeds became part of the soil seed bank. In vitro germination experiments were carried out varying the growth media, fungal partner and chilling treatment, in order to study the effect of a fungal symbiont on germination and early protocorm development, and the possibility of a physiological seed dormancy. A high rate of germination a short time after sowing in the in vitro experiments together with a very low survival after deployment in the in situ experiments (0.2% after three years) indicate that D. lapponica seeds are not part of a long-lived soil seed bank. In vitro experiments also demonstrated that a f...

Published
2008

137. Upgraded bolometer system on JET for improved radiation measurements

Author

A. Jachmich, L. C. Ingesson, R.A. Pitts, G. F. Matthews, Jet-Efda Contributors, W. Fundamenski, S. Sanders, V. Philipps, A. Huber, Julia Fuchs, Ph. Mertens, W. Zeidner, F. Mast, J. Fink, S. Dalley, P. Beaumont, K. McCormick, K. Fullard, and P. Andrew

Subjects
Physics, Accuracy and precision, Tokamak, business.industry, Mechanical Engineering, Divertor, Bolometer, Radiation, law.invention, Optics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, law, Temporal resolution, General Materials Science, Tomography, business, Image resolution, Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract

Two new main-vessel bolometric cameras (KB5) with horizontal and vertical views of the plasma cross-section have been installed on JET, providing a substantial upgrade in capabilities: more viewing chords (24 chords for each camera), higher energy range (up to 8 keV), higher sensitivity (∼6.2 V/W), lower noise and therefore, lower detectable signals (∼2 μW/cm 2 at a bandwidth of 200 Hz), higher temporal resolution (∼2 ms). In addition, three new dedicated divertor bolometer cameras (KB3) with 12 lines-of-sight in total, optimised views and technical improvements have replaced the old ones. The combination of KB3 and KB5 systems provides measurements with significantly improved spatial resolution, allowing the divertor and main chamber radiation fractions to be clearly resolved. The sensitivity measured with an in situ electrical method matches very well with that obtained using a light source calibration. The deviation between the two methods is less than 7% and is in the range of the measurement accuracy. The experimentally measured geometric functions closely match those computed using the design values of geometry. Tomographic reconstructions of high density divertor plasmas with ITER-like configuration are presented which clearly demonstrate the capability of the new diagnostic.

Published
2007

138. Private sector influence in the International Telecommunication Union

Author

Patricia K. McCormick

Subjects
Standardization, business.industry, Economic sector, Geography, Planning and Development, Public sector, Public relations, Public administration, Private sector, Work (electrical), Economics, Business sector, Treaty, business, Tertiary sector of the economy
Abstract

PurposeThis paper aims to examine the influence of private corporations in the tripartite structure of the International Telecommunications Union (ITU): Telecommunications Standardization, Radiocommunication, and Telecommunications Development.Design/methodology/approachThis research employs institutional ethnography in conjunction with the case study.FindingsThe paper finds that, in the standardization sector, power has been effectively transferred from nation states to the private corporate sector since the approval process now enables standards to be approved by members of the study group that developed them, which is essentially the private sector. In the radiocommunication sector, the private sector continues to conduct much of the requisite technical work, but national governments are ultimately the decision makers and, further, it is difficult to distinguish between treaty and non‐treaty work. In the development sector, the ITU seeks to create an enabling environment for private investment in developing countries and actively seeks to build private sector partnerships. In the long run the ITU may be unable to satisfy either its narrow corporate constituency or the vast majority of its developing country members.Originality/valueAs the United Nations agency which coordinates satellite spacing and allocates access to the electromagnetic spectrum on an international basis, the ITU is the world's most prominent international telecommunications institution, so its structural modifications and membership changes are of great significance in a world increasingly dependent on a global grid of wired and wireless telecommunications networks. This paper sheds light on these.

Published
2007

139. A new edge-based energy scaling law for W7-AS and its implications for boundary-island divertor operation

Author

H. Ehmler, P. Grigull, E. Pasch, and K. McCormick

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Range (particle radiation), Divertor, Plasma, Fusion power, law.invention, Core (optical fiber), Nuclear Energy and Engineering, law, General Materials Science, Atomic physics, Scaling, Stellarator, Line (formation)
Abstract

Within this paper it is established that the total plasma energy W for Wendelstein 7-AS plasmas is uniquely related to the density near the separatrix nes, for an extremely wide range of conditions, in the fashion W = 5.47 n es 0.7 [ kJ, 10 19 m - 3 ] . This expression holds for peaked core density profiles (Normal Confinement, NC) as well as those with an edge transport barrier (High Density H-mode, HDH). It encompasses absorbed powers P = 0.26–2.4 MW over a line-averaged density range n ¯ e = 1 – 40 × 10 19 m - 3 (Pecrh = 0.26–1.5 MW: n ¯ e = 1 – 10 × 10 19 m - 3 ; Pnbi = 0.7–2.4 MW: n ¯ e = 7 – 40 × 10 19 m - 3 ), including even attached/detached conditions at the target plates. A consequence of this scaling for a boundary-island divertor – which is an inherent feature of the Wendelstein stellarator line, requiring a large nes to effect detachment – is that detachment on W7-AS can be expected and is only found for high-confinement situations, i.e. the HDH-mode.

Published
2007

140. Improved radiation measurements on JET – First results from an upgraded bolometer system

Author

S. Jachmich, Julia Fuchs, Jet-Efda Contributors, M. R. de Baar, S. Sanders, K. Fullard, S. Dalley, G. F. Matthews, F. Mast, G. Kirnev, Juergen Rapp, P. Beaumont, L. C. Ingesson, M. F. Stamp, A. G. Meigs, K. McCormick, P. Andrew, A. Huber, V. Philipps, P. Lomas, W. Zeidner, R. Sartori, Ph. Mertens, W. Fundamenski, G. Saibene, and J. Fink

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Jet (fluid), business.industry, Divertor, Bolometer, Plasma, Radiation, Fusion power, law.invention, Nuclear physics, Optics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, law, General Materials Science, business, Image resolution, Ohmic contact
Abstract

To improve the quality of radiation measurements, two new bolometric cameras with horizontal and vertical views of the plasma cross-section have been installed on JET. These cameras provide measurements with significantly improved spatial resolution, allowing the divertor and main chamber radiation fractions to be clearly resolved. Analysis of radiation profiles under attached and detached divertor conditions as well during the formation of an X-point MARFE (XPM) close to an ohmic density limit are presented. The radiation power fraction y = P rad /P heat increases from 0.5 to 0.8 just before XPM onset. A large fraction of this radiation is located in the divertor (P div rad /P tot rad = 0.56 at low density and about 0.67 at XPM onset). In addition, spatial distributions of radiation in recent ITER-like configuration discharges are presented.

Published
2007

141. Rash and Neurological Symptoms

Author

Jenny K. McCormick, Eric S. Nadel, and David F.M. Brown

Subjects
Adult, Weakness, Abdominal pain, Evening, Plasma Exchange, Purpura, Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic, business.industry, Nausea, Plasmapheresis, Exanthema, Rash, Speech Disorders, Hypesthesia, Anesthesia, Emergency Medicine, medicine, Vomiting, Humans, Female, Methylprednisolone Hemisuccinate, medicine.symptom, Headaches, business, Glucocorticoids, Morning
Abstract

t r p f n a t c t r. Jenny McCormick: Today’s case is that of a 38ear-old woman who presented to the Emergency Deartment (ED) with complaints of bruising and transient pisodes of numbness, tingling, and speech disturbance. en days before arrival in the ED, the patient noticed arge bruises on her thighs and arms, as well as several red dots” on her lower legs. Over the next few days, she oticed new bruising after minimal trauma. Three days efore arrival, she noticed a tingling sensation in the ight 4th and 5th fingers that resolved in 10–15 min. The ollowing morning, the patient noticed a similar numb nd tingling feeling in her left arm and left leg, which esolved within half an hour. The day before presentaion, she noted trouble controlling her saliva, and then eveloped numbness in her right leg with weakness such hat the leg was dragging. This again resolved within half n hour. Later that evening, she suddenly felt that she ould not speak or communicate, and symptoms again esolved within 30 min. She decided to seek medical ttention. At the time of her presentation to the ED, the atient’s symptoms had completely resolved. Is there any urther information you would like to know about the nitial presentation? Dr. David Peak: Did the patient have any systemic omplaints to go along with the neurological symptoms, r any history of increased bleeding? Dr. McCormick: The patient denied any lighteadedness, dizziness, seizures, headaches, or visual sympoms. There was no abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting

Published
2007

142. Microbial Community and Greenhouse Gas Fluxes from Abandoned Rice Paddies with Different Vegetation

Author

Melissa K. McCormick, Hojeong Kang, Seung Hoon Lee, Sunghyun Kim, and Jae Geun Kim

Subjects
Greenhouse Effect, Secondary succession, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Microbial Consortia, Nitrous Oxide, Soil Science, Wetland, Ecological succession, Biology, 01 natural sciences, Phragmites, Soil, Biomass, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Soil Microbiology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Ecology, Soil organic matter, food and beverages, Plant community, Agriculture, Oryza, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Vegetation, Biodiversity, Carbon Dioxide, Enzyme Activation, Agronomy, Wetlands, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Paddy field, sense organs, Gases, Seasons, Methane, Environmental Monitoring
Abstract

The area of rice paddy fields has declined continuously in East Asian countries due to abandonment of agriculture and concurrent socioeconomic changes. When they are abandoned, rice paddy fields generally transform into wetlands by natural succession. While previous studies have mainly focused on vegetation shifts in abandoned rice paddies, little information is available about how these changes may affect their contribution to wetland functions. As newly abandoned fields proceed through succession, their hydrology and plant communities often change. Moreover, the relationships between these changes, soil microbial characteristics, and emissions of greenhouse gasses are poorly understood. In this study, we examined changes over the course of secondary succession of abandoned rice paddies to wetlands and investigated their ecological functions through changes in greenhouse gas fluxes and microbial characteristics. We collected gas and soil samples in summer and winter from areas dominated by Cyperaceae, Phragmites, and Sphagnum in each site. We found that CO2 emissions in summer were significantly higher than those in winter, but CH4 and N2O emission fluxes were consistently at very low levels and were similar among seasons and locations, due to their low nutrient conditions. These results suggest that microbial activity and abundance increased in summer. Greenhouse gas flux, soil properties, and microbial abundance were not affected by plant species, although the microbial community composition was changed by plant species. This information adds to our basic understanding of the contribution of wetlands that are transformed from abandoned rice paddy systems.

Published
2015

143. Belowground interactions with aboveground consequences: Invasive earthworms and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Author

Scott R. Loss, Beau MacDonald, Travis Longcore, Melissa K. McCormick, Shishir Paudel, Katalin Szlavecz, and Gail W. T. Wilson

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Ecology, Agroforestry, Plant community, Introduced species, Plants, Biology, biology.organism_classification, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Ecosystem engineer, Disturbance (ecology), Abundance (ecology), Oligochaeta, Mycorrhizae, Animals, Terrestrial ecosystem, Ecosystem, Introduced Species, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

A mounting body of research suggests that invasive nonnative earthworms substantially alter microbial communities, including arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). These changes to AMF can cascade to affect plant communities and vertebrate populations. Despite these research advances, relatively little is known about (1) the mechanisms behind earthworms' effects on AMF and (2) the factors that determine the outcomes of earthworm-AMF interactions (i.e., whether AMF abundance is increased or decreased and subsequent effects on plants). We predict that AMF-mediated effects of nonnative earthworms on ecosystems are nearly universal because (1) AMF are important components of most terrestrial ecosystems, (2) nonnative earthworms have become established in nearly every type of terrestrial ecosystem, and (3) nonnative earthworms, due to their burrowing and feeding behavior, greatly affect AMF with potentially profound concomitant effects on plant communities. We highlight the multiple direct and indirect effects of nonnative earthworms on plants and review what is currently known about the interaction between earthworms and AMF. We also illustrate how the effects of nonnative earthworms on plant-AMF mutualisms can alter the structure and stability of aboveground plant communities, as well as the vertebrate communities relying on these habitats. Integrative studies that assess the interactive effects of earthworms and AMF can provide new insights into the role that belowground ecosystem engineers play in altering aboveground ecological processes. Understanding these processes may improve our ability to predict the structure of plant and animal communities in earthworm-invaded regions and to develop management strategies that limit the numerous undesired impacts of earthworms.

Published
2015

144. Moments of the neutrong2structure function at intermediateQ2

Author

Bogdan Wojtsekhowski, D. J. Margaziotis, H. F. Ibrahim, K. Kramer, Dipangkar Dutta, Olfred Hansen, E. Chudakov, X. Jiang, R. J. Feuerbach, P. Monaghan, B. Craver, C. C. Chang, K. Wijesooriya, R. Shneor, C. Muñoz Camacho, G. D. Cates, V. Sulkosky, Karl Slifer, F. Garibaldi, W. U. Boeglin, Nilanga Liyanage, K. A. Aniol, Bryan J. Moffit, L. Zhu, K. McCormick, R. Michaels, B. Reitz, A. Saha, X. Zheng, James J. Kelly, S. Frullani, Seung-Tae Woo, P. Solvignon, B. Ma, Pete Markowitz, A. Kelleher, J. P. Chen, G. M. Urciuoli, A. Tobias, F. Cusanno, A. Deur, Wolfgang Korsch, Jaideep Singh, Cynthia Keppel, Douglas Higinbotham, M. K. Jones, W. Kim, K. Wang, Seonho Choi, Ronald Gilman, G. J. Kumbartzki, Rolf Ent, Haiyan Gao, Z. E. Meziani, A. Camsonne, R. A. Lindgren, J. J. LeRose, T. Averett, V. Gorbenko, Kent Paschke, Charles Glashausser, and J. C. Yang

Subjects
Nuclear physics, Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Structure function, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Neutron, Sum rule in quantum mechanics, Lattice QCD, Function (mathematics), Spin structure, Nuclear Experiment, Resonance (particle physics), Spin-½
Abstract

We present new experimental results of the ³He spin structure function g₂ in the resonance region at Q² values between 1.2 and 3.0 (GeV/c)². Spin dependent moments of the neutron were then extracted.Our main result, the inelastic contribution to the neutron d₂ matrix element, was found to be small (Q²) = 2.4 (GeV/c)² and in agreement with the Lattice QCD calculation. The Burkhardt-Cottingham sum rule for ³He neutron was tested with the measured data and using the Wandzura-Wilczek relation for the low x unmeasured region.

Published
2015

145. Experimental evaluation of single-aperture range finder

Author

D. Starodubov, K. McCormick, and L. Volfson

Subjects
Materials science, Wavelength range, business.industry, Aperture, ComputingMethodologies_IMAGEPROCESSINGANDCOMPUTERVISION, Ranging, Laser, Power budget, Q-switching, law.invention, Optics, law, Range (statistics), Optical circulator, business
Abstract

Single aperture range finders with eye safe lasers due to their smaller size and simplified design have a strong potential for wide implementation in military and commercial systems. In this paper we present the results of experimental evaluation of a single aperture laser range finder. The new design operates at eye safe wavelength range around 1535 nm and uses passively Q switched laser for illumination. The optical circulator is used to separate the detection and illumination channels. The measurements of the power budget and ranging performance evaluation for the new design are discussed.

Published
2015

146. Design considerations for eye-safe single-aperture laser radars

Author

L. Volfson, D. Starodubov, and K. McCormick

Subjects
business.industry, Computer science, Aperture, ComputingMethodologies_IMAGEPROCESSINGANDCOMPUTERVISION, Ranging, Stereoscopy, Laser, law.invention, Optics, Lidar, law, Electronic engineering, Radar, business
Abstract

The design considerations for low cost, shock resistant, compact and efficient laser radars and ranging systems are discussed. The reviewed approach with single optical aperture allows reducing the size, weight and power of the system. Additional design benefits include improved stability, reliability and rigidity of the overall system. The proposed modular architecture provides simplified way of varying the performance parameters of the range finder product family by selecting the sets of specific illumination and detection modules. The performance operation challenges are presented. The implementation of non-reciprocal optical elements is considered. The cross talk between illumination and detection channels for single aperture design is reviewed. 3D imaging capability for the ranging applications is considered. The simplified assembly and testing process for single aperture range finders that allows to mass produce the design are discussed. The eye safety of the range finder operation is summarized.

Published
2015

148. Effects of Caffeine on Peroxynitrite‐Mediated DNA Strand Breakage

Author

John K. McCormick, Pon Velayutham Anandh Babu, and Zhenquan Jia

Subjects
chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Genetics, Coffee consumption, Pharmacology, Caffeine, Molecular Biology, Biochemistry, Dna strand breakage, Peroxynitrite, Biotechnology
Abstract

Caffeine is a widely consumed beverage in much of the world. Recent epidemiological studies have demonstrated that coffee consumption is inversely associated with Parkinson's disease. However, the ...

Published
2015

149. Spectroscopy ofLiΛ9by electroproduction

Author

T. Miyoshi, P. Brindza, V. A. Punjabi, W. U. Boeglin, X. Jiang, Bogdan Wojtsekhowski, L. Lagamba, D. J. Millener, E. Cisbani, L. Coman, V. Sulkosky, Pete Markowitz, H. Ueno, S. Marrone, R. Michaels, V. M. Rodriguez, Jaideep Singh, B. E. Norum, P. E. Reimer, K. Kino, B. Reitz, R. De Leo, Pavlo Baturin, S. K. Nanda, Yujie Qiang, P. Bydžovský, P.Y. Bertin, S. Colilli, C. Munoz Camacho, H. Breuer, Y. Okasyasu, Vladimir Nelyubin, Z. E. Meziani, Salvatore Frullani, M. Lucentini, J. P. Chen, G. de Cataldo, L. J. Kaufman, G. M. Urciuoli, A. Shahinyan, K. A. Aniol, Franco Garibaldi, Joerg Reinhold, C. E. Hyde, F. Cusanno, A. Deur, Simon Širca, B. Kross, Douglas Higinbotham, Kent Paschke, Tohru Suzuki, E. Piasetzky, M. Gricia, Eugenio Nappi, J. Gomez, A. Acha, D. J. Margaziotis, P. E. Ulmer, C. Zorn, Mauro Iodice, C. C. Chang, D. Hayes, H. Benaoum, H. F. Ibrahim, R. A. Lindgren, J. J. LeRose, A. Saha, X. Zheng, R. J. Feuerbach, P. Veneroni, R. Fratoni, P. Ambrozewicz, Seonho Choi, K. I. Blomqvist, E. Chudakov, C. Ferdi, T. Holmstrom, J. O. Hansen, K. McCormick, J. Segal, A. Camsonne, A. J. Sarty, R. Subedi, Maryam Moteabbed, M. Sotona, Olivier Gayou, R. Snyder, C. W. de Jager, Bryan J. Moffit, R. Roche, F. Giuliani, P. Monaghan, B. Craver, C. F. Perdrisat, E. Folts, F. Santavenere, E. Voutier, and P. Solvignon

Subjects
Superconductivity, Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Nuclear Theory, Order (ring theory), Atomic physics, Nuclear Experiment, Ground state, Hypernucleus, Spectroscopy, Lambda, Energy (signal processing), Spectral line
Abstract

Background: In the absence of accurate data on the free two-body hyperon-nucleon interaction, the spectra of hypernuclei provides information on the details of the effective hyperon-nucleon interaction.Purpose: To obtain a high-resolution binding-energy spectrum for the ${}^{9}\mathrm{Be}(e,{e}^{\ensuremath{'}}{K}^{+})_{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}^{9}\mathrm{Li}$ reaction.Method: Electroproduction of the hypernucleus $_{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}^{9}\mathrm{Li}$ has been studied for the first time with sub-MeV energy resolution in Hall A at Jefferson Lab on a $^{9}\mathrm{Be}$ target. In order to increase the counting rate and to provide unambiguous kaon identification, two superconducting septum magnets and a ring imaging Cherenkov detector were added to the Hall A standard equipment.Results: The cross section to low-lying states of $_{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}^{9}\mathrm{Li}$ is concentrated within 3 MeV of the ground state and can be fit with four peaks. The positions of the doublets agree with theory while a disagreement could exist with respect to the relative strengths of the peaks in the doublets. The $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ separation energy, ${B}_{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}$, of $8.36\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.08$ (stat.) $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.08$ (syst.) MeV was measured, in agreement with an earlier experiment.

Published
2015

150. Advancing the science of microbial symbiosis to support invasive species management: a case study on Phragmites in the Great Lakes

Author

James W. C. White, Charles R. Bacon, Keith Clay, Heather A. Braun, Mónica S. Torres, Douglas A. Wilcox, Elizabeth Lillard, Michele Leduc-Lapierre, Eric B. Nelson, Melissa K. McCormick, Wesley A. Bickford, and Kurt P. Kowalski

Subjects
Microbiology (medical), invasive species management, Ecology, fungi, lcsh:QR1-502, food and beverages, Introduced species, Review Article, Plant Science, Biology, Microbiology, lcsh:Microbiology, symbiosis, Invasive species, Collective impact, Phragmites, Symbiosis, Control, Great Lakes Region, bacteria, endophyte, collaborative
Abstract

A growing body of literature supports microbial symbiosis as a foundational principle for the competitive success of invasive plant species. Further exploration of the relationships between invasive species and their associated microbiomes, as well as the interactions with the microbiomes of native species, can lead to key new insights into invasive success and potentially new and effective control approaches. In this manuscript, we review microbial relationships with plants, outline steps necessary to develop invasive species control strategies that are based on those relationships, and use the invasive plant species Phragmites australis (common reed) as an example of how development of microbial-based control strategies can be enhanced using a collective impact approach. The proposed science agenda, developed by the Collaborative for Microbial Symbiosis and Phragmites Management, contains a foundation of sequential steps and mutually-reinforcing tasks to guide the development of microbial-based control strategies for Phragmites and other invasive species. Just as the science of plant-microbial symbiosis can be transferred for use in other invasive species, so too can the model of collective impact be applied to other avenues of research and management.

Published
2015

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