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We aimed to evaluate the lactation curves, composition, and fatty acid profile of milk of lactating goats fed diets containing detoxified castor cake (DCC) by alkaline solutions during 150 days of lactation. Twenty-four Saanen and Anglo Nubian goats, approximately 17 months old (first lactation) and 43±2.97 kg body weight, were distributed in a completely randomized block design with eight replicates. Treatments consisted of three diets, one containing soybean meal (SM) and two others containing DCC, with calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The lactation curves showed greater persistence of lactation in Saanen goats. There were significant effects of diets on the profile of some fatty acids present in the milk. We observed that the NaOH DCC diet led to an increase in desirable fatty acid content. Both Ca(OH)2 and NaOH DCC diets led to decreased milk production during the lactation period; however, the NaOH DCC diet led to high productive efficiency. Furthermore, NaOH DCC did not negatively affect the desirable fatty acid content, unlike Ca(OH)2 DCC. Diets formulated with detoxified castor decrease the production of milk from goats during lactation phase. It should be emphasized that milk produced by goats fed DCC diets does not contain unwanted waste. Made available in DSpace on 2020-08-06T11:13:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CNPC-2020-Detoxified-castor.pdf: 332924 bytes, checksum: a8c897fd4a810085279c7d87e0b174c0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020

This study evaluated the growth, physiology, and coccidiosis infestation of suckling beef calves provided monensin and grazing limpograss (Exp. 1) or bahiagrass (Exp. 2) pastures. Treatments were randomly assigned to pastures (4 pastures/treatment; 3 cow-calf pairs/pasture in Exp. 1; 4 pastures/treatment; 10 cow-calf pairs/pair of pastures in Exp. 2) and comprised of supplementation of 0.40 kg/d of soybean meal added or not with monensin (20 mg/kg of total DM intake) for 112 and 78 days before weaning in Exp. 1 and 2, respectively. In Exp. 1, supplement DM disappearance tended (P = 0.10) to be less for calves supplemented with vs. without monensin, but treatment × day and treatment effects were not observed (P ≥ 0.18) for herbage mass (HM), herbage allowance (HA), cow body condition score (BCS), calf average daily gain (ADG), calf plasma data, and fecal coccidia egg count. In Exp. 2, forage nutritive value, HM and HA, and cow BCS did not differ (P ≥ 0.43) between treatments. Supplemental monensin did not impact (P ≥ 0.78) plasma concentrations of insulin-like growth factor 1 but increased (P ≤ 0.05) calf overall ADG and plasma concentrations on day 78 and reduced plasma concentrations of urea nitrogen (PUN) on day 78 and fecal coccidia egg count on day 78 compared to calves provided no monensin supplementation. Hence, monensin supplementation successfully improved growth performance of creep-fed suckling beef calves, when herbage mass was not a limiting factor and coccidiosis infestation occurred.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the metabolic profile of Santa Ines ewe lambs fed diets for early or late-maturing diets with or without nutrient restrictions. The experiment consisted of a 2 × 2 completely randomized factorial experiment with either early- or late-maturity feed formulation according to "Nutrient Requirements of Small Ruminants" with or without 15% crude protein (CP) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) restrictions in diets formulated, five replications, and 20 ewe lambs averaging 15.1±2.6 kg. Lambs on early-maturity diets consumed greater (P

This study aimed to evaluate the morphogenic, structural, chemical characteristics, and forage yield of Massai grass, as well as the performance of sheep under three pre-grazing canopy heights. Eighteen Dorper x crossbred sheep (12 males and 6 females) were subjected to three pre-grazing canopy heights of Massai grass (45, 35, and 25 cm). Rotational grazing was adopted, with a fixed rest period of 12 days and occupation of four days. Before placing animals in the paddock, stocking rate was estimated to ensure a reduction of about 50% in the initial height. Morphogenic and chemical characteristics of forage were evaluated, as well as animal intake and performance. Pasture managed at 25 cm height induced reductions in stem and sheath sizes, and phyllochron but an increased leaf: stem ratio. However, the pasture cut at 35 cm above ground promoted an increase in total dry mass and foliar leaf productions, in addition to greater forage availability and daily accumulation. Yet, pastures with a height of 45 cm had a higher percentage of stem and senescent material, decreasing leaf intake by animals. Among the studied heights, 35 cm is the most suitable for Massai grass, when used for rearing sheep for meat production under pasture conditions in the northern Tocantins. This is because this management provided a greater availability of good quality forage and thereby increasing weight gains per area in animals.

We evaluated the influence of the substitution of soybean meal (SM) by detoxified castor cake (DCC) on the feeding behavior and physiological parameters of pregnant goats and fed with diets...

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of the substitution of soybean meal (SM) by detoxified castor (DCC) by two alkaline products on the feeding behavior and physiological parameters of lacta...

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of replacing soybean meal (SM) by detoxified castor bean cake (DCC), containing different alkaline solutions, on the nutritional parameters of Saanen and Anglo-Nubian female goat (Capra aegagrus hircus) kids. The treatments consisted of three diets: one based on corn and SM; and two with DCC with Ca(OH)2 or NaOH. Intake and digestibility data were analyzed in two phases according to the growth curves of the goats, which showed: a linear accelerated growth (phase I, from 60 to 298 days of life) and a reduction in the intensity of body growth (phase II, from 299 to 345 days). During phase I, the goat kids fed DCC with NaOH showed a lower intake of dry matter (DM) and nutrients. During phase II, there was significant effect of diets on the intake of nutrients, with the exception of ether extract (EE), total digestible nutrients, and metabolizable energy (ME). A diet effect was observed on the digestibility of DM, crude protein, EE, and neutral detergent fiber, mainly for goat kids fed diets with DCC. Despite their lower intake, the diets formulated with DCC do not negatively affect the nutritional performance of female goats kids in both growth phases, since they result in a greater feed efficiency. Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da substituição do farelo de soja (FS) pela torta de mamona detoxificada (TMD), contendo diferentes soluções alcalinas, nos parâmetros nutricionais de cabritas (Capra aegagrus hircus) Saanen e Anglonubiana. Os tratamentos consistiram de três dietas: uma à base de milho e FS; e duas com TMD por Ca(OH)2 ou NaOH. Os dados de consumo e digestibilidade foram analisados em duas fases, de acordo com as curvas de crescimento das cabritas, que mostraram: crescimento acelerado linear (fase I, de 60 a 298 dias de vida) e redução na intensidade do crescimento corporal (fase II, de 299 a 345 dias). Durante a fase I, as cabritas alimentadas com TMD por NaOH apresentaram menor consumo de matéria seca (MS) e nutrientes. Durante a fase II, houve efeito das dietas sobre a ingestão de nutrientes, com exceção de extrato etéreo (EE), nutrientes digestíveis totais e energia metabolizável. Observou-se efeito da dieta na digestibilidade da MS, da proteína bruta, do EE e da fibra em detergente neutro, principalmente nas cabritas que consumiram as dietas com TMD. Embora menos consumidas, as dietas formuladas com TMD não afetam negativamente o desempenho nutricional das cabritas em ambas as fases de crescimento, uma vez que resultam em maior eficiência alimentar.

Improving beef cattle production in pasture-based systems without expanding agricultural land has been the focus of several studies over the last decades. Nitrogen fertilization is one of the available strategies with high potential to optimize cattle performance in tropical systems. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of increasing nitrogen levels (150, 300, and 450 kg ha−1 of N year−1) in Megathyrsus maximus cv. Mombasa in the humid tropics of the Amazon. The following parameters were evaluated: pasture agronomic characteristics, herbage chemical composition, and beef cattle performance. A total of 24 nine-month-old Nellore bulls with initial mean weight of 173 ± 1.95 kg were used for the performance test. The experimental design was a randomized block with three treatments. Herbage mass and leaf mass contents were increased by the highest nitrogen level (P

The objective of this study was to evaluate the inclusion of cow cheese whey (CCW) in the diet for lambs on the ingestive behavior, ruminal and blood parameters. Twenty crossbred, male, non-castrated lambs with 25 kg body weight were assigned to four treatments: control diet (composed of corn, soybean meal and native pasture silage) and test diets (control diet + inclusion of CCW in increasing levels of 1.6, 2.7 and 4.0% in DM), in a completely randomized design with four treatments and five replications. Means were compared by Tukey’s test, and the strength of association between variables was tested by Pearson’s correlation. Regression analysis was also performed for data from the collection of ruminal fluid and blood. Behavioral assessments were made at a 24-hour interval in measurements taken every five minutes. The inclusion of CCW in the diet did not impair ruminal pH, but promoted a decrease in rumination and feeding times, also causing a lower number of cuds and a lower number of cud chews. The lowest concentration of ammonia nitrogen and total protein were found in lambs receiving the diet with 4% CCW. However, these values were within the range recommended for microbial growth. CCW is a potential protein alternative in lambs feed as it does not interfere with nutrient intake, ruminal and blood parameters, and favors a positive nitrogen balance. RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar a inclusão de soro de queijo bovino (SQB) na dieta para ovinos sobre o comportamento ingestivo, os parâmetros ruminais e sanguíneos. Vinte ovinos mestiços, machos, não castrados, com 25 kg de peso corporal foram distribuídos em quatro dietas: dieta controle (composta por milho, farelo de soja e silagem de pasto nativo) e as dietas teste (dieta controle + inclusão de SQB em níveis crescentes 1,6; 2,7 e 4,0% na MS), em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso com quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições. A comparação de médias foi realizada pelo teste Tukey e foram testadas as correlações de Pearson entre as variáveis. Também foi feita a análise de regressão para os dados provenientes da coleta de líquido ruminal e de sangue. As avaliações de comportamento foram feitas em um intervalo de 24 horas em medições realizadas a cada cinco minutos. A inclusão de SQB na dieta não comprometeu o pH ruminal, mas promoveu a queda nos tempos de ruminação e de alimentação, ocasionando também menor número de bolos ruminais e menor número de mastigações merícicas. A menor concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal e proteínas totais foram encontradas nos ovinos que receberam a dieta com 4% de inclusão de SQB. Entretanto, esses valores ficaram dentro do padrão estabelecido para crescimento microbiano. O SQB é uma potencial alternativa proteica na alimentação de ovinos por não interferir no consumo de nutrientes, nos parâmetros ruminais e sanguíneos, e favorecer o balanço positivo de nitrogênio.

The objective of the study was to assess the effects of including 0, 79.8, 159.8, and 240.0 g kg-1 crude glycerin in the total diet dry matter on the 84 days feedlot performance, nutrient digestibility, blood parameters, and carcass characteristics of crossbred dairy steers. Experimental diets were composed of 98.5 g kg-1 of sorghum silage and 901.5 g kg-1 of concentrate. Twenty-four crossbred dairy steers (337.3±39.8 kg body weight and 15 months of age) were distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments and six replicates. The intake and digestibility of the dry matter and nutrients were not altered by including crude glycerin in the diet. Crude glycerol levels did not affect the final weight (430.2 kg), daily weight gain (1.38 kg day-1), total weight gain (97.2 kg), hot carcass weight (218.9 kg), cold carcass weight (215.2 kg), hot carcass yield (0.50 kg 100 kg-1 BW), longissimus dorsi area (62.86 cm²), subcutaneous fat thickness (4.05 mm), and carcass physical composition. Concentrations of serum glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and creatinine were not altered by including crude glycerin in the diet. Crude glycerin can be added to high concentrate diet up to 240 g kg-1 without changing the animal performance, apparent digestibility of nutrients, the main carcass characteristics, and blood parameters of finishing crossbred dairy steers.

This study evaluated the inclusion of increasing contents (0; 35; 70; 105 and 140 g kg-1) of dried acerola fruit (Malpighia glabra, Linn.) by-product (DABP) in the ensilage of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum, Schum.) considering the in situ degradability of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and hemicellulose. Plastic drums with 210 L capacity were used as experimental silos. After 45 days of ensiling, silos were opened and silage samples were collected for the degradability trial and laboratory analysis. For the in situ degradability trial, was used one rumen-fistulated adult male cattle. The five by-product inclusion contents were tested in three replicates, with five incubation times, in a randomized complete split-plot design in which the contents of DABP were the treatments (plots), the different silos were the replicates and the incubation times were the sub-plots. Longer incubation times significantly increased (P < 0.05) the disappearance rates of DM, CP, NDF, ADF and hemicellulose. The effective degradability of the DM, NDF and hemicellulose was higher in the silages with 35 g kg-1 of DABP in the rumen passage rates of 0.02; 0.05 and 0.08 h-1. Dried acerola fruit by-product can be added to elephant grass ensiling up to 35 g kg-1 without reducing the effective degradability of nutrients. O presente estudo avaliou a inclusão de teores crescentes (0; 35; 70; 105 e 140 g kg-1) do subproduto da acerola (Malpighia glabra, Linn.) desidratado (SPAD) na ensilagem do capim elefante (Pennisetum purpureum, Schum.) por meio da degradabilidade in situ da matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) e hemicelulose. Foram utilizados tambores plásticos de 210 L como silos experimentais. Após 45 dias da ensilagem, os silos foram abertos e coletadas amostras para realização do ensaio de degradabilidade e análises laboratoriais. Para o estudo de degradabilidade in situ foi utilizado um bovino adulto macho, fistulado no rúmen. Os cinco teores do subproduto foram testados com três repetições e cinco tempos de incubação, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com parcelas subdivididas, sendo os teores de SPAD os tratamentos (parcelas), os diferentes silos as repetições e os tempos de incubação as subparcelas. Os maiores tempos de incubação aumentaram significativamente (P < 0,05) as taxas de desaparecimento da MS, PB, FDN, FDA e hemicelulose. A degradabilidade efetiva da MS, FDN e hemicelulose apresentou maiores valores nas silagens com 35 g kg-1 SPAD nas taxas de passagem ruminais de 0,02; 0,05 e 0,08 h-1. O subproduto da acerola desidratado pode ser adicionado à ensilagem do capim elefante em até 35 g kg-1 sem reduzir a degradabilidade efetiva dos nutrientes.

SUMMARY This studyaimed to assess the influence of three pre-grazing heights of Massai grass on the ingestive behavior of sheep under rotational stocking. Eighteen Dorper x nondescript crossbred sheep were used under rotational stocking on Massai grass at pre-grazing heights. The animal stocking was estimated to ensure a reduction of approximately 50% of the initial height. Behavior assessments were performed from 6 to 18 h at the entrance and exit of animals from paddocks. The longest activity was grazing, followed by rumination and other activities, and the period from 6 to 10 h showed the longest grazing.In the other periods, the animals in the 35-cm treatment grazed less when compared to those ofthe other treatments. Rumination in all treatments was more significant in the period from 14 to 18 h, but the animals in the 45-cm treatment spent more time doing this activity, which gave them a higher time of rumination of the food bolus, as well as ruminating chews. The bite rate was higher for the 25-cm treatment, followed by the 45 and 35-cm treatments, respectively.

This work evaluated the use of soybean hulls and whole or ground corn in the diets of suckling calves. Diets containing two levels of soybean hull inclusion (0 and 400.1 g/kg) and corn in different physical forms (whole or ground) were evaluated in the diets of newborn crossbred dairy calves that were housed and received experimental diets plus four liters of milk per day over 56 days. Weekly samples of food, diets and leftovers were taken to determine dry matter and nutrient intake. To evaluate the apparent digestibility, samples were taken from the diets, leftovers and feces for three consecutive days using titanium dioxide as an indicator. Blood samples were also collected to evaluate the blood indicators. Including soybean hulls in the diet increased the consumption of neutral detergent fiber but reduced the consumption of non-fibrous carbohydrates, which was also reduced by using whole corn in the diet. Total digestible nutrient consumption did not vary, although its value was reduced by using whole corn and including soybean hulls. The apparent digestibilities of the dry matter and crude protein were similar, resulting in similar performances between the animals, regardless of the factors analyzed. Using soybean hulls or whole corn did not affect blood indicators or feeding costs. Soybean hull or whole corn usage did not affect the performance of crossbred dairy calves during rearing.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the in situ degradability of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and hemicellulose of elephant grass (Pennisetumpurpureum, Schum.) with increasing levels (0; 35.0; 70.0, 105.0, and 140.0 g kg-1) of dried pineapple (Ananascomosus, L.) by-product (DPBP). The experimental silos consisted of plastic drums with 210 L capacity. After weighing and homogenizing the elephant grass with the DABP, the material was inserted in the silos (126 kg silage, at a density of 600 kg m-3) and compressed. After 45 days of ensilage, silos were opened and samples of the silages were collected for the trial. The study of degradability in situ was conducted using a rumen-fistulated male cattle. The animal was fed with corn silage supplemented with 1 kg concentrate daily. Five levels of addition of the by-product were tested, with three replicates and five times of incubation with an animal. The experimental design was completely randomized with split plots, in which the proportions of DPBP were the treatments (plots), the different silos were the replicates, and the incubation times were the subplots. The levels of inclusion of DPBP provided an increase (P < 0.05) in disappearance of DM and CP and in the effective degradability of DM, NDF, ADF, and hemicellulose. The dried pineapple by-product is a potential alternative to be used as additive in the ensilage of elephant grass, as it provides an increase in the rumen degradability parameters.

Objetivou-se avaliar as características da carcaça e carne de novilhos mestiços de origem leiteira terminados em confinamento com dietas a base de grãos de milheto, contendo níveis de inclusão de farelo do mesocarpo do babaçu (0, 12, 24, 36 e 48%). Foram utilizados 30 novilhos mestiços Holandês-Zebu com peso inicial médio de 371,02 ± 27 kg distribuídos aleatoriamente em seis dietas experimentais (cinco dietas a base de milho contendo níveis de inclusão de farelo do mesocarpo do babaçu e uma dieta padrão a base de milho), cada uma com cinco repetições. As dietas isonitrogenadas apresentam relação volumoso/concentrado de 20/80. O aumento do nível de inclusão do FMB na dieta reduziu o peso de abate e de carcaça de 488,4 e 242,2 kg para 454,0 e 226,7 kg, respectivamente. A espessura de gordura subcutânea, conformação e peso do traseiro especial reduziram, respectivamente, 38,8; 13,6 e 9% pelo aumento do nível de farelo do mesocarpo de babaçu na dieta. As características da carne não foram alteradas pelos níveis de inclusão de farelo do mesocarpo de babaçu na dieta. Não foi verificada diferença, pela análise de contrastes, entre as dietas com farelo do mesocarpo do babaçu e as dietas com milho ou milheto, ou entre as dietas a base de milho ou milheto para as características de carcaça e carne avaliadas. A inclusão de farelo do mesocarpo do babaçu em dietas a base de grão de milheto deve considerar a relação custo/benefício, pois promove queda do peso de abate e de carcaça apesar de não alterar as principais características da carne. A substituição total do grão de milho pelo grão de milheto em dietas de confinamento, por outro lado, não altera as principais características de carcaça e carne de bovinos.

Industrialization of the Babassu coconut for edible oil production generates many co-products and has great potential to be used in ruminant nutrition. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different inclusions of endocarp meal type II of Babassu coconut (BEMII) on intake and digestibility of sheep diets. Twenty non-castrated male sheep with an undefined breed were distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments and five replications. The animals received an experimental diet with increasing inclusions of BEMII (0.0%, 7.5%, 15.0%, and 22.5%). Increasing additions of the coproduct negatively influenced dry matter intake (g/BW and g/kg0.75). Crude protein intake (in grams) per day decreased linearly with the inclusion of BEMII, presenting a reduction of 49.35 g/d. The inclusion of 7.5% showed the best response for energy balance among all inclusions and presented the closest nitrogen balance value when compared to the control group; therefore, this inclusion percentage is the best for endocarp meal utilization.

The objective was to assess the performance of 96 pregnant cows of the genetic groups (GG) Charolais (C), Nellore (N), ½ CN and ½ NC, subjected to the following treatments: kept exclusively in natural pastures (NP) throughout the experimental period; kept in cultivated pastures (CP) from July 15 to Setp 15 (CPNP) or from Sept 15 to Nov 15 (NPCP) and the remainder of the experimental period in NP. The weight at the end of the first grazing period (Sept 15) was higher for the CPNP cows than those of the NPCP and NP. The weight at the end of the second period (Nov 15) was 456, 428 and 392 kg respectively for NPCP, CPNP and NP. At calving, the heaviest cows were the CPNP, followed by the NPCP and the NP. At weaning, 90 days postpartum, the heaviest were the NPCP, followed by the CPNP and NP. Nelore cows were less heavy in all evaluations, followed by C, with the F1s' weight higher than the purebreds. The grazing sequences did not affect the percentages of the cows in estrus and pregnancy, but did influence the invervals between calving and first estrus postpartum (ICE). The GG influenced the rate of cows in estrus, pregnant and the ICE which was lower in the F1 (103 days), followed by the C (109 days) and had the largest interval N (119 days). The grazing sequences affect the average daily weight gain (ADG) of calves until weaning at 90 days of age. The GG of the calf affected the ADG at to 210 days.

The objective of this study was to find the best level of inclusion of crude glycerin (0, 60, 120, and 240 g kg−1 of dry matter of diet) in substitution of pearl millet in a feedlot diet. Twenty-eight Nellore young bulls with mean age of 18 months and average weight of 357±23.56 kg were used. The animals were distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments and seven replications. The intakes of dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and total digestible nutrients were similar among the dietary levels of crude glycerin. The ether extract intake decreased with increase in the levels of crude glycerol in the diets. Apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, and extract ether was similar among the dietary crude glycerin levels. Apparent digestibility of neutral detergent fiber was lower in the diets with inclusion of crude glycerin in relation the other diets. The increase in the levels of crude glycerin did not affect the total digestible nutrients content of the diets. Average daily gain increased linearly with the increase in crude glycerin. Feed conversion was not altered by the increase in the levels of crude glycerin in the diets. The dietary increase in crude glycerin level did not affect the carcass characteristics. The inclusion of up to 240 g kg−1 of crude glycerin in pearl millet grain-based diets for feedlot-finished Nellore young bulls increases average daily gain, but does not change the main carcass characteristics of economic importance.

Context Interest in sheep production has grown considerably, mainly in the meat market segment in large urban centres. This growth is due to improved efficiencyand quality products, which makes the segment attractive for production. Aims Our objective was to evaluate the effects of dietary nutrient restrictions on the feed efficiency and productivity of Santa Inês ewe lambs. Methods Twenty Santa Inês ewe lambs were weaned at an average weight of 15.09 ± 2.63 kg and were randomly assigned in a 2 × 2 factorial design to nutritional plans for carcass finishing (early and late maturity) and levels of nutrient restriction (0% and 15% reduction of both crude protein (CP) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) relative to requirements) with five replications per treatment. The trial was divided into two phases: lambs aged 4–8 months (8 months old. Key results There were no differences (P > 0.05) between diets for average daily gain (ADG), dry matter intake (DMI), feed efficiency and residual feed intake. Ratios of ADG:DMI (% of liveweight (LW) and LW0.75) were affected (P ≤ 0.05) by restriction in ewe lambs >8 months old. Restriction model tests (ω1, ω2, ω3 and ω4) did not differ (P > 0.05) from complete models for diets formulated for early maturity; therefore, a single standard growth curve fitted this nutritional plan. On the other hand, the restriction model responses for diets formulated to late maturity differed (P ≤ 0.05) from the complete model, generating different standard growth curves according to the applied restriction. Feeding Santa Inês ewe lambs a restricted diet (by 15% CP and TDN) in an early-maturity nutritional plan will allow lambs to reach slaughter LW earlier than those fed unrestricted diets. Conclusions and implications When the objective is to terminate animals at a later age (>8 months), unrestricted diet formulated to a late-maturity nutritional plan will produce higher LW and subsequent reproductive efficiency. By contrast, reducing CP and TDN by 15% for ewe lambs >8 months of age may reduce growth rates at an initial phase.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of combined phosphorus and nitrogen fertilization and of harvesting frequency on the chemical composition of 'Gigante' cactus pear (Opuntia ficus-indica) cladodes. The experiment was carried out in two municipalities, Quixadá and Tejuçuoca, in the state of Ceará, Brazil. Fertilization with nitrogen (urea) and phosphorus (single superphosphate) was done with nine doses, respectively: 10 and 70, 70 and 10, 70 and 70, 70 and 130, 100 and 100, 130 and 70, 130 and 130, 130 and 190, and 190 and 130 kg ha-1 per year, besides 100 kg ha-1 N and P2O5 per year as the control. The harvesting frequencies evaluated were annual and biannual. A randomized complete block design was adopted, in split plot, with four replicates. The effect of fertilization on the contents of total dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, organic matter, and total carbohydrates in the cladodes varies with harvesting frequency and site. Regarding harvesting frequency, there were higher contents of organic matter, total carbohydrates, and neutral detergent fiber, but lower contents of crude protein for the biannual harvesting in both municipalities. Annual harvesting improves the nutritional quality of primary and secondary cladodes in the municipality of Quixadá and of secondary and tertiary cladodes in Tejuçuoca. Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da adubação combinada de nitrogênio e fósforo, e da frequência de colheita sobre a composição química de cladódios de palma forrageira 'Gigante' (Opuntia ficus-indica). O experimento foi realizado em dois municípios cearenses, Quixadá e Tejuçuoca. A adubação com nitrogênio (ureia) e fósforo (superfosfato simples) foi realizada em nove doses, respectivamente: 10 e 70, 70 e 10, 70 e 70, 70 e 130, 100 e 100, 130 e 70, 130 e 130, 130 e 190, e 190 e 130 kg ha-1 por ano, além de 100 kg ha-1 de N e P2O5 por ano como controle. As frequências de colheita avaliadas foram anual e bianual. Adotou-se o delineamento de blocos ao acaso, em arranjo de parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. O efeito da adubação sobre os teores de matéria seca total, proteína bruta, fibra em detergente neutro, matéria orgânica e carboidratos totais dos cladódios varia com a frequência de colheita e com o local. Quanto aos períodos de colheita, foram observados maiores teores de matéria orgânica, carboidratos totais e fibra em detergente neutro, mas menores teores de proteína bruta para a colheita bianual, nos dois municípios. A colheita anual melhora a qualidade nutritiva de cladódios primários e secundários em Quixadá e de cladódios secundários e terciários em Tejuçuoca.

Objetivou-se avaliar a queratinizacao das papilas ruminais, o nivel celular de glicogenio hepatico e muscular, e a composicao quimica da carne de tourinhos Nelore terminados em confinamento alimentados com niveis de concentrado e farelo do mesocarpo do babacu. Foram utilizados 28 animais, com idade inicial de 21 meses e peso corporal inicial de 356,7±19 kg, distribuidos inteiramente ao acaso nos seguintes tratamentos: dois niveis de concentrado na dieta (65% e 71 %) associados ou nao a inclusao de 35% de farelo do mesocarpo do babacu. Fragmentos do figado, musculo e rumen foram obtidos apos abate dos animais. Os niveis de concentrado e de farelo do mesocarpo do babacu da dieta nao alteraram as quantidades de glicogenio hepatico e muscular, bem como nao induziram a hiperqueratinizacao das papilas ruminais. A composicao quimica da carne nao foi alterada pelos fatores estudados. A inclusao de 35% de farelo do mesocarpo do babacu em dietas com elevada proporcao de concentrado nao induz a hiperqueratinizacao das papilas ruminais, bem como nao altera a quantidade de glicogenio muscular e hepatico e, as caracteristicas quimicas da carne de tourinhos Nelore.

Avaliaram-se as características da carcaça e da carne de tourinhos Nelore alimentados com diferentes níveis de concentrado e farelo do mesocarpo do babaçu na dieta. Foram utilizados 28 tourinhos da raça Nelore, com idade inicial de 21 meses e 356,66±19,25kg de peso corporal inicial, distribuídos inteiramente ao acaso em dietas com dois níveis de concentrado (65 e 71%), associadas ou não à inclusão de 35% de farelo do mesocarpo do babaçu no concentrado. A elevação da fração concentrada na dieta de 65 para 71%, bem como a inclusão de 35% de farelo do mesocarpo do babaçu no concentrado, não alterou a quantidade de músculo, gordura e osso da carcaça, com valores médios de 63,91; 19,46 e 16,63% do peso de carcaça fria, respectivamente. O rendimento dos cortes comerciais secundários do traseiro especial não foi alterado pela inclusão de 35% de farelo do mesocarpo do babaçu no concentrado nem pelo teor de concentrado da dieta. A força ao cisalhamento das fibras musculares, a perda de líquido por descongelamento e cozimento não foram alteradas pelos fatores estudados, apresentando valores médios de 6,57kgf/cm3, 16,08% e 22,20%, respectivamente. O marmoreio aumentou (5,78 para 9,79 pontos) pelo avanço do nível de concentrado na dieta, mas não foi alterado pela inclusão do farelo do mesocarpo do babaçu. O farelo do mesocarpo do babaçu apresenta características nutricionais que possibilitam substituir parcialmente o milho em dietas com elevada proporção de concentrado, não alterando a composição física da carcaça e a qualidade da carne de tourinhos Nelore confinados. Carcass characteristics and meat of young bulls fed different levels of concentrate and babassu mesocarp bran in the diet were evaluated. A total of 28 Nellore young bulls, initial age of 21 months and 356.66±19.25kg of initial body weight were randomized in diets containing two levels of concentrate (65% and 71) associated or not to the inclusion of 35% of babassu mesocarp bran in the concentrate. The elevation of the concentrate fraction of the diet from 65 to 71%, and the inclusion of 35% of babassu mesocarp bran in the concentrate did not alter the amount of muscle, fat and bone of the carcass, with average values of 63.91, 19.46 and 16.63% of cold carcass weight, respectively. The yields of retail cuts from the pistol cut were not altered by the concentrate level of the diet or by the inclusion of 35% babassu mesocarp bran in the concentrate. The shear force of muscle fibers and the losses of liquid during thawing and cooking were not altered by the factors studied, with average values of 6.57kgf/cm3, 16.06% and 22.20%, respectively. Marbling increased (5.78 to 9.79 points) to advance the level of concentrate in the diet, but was not altered by the inclusion of babassu mesocarp bran. Babassu mesocarp bran has nutritional characteristics that allow partial replacement of corn in diets with high concentrate, not changing physical carcass composition and meat quality of confined young Nellore bulls.

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de diferentes inclusões da torta do babaçu sobre o consumo e comportamento ingestivo de ovinos. Vinte ovinos machos não castrados foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso em quatro tratamentos com cinco repetições por tratamento. Os animais receberam dietas experimentais isofibrosas, isoenergéticas e isonitrogenadas contendo o subproduto em teores crescentes (zero; 7,5%; 15%; 22,5%). Não houve diferença estatística, para os dados de consumo de matéria seca. O consumo de fibra em detergente neutro em porcentagem do peso vivo e gramas por peso metabólico dos animais apresentaram um efeito quadrático obtemos os pontos máximos de 18,00% e 12,52 % respectivamente de inclusão da torta do babaçu na dieta destes animais. Não se observou diferença significativa entre a eficiência na alimentação pelo consumo de matéria seca e a eficiência na alimentação pelo consumo de fibra em detergente neutro. Houve efeito linear decrescente quanto aos tempos de ócio com as maiores inclusões da torta do babaçu em minutos/dia. Em um programa de criação de ovinos, recomenda-se como alternativa alimentar o uso da torta do babaçu até 15% na dieta total. A fibra em detergente neutro da torta de babaçu aumentao tempo de mastigação e ruminação dos cordeiros.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of grinding corn and inclusion of babassu mesocarp bran (BMB) in the diet of crossbred dairy young bulls finished in feedlot on their carcass and meat characteristics. Twenty-four young bulls were fed four experimental diets containing two BMB inclusion levels (0 and 41.24%) and corn in two forms of processing (ground and whole grains) for 98 days, and then slaughtered in a commercial packing plant. Among the quantitative carcass characteristics, there was interaction only in fat trimmings/whole hot carcass weight and cold carcass yield. The whole hot carcass and hot carcass weights showed reduced means with the use of whole corn. The other quantitative variables were not separately affected by BMB inclusion levels or by the form corn was processed. There was interaction between the factors for pistol cut weight, edible portion and weight of the cuts of the pistol cut, in which the use of whole corn and BMB promoted reduction in the mean values. The use of the whole corn grain reduced the participation of flank cut and elevated the participation of the bone fraction in the carcass. Inclusion of 41.24% of BMB did not change the qualitative meat characteristics, but the use of corn grain resulted in darker meat. The use of whole corn resulted in alteration in the weight of cuts like eye of rump and striploin, which have a high commercial value. There was interaction between factors for the percentages of moisture and minerals of the meat, whereas the crude protein content was affected by the two factors. The use of diets with whole corn or with babassu mesocarp bran may modify the carcass and meat characteristics of finishing crossbred young bulls.

Resumo: Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da inclusão de torta de dendê na dieta sobre o consumo, a digestibilidade das dietas e o desempenho de novilhas leiteiras. Utilizaram-se 16 novilhas leiteiras mestiças Holandês × Zebu, com média de 13 meses de idade e peso vivo inicial de 183,4±32,5 kg, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro níveis de torta de dendê (0; 11,9; 22,9 e 34,2% da matéria seca total), cada um com quatro repetições. Avaliaram-se os consumos de matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), carboidratos não-fibrosos (CNF), extrato etéreo (EE) e nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) e as digestibilidades aparentes da MS, PB, FDN, CNF e EE. Houve redução linear no consumo de MS, PB, FDN, CNF e NDT. A digestibilidade aparente da MS e FDN reduziu com a inclusão da torta de dendê na dieta, enquanto a de PB e dos CNF sofreu efeito quadrático. A inclusão de torta de dendê nas dietas promoveu aumento linear da digestibilidade aparente do extrato etéreo. O ganho de peso reduziu linearmente com a inclusão de torta de dendê na dieta, sendo observados valores de 1,06; 0,99; 0,89 e 0,54 kg/dia para as dietas contendo 0; 11,9; 22,9 ou 34,2% de torta de dendê na dieta total, respectivamente. A conversão alimentar não foi afetada pelos níveis de inclusão de torta de dendê na dieta. A inclusão de torta de dendê na dieta reduz o consumo de nutrientes e o desempenho de novilhas leiteiras em crescimento, porém, quando utilizada em níveis de até 24,6% da dieta total, proporciona ganho de peso compatível com os obtidos em programas de recria visando à parição aos 24 meses de idade. [Intake, nutrient digestibility and performance of dairy heifers fed diets containing palm kernel cake]. Abstract - The objective was to evaluate the effects of inclusion of palm kernel cake in the diet on intake, digestibility and performance of dairy heifers. Sixteen dairy Holstein-Zebu crossbred heifers with average age of 13 months and average weight of 183.4±32.5 kg were distributed to four treatments in a completely randomized design with four levels of palm kernel cake (0, 11.9, 22.9 and 34.2% from total dry matter), each one with four replicates. The intake of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC), ether extract (EE) and total digestible nutrients (TDN), and the apparent digestibility of DM, CP, NDF, NFC and EE were evaluated. There was linear reduction in DM, CP, NDF, NFC, and TDN intake. The apparent digestibility of DM and NDF reduced with the inclusion of palm kernel cake in the diet, while the apparent digestibility of CP and NFC showed quadratic effect. The inclusion of palm kernel cake in the diets resulted in linear increase in the apparent digestibility of ether extract. Weight gain decreased linearly with the inclusion of palm kernel cake in the diet, with values of 1.06, 0.99, 0.89 and 0.54 kg/day for diets containing 0, 11.9, 22, 9 or 34.2% palm kernel cake, respectively. Feed conversion was not affected by the inclusion of levels of palm kernel cake. The inclusion of palm kernel cake in the diet reduces nutrient intake and performance of dairy heifers during growth, but when used in levels up to 24.6% of the total diet, it provides weight gain compatible with growth programs aiming calving at 24 months of age.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of replacing soybean meal (SM) with castor bean cake (DCC), detoxified using two alkaline products, on the feeding behavior and physiological parameters of Saanen and Anglo-Nubian goat breeds with an initial body weight of 16.22 ± 0.67 kg. The treatments consisted of three diets that were isoproteic and isoenergetic: the first with a standard formulation based on corn and SM, the second with DCC detoxified using calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2 DCC), and the third with DCC detoxified using sodium hydroxide (NaOH DCC). A completely randomized design with a 3 × 2 (diets and breeds) factorial arrangement and four replicates per combination was used. A dietary effect on the intake of dry matter (DM) and NDFap (P = 0.02 and 0.01) was observed, with lower values for goats fed NaOH DCC than the other diets. The diets influenced feeding and rumination times (P = 0.04 and 0.03). An interaction (P = 0.04 and 0.01) between the breeds and the SM-based diet was found for time variables (other activity and idle time). Increased feeding and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) rumination efficiencies were observed for goats fed SM and Ca(OH)2 DCC (P = 0.03 and 0.01). Goats fed the NaOH DCC diet consumed large amounts of water, while Saanen goats urinated more times than did Anglo-Nubian goats. The diets had an effect on the heart rate and rectal temperature (P = 0.01 and 0.02), while the body surface temperature was influenced by the breed. Thus, Ca(OH)2 or NaOH DCC has a great potential to replace SM in the feeding of dairy goats. When used as diet for goats in the growth phase, NaOH DCC causes a reduction of DM and NDF intakes. Neither DCC negatively affected the physiological parameters of goats. [Comportamento alimentar e parâmetros fisiológicos de cabritas recriadas consumindo dietas contendo torta de mamona destoxificada]. Resumo: Objetivou-se avaliar a influência da substituição do farelo de soja (FS) pela torta de mamona destoxificada (TMD) por dois produtos alcalinos sobre o comportamento alimentar e parâmetros fisiológicos de cabritas das raças Saanen e Anglo-nubiana, com peso corporal inicial de 16,22 ± 0,67 kg. Os tratamentos consistiram de três dietas, uma com formulação padrão à base de milho e FS e as demais foram formuladas com torta de mamona destoxificada por hidróxido de cálcio (TMD Ca(OH)2 ) e outra por hidróxido de sódio (TMD NaOH), as quais foram isoproteicas e isoenergéticas. Utilizouse um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com arranjo fatorial 3 x 2 (dieta e raça) com quatro repetições por combinação. Houve efeito das dietas sobre o consumo de MS e FDNcp (P= 0,02 e 0,01), com menores valores para as cabras alimentadas com TMD NaOH. As dietas influenciaram os tempos de alimentação e ruminação (P= 0,04 e 0,03). Houve interação (P= 0,04 e 0,01) entre as raças e dieta à base de FS para as variáveis tempo com outras atividade e ócio. Observou-se maiores eficiências de alimentação e ruminação da FDN para as cabras que consumiram FS e TMD Ca(OH)2 (P= 0,03 e 0,01). As cabras da dieta TMD NaOH consumiram maiores quantidades de água e as Saanen urinaram mais vezes que as Anglo-nubiana. Houve efeito das dietas sobre a frequência cardíaca e temperatura retal (P= 0,01 e 0,02), já a temperatura corporal foi influenciada pelas raças. A torta de mamona destoxificada pelo hidróxido de cálcio e/ou hidróxido de sódio tem grande potencial para substituir o farelo de soja na alimentação de cabras leiteiras. Quando usado na composição de dietas para caprinos em fase de crescimento, a torta de mamona destoxificada pelo hidróxido de sódio leva à redução do CMS, bem como da FDN. Ambas as tortas não alteram negativamente os parâmetros fisiológicos das cabras.. Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-22T00:31:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 cnpc2018Feeding.pdf: 469813 bytes, checksum: 5b8b0ed35a3215691efaf1a9178831ba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-09-21

The objective of this study was to evaluate the production performance of feedlot cattle fed diets containing chopped sugarcane ratios (580 or 380 g/kg of diet dry matter) as roughage and levels of inclusion of babassu mesocarp bran (BMB; 420 to 620 g/kg of concentrate dry matter). Twenty-four young Nellore bulls with 321±23 kg initial body weight, at 22 months of age, were used in a completely randomized experimental design with treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement and six replicates. Dry matter intake (21.71 g/kg of body weight), average daily gain (1.46 kg/day), and cold carcass weight (232.59 kg) were not changed by proportion of sugarcane or BMB level. The proportions of sugarcane and BMB levels did not change the apparent digestibility of the diets, except the digestibility of neutral detergent fiber, which was lower in the diet associating the lowest levels of sugarcane and BMB. Increasing proportions of sugarcane reduced subcutaneous fat thickness from 2.89 to 1.91 mm. Carcass commercial primal cuts were not affected by variation factors. Inclusion of babassu mesocarp bran enables the use of larger proportions of sugarcane as a result of the increased digestibility of the fiber fraction of feedlot cattle diets without changing the performance and main carcass traits of these animals.

This work evaluated the production and composition of milk from dairy cows fed increasing levels of cashew nuts in the concentrate portion of the diet. Eight Holstein multiparous cows were used, between the third and fifth lactation, with an average milk yield of 28.0 ? 4.0 kg day-1, arranged in a double 4 x 4 Latin square experimental design. The assessed diets consisted of including different amounts of ground cashew nuts (CN): 0; 80; 160 and 240 g kg-1 of concentrate portion, which resulted in ether extract contents of 31.6; 46.0; 68.9 and 73.1 g kg-1 of dietary dry matter, respectively. Corn silage was used as the only roughage at a proportion of 50% and diets were formulated to be isoprotein. Diet was offered as a complete mixture. Average milk yield was 30.3 kg day-1. The concentration of protein, N-urea and lactose did not present significant variations (p>0.05) among the diets. The inclusion of 24% of cashew nut in the concentrate portion of the diet, maintains milk production, reduces milk fat content and together with the reduction in the concentration of short chain fatty acids and the increase in the concentrations of long chain fatty acids, provide a greater nutraceutical value to milk, making the use of cashew nut an excellent alternative for obtaining milk with more benefits to human health. RESUMO O presente trabalho avaliou a produção e a composição do leite de vacas leiteiras alimentadas com níveis crescentes de castanha de caju na porção concentrada da dieta. Foram utilizadas oito vacas holandesas multíparas, entre a terceira e a quinta lactação, com produção média de 28,0 ? 4,0 kg de leite dia-1, dispostas em delineamento experimental quadrado latino 4 x 4, duplo. As dietas avaliadas consistiram na inclusão de diferentes níveis de castanha de caju moída (CC): 0; 80; 160 e 240 g kg-1 na porção concentrada, possibilitando concentrações de extrato etéreo de 31,6; 46,0; 68,9 e 73,1 g kg-1 na matéria seca da dieta, respectivamente. A silagem de milho foi utilizada como volumoso único, na proporção 50% e as dietas foram formuladas para serem isoproteicas. A dieta foi fornecida na forma de mistura total. A produção média de leite foi 30,3 kg dia-1. As concentrações de proteína, N-ureico e lactose não apresentaram variações significativas (p>0,05) entre as dietas. A inclusão de 24% de castanha de caju na porção concentrada da dieta, mantem a produção de leite, reduz o conteúdo de gordura no leite e juntamente com a redução na concentração de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta e o aumento nas concentrações de ácidos graxos de cadeia longa, proporciona maior valor nutracêutico ao leite, tornando a utilização de castanha excelente alternativa para obtenção de leite com maior benefício à saúde humana.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the use of babassu mesocarp meal (BMM) and corn in different physical forms on the feeding behavior of crossbred young bulls of a dairy breed. Twenty-four crossbred (Nellore vs. Holstein) steers (307.35 kg) were fed four experimental diets containing two levels of inclusion of the babassu mesocarp meal (0 and 412.4 g/kg) and corn in two physical forms (kernels or ground) for 98 days. Data was collected on three days during the finishing phase, with observations every five minutes, for 24 hours. When the activities performed by the animals were evaluated as a function of the period of the day, the physical form of the corn showed interaction with the BMM inclusion level on the time spent feeding and on other activities. When the activities were evaluated over the day, the defecation frequency was affected and decreased as BMM was included. The feeding time was longer at the moments that followed feed supply, whereas the time used for other activities increased during the morning period, regardless of the diet utilized. Rumination and idle times were affected by the period of the day and remained high during the night and morning periods. There was increase in feeding time and dry matter rumination efficiencies and neutral detergent fiber as BMM was added to the diet. The number of rumination chews per bolus, however, decreased as BMB was included. Inclusion of babassu mesocarp meal increases the animal feeding time but the physical form of corn does not change its feeding behavior.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the animal performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality of F1 Angus-Nellore steers and heifers, feedlot finished with high degree of subcutaneous fat deposition. The experimental design was completely randomized, with two treatments (steers and heifers) and 11 replicates (animals). Twenty-two bovines with initial age of 18 months of age, 11 steers and 11 heifers, with initial body weight of, respectively, 354.86±43,66 and 353.82±39,80 kg were used. The animals were finished in confinement (114 days) with a diet containing 200 g kg-1 of corn silage and 800 g kg-1 of concentrate composed mainly of corn grain and soybean meal. The dry matter intake (9.42 vs. 9.24 kg day-1), mean daily weight gain (1.44 vs. 1.38 kg day-1), feed conversion (6.49 vs. 7.05 kg of dry matter kg-1 of weight gain), hot carcass weight (284.62 vs. 268.16 kg) and the subcutaneous fat thickness (12.09 vs. 13.05 mm) were similar between steers and heifers (respectively). The hot carcass yield was higher (P < 0.05) for steers (58.14 vs. 55.53%). The steers presented a higher proportion of the forequarter (39.26 vs. 37.53%), while heifers had a higher proportion of pistol cut (49.87 vs. 48.85%). The meat of steers showed darker color (P < 0.05). The shear force of the meat and marbling score did not differ between sexual conditions, with mean values of 5.43 kgf cm-2 and 10.14 points (median), respectively. Except for the proportion of primary cuts, carcass yield and meat color, F1 Angus-Nellore heifers present similar animal performance, carcass and meat characteristics in relation to steers, feedlot finished with high degree of subcutaneous fat deposition.

Objetivou-se avaliar os componentes do corpo vazio de vacas de descarte com pesos distintos. Utilizaramse 43 vacas da raca Puruna com idade media de 68,02 ± 17,36 meses. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado. Os pesos de abate estudados foram de 401, 434, 461, 476 e 522 kg. O peso e o rendimento de corpo vazio responderam linearmente a elevacao do peso de abate, aumentando 65,16 g e 0,0253% a cada quilograma acrescida, respectivamente. O aumento do peso de abate proporcionou aumento linear da quantidade absoluta dos componentes nao carcaca. O peso do trato gastrointestinal aumentou 9,61 g a cada quilograma acrescida no peso de abate, nao sendo alterado pela variavel independente quando expresso em percentagem do corpo vazio. O peso absoluto e peso relativo do conjunto de orgaos internos variou de forma linear positiva e negativa, respectivamente, com o avanco do peso de abate. O aumento do peso de abate proporcionou aumento linear do conjunto de gorduras internas. O conjunto de componentes externos aumentou 8,6 g a cada quilograma acrescida no peso de abate. A elevacao do peso de abate, acima das exigencias minimas dos frigorificos, prejudica a eficiencia do sistema produtivo, em virtude do aumento proporcional dos componentes nao carcaca.

The objective was to evaluate the empty body components of cull cows slaughtered at different weights. It was used 43 Purunã cull cows mean age of 68.02 ± 17.36 months. The experimental design used was the completely randomized. The slaughter weights studied were 401, 434, 461, 476 and 522 kg. Empty body weight and yield increased 65.16 g and 0.0253% for each kg increased in body weight, respectively. The increase slaughter weight promoted linear increase of the absolute amount of noncarcass components. The weight of the gastrointestinal tract increased to 9.61 g per kilogram over the weight of slaughter, not being changed by the independent variable when expressed as percentage of empty body. The absolute and relative weight of internal organs varied linearly positive and negative with increasing slaughter weight, respectively. The increase in slaughter weight resulted in a linear increase of the set of internal fat, both expressed in kg and percentage of empty body. The set of external components increased 8.6 g per kilogram of slaughter weight increase. The increase in slaughter weight above the minimum requirements by refrigerators reduces the efficiency of the production system, due to the increased proportion of non-carcass components. Objetivou-se avaliar os componentes do corpo vazio de vacas de descarte com pesos distintos. Utilizaramse 43 vacas da raça Purunã com idade média de 68,02 ± 17,36 meses. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado. Os pesos de abate estudados foram de 401, 434, 461, 476 e 522 kg. O peso e o rendimento de corpo vazio responderam linearmente à elevação do peso de abate, aumentando 65,16 g e 0,0253% a cada quilograma acrescida, respectivamente. O aumento do peso de abate proporcionou aumento linear da quantidade absoluta dos componentes não carcaça. O peso do trato gastrointestinal aumentou 9,61 g a cada quilograma acrescida no peso de abate, não sendo alterado pela variável independente quando expresso em percentagem do corpo vazio. O peso absoluto e peso relativo do conjunto de órgãos internos variou de forma linear positiva e negativa, respectivamente, com o avanço do peso de abate. O aumento do peso de abate proporcionou aumento linear do conjunto de gorduras internas. O conjunto de componentes externos aumentou 8,6 g a cada quilograma acrescida no peso de abate. A elevação do peso de abate, acima das exigências mínimas dos frigoríficos, prejudica a eficiência do sistema produtivo, em virtude do aumento proporcional dos componentes não carcaça.

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram determinar as fracoes de carboidratos totais e estimar a taxa de digestao dos carboidratos nao-fibrosos de subprodutos agroindustriais, utilizando a tecnica de producao de gas. Os subprodutos agroindustriais avaliados foram: caju, maracuja, abacaxi, acerola, urucum e melao, sendo cada amostra incubada em quadriplicata. Apos mistura minuciosa de todos os conteudos, as garrafas foram colocadas em estufa a 39oC e foram conectadas a um interruptor sensivel a pressao, com uma valvula solenoide e uma haste de ventilacao. As medicoes de pressao do gas foram feitas a 0, 3, 6, 12, 15, 18, 22, 26, 30, 34, 40, 48, 60, 72, 96 e 120 horas apos a incubacao. Espacos em branco e um padrao interno foram incluidos para permitir ajustes na variacao entre as leituras. Houve grande variacao na composicao nutricional dos subprodutos agroindustriais, sendo que caju e urucum apresentaram os maiores teores de proteina (159.3 e 135.3 g/kg de materia seca, respectivamente). Melao e caju apresentaram os menores valores de producao total de gas (9,60 e 12,85 mL, respectivamente); e urucum, abacaxi e maracuja apresentaram maiores volumes (32,80; 28,16 e 22,54 mL, respectivamente), sendo os maiores percentuais da fracao B2 (64,27; 81,25 e 67,49%, respectivamente). Entre os subprodutos agroindustriais, abacaxi e urucum destacaram-se pela maior contribuicao dos carboidratos fibrosos para producao de gas total, sendo a fracao B2 a principal fonte de energia para o crescimento microbiano, que e degradada em um ritmo mais lento do que os carboidratos nao-fibrosos.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da inclusao (0.0; 113,4; 227,8 e 341,7 g/kg de materia seca) da torta de dende (TD) em dietas para vacas leiteiras lactantes sobre o consumo, digestibilidade aparente da materia seca e dos nutrientes e producao de leite. Foram utilizadas oito vacas mesticas Holandes x Zebu, primiparas, com peso medio de 382 kg, entre 60 e 90 dias de lactacao, distribuidas em duplos quadrados latinos 4 x 4. Cada periodo experimental teve duracao de 15 dias, sendo 11 dias para adaptacao e quatro para coletas. Avaliou- se o consumo, expresso em kg/dia, g/kgpv0,75 e g/kg PV, a digestibilidade aparente da materia seca ( MS), proteina bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente acido (FDA), hemicelulose (HEM), carboidratos nao fibrosos (CNF), extrato etereo (EE) e nutrientes digestiveis totais (NDT) e a producao de leite corrigida para gordura (PLCG). A inclusao de niveis crescentes de TD na dieta acarretou reducao linear no consumo de MS, PB, HEM, CNF e NDT. O consumo de FDN apresentou efeito quadratico e os maiores valores foram observados com o nivel de inclusao de TD de 113,4 g/kg MS. Houve efeito linear decrescente sobre a PLCG com a inclusao da TD. Houve reducao linear da digestibilidade da MS e dos CT, porem nao se observou efeito sobre a digestibilidade da FDN e FDA. Observou-se ainda aumento linear da digestibilidade da PB, CNF e EE. O aumento da digestibilidade destes nutrientes provavelmente ocorreu devido ao maior tempo de retencao da digesta no rumen ocasionado pela reducao no consumo de MS. A adicao de TD diminui o valor nutritivo das dietas reduzindo linearmente a producao de leite.

The objective of this work was to determine the total carbohydrates fractions and to estimate the digestion rate of non-fibrous carbohydrates of agroindustrial byproducts by using the gas production technique. The agroindustrial byproducts evaluated were the following: cashew, passion fruit, pineapple, barbados cherry, annatto and melon, and each sample was incubated in quadruplicate. After mixing all contents thoroughly, the bottles were placed in an incubator at 39ºC, and connecting the lid of each bottle to a pressure sensitive switch, a solenoid valve and a vent stem connector. Gas pressure measurements were made at 0, 3, 6, 12, 15, 18, 22, 26, 30, 34, 40, 48, 60, 72, 96 e 120 hours post-inoculation. Blanks and an internal standard were included to enable adjustments in variation among readings. There was a high variation in nutritional composition of agroindustry byproducts, that cashew and annato presented the highest protein contents (159.3 and 135.3 g/kg of dry matter, respectively). Mellon and cashew presented the lowest values of total gas production (9.60 and 12.85 mL, respectively); and annato, pineapple and passion fruit presented highest gas volume (32.80; 28.16 and 22.54 mL, respectively), being the greatest percentages of phases from B2 fraction (64.27; 81.25 and 67.49%, respectively). Among the byproducts, pineapple and annatto stand out for the highest contribution of fibrous carbohydrate for total gas production, being B2 the main energy source for microbial growth, which is degraded at a slower rate than non-fibrous carbohydrate.Os objetivos deste trabalho foram determinar as frações de carboidratos totais e estimar a taxa de digestão dos carboidratos não-fibrosos de subprodutos agroindustriais, utilizando a técnica de produção de gás. Os subprodutos agroindustriais avaliados foram: caju, maracujá, abacaxi, acerola, urucum e melão, sendo cada amostra incubada em quadriplicata. Após mistura minuciosa de todos os conteúdos, as garrafas foram colocadas em estufa a 39ºC e foram conectadas a um interruptor sensível à pressão, com uma válvula solenóide e uma haste de ventilação. As medições de pressão do gás foram feitas a 0, 3, 6, 12, 15, 18, 22, 26, 30, 34, 40, 48, 60, 72, 96 e 120 horas após a incubação. Espaços em branco e um padrão interno foram incluídos para permitir ajustes na variação entre as leituras. Houve grande variação na composição nutricional dos subprodutos agroindustriais, sendo que caju e urucum apresentaram os maiores teores de proteína (159.3 e 135.3 g/kg de matéria seca, respectivamente). Melão e caju apresentaram os menores valores de produção total de gás (9,60 e 12,85 mL, respectivamente); e urucum, abacaxi e maracujá apresentaram maiores volumes (32,80; 28,16 e 22,54 mL, respectivamente), sendo os maiores percentuais da fração B2 (64,27; 81,25 e 67,49%, respectivamente). Entre os subprodutos agroindustriais, abacaxi e urucum destacaram-se pela maior contribuição dos carboidratos fibrosos para produção de gás total, sendo a fração B2 a principal fonte de energia para o crescimento microbiano, que é degradada em um ritmo mais lento do que os carboidratos não-fibrosos.

We evaluated carcass characteristics, weight and percentage of prepared commercial cuts of the primal pistol cut (PC) of 30 young crossbred bulls fed diets which included replacement levels (0, 25, 50, 70 and 100% of the dry matter, DM) of corn by babassu mesocarp bran (BMB). The experiment was a completely randomized design with six replicates. Slaughter weight was not affected by treatments. Hot and cold carcass weights decreased linearly (P

The objective of this study was to assess the effects of including crude glycerin in the diet on intake, performance, rumen development, and carcass traits of dairy crossbred veal calves fed starter concentrate containing 0, 80, 160, and 240 g kg−1 crude glycerin. Twenty-eight calves with an average weight of 38.03±6.7 kg and five days of age were distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments with seven replications. Calves were individually housed in covered stalls equipped with feeders and drinkers for 56 days. The calf response to inclusion of crude glycerin in the concentrate changed over the weeks and the inclusion level of 240 g kg−1 resulted in greater dry matter intake and average daily gain. There was no effect on the final weight and total weight gain of the animals, with mean values of 73.60 and 35.16 kg, respectively. The weight of the rumen-reticulum adjusted for body weight, empty body weight, and total stomach weight increased linearly with the inclusion of crude glycerin. Blood total protein, globulin, urea, cholesterol, gamma glutamyl transferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase concentrations did not differ among treatments. Carcass traits and meat color were not affected. Crude glycerin can be added to dairy calf starter concentrate up to 240 g kg−1 dry matter because it benefits concentrate intake, performance, and rumen development without affecting animal health.

Objetivou-se avaliar quatro teores de inclusão de farelo do mesocarpo de babaçu (Orbygnya spp.) no concentrado sobre o desempenho de bovinos confinados. Foram utilizados 24 bovinos machos (12 castrados e 12 não castrados) com idade e peso corporal médio de 33 meses e 332,1±24kg, respectivamente. As dietas foram isonitrogenadas, compostas por 44% de silagem de capim Mombaça e 56% de concentrado na matéria seca. O grão de milho do concentrado foi substituído pelo farelo do mesocarpo de babaçu em 0, 20, 40 e 60% da matéria seca. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi blocos inteiramente casualisados, com os tratamentos dispostos num fatorial 4x2 (quatro níveis de inclusão de farelo do mesocarpo de babaçu e duas condições sexuais). O consumo de matéria seca, em kg dia-1 e percentagem do peso corporal, não foi alterado pelos níveis de inclusão de farelo do mesocarpo de babaçu, com valores médios de 9,37kg e 2,54%, respectivamente. Os teores de inclusão de farelo do mesocarpo de babaçu não influenciaram no ganho de peso diário e na conversão alimentar, sendo os valores médios de 1,157kg dia-1 e 8,39kg de matéria seca kg-1 de ganho de peso. Os novilhos não castrados apresentaram maior ganho de peso médio diário (1,259kg dia-1) que os castrados (1.066kg dia-1), refletindo a melhor conversão alimentar (7,702 e 9,094kg de matéria seca kg-1 de ganho de peso, respectivamente). O farelo do mesocarpo de babaçu como fonte energética alternativa, pode ser utilizado para bovinos confinados em até 60% de inclusão no concentrado, em substituição ao grão de milho. The objective was to evaluate four levels of inclusion of babassu mesocarp meal (Orbygnya spp.) in the concentrate on cattle feedlot performance. Twenty four animals (12 steers and 12 bulls) were used with age and body weight of 33 months and 332.1±24kg, respectively. Diets were isonitrogenous, composed of 44% of Mombasa grass silage and 56% of concentrate in dry matter. Corn grain of the concentrate fraction was replaced by babassu mesocarp meal at 0, 20, 40 and 60% in dry matter. The experimental design was randomized complete block, with factorial arrangement of treatments 4x2 (four levels of babassu mesocarp meal inclusion and two sexual conditions). Dry matter intake in kg day1 and percentage of body weight was not altered by the inclusion level of bran babassu mesocarp, with average values of 9.37kg day-1 and 2.54% respectively. Inclusion levels of babassu mesocarp meal did not affect daily weight gain and feed conversion the animals, with average values of 1.157kg day-1 and 8.39kg of dry matter kg-1 weight gain. Bulls had higher daily weight gain (1.259kg day-1) than steers (1.066kg day-1), reflecting a better feed conversion (7.702 and 9.094kg dry matter kg-1 weight gain, respectively). Babassu mesocarp meal, such as alternative energy source, can be fed to feedlot to the 60% level of inclusion in the concentrate, replacing corn grain.

The present study evaluated the effect of replacing elephant grass (EG) with moist pineapple by-product silage (PS) on the apparent digestibility, consumption of digestible nutrients and performance of 25 castrated male lambs Santa Ines crossbreds. The lambs had an initial body weight of 20.2 ± 3.5 kg and were housed in individual pens in a completely randomised design with five treatments (replacement of EG by PS at five proportions of 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 %) and five replicates during 74 days. There was no significant effect of PS replacement proportions on the intake of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), total carbohydrates (TC), non-fibrous carbohydrates or total digestible nutrients (TDN). The consumption of crude protein (CP) decreased linearly with the inclusion of PS in the diets. The digestibility of DM, OM and TCs as well as levels of TDN increased linearly with the addition of PS. The use of PS in the diets had no significant effect on the digestibility of CP and neutral detergent fibre corrected for ashes and protein (NDFom(n)). These results demonstrated that there was no difference in the performance of animals fed diets with or without PS.

Avaliaram-se os parâmetros de fermentação ruminal e a concentração de derivados de purinas na urina de vacas leiteiras alimentadas com teores crescentes de castanha de caju na dieta. Foram utilizadas oito vacas Holandesas multíparas, sendo quatro fistuladas no rúmen, com produção média de 28±4kg de leite/dia. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o quadrado latino 4x4, com parcelas subdivididas para os parâmetros ruminais e duplo para determinação dos derivados de purina. Os tratamentos avaliados consistiram na inclusão de 0; 8; 16 e 24% de castanha de caju moída na porção concentrada da dieta. O comportamento do pH ruminal foi semelhante entre as dietas avaliadas segundo os tempos após alimentação. A concentração média de nitrogênio amoniacal foi 12,70mg/100mL de líquido ruminal. Os valores médios de acetato e butirato apresentaram padrão linear de resposta, contudo a relação acetato:propionato não foi alterada pela adição do coproduto. As excreções de derivados de purina na urina não variaram significativamente (P>0,05) com a adição de castanha de caju. A inclusão de castanha de caju não afetou os parâmetros de fermentação ruminal nem as concentrações de derivados de purinas; dessa forma, pode ser recomendada como alternativa potencial na alimentação de vacas leiteiras em lactação. The parameters of rumen fermentation and the concentration of purine derivatives in the urine of dairy cows fed with increasing levels of cashew nut in the diet were evaluated. Eight multiparous holstein cows were used, being four rumen cannulated, with average production of 28±4kg of milk/day. The experimental design adopted was a 4x4 Latin square with split plots for the ruminal parameters and double for the determination of purine derivatives. The treatments consisted of the inclusion of 0; 8; 16 and 24% of cashew nut in the concentrate portion of the diet. The behavior of the ruminal pH was similar between the evaluated diets according to the time after feeding. The average concentration of ammonia nitrogen was 12.70mg/100mL of rumen fluid. The average values of acetate and butyrate showed a linear response, but the acetate:propionate ratio wasnot altered by the addition of the coproduct. The excretions of purine derivatives in urine did not differ significantly (P>0.05) with the addition of cashew nut. The inclusion of cashew nut did not affect ruminal fermentation parameters neither the concentrations of purine derivatives, so it can be recommended as a potential alternative for feeding dairy cows.

Foram avaliadas a composição tecidual da carcaça e as características qualitativas da carne de 30 tourinhos mestiços (18,9 meses e 346,8kg iniciais) alimentados com dietas formuladas com diferentes proporções de farelo de mesocarpo de babaçu (Orbygnia sp.) em substituição ao milho: 0; 25; 50; 75 e 100% de substituição. Os animais foram abatidos com peso médio de 476,7kg. A porcentagem de músculo na carcaça aumentou de forma linear: 0,022% para cada ponto percentual de inclusão de farelo de mesocarpo de babaçu (FMB). Por sua vez, os percentuais de gordura e osso da carcaça variaram de forma quadrática, sendo a maior proporção de gordura observada quando a substituição de milho por FMB na dieta foi de 25% e a menor proporção de osso obtida com 50% de substituição. A relação porção comestível:osso foi maior com 42,5% de substituição do milho por FMB. À medida que se elevou a proporção de FMB nas dietas, houve decréscimo na espessura do coxão, escore muscular e compacidade da carcaça. A força de cisalhamento da carne teve acréscimos de 44kgf para cada ponto percentual de substituição do milho por FMB. Quanto à composição química da carne, verificou-se aumento no teor de matéria mineral. O uso de FMB em dietas de terminação de bovinos reduziu a maciez da carne, não alterando as demais características qualitativas.

O pinhão manso (Jatropha curcas) é uma planta cultivada para a produção de biocombustível. O pericarpo é um coproduto com potencial para alimentação animal, e a presença de componentes tóxicos, principalmente ésteres de forbol, pode limitar sua utilização. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar a toxicidade do pericarpo. Vinte ovinos foram distribuídos em quatro grupos - um grupo-controle, que não recebeu a planta, e três experimentais, que receberam o pericarpo nas concentrações de 15% (G15), 30% (G30) e 45% (G45), durante 23 dias. Após o 10º dia, a ingestão do pericarpo promoveu redução do consumo de alimento, diarreia, desidratação e caquexia. Todos os grupos tratados apresentaram redução na concentração de fosfatase alcalina. Animais do G30 apresentaram redução na concentração de ureia e proteínas totais e elevação de potássio e sódio. No G45, houve aumento de aspartato aminotransferase, albumina, creatinina bilirrubina indireta e total. A avaliação anatomo-histopatológica revelou ascite, hidropericárdio, congestão no trato gastrintestinal e nos pulmões, edema pulmonar, aderências à parede torácica, degeneração hepática centrolobular e das células tubulares renais, pneumonia linfo-histiocitica e enterite linfoplasmocitária e histiocítica. À análise fitoquímica, constatou-se 0,3845mg de ésteres de forbol/g de pericarpo. Conclui-se que o pericarpo de J. curcas é tóxico, não sendo recomendado para alimentação de ovinos.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the feeding behavior and feedlot productive performance of dairy-origin steers fed for 84 days ground pearl millet grain-based diets with 0, 120, 240, 360, and 480 g kg-1 of babassu mesocarp bran (BMB) and a standard diet based on ground corn. Thirty Holstein-Zebu steers with average initial body weight of 371.02±27 kg were used. The experimental design was completely randomized, with five replications. Dry matter intake showed better fit with the quadratic regression equation with the inclusion of BMB, reaching a maximum value in diets with 360 g of this by-product. There was no difference for dry matter intake between pearl millet- and corn-based diets. There was no difference in total digestible nutrients intake between diets. The digestibility coefficient of organic matter decreased linearly with the increase in the dietary level of BMB. The digestibility coefficient of organic matter was not different between corn and millet diets. There was no difference in feeding time between diets. Total requirement of metabolizable energy increased linearly with inclusion of BMB. However, total requirements of metabolizable energy did not differ between the corn- and pearl millet-based diets. Average daily gain decreased linearly with the increase in BMB, with adjustment forced by the sharp decline of this variable in diets with 480 g of BMB. There was no difference in average daily gain between corn- and pearl millet-based diets. The inclusion of levels above 360 g of babassu mesocarp bran in pearl millet-based diets reduces the supply of metabolizable energy and the productive performance of feedlot dairy steers.

The objective of the experiment was to study the carcass physical composition and meat qualitative characteristics of different categories of Charolais cattle, feedlot finished. Nine steers (ST), ten heifers (HE), with average age of 20 months, and ten cull cows (CO) with average age of 87 months, taken from the same herd, were used. Diet contained 13% of crude protein for ST and HE and 10% for CO, with roughage:concentrate relation of 50:50, on a dry matter basis. The animals of the three categories were slaughtered with similar degree of finishing, with average subcutaneous fat thickness of 3.8 mm. HE showed carcasses with greater pistolcut percentage (52.8%) than ST (51.0%) and CO (51.4%). The carcass physical composition was similar among the categories evaluated, with 66.5; 67.0 and 67.3% of muscle, 19.1; 18.5 and 18.7% of fat, and 14.9; 15.0; and 14.6% of bone, respectively, for ST, HE and CO. The marbling score was lower for HE (4.6 points) than ST (7.1 points) and CO (6.5 points). However, when this characteristic was adjusted for 100 kg of cold carcass, the means were similar among the categories. CO showed higher cooking losses (27.8%) than ST (21.4%) and HE (23.5%). Meat color, texture, tenderness, shear force, palatability and juiciness were similar among the categories. Charolais cows have the potential for the production of carcass and meat with quality similar to steers and heifers.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T19:07:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S1516-35982010001000026.pdf: 50933 bytes, checksum: 30b2792282b2a6a1a5be7ba9fbc8114f (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T19:07:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S1516-35982010001000026.pdf: 50933 bytes, checksum: 30b2792282b2a6a1a5be7ba9fbc8114f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T20:12:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-35982010001000026.pdf: 50933 bytes, checksum: 30b2792282b2a6a1a5be7ba9fbc8114f (MD5) S1516-35982010001000026.pdf.txt: 34972 bytes, checksum: 16fc32b7c5dd883228d63fa47d9a2771 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T15:18:18Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-35982010001000026.pdf: 50933 bytes, checksum: 30b2792282b2a6a1a5be7ba9fbc8114f (MD5) S1516-35982010001000026.pdf.txt: 34972 bytes, checksum: 16fc32b7c5dd883228d63fa47d9a2771 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T15:18:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-35982010001000026.pdf: 50933 bytes, checksum: 30b2792282b2a6a1a5be7ba9fbc8114f (MD5) S1516-35982010001000026.pdf.txt: 34972 bytes, checksum: 16fc32b7c5dd883228d63fa47d9a2771 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-01 Objetivou-se avaliar o valor nutritivo de silagens de capim-elefante contendo subproduto do processamento do urucum. Vinte ovinos machos, não-castrados, foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco dietas (0; 4; 8; 12 e 16% de subproduto de urucum na silagem) e quatro repetições, e utilizados para estimar o consumo, a digestibilidade aparente de nutrientes, o teor de nutrientes digestíveis totais e o balanço de nitrogênio. A adição de subproduto de urucum elevou os consumos de matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), extrato etéreo (EE), carboidratos não-fibrosos (CNF), carboidratos totais e nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT), tanto em relação ao peso vivo (%PV) quanto em relação ao peso metabólico (g kg-1PV0,75). As digestibilidades de MS (55,95%), MO (58,19%), PB (45,34%), FDN (52,79%), FDA (45,79%), EE (34,96%) e CNF (99,86%) não foram influenciadas pela adição de subproduto de urucum. A inclusão de subproduto de urucum na silagem de capim-elefante promoveu aumento na digestibilidade dos carboidratos totais, no teor de NDT e no balanço de nitrogênio. A adição de subproduto de urucum em níveis de até 16% da matéria natural na ensilagem de capim-elefante melhora o consumo de nutrientes e o balanço de nitrogênio. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the nutritional value of elephant-grass silages containing annato byproduct. Twenty intact rams were distributed in a complete randomized block design with five diets (0; 4; 8; 12 and 16% annato byproduct in the silage) and four replications and used to estimate the intake, apparent nutrient digestibility, content of total digestible nutrients and nitrogen balance. The addition of annato byproduct raised the intakes of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), ether extract (EE), total carbohydrates (TC), non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) and total digestible nutrients (TDN), in body weight (%BW) and in metabolic weight (g kg-1BW0.75). The digestibilities of DM (55.95%), OM (58.19%), CP (45.34%), NDF (52.79%), ADF (45.79%), EE (34.96%) and NFC (99.86%) were not influenced by the addition of annato byproduct. The inclusion of annato byproduct in elephant-grass silage increased digestibility of total carbohydrates, the TDN content and the nitrogen balance. The aditions of annato byproduct at levels up to 16% of the elephant grass silage natural matter improves nutrient intake and nitrogen balance. UNESP UNESP

The nutrients intake and histopathological occurrences were evaluated in sheep fed diets with increasing levels of inclusion (0%, 15%, 30%, and 45%) of Jatropha curcas dried and crushed fruit shell in substitution to Mombaca grass hay. Twenty castrated male sheep were kept in metabolic cages and fed diets ad libitum (5 to 10% scraps were allowed). At the end of the experiment, the animals were subjected to clinical examination and blood collection, followed by euthanasia and necropsy. The clinical and pathological disorders were characterized by digestive, lung, and heart alterations, with regressive changes affecting kidney and liver. Presence of fluid in the abdominal and pericardial cavities, intestine with little content or empty, reddish serosa, and hyperemic mucosa with streaks of blood were observed during necropsy; as well as edematous mesenteric lymph nodes; red, swollen, and firm lung (hepatization) with emphysema areas, suffusions in the serous of the rumen, and ulcers in the abomasum.

We assessed the productive performance, blood parameters, and carcass characteristics of young crossbreed dairy bulls kept in feedlots and fed with diets containing 0, 60, 120, and 240 g/kg of crude glycerin, replacing a mixture of ground pearl millet grain (50%) and babassu mesocarp bran (50%). Twenty-four bulls with an average age of 24 months and an average initial weight of 390 ± 31.5 kg were used. The experimental design was completely randomised with six replications. Dry matter and digestible energy intake were not influenced by diets. Feed conversion linearly decreased with increasing glycerin levels. The increase in the levels of glycerin resulted in a linear increase in blood glucose and in average daily weight gain. Carcass weight was not affected, but trimming fat increased and carcass yield decreased linearly, with increasing glycerin levels. The addition of crude glycerin at levels up to 240 g/kg of dry matter to diets containing babassu mesocarp bran and ground pearl millet grain increased the performance of young feedlot bulls, and improved feed efficiency and carcass subcutaneous fat thickness.