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The end of the Raj and the British Empire had multiple consequences on Indian history, geography and society. While India was joyfully declared an independent nation, its partition caused innumerable violent episodes, the exodus of religious groups, Hindu-Muslim riots and conflicts with its new-born neighbour Pakistan. In such a tumultuous scenario, Gandhi’s proclaimed message of ahimsa (non-violence) opposed the will of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan, and the, until then, Viceroy Lord Louis Mountbatten who managed British Government policy. Pour l’amour de l’Inde (1993) by Catherine Clément, and Indian Summer. The Secret History of the End of an Empire (2007) by Alex von Tunzelmann both explore the last days of colonized India in detail and with a sharp eye on the events and personalities that shaped this new India. The literary reconstruction of historic events gives a new insight into the decisions which led to Indian independence and division. In both novels, the body plays an important role. With physical and metaphorical references, from the maternal body of India being tainted, to Gandhi’s fasts and refusal of medication, the body is charged with political and symbolic meanings., El final del Raj y el Imperio británico tuvo múltiples consecuencias en la historia, geografía y sociedad india. Mientras que la India fue declarada nación independiente de forma pletórica, su partición provocó innumerables episodios violentos, éxodo de grupos religiosos, revueltas entre hindúes y musulmanes y conflictos con su recién nacido vecino Pakistán. En este clima inhóspito, el proclamado mensaje de ahimsa (no violencia) de Gandhi se oponía a la voluntad de Muhammad Ali Jinnah, fundador de Pakistán, y el hasta entonces virrey Lord Louis Mountbatten entablaba relaciones políticas con el gobierno británico. Pour l’amour de l’Inde (1993) de Catherine Clément, e Indian Summer. The Secret History of the End of an Empire (2007) de Alex von Tunzelmann exploran los últimos días de la India colonizada, con minucioso detalle sobre los sucesos y personalidades que dieron forma a la nueva India. La reconstrucción literaria de los hechos históricos ofrece una nueva mirada hacia las decisiones que llevaron a India a su independencia y su división. En ambas obras, el cuerpo tiene un valor primordial. Con referencias físicas y metafóricas, desde la India como un cuerpo maternal mancillado a los ayunos de Gandhi y su rechazo a la medicación, el cuerpo está cargado de significados políticos y simbólicos.

The relationship between extremes in tropical climate phenomena, e.g. ENSO and Indian summer monsoon, and the lower tropospheric temperature north of 55 °N is examined. For this purpose we carry out a dynamic statistical analysis applied to the data set of monthly mean 500–1000 hPa thickness from January 1949 to December 1991 (German Weather Service (DWD) analyses). To test the null hypothesis of identical horizontal mean distributions of the polar temperature field in irrespective of the sign of extreme tropical episodes a multivariate significance test is performed and the level of recurrence is estimated. In order to improve the signal-to-noise ratio, the data are projected onto the eigenmodes of an advection-diffusion model. Comparing composites of warm versus cold ENSO events, the model indicates a significant difference in the winter lower tropospheric temperature pattern in northern latitudes. This pattern contains a warmer lower troposphere over the northern North American continent in winter, corresponding to other studies. The multivariate analysis further shows that the Indian summer monsoons with deficient rainfall are preceded by a strong cold anomaly in the lower troposphere over the northern Asian continent early in the year, corresponding to the known hypothesis of Asian-snow—monsoon coupling.

The Indian rainfall has often been used as a proxy data for the Asian monsoon as a whole for understanding the energy budget of the major circulation features and also used as an input parameter in estimating the other regional parameters. In view of this, a long homogeneous rainfall series of All-India (India taken as one unit) has been prepared based on a fixed and well distributed network of 306 raingauge stations over India by giving proper area-weightage. This paper contains a listing of All-India monthly, seasonal and annual homogeneous data series for the period 1871–1993. Some statistical details and long-term changes of the All-India monsoon rainfall have been discussed.

We attempt to construct a logical framework for the deciphering of the physical processes that determine the interannual variability of the coupled climate system. of particular interest are the causes of the ‘predictability barrier’ in the boreal spring when observation-prediction correlations rapidly decline. the barrier is a property of many models and occurs irrespective of what time of year a forecast is initiated. Noting that most models used in interannual prediction emphasize the coupled physics of the Pacific Ocean basin, with the intent of encapsulating the essential structure of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) system, lagged Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) correlations are compared with the model results. the lagged SOI correlations also decrease rapidly in springtime. In that sense, the coupled ocean-atmosphere models are behaving in a manner very similar to the real system, at least as it is defined by the SOI. We propose that (i) the springtime is a period where errors may grow most rapidly in a coupled ocean-atmosphere forecast model or (ii) there are other influences on the system that are not included in the simple coupled-model formulations. Both propositions are based on observations. By examining the period of correlation decrease, it is noticed that the equatorial pressure gradients tend to be a minimum at the time of the correlation decrease, suggesting that the ocean-atmosphere system may be least robust during the spring and, thus, subject to error growth. At the same time the south Asian summer monsoon is growing very rapidly. As the monsoon circulation is highly variable in both phase and amplitude from year to year, the ocean-atmosphere system may be subject to variable and impulsive forcing each spring. A monsoon intensity index, based on the magnitude of the mean summer vertical shear in the ‘South Asia’ region, was defined for the broad-scale monsoon. ‘Strong’ and ‘weak’ monsoon seasons were determined by the index and were shown to be consistent with the independent broad-scale outgoing long-wave-radiation fields. Associated with the anomalous monsoons were global scale, coherent summer circulation patterns. of particular importance was that stronger (weaker) than average summer trade winds were associated with strong (weak) monsoon periods. Thus, a signal of the variable monsoon was detected in the low-level wind fields over the Pacific Ocean that would be communicated to the Pacific Ocean through surface stresses. A longer-period context for the anomalous summer monsoon circulation fields was sought. Based on the summer monsoon index, annual cycles for the years in which there were strong and weak monsoon seasons were composited. Large-scale coherent differences were apparent in the circulation fields over most of the globe including south Asia and the tropical Indian Ocean as far as the previous winter and spring. Although the limited data period renders the absoluteness of the conclusions difficult to confirm, the results indicate that the variable monsoon (and hence the signal in the Pacific Ocean trade regime) are immersed in a larger scale and slowly evolving circulation system. Based on the observation that the monsoon and the Walker circulation appear to be in quadrature, it is proposed that these two circulations are selectively interactive. During the springtime, the rapidly growing monsoon dominates the near-equatorial Walker circulation. During autumn and winter, the monsoon is weakest with convection fairly close to the equator; the Walker circulation is then strongest and may dominate the winter monsoon. During the summer the monsoon may dominate. Numerical experiments are proposed to test both propositions.

The centenary of the Brooke Raj was celebrated in September 1941 with processions and loyal speeches in Kuching and outstations all over Sarawak. Only three months later, it came to an abrupt end. Some 5,000 Japanese troops landed unopposed on the coast near the mouth of the Baram River. Their immediate strategic objective was the oil wells around Miri. There was little resistance, and within weeks, the invaders were in full control of Sarawak. The long Indian summer of Brooke rule was over. Four years later, as the Pacific war drew to close, the situation had hardly changed. There were in the final months some guerrilla actions, organised by a handful of Australian commandos airdropped into the interior. The Berawan longhouse at Long Beruang (later rebuilt at Long Terawan) was burned down by way of reprisal, but Upriver People sustained no combat casualties. Borneo was one of the islands bypassed by the American advance across the western Pacific, and consequently, there were no marines storming ashore from landing craft. Instead, the Japanese troops surrendered in situ in September 1945, following the orders of their Emperor (Reece n.d.). What is most remarkable about the war years in Sarawak is just how little happened, especially as compared to the devastation elsewhere. The Vacuum of Japanese Rule The direct impact of the Japanese occupation on Upriver communities was slight. Having secured the coast, Japanese commanders had little interest in projecting any kind of presence into the interior.

[1] The relationship between interannual variations of the seasonal mean monsoon and intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) during boreal summer over the Indian monsoon region is investigated. The result shows a negative correlation between all-India summer monsoon rainfall and the ISO intensity. It is argued that the negative correlation is primarily attributed to the impact of the mean state of Indian summer monsoon on ISO. A strong Indian monsoon leads to the weakening of convection over the equatorial eastern Indian Ocean. The latter may further suppress the eastward and northward propagating ISO variances over the Indian Ocean and lead to a weakened intraseasonal activity over the Indian monsoon region. The ISO may feed back to the Indian summer mean monsoon through nonlinear eddy momentum transport. In addition, the ISO intensity over India increases (decreases) during the ENSO developing (decaying) summers.

Although Anne’s reign coincided with the start of a new century, it made little difference at the time since the Tories treated it as an opportunity to put the political and ecclesiastical clock back. Although they were reasonably successful, notably at Sacheverell’s trail, they became increasingly conscious that the imminent accession of the Hanoverians would result in their eventual sidelining.

The evidence from Wisbech Barton broadly supports the notion that the quarter century after the Black Death witnessed an ‘Indian summer’ for demesne farming, for the rural economy here was surprisingly buoyant. However, it also suggests that the implications of this metaphor can be misleading. Farm officials faced significant economic and environmental difficulties, not least a more grudging workforce and severe flooding. Moreover, reeves worked with great skill to overcome these and other problems, and implemented considerable change in order to ensure economic success. In order to achieve a high net income it was often necessary to reduce the costs of cultivation, whether through operational changes, such as substituting customary for hired labour or grazing livestock on marshland rather than demesne grassland, or by reducing inputs. Falling yields of corn, hay, and livestock were often again the result of a series of deliberate and rational decisions.

This paper will examine ways that the Shoshone-Bannock Tribe has been integrating science with Native American culture. This paper will explain how and why technology mixed with traditional education can take place in the remote wilderness mountains of Idaho. Finally, we will explain how we are doing this and helping two endangered species at the same time: Salmon/Steelhead and Native American youth. These mountains are our living classroom.

Analysis of the 140-year historical record suggests that the inverse relationship between the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Indian summer monsoon (weak monsoon arising from warm ENSO event) has broken down in recent decades. Two possible reasons emerge from the analyses. A southeastward shift in the Walker circulation anomalies associated with ENSO events may lead to a reduced subsidence over the Indian region, thus favoring normal monsoon conditions. Additionally, increased surface temperatures over Eurasia in winter and spring, which are a part of the midlatitude continental warming trend, may favor the enhanced land-ocean thermal gradient conducive to a strong monsoon. These observations raise the possibility that the Eurasian warming in recent decades helps to sustain the monsoon rainfall at a normal level despite strong ENSO events.

We present a simple, pedagogical introduction to the statistics of extreme values. Motivated by a string of record high temperatures in December 1998, we consider the distribution, averages and lifetimes for a simplified model of such ``records.'' Our ``data'' are sequences of independent random numbers all of which are generated from the same probability distribution. A remarkable universality emerges: a number of results, including the lifetime histogram, are universal, that is, independent of the underlying distribution., 14 pages, 3 figures. Invited paper for American Journal of Physics

There was an Indian summer for the Liberal Party and the Transkei ‘common front’ after the first Africans-only election in November 1963. The Party’s activists were at the heart of the negotiations to form a government that would reflect the democratic victory. Lewis Majija and Silberbauer Zokwe in the Legislative Assembly, Revd Enoch Bono, S. K. Mgudlwa and Max Thomas out of it were in close touch with their Party colleagues and in particular with Peter Brown, who continued to travel to and from Umtata with great frequency, alone or accompanied by John Aitchison and others.

Review of scholarly work about the concept of "Indian Summer" in the New England context: its Native American origin and its literary expressions through the ages, particualrly in Henry David Thoreau, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, and Emily Dickinson

International audience; The analysis of corrected ship reports [sea level pressure (SLP), sea surface temperature (SST), air temperature (AT)] and corrected land data (SLP, AT, rainfall) in the Indian sector reveals the existence of two low-frequency modes of monsoon variability during the 1900-1970 period. - A definite biennial (B) mode exists on the SLP fields. This B oscillation is unambiguously linked with a southwest-northeast SLP anomaly gradient. During the summer monsoon, the B SLP pattern can be interpreted as an expansion/contraction of the monsoon activity since this mode is strongly coupled with rainfall variations over peninsular India. - A strong low-frequency (LF) mode with period spanning 4-6 years is also seen on SLP fields over the Indian Ocean and subcontinent. The variance associated with this band is typically more important than the one observed for the B mode, and its spatial mark is also strikingly different since it is linked with a global pattern of variation. This mode has also a strong influence on the Indian summer rainfall fluctuations, particularly on the Ghats and in the Indo-Gangetic plains. The amplitude of these oscillations varies widely during the 1900-1970 period. The LF mode is well defined during 1900-1923 and 1947-1970. There is a tendency for the energy associated with the B mode to decrease on the land while it increases over the Indian Ocean during the whole 1900-1970 interval. Although these two timescales exist also on SST fields, cross-spectral analysis shows that ocean-atmosphere interactions are much stronger at the B timescale. This result stresses the B nature of the monsoon system. The existence of these interannual signals in the Indian areas where the annual cycle is so strong raises difficult problems : How can climatic anomalies persist for several years in spite of strong seasonality ? Or, still more intriguing, how can be explained the persistence of climatic anomalies during one year and the appearance of opposite sign climatic anomalies in the following year for the B mode ? A composite analysis has suggested an explanation for this last problem : SST anomalies produced by exceptional summer monsoons can indeed persist during the whole winter and exert an influence on the next summer monsoon.

Stalled on I-94 outside Bismarck, I laugh at the AM-station news announcement that thirty-one days have been dedicated to the total dysfunction of the human heart. Indian Summer. What better time to praise the mystery of the Ford Focus’s transmission, the wind thrashing grit in my eyes, piles of bison shit hardening on the highway, Coke cans lodged in tufts of prairie grass (how long they last out here through so much weather).

For the 1976 season at Stratford John Napier and Chris Dyer designed a permanent set with a wooden thrust platform and tiered balconies. This was a valiant attempt to transform a rather unwieldy proscenium arch theatre into something like an Elizabethan stage. The opening of Stratford’s third theatre, The Swan in May 1986, has since provided the Royal Shakespeare Company with a thrust stage but ten years earlier directors and designers were struggling to break down the dividing frame of the proscenium arch in the main auditorium. Colonial India was created (within the permanent set) with plenty of rush matting, by hanging muslin blinds on the wooden fascias and by erecting cotton awnings over the timbered balconies. The opening sequence established the setting and mood of John Barton’s production. As turbaned Indians padded silently across the stage bearing a carcase slung on a pole between them, the Friar paused to exchange a word with Leonato. One of the waiting women, settled comfortably on the floor, strummed gently on a guitar. Beatrice (Judi Dench) entered through a beaded doorway to convey, simply by moving her hand to her throat and stretching her neck, the unmistakeable oppression of heat, before she joined the other ladies sitting sewing.

In the Indian summer of 1935, about when the issue of Time that concentrated on praise of Sir Samuel Hoare’s diplomatic skill, Moral Rearmament, and the fiction of A. J. Cronin appeared, J. B. Priestley (1894–1984) was in New York on his second visit to America. At the height of his popularity in England—The Good Companions was his first successful novel in 1929 and had been followed by Angel Pavement (1930) and the travel ramble of English Journey (1934); his plays also achieved a wide English public, particularly Dangerous Corner in 1932, Laburnum Grove in 1933, and Eden End in 1934—Priestley had come to New York to supervise the production of Eden End because he thought New York productions of three of his previous plays had been badly done. At first he was exhilarated by the energy of New York, as he had been on his first visit. But he found that, for days, the people he met would talk of nothing except the heavyweight championship fight in which Joe Louis knocked out Max Baer. Walking the streets in his heavy suits and starched shirts in the hot weather, and reading whatever news from Europe he could, Priestley became despondent. As his recent biographer, Vincent Brome, records his impressions, they bear no resemblance to those of the writers of Time magazine

The conceptual model proposed by Khandekar aims at explaining the occurrence of good or bad Indian summer monsoons (ISM). He argues that good or bad monsoon years can be explained by three independent factors: El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Eurasian snow cover, and the stratospheric wind quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO). On the other hand, the results in my paper (Terray 1995) suggest that ISM interannual variability is dominated by two low-frequency modes, the biennial (B) mode with a period very close to 2 yr and the lowfrequency (LF) mode with a period close to 4–6 yr. The LF mode contains more energy than the B mode, but the ocean–atmosphere coupling seems to be stronger at the B timescale over the Indian Ocean. Finally, the occurrence and intensity of exceptional ISMs depend upon the coupling or the decoupling of the B and LF modes during recent decades. It is true that Khandekar’s model for drought and flood in the Indian monsoon has some connections with my results and can be, among others, a working hypothesis for explaining them. However, there are still some issues that need to be clarified in Khandekar’s model from my point of view.

Single-node cuttings of `Autumn Flame' and `Indian Summer' red maple (Acer rubrum L. and A. × freemanii E. Murray) were placed in subirrigated perlite that was kept at 29, 33, or 36 C at the cut ends for 3 weeks. Number and mass of roots and pigment quality and transpiration of leaves were greater for `Autumn Flame' than `Indian Summer' and decreased with increasing temperature for both cultivars. Rooting percentage at 29, 33, and 36 C was 75, 75, and 25 for `Autumn Flame' and 13, 13, and 0 for `Indian Summer'. Earlier work has shown > 90% of cuttings of both cultivars root at ≈ 22 C, and plants of `Autumn Flame' are more heat resistant than those of `Indian Summer'. Results of this experiment suggest the effect of heat on rooting of cuttings might be used to predict genotypic differences in heat resistance of whole plants.

Temperatures in Earth's lower stratosphere (from 14 to 22 km in altitude) were lower in September 1996 than at any other time since such temperatures were first systematically measured in 1979. Using microwave sensors aboard the TIROS-N series of polar-orbiting weather satellites, researchers from the Global Hydrology and Climate Center (GHCC) in Huntsville, Alabama, found that air in the stratosphere was 0.7°C cooler than the baseline temperature of the past 17 years. The cool month fits into what the researchers see as a 15-year cooling trend and is thought to be consistent with the depletion of ozone in the lower stratosphere.

Taking advantage of the beautiful Indian summer, I was sitting in my garden, under my laburna, among my antirrhina, delphinia and nasturtia, reading Physics World, when I came across Alan Collins' coruscant letter (October p19). In it, he rightly excoriates the solecisms committed by the victims of a system that replaces a horizon-stretching, emancipatory, life-enhancing, broad-based education with a narrow, banausic, strictly utilitarian, vocational training.

Primarily based on the 1979 FGGE data an analysis is made of the circulation differences between the East-Asian and Indian summer monsoons together with their oscillation features and also the interplay be-tween various monsoon systems originating from the fact that the Asian monsoon area is divided into the East-Asian and Indian regions, of which the former is demarcated into the Nanhai (the South China Sea) and the Mainland subregions.

Aperiodicity in the time series of Indian summer rainfall for 116 years is analysed using the phase space approach. The question whether a low-dimensional strange attractor is associated with the chaotic behaviour of the monsoon system is investigated. It is found that a strange attractor of dimensionality around 5·1 exists and the system has 12 relevant degrees of freedom.

Monsoon season (June–September) precipitation data from 31 Indian subdivisions and mean monthly precipitation data from 35 Indian and Sri Lanka stations, spanning the period 1875–79, were analyzed to determine the relationship between equatorial Pacific warm episodes (El Nino events) and interannual fluctuations in precipitation over India and Sri Lanka. The data reveal a strong tendency for a below normal summer monsoon during the 25 moderate/strong warm episodes which occurred during the period. For example, area-averaged June–September rainfall over India was below the median value in 21 of the 25 warm episode years. These years include the five largest, and nine of the eleven largest, negative monsoon season anomalies. Considerably smaller average departures occurred during the monsoon seasons of the year preceding and the year following the warm episode, and during the remaining months of the warm episode year. The anomaly pattern over Sri Lanka and extreme southern India is quite different,...

The recent surge of interest in climate has resurrected correlation coefficients as tools for identifying ‘significant’ atmospheric teleconnections. Unfortunately, large coefficients may diminish and even change sign with time, suggesting absence of real physical relationships. Some statistical evidence supports the view that higher than normal sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern Pacific ‘cause’ less than normal rainfall in the Indian summer monsoon. However, a study of individual Augusts uncovers major exceptions and at the same time fails to confirm that Indian summer rainfall influences central and eastern Pacific rainfall or that the Southern Oscillation Index can be consistently related to conditions in either region. Around 1963-1964 the apparent relationship between the Southern Oscillation Index and Indian rainfall reversed. At about the same time other global climatic relationships changed, raising the possibility of identifying and describing a major global climatic singularity separating two distinct statistical populations.

Indian summer has been defined as a period of clear weather with warm days and cool nights occurring during mid- or late autumn after the first frost or freeze of the season. Weekly clear-day frequencies (using two definitions of clear days: 0.0 cloud cover and 0.0–0.3 cloud cover) are analyzed in this study for periods of more than 30 years for the southeastern sites of Athens, Georgia and Chattanooga, Tennessee in an attempt to detect Indian summer. Results indicate that distinct periods of high clear-day frequencies occur throughout much of October as well as during the first two weeks of November and the week of 29 November– 5 December. Consideration of temperature and synoptic climatological conditions during these latter weeks eliminated their consideration as part of the Indian summer phenomenon. Therefore, Indian summer as defined by clear-day frequency occurs primarily during the October weeks of 4–10, 11–17 and 18–24. As was the case in a previous study for the north-central United Stat...

The annual regime of atmospheric circulation over the midlatitudes of the Northern Hemisphere for the years 1899–1969 was determined by factor analysis of daily frequencies of Dzerdzeevskii's Northern Hemisphere extratropical latitude circulation types. This analysis found seasons separated by abrupt circulation transitions. Other singularities including Indian summer and the January thaw were identified in the hemispheric circulation. In the mean, summer circulation occurred during 17 June to 31 August, autumn 1 September to 22 October, winter 23 October to 8 March, and spring 9 March to 16 June. Indian summer episodes occurred in late September, mid-October, and mid-November. The January thaw singularity occurred most often during 18–25 January. Maxima in meridional circulation occurred in spring during April and May. The timing of singularities and length of seasons differed among three climatic episodes within the 1899–1969 period of analysis. The warm episode, 1920–52, had the longest summer...

The frequency that clear days (0.0 sky cover) occur within each week of the year was determined for 14 North-Central region stations. A remarkably consistent and nearly region-wide feature of a high frequency of clear days was found to be concentrated in the week of 27 September–3 October. This period is probably an integral part of the Midwestern Indian Summer and follows by about one week the frequently referred to autumnal change of season date.