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On the basis of our previous study, the H(2)S donors based on nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) were further evaluated with regard to the following aspects: animal blood and urine analyses, liver and kidney toxicities, gastrointestinal protection, anti-hypertension, and myocardial protection. The test results showed that after the successive administration of the compound for 14 days, the number of white blood cells in the blood of rats reduced, and protein and leukocytes appeared in urine; further, α-lipoic-acid–acetaminophen ester (1) and ibuprofen–ADTOH ester (2) had a certain effect on the physiological tissue and function of rat liver, and their side-effects on the kidneys were obvious. However, when compared with NSAIDs as the precursors, the tested compounds displayed much fewer side-effects; particularly, for the gastrointestinal mucosa of rats, there were hardly any side-effects. Moreover, all the three compounds decreased blood pressures in spontaneously hypertensive rats in a concentration-dependent manner, even though this antihypertensive effect was weaker than those induced by nifedipine and captopril. In addition, three compounds protected H9c2 cells from injury via an antioxidation pathway; and they improved myocardial injury in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Compound 2 is the derivative of ibuprofen and has lower toxicity to rat cardiomyocytes than ibuprofen. Therefore, it may become a better substitute of ibuprofen in patients due to its lower cardiotoxicity.

Based on the structures of nicotinic acid and chlorfibrate, a series of new H

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Four new C-geranyl flavonoids, paulownione D-G (1–4) were isolated from the 50% acetone-H2O extract of the flowers of Paulownia fortunei. The structures of the compounds were determined by extensive spectroscopic analyses (UV, IR, HR-ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR). All of the compounds (1–4) exhibited potent protection effects in H9c2 cardiocytes against the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation.

Image reconstruction from radio-frequency (RF) data is crucial for ultrafast plane wave ultrasound (PWUS) imaging. Compared with the traditional delay-and-sum (DAS) method based on relatively imprecise assumptions, sparse regularization (SR) method directly solves the inverse problem of image reconstruction and has presented significant improvement in the image quality when the frame rate remains high. However, the computational complexity of SR is too high for practical implementation, which is inherently associated with its iterative process. In this work, a deep neural network (DNN), which is trained with an incorporated loss function including sparse regularization terms, is proposed to reconstruct PWUS images from RF data with significantly reduced computational time. It is remarkable that, a self-supervised learning scheme, in which the RF data are utilized as both the inputs and the labels during the training process, is employed to overcome the lack of the “ideal” ultrasound images as the labels for DNN. In addition, it has been also verified that the trained network can be used on the RF data obtained with steered plane waves (PWs), and thus the image quality can be further improved with coherent compounding. Using simulation data, the proposed method has significantly shorter reconstruction time (∼10 ms) than the conventional SR method (∼1-5 mins), with comparable spatial resolution and 1.5-dB higher contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR). Besides, the proposed method with single PW can achieve higher CNR than DAS with 75 PWs in reconstruction of in-vivo images of human carotid arteries.

Many studies reported the chlorite dissolution kinetics in acidic pH—resulting in the development of chlorite dissolution rate law covering the pH and temperature dependence—but they rarely discussed how various intrinsic factors, including chlorite types, structural complexity, and surface roughness (refers specifically to the ratio between Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area, BET SA, and geometric surface area, GSA, in this paper), influenced the chlorite dissolution rate or the mechanism for dissolution congruency. In this study, results obtained from mixed-flow reactor experiments performed on a Mg-rich chlorite, over a pH range of 2–6 at 25 °C and 95 °C, indicated that pH and temperature control not only the chlorite dissolution rate but also the congruency of element release. Low pH facilitated the dissolution of Fe from chlorite interlayers and caused incongruent element release rates at 25 °C, while higher temperature experiments at the same pH overcame the differences in surface reactivity between the interlayer and the tetrahedral-octahedral-tetrahedral (TOT) layer, and finally evolved into congruent dissolution. The lower pH also made chlorite dissolution more resistant to varying flow rates. A dissolution rate constant of 10–10.51 mol/m2/s, a reaction order of 0.32, and activation energy of 42.03 kJ/mol were determined for the Mg-rich chlorite dissolution kinetics at 25 °C, in an acid-enhanced mechanism. Longer-term reactive transport modeling (RTM) on the chlorite dissolution demonstrated that low pH and large specific surface area (SSA) decreased the chlorite percentage, bulk surface area, and saturation index quicker, and in a non-linear fashion. Chlorite with higher SSA lost more bulk surface area (BSA) than that with lower SSA, when the same mass of chlorite was dissolved. Through tabulating and recalculating a series of data from the literature, the combined effects of intrinsic and extrinsic factors—including chlorite type, BET SA/GSA ratio, and temperature—were explored. Fe-rich chlorite dissolves faster than Mg-rich chlorite in acid and neutral pH, due to the oxidative dissolution mechanism. The chlorite dissolution rate constant is linearly and positively correlated to BET SA/GSA for the same type of chlorite (Fe-rich and Mg-rich). Higher temperatures help reduce the effects of extrinsic and intrinsic factors on chlorite dissolution rates.

A new sesquiterpenoid, chaenomelesterpenoid A (1), and a new norisoprenoid, chaenomelesterpenoid B (2), were isolated from the fruits of Chaenomeles sinensis (Thouin) Koehne. Their structures were determined by NMR spectroscopy and MS. In addition, the protective effects of the compounds were tested against corticosterone-induced damage in PC-12 cells using real-time cellular analysis (RTCA). Compounds 1 and 2 significantly improved cell viability and corticosterone-induced damage in PC-12 cells with EC50 values of 15.7 and 12.6 µM, respectively.

Earthen sites in northwest China represent a precious cultural heritage; however, these sites have been seriously damaged by weathering. Chemical consolidation treatment is a widely accepted conservation method, and PVA solution with a high degree of alcoholysis has exhibited potential for improving the strength of soil. However, research on the influence of the PVA solution on the wettability of these earthen sites is rarely reported. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the change in wettability of earthen sites protected with the PVA by laboratory experiments. First, the compressive strength and wettability of soil specimens are analysed with varying PVA content, water content, and drying temperature. The results indicate that the soil strength and hydrophobicity are highest when the PVA content in the soil is 1.0 wt%. The relationship between the soil hydrophobicity and water content follows a one-peak distribution, whereas the hydrophobicity decreases with increasing in drying temperature and is lost when the drying temperature is 80 °C or more. Second, factors influencing the wettability of the composite soil are discussed, and water vapour permeability of 1 cm thick composite soil is investigated in conjunction with exfoliation of surface crust. Finally, the feasibility of protecting different parts (i.e. the upper, middle, and lower parts) of earthen sites with PVA is briefly discussed, and it is emphasised that the wettability should be considered as crucial evaluation criterion for the protection of earthen sites.

Sandstone was widely used in the construction of monuments and sculptures in ancient times; numerous archaeological sites still remain along the Silk Road. Deterioration of the archaeological sites is one of the most serious problems that needs urgent attention. Organosilicon material has been considered to be an effective type of chemical consolidant for heritage structures that need strengthening. In recent years, the negative effects of organic materials have gradually been realized, e.g., shorter life and poorer compatibility. Therefore, inorganic materials have been re-evaluated by conservation researchers because of their long-lasting effects and good compatibility with stone substrates. An innovative inorganic silicate solution based on a potassium silicate solution, a high mole ratio potassium silicate solution, was developed. This paper describes the characterization of the new material as well as results from testing after treatment with different concentrations and consolidation times. In this study, the authors aim to explore if the newly developed inorganic consolidant has potential for future use in sandstone treatment. The effectiveness of the new inorganic consolidant was evaluated in terms of absorbed consolidant amount, mechanical properties (e.g., surface hardness, ultrasonic wave velocity, elasticity modulus and compressive strength modulus), and salt crystallization resistance. The treated groups showed better mechanical strength than the control group. The salt-resistant ability of the treated samples was also greatly improved. According to the laboratory tests, the new inorganic silicon consolidant holds great potential for reinforcing weathered sandstone.

This article presents a laboratory and field investigation of pull-out resistance of wood bolts in rammed earth heritages. The laboratory testing involved axial tensile tests of four grout specimens prepared in specially designed moulds using PS-F (Potassium Silicate solution-Fly ash) slurry to investigate the performance of anchors. The field testing involved pull-out tests of three wood anchors installed in rammed earth heritages by gravity grouting. Experiments reveal that the failure mode is the pull-out of bolt from grout and average skin friction resistance of bolt–grout interface is approximately 0.34MPa. Load–displacement curves and elastic–residual displacement derived from cyclic loading indicate such anchor system has strong ductility with small elastic deformation and large residual deformation. Bond collapse firstly occurs at the loaded end and then propagates towards the full bonded length. Bond stress distribution is not uniform along the bonded length. Maximum bond stress distribut...

The work reported here is a systematic study to evaluate the compatibility of using PS-F (potassium silicate with high modulus – fly ash) slurry in the conservation of adobe structures. Firstly, the optimum mixing proportion (0.47) was determined by flow meter. Then the experimental program was divided into two parts: one part studied changes in physical and mechanical properties with increase in setting time by means of the measurement of moisture content, compressive and flexural strength, elastic-wave velocity, density, and porosity; the other part studied the durability of PS-F slurry through temperature and humidity cycles, freeze–thaw cycles, water stability, tensile testing, and alkali resistivity tests. The results show that the consolidation process with the slurry can meet the requirements of conservation applications and provide a timely anchoring force, and the slurry and soil mass of adobe-based structures have good compatibility in physical and mechanical properties. In addition, the slurry ...

The Mogao Grottoes are among the most famous sites on the World Heritage list. Several large-scale preservation projects were implemented in 1962, 1982, and 2008, respectively, to improve their preservation conditions. According to field investigation and assessment in recent years, the cliff is stable on the whole because of the reinforcement projects. Among them, there are still 42 potentially dangerous bodies, which may not be stable in some conditions. For the purpose of building the monitoring and early warning system and the long-term preventive preservation of the Mogao Grottoes, an innovative analytical method based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Fuzzy-AHP was applied to assess the hazard of potentially dangerous bodies within the cliff. Firstly, the hazard was classified into six groups: very high, high, moderate, low, very low, and no hazard, in this study. Secondly, the AHP method was applied to calculate the impact index of each causative factor, and then the hazard assessment of dangerous bodies was made based on statistical analysis. Finally, the Fuzzy-AHP method was applied to calculate the correlation of each factor and determine the comprehensive hazard class. The results indicate that Fuzzy-AHP seems to be more accurate than AHP in hazard assessment. Meanwhile, there is a very high risk body that can threaten 10 caves, three high risk bodies that can threaten 13 caves, and 15 moderate risk bodies can threaten 69 caves in total, while the remaining bodies are defined as low or very low grades. Overall, the results of this study provide much data and a theoretical model in the construction of a monitoring and early warning system currently. Furthermore, the new numerical simulation method also holds the potential application to assess the hazards of other types of heritage sites.

Single-pass interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) has strong anti-jamming capacity, and can eliminate the arbitrary jamming generated by single stationary transponder via dual-channel cancellation. In this study, a novel three-dimensional (3D) deceptive scene generation method against single-pass InSAR based on two coherent transponders is proposed. The deceptive signal of the proposed method at arbitrary location is composed by two complex components generated by the transponders. The complex scattering coefficient template modulated in each transponder is determined according to the relation between the deceptive interferometric phase template and the modulated complex scattering coefficient ratio of the two transponders. The 3D deceptive scene against single-pass InSAR is realised by generating jamming signal in each transponder via the fast deceptive jamming techniques against SAR. Simulation results of false point targets and 3D deceptive scene demonstrate the validity of the proposed method.

There are many studies examining the school district housing premium, and conclusions regarding the premium are quite diverse. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct an integrated analysis of the relevant literatures to determine the factors causing the premium, and to explore logically the relationship between housing prices and high quality basic education resources. Based on this goal, a theoretical framework is designed to analyze the incremental effect of high quality basic education resources on housing prices. Using the meta-analysis method, this study discusses the problem of the Chinese school district housing premium based on three aspects of education, namely location, stage, and characteristics. The study finds that education resources in the compulsory education stage have a positive impact (5.5 %) on housing prices. Compared with distance and quantity, the quality of schools has the highest premium rate, which is 7.2 %. The premium rate of education resources in non-first-tier cities (5.8 %) is higher than that in first-tier cities (2.8 %). We conclude that the connection between compulsory education and household registration is the key driving force behind the high housing premium in China.

A new bisepoxylignan dendranlignan A (A1) and the known compound lantibeside D (D2) was isolated from Chrysanthemum Flower, the dried capitulum of Dendranthema morifolium (Ramat.) kitam. Their structures were determined on the basis of extensive spectroscopic methods, including 1D-NMR, 2D-NMR and MS data. Additionally, A1 and D2 were evaluated for their effects on the production of inflammatory mediators in H9c2 cardiomyocytes stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Results demonstrated that A1 and D2 decreased LPS-induced production of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-2 and IFN-γ in H9c2 cells. Both compounds also decreased the nuclear localization of c-JUN, p-P65 and p-IRF3, but did not affect the level of TLR4. Molecular docking indicated that A1 and D2 occupied the ligand binding sites of TLR4-MD2. In the present study, we for the first time discovered a new bisepoxylignan compound A1, and found that this compound has a potential to inhibit inflammation by inhibiting TLR4 signaling.

As one of the largest and best-preserved Buddhist art treasure houses in the world, the Mogao Grottoes attracts a great number of tourists from all over the world. With an increasing number...

There has been great interest in phytoestrogens, which are polyhydric compounds that are derived from plants and have a structure similar to that of the mammalian steroid hormone 17

Evaluating radar performance under complex electromagnetic environment is important for modern warfare. Traditional experimental method is expensive due to large number of experimental parameters. This paper presents a new machine learning based method via a case study. In this case, only a small number of experimental samples are required. After the data preprocessing and feature selection, the model for predicting the radar performance is learned by the machine learning algorithm. We compare six machine learning algorithms via cross-validation and find the multiple layers perceptron (MLP) possesses the highest prediction accuracy with a satisfied root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 1.77. The results of the paper exhibit the effectiveness of the machine learning based radar performance evaluation method.

A series of H

Ten uridine derivatives (lepidiumuridine B–K) were isolated from the seeds of Lepidium apetalum Willd. Lepidiumuridine B–J were previously undescribed compounds, and were structurally characterized using analysis of their NMR and MS data. Lepidiumuridine C, D, I, and J increased cell proliferation and expression of ERα in the MCF-7 cell line. In addition, blockage of ERα completely abolished cell proliferation and expression of ERα in MCF-7 cells, suggesting that the proliferation effects of lepidiumuridine C, D, I, and J were ERα-mediated. The uridine derivatives might belong to undescribed phytoestrogens.

In this study, calcined ginger nuts (CGN) grouts admixed by fly ash (F) and quartz sand (S) was investigated on its suitability for anchoring use in earthen sites. According to requirement for the consistency of grout, the mix proportions were determined with 0.45 for CGN_F, 0.33 for CGN_S and 0.35 for CGN_F_S, by mass, to study their physical and mechanical property and durability. Test results indicated that use of fly ash can prolong the initial setting time of grout and admixture by fly ash and quartz sand leaded to lowest density and shrinkage, higher porosity, and highest strength. Accelerated aging tests indicated that admixture by fly ash led to a high resistance to fluctuation of temperature and humidity, sulfate attack and alkali environment; meanwhile, admixture by quartz sand resulted in high resistance to freeze-thaw action and water environment. As a compromise, CGN_F_S can get predominant durability. The paper shows that CGN_F_S grout is basically compatible to earthen sites and suitable for anchoring use in the conservation of earthen sites in terms of workability and durability.

Hypoxic stressors contribute to neuronal death in many brain diseases. Astrocyte processes surround most neurons and are therefore anatomically well-positioned to shield them from hypoxic injury. Excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs), represent the sole mechanism of active reuptake of glutamate into the astrocytes and neurons and are essential to dampen neuronal excitation following glutamate release at synapses. Glutamate clearance impairment from any factors is bound to result in an increase in hypoxic neuronal injury. The brain energy metabolism under hypoxic conditions depends on monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) that are expressed by neurons and glia. Previous co-immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that MCT4 directly modulate EAAT1 in astrocytes. The reduction in both surface proteins may act synergistically to induce neuronal hyperexcitability and excitotoxicity. Therefore we hypothesized that astrocytes would respond to hypoxic conditions by enhancing their expression of MCT4 and EAAT1, which, in turn, would enable them to better support neurons to survive lethal hypoxia injury. An oxygen deprivation (OD) protocol was used in primary cultures of neurons, astrocytes, and astrocytes-neurons derived from rat hippocampus, with or without MCT4-targeted short hairpin RNA (shRNA) transfection. Cell survival, expression of MCT4, EAAT1, glial fibrillary acidic protein and neuronal nuclear antigen were evaluated. OD resulted in significant cell death in neuronal cultures and up-regulation of MCT4, EAAT1 expression respectively in primary cell cultures, but no injury in neuron-astrocyte co-cultures and astrocyte cultures. However, neuronal cell death in co-cultures was increased exposure to shRNA-MCT4 prior to OD. These findings demonstrate that the MCT4-mediated expression of EAAT1 is involved in the resistance to hypoxia injury in astrocyte-neuron co-cultures.

This paper presented a new approach to superresolution ISAR imaging based on a scattering model called coherent polarized geometrical theory of diffraction (CP-GTD) which is better matched to the physical scattering mechanism. The algorithm is a joint processing between polarization and superresolution essentially. It can also estimate the number, position, frequency dependence, span, and normalized scattering matrix of scattering centers instantaneously for each channel rather than the one which extracts parameters from each channel separately, and its performance is better than the latter because the fully polarized information is used. The superiority of the CP-GTD is verified by experiment results based on simulated and real data.

Thermal conductivity of soils is an important parameter in heat and water transfer analysis of soils. Here, a modified model was proposed to calculate the saturation-dependent thermal conductivity of fine-textured soils from the completely dry condition to the full water saturation. In the study, we developed a new parallel-series model for calculating the thermal conductivity of soils at the completely dry condition with a weighting parameter. The weighting parameter can be calculated using the ratio of the thermal conductivity of air to the thermal conductivity of solid grains. We also proposed a simplified equation to calculate the parameter a of the model proposed by Bi et al. using sand content and thermal conductivity of soils at the full water saturation. Substituting the new parallel-series model and the simplified equation for the parameter a into the model proposed by Bi et al., yielding the modified model. The modified model was evaluated with 14 soil samples. Results show that the modified model could well estimate the thermal conductivity from the completely dry condition to the full water saturation. Keywords: Thermal conductivity, Saturation-dependent, Parallel-series model, Weighting parameter

Based on our previous research, a series of targeting hepatocellular carcinoma complexes, [R-Glycyrrhetinic acid-CH2C2H-[Co2(CO)6] (R = H, 1; R = NSAIDs-COOH, 2–4; R = Aromatic acid, 5–7; R = Amino acid, 8–10), were synthesized. The test showed they are slow CO releasers. Using HeLa, A549, HT-29, SMMC7721 and HepG2 cells as models, their activities against tumor cell proliferation were firstly evaluated. The resulting data show all the complexes displayed a good anti-proliferation activity against the HepG2 and SMMC-7721 liver cancer cells, and their IC50 values were in the range of 10.07–66.06 µM; compared with cis-platin (DDP), their activities were comparable or even better under the same condition. Among them, complexes 3, 4, 6 and 9 exhibited higher anti-proliferation activities against HepG2 and SMMC-7721 cell lines than the other cell lines. To confirm further these complexes have selectivity to the liver cells, the uptakes of complexes 3, 4, 6 and 9 by HepG2, HT-29, A549 and SMMC7721 cell lines were studied. The results show the cell uptake rates of the complexes by HepG2 cells and SMMC7721 cells were much greater than by other cells under the same condition. In following tests, the tested complexes displayed higher activities in inhibiting NF-kB, COX-2 and iNOS; and they induced HepG2 cells apoptosis by mitochondrial pathway, which assessed by staining with different fluorescent reagent DAPI, PI, Mito-Tracker Green and DCFH-DA. Meanwhile, the tested complexes up-regulated the expression levels of caspase-3 and Bax, down-regulated the Bcl-2 expression. In addition, they had no effect on zebrafish embryo survival, embryo hatching, embryonic movement, zebrafish malformation and zebrafish movement at below 0.5 µM. This suggests the complexes are potential candidates to be used in clinic for liver cancers.

Coastal loess is a special loess deposit that is distributed around the Bohai Sea. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the physical index, mineralogical characteristics and collapse potential of coastal loess. The secondary objective was to survey the effect of fine silt particles (particle size 5–10 μm, 6.64–7.64φ) on the collapse process. We tested the specific gravity, moisture content, dry density, Atterberg limits, grain size distribution, mineralogy, and collapsibility characteristics in a laboratory; generated scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images; and performed Mercury intrusion porosometry (MIP) tests. The results of this investigation indicated that coastal loess has a moderately severe collapse potential. The collapsibility coefficient decreases with an increase in the initial water content; it initially increases and then decreases with an increase in vertical pressure. As revealed by the MIP test, the collapse produces a smaller porosity, and the middle pores are primarily responsible for the collapse. The relationship of the collapsibility coefficient and particles with a diameter 7.64φ) have the same tendency in terms of their effect on collapse. These results and analyses are important to improve the engineering construction safety in coastal zone loess areas and achieve a better understanding of loess properties compared with loess from a typical loess-paleosol section.

Cliff deformation behavior after conservation is of great significance for evaluating the conservation effect and discovering the dynamical law of soil. Modeling on deformation behavior is beneficial to the quantitative evaluation of interactions between soil mass and structures as well as the forecast. Based on cliff conservation engineering of Jiaohe Ruins (the largest raw soil heritage site in the world), data of horizontal deformation of the upper cliff were obtained by using Nanrui-made NDW-50 displacement device (precision: 0.01 mm, frequency: 15 min−1). Regression analysis indicates that deformation behavior models include exponential growth, linear growth and parabolic growth types, while daily deformation presents more intense periodicity (24 h). The deformation is less than 1.5 mm during monitoring period, which has no impact on the stability of cliff. Deformation behavior provides the mutual duress and interaction between soil and engineering intervention. In addition, deformation mode attaches tensely to the damage pattern of the cliff. The conclusions are of importance to the stability evaluation of the carrier along Silk Road.

Deformation behavior of endangered earthen heritage slope makes sense to scientific conservation of earthen architecture. It realizes qualitative and quantitative description of diseases. Based on random process and description theory, deformation behavior of endangered earthen heritage slope (Jiaohe Ruins) is studied using high-accuracy, real-time, dynamic information obtained by deformation monitoring appliance. Research result indicates that mathematic model can be established by use of modern mathematic method. The mathematic model of Jiaohe slope proves that short-term deformation behavior owns periodicity (36h) and occasional mutation. Simultaneously, tendency deformation performs weakly. The conclusion lays foundation for the research on quantitative deformation behavior and the following forecasting of similar earthen heritage slope damages.

To compared 3 approaches to establishing Balb/c mouse models of hind-limb ischemia suitable for studies of regenerative medicine.Thirty eight-week-old male Balb/c mice were randomly divided into 3 groups for establishing models of hind-limb ischemia by both ligating and transecting the femoral artery proximal to the origin of the deep femoral artery branch, ligating the femoral artery proximal to the origin of the deep femoral artery branch, or ligating the femoral artery distal to the femoral artery trunk. The mice were continuously observed for 5 days after the operation, and hind-limb blood perfusion was monitored by laser Doppler imaging on the second postoperative day.All the 3 surgical approaches caused blood flow block in the hind-limbs of the mice. In mice with ligation and transaction of the femoral artery proximal to the origin of the deep femoral artery branch, dry gangrene occurred in the whole hind-limb. Dry gangrene also occurred in the legs and paws of mice with ligation of the femoral artery proximal to the origin of the deep femoral artery branch. In mice with femoral artery ligation distal to the origin of the deep femoral artery branch, the sole of the foot was dry with scaling skin and necrosis of several digits; microscopically examination revealed a large quantity of necrotic muscles accompanied by muscle regeneration.Ligating the femoral artery distal to the origin of the deep femoral artery branch can be optimal for establishing Balb/c mouse models of hind-limb ischemia.

Under the influence of natural condition and human activities, the majority of earthen sites are suffering from the damage with different degrees, which are in urgent needs of rescuing and conservation. The previous conservation experiments and practices show that the conservation methods for the main body of earthen sites should adopt the traditional craft as far as possible to achieve the goal of “maximum compatibility, minimum intervention”. A type of the bamboo-cable composite bolt (a 7 @ 5 steel strands within the bamboo, with the length of 5 m) is chosen to carry out the field experiment of anchoring mechanism of composite bolts. The results indicate that: the main destruction way of composite anchor is that the composite material interface slips out of softening; the composite anchor axial stress distribution is exponential distribution with the pullout load increases; when pull-out load is smaller, interfacial shear stress shows the exponential function distribution, decreasing from the start to the end of the bolt, and the peak shear stress deviates to the end with the load increases; Steel strand axial stress is higher than the bamboo pipe axial stress; Composite bolt shows the material memory characteristics in the process of cycle pullout; The strain value of bamboo internal surface is higher than that of the outside surface in the same section; The limited pullout force is 238 KN in the bolt with the plats in end, whereas, it is 204 KN for the bolt without the anchor plates.

With the influence of the spread of Indian Buddhism, there are a large quantity of Grottoes with the variation in history, architectural art and functions distributing along the Silk Road in China. Bezeklik Grottoes at Turpan, Xinjiang is an important royal temple with significantly historical, scientific and artistic value along the Silk Road. The grottoes need urgent conservation because of the natural damage and human activities. Based on the field investigation and analysis, the types and characteristics of the main disease developing in the cliff and caves of Bezeklik Grottoes was clarified, furthermore, the genetic analysis of the disease was studied. The diseases of Bezeklik Grottoes are found out, which include carrier diseases, cave diseases and carrier a diseases associated with the cave. In accordance to the principle of diseases development, the appropriate conservation methods were proposed. The conservation engineering was finished with a satisfying effect. The similar grottoes in the same area can use the conservation experience of Bezeklik Grottoes as a successful reference.