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This work analyzes the morphological alterations in Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii gills and evaluates whether this species can be considered an environmental monitoring biomarker of Guajará Bay. Sampling was carried out in four areas around Belém, Brazil, in four annual periods: dry/wet season, wet season, wet/dry season and dry season. Water pH, temperature and suspended material were evaluated. A total of 36 specimens were collected. The second right gill arch of each animal was removed and immediately fixed and processed for histopathology analysis with light microscopy. The physicochemical analysis of the water during the study period showed slight acidity, temperature and material in suspension within normal levels. Histopathological analysis of the gills from 14 individuals from area I presented no alterations, and only 2 individuals from this area presented some significant type of alteration. In contrast, all individuals captured in areas II, III, and IV presented at least one of the following alterations: aneurism-like alterations, epithelial elevation, infiltration, cell proliferation and cell hypertrophy. Based on the gill histopathological analysis, this organ is considered a good biomarker and the native species B. rousseauxii could be used as a bioindicator for environmental monitoring. This work analyzes the morphological alterations in Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii gills and evaluates whether this species can be considered an environmental monitoring biomarker of Guajará Bay. Sampling was carried out in four areas around Belém, Brazil, in four annual periods: dry/wet season, wet season, wet/dry season and dry season. Water pH, temperature and suspended material were evaluated. A total of 36 specimens were collected. The second right gill arch of each animal was removed and immediately fixed and processed for histopathology analysis with light microscopy. The physicochemical analysis of the water during the study period showed slight acidity, temperature and material in suspension within normal levels. Histopathological analysis of the gills from 14 individuals from area I presented no alterations, and only 2 individuals from this area presented some significant type of alteration. In contrast, all individuals captured in areas II, III, and IV presented at least one of the following alterations: aneurism-like alterations, epithelial elevation, infiltration, cell proliferation and cell hypertrophy. Based on the gill histopathological analysis, this organ is considered a good biomarker and the native species B. rousseauxii could be used as a bioindicator for environmental monitoring.

Eleven phthalimide derivatives were evaluated with regards to their antiproliferative activity on tumor and normal cells and possible toxic effects. Cytotoxic analyses were performed against murine tumors (Sarcoma 180 and B-16/F-10 cells) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) using MTT and Alamar Blue assays. Following, the investigation of cytotoxicity was executed by flow cytometry analysis and antitumoral and toxicological potential by in vivo techniques. The molecules 3b, 3c, 4 and 5 revealed in vitro cytotoxicity against Sarcoma 180, B-16/F-10 and PBMC. Since compound 4 was the most effective derivative, it was chosen to detail the mechanism of action after 24, 48 and 72 h exposure (22.5 and 45 µM). Sarcoma 180 cells treated with compound 4 showed membrane disruption, DNA fragmentation and mitochondrial depolarization in a time- and dose-dependent way. Compounds 3c, 4 and 5 (50 mg/kg/day) did not inhibit in vivotumor growth. Compound 4-treated animals exhibited an increase in total leukocytes, lymphocytes and spleen relative weight, a decreasing in neutrophils and hyperplasia of spleen white pulp. Treated animals presented reversible histological changes. Molecule 4 had in vitro antiproliferative action possibly triggered by apoptosis, reversible toxic effects on kidneys, spleen and livers and exhibited immunostimulant properties that can be explored to attack neoplasic cells. Onze derivados da ftalimida foram avaliados quanto a sua atividade antiproliferativa em células tumorais e normais e possíveis efeitos tóxicos. Avaliou-se a citotoxicidade contra tumores murinos (células de Sarcoma 180 e B-16/F-10) e células mononucleares do sangue perférico (CMSP) usando os ensaios de MTT e Alamar Blue. Em seguida, a investigação de citotoxicidade foi executada por citometria de fluxo e potencial antitumoral e toxicológico por meio de métodos in vivo. As moléculas 3b, 3c, 4 e 5 revelaram citotoxicidade in vitro contra Sarcoma 180, B-16/F-10 e PBMC. Uma vez que o composto 4 foi o derivado mais efetivo, ele foi escolhido para detalhar o mecanismo de ação após 24, 48 e 72h de exposição (22.5 e 45 µM). Células de Sarcoma 180 tratadas com o composto 4 mostraram desintegração de membrana, fragmentação de DNA e despolarização mitocondrial de maneira tempo e concentracão dependente. Os compostos 3c, 4 e 5 (50 mg/kg/dia) não inibiu o crescimento tumoral in vivo. Os animals tratados com o composto 4 exibiram aumento do total de leucócitos, linfócitos e no peso relativo do baço, diminuição de neutrófilos e hiperplasia da polpa branca esplênica. Os animais tratados apresentaram alterações histológicas reversíveis. A molécula 4 tem ação antiproliferativa in vitro provavelmente por ativação de apoptose, efeitos tóxicos reversíveis e exibiu propriedades imunoestimulantes que podem ser exploradas para atacar células neoplásicas.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-25T12:18:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PATRICIA SILVA CRUZ.pdf: 1593611 bytes, checksum: 0f8a78fbf3dc477b6c807ba2aa086c1c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-25 The high population growth around watershed areas, mainly from supply, has led aquatic ecosystems to show high contamination levels, mainly because the increasing of nitrogen and phosphorus availability. This study aims to elucidate how the impact of nutrients addition (phosphorus and nitrogen), from the pisciculture contribution, has interfered in the composition and in the dynamic of the functional phytoplankton groups and fish respiratory and digestive system. In this context, the functional groups applicability as descriptors of shallow eutrophic ecosystems with pisciculture activity is approached. The study was carried out from January to May 2010, with samplings carried out in fortnightly intervals at the subsurface. The abiotic variables which were obtained: temperature, water transparency, euphotic zone, electric conductivity, dissolved oxygen, pH, n-ammoniacal, nitrate, nitrite, total phosphorus, soluble reactive phosphorus. The functional groups have been grouped based in the ecological/adaptive features. In general, the variation of light availability has been one of the main attributes related to changes in the planktonic algae composition in the different used treatments. The phytoplankton associations which have been identified were typical from eutrophic shallow environments and the strategies CRS have registered a predominance of R strategists, generally associated to environments with light limitation. As a response to the alterations which have occurred at the mesoenvironments, it has been evidenced in the fish intestine and gills the presence of parasites, which were favored by the storage and decay in the water quality, killing some fish copies by asphyxia and also by the hepatocytes massive death (hepatic failure), due to high contribution of N and P from fertilizations, feeding, from the fish metabolism and from its release in the water column because the organic matter degradation of the dead organisms, including algae. O elevado crescimento populacional em torno de áreas de mananciais, principalmente de abastecimento, têm levado os ecossistemas aquáticos a apresentar altos níveis de contaminação, principalmente pelo aumento da disponibilidade de nitrogênio e fósforo. O presente estudo teve como objetivo, elucidar como o impacto da adição de nutrientes (fósforo e nitrogênio), proveniente do aporte da piscicultura, interfere na composição e dinâmica dos grupos funcionais fitoplanctônicos e sistema digestório e respiratório dos peixes. Neste contexto, a aplicabilidade dos grupos funcionais como descritores de ecossistemas rasos eutrofizados com atividade de piscicultura é abordado. O estudo foi realizado no período de janeiro a maio de 2010, com amostragens realizadas em intervalos quinzenais na subsuperfície. As variáveis abióticas obtidas foram: temperatura, transparência da água, zona eufótica, condutividade elétrica, oxigênio dissolvido, pH, n-amoniacal, nitrato, nitrito, fósforo total, fósforo reativo solúvel. Os grupos funcionais foram agrupadas com base nas características ecológicas/adaptativas. Em geral, a variação na disponibilidade de luz foi um dos principais atributos relacionados à mudança na composição das algas planctônicas nos diferentes tratamentos. As associações fitoplanctônicas identificadas foram típicas de ambientes rasos eutróficos e as estratégias CRS registraram predominância de R estrategistas, geralmente associados a ambientes com limitação por luz. Como resposta as alterações ocorridas nos mesoambientes, foram evidenciados no intestino e brânquias dos peixes a presença de parasitas, favorecidos pela estocagem e a deterioração na qualidade da água, provocando a morte de alguns exemplares por asfixia e também pela morte massiva hepatocitária (insuficiência hepática), decorrente do elevado aporte de N e P advindo das fertilizações, arraçoamento, do metabolismo dos peixes e da sua liberação na coluna d‟ água em conseqüência da degradação da matèria orgânica dos organismos mortos, incluindo as algas.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:44:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S1984-29612008000400006.pdf: 161494 bytes, checksum: 2e1370e12a2f6c9f8aa489aea2c02ca8 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:44:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S1984-29612008000400006.pdf: 161494 bytes, checksum: 2e1370e12a2f6c9f8aa489aea2c02ca8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-12-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T19:33:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1984-29612008000400006.pdf: 161494 bytes, checksum: 2e1370e12a2f6c9f8aa489aea2c02ca8 (MD5) S1984-29612008000400006.pdf.txt: 29677 bytes, checksum: 9d9bfb1f59a85a7494147c7134d1ccfb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-12-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:12:30Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S1984-29612008000400006.pdf: 161494 bytes, checksum: 2e1370e12a2f6c9f8aa489aea2c02ca8 (MD5) S1984-29612008000400006.pdf.txt: 29677 bytes, checksum: 9d9bfb1f59a85a7494147c7134d1ccfb (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:12:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1984-29612008000400006.pdf: 161494 bytes, checksum: 2e1370e12a2f6c9f8aa489aea2c02ca8 (MD5) S1984-29612008000400006.pdf.txt: 29677 bytes, checksum: 9d9bfb1f59a85a7494147c7134d1ccfb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-12-01 Este estudo descreveu a histopatologia de rim, baço e fígado de Piaractus mesopotamicus, Prochilodus lineatus e Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum, parasitados por mixosporídios, capturados no Rio Aquidauana, MS. Após necropsia, amostras do fígado, rim cefálico e baço foram colhidas, fixadas em formalina a 10 % tamponada e processadas de acordo com a rotina histológica. Os cortes foram feitos à espessura de 5 μm e corados com hematoxilina-eosina. Foram encontrados Myxobolus porofilus em P. lineatus, M. colossomatis em P. mesopotamicus e Myxobolus spp. nas três espécies de hospedeiros. Cistos de mixosporídios no exame histopatológico foram vistos no fígado e baço de P. mesopotamicus. Mais de 50% das amostras de fígado de P mesopotamicus e P lineatus apresentou hepatodistrofia difusa. Mais de 80 % das amostras de fígado de P. fasciatum apresentou formações hialinas concêntricas e esteatose em 50% das amostras. em 95,23 % das amostras de rins de P. mesopotamicus, foram observadas alterações teciduais, e em mais de 60 % dos casos nefrodistrofia difusa moderada e congestão de sinusóides glomerulares. Alterações teciduais nas amostras de rins de P. lineatus foram observadas em menos de 20 % da amostra. No baço dos peixes ora examinados não foram encontradas lesões dignas de relato. Histological analysis of kidney, spleen and liver of Piaractus mesopotamicus, Prochilodus lineatus and Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum, infected by myxosporean, caugth in Aquidauana river, MS, was studied. After necropsy, samples of liver, previous kidney and spleen were fixed in 10 % buffered formalin and processed followed histological routine methods. Sections of 5 μm were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Myxobolusporofilus, M. colossomatis and were found in P. lineatus, in P. mesopotamicus respectively and Myxobolus spp. Were also found in all three species of fish. Myxosporideans cysts in the liver and spleen of P mesopotamicus were also related. Up to 50% of P mesopotamicus and P lineatus liver samples showed diffuse hepatodistrofy. Liver sections also showed concentric hialin structures in over 80 % of samples and esteatosis in 50% of them. In P mesopotamicus kidney, 95.23 % of them showed tissue changes consisted of 60 % with diffuse moderate nefrodistrofy and congestion of glomerular sinusoids. In P lineatus kidney, 20 % of the samples showed tissues changes. No heavy damage was observed in the fish spleen. Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul (UEMS) Unidade Universitária de Aquidauana Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho Centro de Aqüicultura da UNESP Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho Centro de Aqüicultura da UNESP

The study was conducted to investigate the histological changes of vital organs such as kidney, gills and brain with the mixed infestation of parasites in Indian Major Carps (IMC). The parasites such as Myxobolus spp., Thelohanellus spp., Trichodina spp., Dactylogyrus spp., Gyrodactylus spp. and Nematodes were observed in three IMC. Several histological alterations were observed in the kidney of Catla catla, Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala, which includes vacuolar degeneration in the epithelium of renal tubules, focal areas of necrosis, proliferation of bowman's capsule and many cases the renal tubules lost its shape and canalculi formation was observed. The gills showed focal areas of necrosis, exacerbated swelling of gill arch, deposition of distinct black melanin pigmentation at the basal point of the gill arch, loss of primary and secondary lamellae, prominent vacuolar degeneration and formation of vacuoles. The presence of protozoan parasites in brain tissue resulted necrosis of the brain tissue, black pigmentation, vacuolization of myelin sheath of nerve fibers and common degenerative changes. Aims: To study histological changes of vital organs such as kidney, gills and brain with the mixed infestation of parasites in Indian Major Carps (IMC). Settings and Design: The organs fixed in 4% formalin are transferred to 50% ethyl alcohol and stored for further analysis. Materials and Methods: Histopathological analysis was made as described by Roberts. Statistical Analysis Used: Nil. Results: Described in text. Conclusions: The present study brings about conclusion that impact of mixed infestation of the parasites on their hosts was severe. Histopathological changes were observed in vital organs which might be due to toxins released by different parasites or physical damage of tissue with the presence of parasites.

Changes in small intestinal morphology (jejunum) were examined at 28 d of age in chicks fed with full-fat sunflower kernels (FFSK)-based diets. Jejunal mucosa of chicks (six chicks per treatment) were embedded in Epon-812 for examination by a conventional electron microscope procedure. A portion of the tissues was also sectioned and embedded in paraffin for examination by light microscopy. Brush border, goblet cells, and intraepithelial lymphocytes, on the one hand, and fibroblast and mononuclear cells (lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages) were observed in the enterocytes and lamina propria, respectively. The results showed that the birds fed 150 g kg(-1) of FFSK showed a shortening and thickening of the villi, hyperplasia and vacuolar degeneration of enterocytes, and hypertrophy and hyperplasia of goblet cells. Likewise, an increment of intraepithelial lymphoid cells and hypercellularity of the lamina propria was observed. In addition, electron microscopy showed large vacuoles in the enterocytes, which could be dilations of agranular and granular endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi. There were many dark granules within the vacuoles that could be triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (portomicrons). These lesions could have been due to the presence of chlorogenic acid or to the greater concentration of oil in the FFSK diet. Our observations demonstrated that addition of 150 g kg(-1) FFSK to broiler chicken diets caused alterations in jejunal mucosa that could explain the decrease in fat digestibility observed in a previous experiment in which we incorporated FFSK into broiler diets.

Histological examination of liver, kidney, and duodenum of rats fed a diet containing 10% (w/w) dry powdered seeds of Garcinia kola for 6 weeks revealed cellular changes that were not observed in pair-fed control animals. The main cellular changes observed in the rats fed on Garcinia kola diet included vacuolation of duodenal villous epithelial cells, numerous intracytoplasmic vacuoles in hepatocytes, and mild hydropic degeneration in cells of the renal proximal tubular epithelium. These changes are probably due to the flavonoids contained in G. kola seeds.

Background Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have important application for cell labeling and imaging, drug delivery, diagnostic and therapeutic purposes mainly in cancer. Nanoparticles (NPs) are being increasingly exploited for medical applications. The aim of the present study was to investigate the particle-size and period effects of administration of GNPs on the renal tissue in an attempt to address their potential toxicity. Methods A total of 70 healthy male Wistar-Kyoto rats were exposed to GNPs received 50 or 100 μl of GNPs infusion of size (10, 20 and 50 nm for 3 or 7 days) to investigate particle-size effect of GNPs on the renal tissue. Animals were randomly divided into groups, 6 GNPs-treated rats groups and one control group. Groups 1, 2 and 3 received infusion of 50 μl GNPs of size 10 nm (3 or 7 days), size 20 nm (3 or 7 days) and 50 nm (3 or 7 days), respectively; while groups 4, 5 and 6 received infusion of 100 μl GNPs of size 10 nm, size 20 nm and 50 nm, respectively. Stained sections of control and treated rats kidneys were examined for renal tissue alterations induced by GNPs. Results In comparison with respective control rats, exposure to GNPs doses has produced the following renal tubular alterations: cloudy swelling, vacuolar degeneration, hyaline droplets and casts, anisokaryosis, karopyknosis, karyorrhexis and karyolysis. The glomeruli showed moderate congestion with no hypercelluraity, mesangial proliferation or basement membrane thickening. The histological alterations were mainly seen in the cortex and the proximal renal convoluted tubules were more affected than the distal ones. Conclusions The induced histological alterations might be an indication of injured renal tubules due to GNPs toxicity that became unable to deal with the accumulated residues resulting from metabolic and structural disturbances caused by these NPs. The findings may suggest that GNPs interact with proteins and enzymes of the renal tissue interfering with the antioxidant defense mechanism and leading to reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation which in turn may induce stress in the renal cells to undergo atrophy and necrosis. The produced alterations were size-dependent with smaller ones induced more affects and related with time exposure of GNPs.